The Analysis of Large Order Bessel Functions in Gravitational Wave Signals from Pulsars
超快贝塞尔光束在硫化锌晶体表面制备纳米孔
270 μm。
关 键 词：硫化锌晶体；高深径比纳米孔；光子器件；高斯-贝塞尔光束
中图分类号：TN249
文献标志码：A
doi：10.37188/CO.2020-0101
1 Introduction
The mid-infrared photonics has attracted considerable attention because its wavebands cover thermal imaging bands, multiple atmospheric windows (3~5 μm and 8~14 μm) necessary for free space communication, as well as main absorption bands of most chemical and biological molecules. It is an inevitable trend for photonic integration to cut costs, improve performance and miniaturize special optical instruments, for example, micro-scale photonic circuits are manufactured in optical materials with a transparent window up to 20 μm. The application of integrated photonics has promoted the rapid development of optical communication technology and the expansion of applied wavelength from near infrared to middle and far infrared. However, the infrared window materials in medium and long wave bands are very limited, mainly including GaAs, GaP, ZnSe, ZnS, InSb, etc.[1-4]. Considering the optical and mechanical properties of these materials, ZnS crystal has become one of the most
项目策划简述（Briefintroductionofprojectplanning）
项目策划简述（Brief introduction of project planning）Brief introduction of project planningThe improvement of the quality of life begins with the improvement of our living environment, because the vast majority of people's lives are spent under the eaves. Life is not what the function of residential mysterious thing, it is just to give full consideration to the needs of ordinary people. With the evolution of housing construction and the intensification of market competition, the replacement of the fully functional living house will seize the new century real estate market.First, the relationship between cost and qualityA project from the decision to completion may need 3 to 4 years, developers in addition to time and energy input, but more critical is the investment of funds, so developers will generally pay attention to cost control. In order to have a certain strength to win the price war, we should pay attention to the cost control and pay attention to the flow of cash, which is closely related to the interest cost. Therefore, when we plan, we must have the most reliable financial arrangements.The first generation of property, as long as there is water, electricity, can shelter from the wind and rain, you can live. The second generation began to pay attention to the quality of living, requiring adequate activity space, green rate, Huxing also began to pursue a variety of design. The third generation requires advanced clubs, shopping, entertainment, Kangle, culture, diet, etc., through the property. The fourth dynastiestend to have intelligent security, fire protection systems, heating, free regulation of temperature, hotel style property management, etc.. Property development to date, the first few generations, mainly depends on whether developers ahead of consciousness, willing to spend money, dare to spend money, because the potential customer base will follow the marketCompetition in price or quality is constantly subject to new education, and it is increasingly clear what is best and best for itself.Two, the core of the pre planningThe core of early planning is to do the project with the least amount of money. In case of market or other force majeure reasons, there is still financial support. At the same time, depending on the market awareness, accurate market positioning and good management, the start-up cost of the project should be reduced to the minimum. Therefore, a good project positioning, buyers positioning is important.Three, planning and analysis of residential projectsHow to calculate a good real estate project, I believe that every developer has its own interpretation. But the embodiment of humanistic care, creating a beautiful and comfortable real estate project is the consensus of every developer.From our typical family analysis, a simple family members are young and middle-aged, couples, children, old people. According to incomplete statistics, the majority of childrenin the family as the protagonist, the elderly as a supporting role. Well, according to the perspective of humanistic care, we should consider all aspects of housing conditions, whether to take care of small and old, as a basis for planning, it will be a buy when buying a house:1. lots should be convenientIn fact, the convenient location means that the traffic is well developed, there is good traffic, children go to school, and the old people go out to visit friends and activities are very convenient. In a sense, as long as it is convenient for children and old people to move, distance is not important. But we must also consider the overall quality of the property itself, because the children always grow up to leave, the elderly will not live long enough, and the property itself has the property for 70 years, should be more long-term considerations, between husband and wife in the work, with school children, elderly relatives and friends to master the most appropriate "degree".2., the surrounding environment should be freshThe most important thing for children and the elderly is good health. All kinds of pollution in the city are harmful to their health. As far as possible, we should avoid living in polluted old cities or crowded noisy communities. Now most of the real estate projects have some green, but not all do daytime and night for the kids to use, a huge square, blind areas are not allowed on the lawn, can not only view; in order to increase the volume of small, the distance between the floor and the space is too small, only because there are not enough parkingspaces, but also become the illegal parking. Without enough greenery to grow, the quality of the air can not be improved. Therefore, in addition to requiring large ring homeEnvironment (good lots) should also have a small environment for owners to enjoy the green.3. Huxing full-featuredThe health of the elderly and children is closely related to the sunshine, so the elderly and children should enjoy the sunshine on the balcony of the living room. But there is a distance between the ideal and the reality, because there are old and young, and there is a lot of debris, especially the place. Therefore, a fully functional units should be stored in the warehouse, debris, but also need a service balcony, generally connected with the kitchen, with laundry, sun clothing function. In this way, the living room balcony in order to become a living balcony, to enjoy the fun, landscape, lighting the best space.4., hardware matching should be improved(1) hardware matching, including elevators, HVAC, water quality, thermal insulation system, power supply.(2) to let the elderly and children live in the elevator house, the elevator to be stable, better performance.(3) heating can guarantee room temperature up to 20 degrees Celsius in winter.(4) have good lighting, landscape and ultimately with large windows, windows, special-shaped windows, insulation capacity of them is particularly important, should at least double glass, insulating glass with high grade, the outside of the building must have insulation energy-saving design, so the comfortable temperature is guaranteed.5., matching life should be close to life(1) the elderly and children need the most convenience in the community. There are indoor activities, sports spaces, educational and cultural exchanges and emergency medical facilities.(2) to provide all-weather activities and sports venues, and to supplement the shortcomings of outdoor activities in winter.(3) nurseries, kindergartens and Kangle centers for the elderly serve both the young and the middle-aged in the community. With these places, the time, money, and mental burden of adults in the elderly and children can be reduced.(4) a small emergency medical service to provide more convenient and effective personalized medical services for all young and middle-aged people in the community.6., property management should have "connotation""The quality of Property Management Company is directly related to the quality of life of the owner and the value of the property. We should not only attach importance to the strength ofdevelopers, reputation, reputation, but also hire professional Property Management Company.Such Wuguan companies not only provide quality and good service, but also get along with the owners, and launch a more humane soft service.7., network facilities should be realisticIn the twenty-first Century, human beings and networks couldn't be separated, and the network was developing rapidly with geometric multiples. Probably the most advanced today two years after being eliminated, the developers if too large investment in network equipment, costs will eventually be transferred to the buyer, rather than really points, only the highway network well, set aside appropriate modification, expanding space, save the cost on the quality of the property, the purchase of home buyers willing to accept, because after all, is not the purchase, purchase network.To sum up, with the rapid development of social economy, science and technology and the improvement of living standards, housing have higher requirements in advance, practicality, safety, comfort, ecology, durability, and inject more humanistic spirit. A good project planning is not necessarily a luxury residential or romantic classic, but in the lot selection, community planning, Huxing design, decoration standards, living facilities, etc., are deep-seated manifestation of human concern. After all, "people-oriented, creating a better life" is the basic starting point of project planning.Four, planning and analysis of hotel projectsPlanning and analysis of hotel projects can be carried out in the following 4 aspects:Do you choose to travel near the main artery?.There is a large number of floating people near the main traffic roads. And the hotel and hotel services are just floating people. So hotels and restaurants should be built in this section.In addition to the current choice of lots, but also planning will become the hub of traffic lots, and after the low investment, appreciation potential. Is the focus on improving visibility?.Guests in hotels and restaurants are concerned about convenience as well as fame. If fame is high, many customers are willing to go even further and spend more. For this reason, investors should spend some capital on expanding their popularity.Are there any measures to attract long-term customers in business?.A certain number of long-term customers can make the hotel and hotel have a steady income. The usual practice is the use of VIP cards, discount cards, membership and so on.Five, villa project planning analysisVilla project planning analysis can be carried out from the following 6 aspects:Is the landscape pleasant?.Elegant environment and beautiful landscape are the main conditions of the villa. Villa should be located in the mountains, water, there are green areas, can not be built in the vicinity of graves, pig houses and garbage dump place.Is the architectural modeling novel?.Villa taste high. Modeling and layout design should be more lively than the urban construction. Villas larger courtyard green, often showing a return to the beauty of nature. If can match the suitable interior design, causes its grade to be remarkable, will be more welcome by the customer.Is traffic convenient?.The villa should be as close as possible to the highway, express lane or other convenient location.Service facilities should be high-grade and complete.Villa owner's economic strength is very strong, consumer demand is also more high-grade, so the villa service facilities should be complete, and the grade should be high. For example, villas require good law and order, schooling, shopping and entertainment, convenience, etc..Is it appropriate to choose a customer's standard?.Villa owners pay special attention to neighborhood quality.Real estate investors in the sale or rental villa, we must pay attention to customer quality, for those who have money, but poor quality or poor social reputation, should resolutely refuse.Is the advertising campaign in place?.In order to raise the value of the villa, we should pay attention to advertising, so as to enhance the popularity of the villa.Six, commercial shop planning analysisThe investment analysis of commercial shops can be carried out in the following five aspects:Is it in the business area?.Commercial shops in commercial areas have complementary effects on purchasing power, and have scale effects in external publicity, so shops in commercial areas have far more profitable capacity than independent shops. Therefore, when investing in commercial shops, real estate investors should choose as much as possible in commercial areas.Located in the transportation station of the shop, the above class is the main service object, should operate daily necessities, as well as low price and easy to carry consumergoods mainly.Residential shops located in the vicinity of residents as the main object of service, should be operating mainly integrated consumer goods.Shops located near the office building should be based on operating cultural and office supplies, and the quality of goods should be higher.Shops located near the school should be based on stationery, food and daily necessities. Due to the limited purchasing power of students, middle and low grade products should be the main factor. "Cold" and "summer vacation" have a great impact on these shops, real estate investors must have a clear understanding of this.Have you chosen a suitable franchise store?.The level of commercial shop operators is the key to the profitability of commercial shops. Investors should pay attention to the selection of good tenants, hire high-level managers, or strong management personnel.Do you have good store planning and design?.A high level of planning and design can make the shop seem variety and orderly, so as to attract customers.Do you choose the right industry category?.At the railway station, near the bus station, it is advisable to invest in wholesale shops. In residential and office areas, it is advisable to invest in retail shops.Do you invest in specialized commodity stores?.In the city, some residential office buildings, business mix, the so-called "building", the upper for residential and office use, the bottom layer of a shopping arcade, although its advantage is to ensure a certain degree of consumers, but the negative impact of hybridity is also very serious, so security personnel mix, easy the problem, but also prone to conflicts. Households suspected of companies, shopping malls, people living, not only increased the crowded elevator, but also destroyed the quiet environment, so that the quality of its living is affected. Companies and malls are accused of having too many householders. So in the end the two sides are not willing to purchase this kind of hybrid building.。
矩阵论在电气工程中的应用
题目: 矩阵论在电气工程中的应用指导老师: xxx学生姓名：xxx所属院系：电气工程学院专业：电气工程学号：xxx完成日期：20xx年x月x日矩阵论在电气工程中的应用摘要电路分析是电气专业领域人员必需的一项能力。
该知识具有概念性强、电路分析繁杂求解计算量大的特点。
为了解决这个问题，因此引入了矩阵理论，并结合软件对矩阵分析的良好支持，以期达到优化分析电路的目的。
本文就矩阵理论中的网络拓扑知识展开，介绍了网络拓扑在电路中的应用，并以给予求解。
关键词：电路分析矩阵法网络拓扑ABSTRACT：Circuit analysis is an essential ability of professional personnel in the field of electronic. The concept of strong, complex circuit analysis calculation with the knowledge of the characteristics of large amount. In order to alleviate this problem, so we introduced matrix theory, combined with good support analysis software for matrix, in order to achieve the purpose of optimization of circuit analysis. In this paper, the network topology in matrix theory unfolds, introduces the application of network topology in circuit, and to give the solution.KEY WORDS：circuit analysis；matrix method；network topology0 前言矩阵是线性代数里的一个重要概念，在电路网络分析、工程结构分析等方面，矩阵都是一个强自力的工具，因为它能使较复杂的计算过程简化成一系列的四则运算，便于用计算机的算法语言或程序进行描述和解答。
The Analysis of Masculinity And Femininity
The Analysis of Masculinity And Femininity11级英语教育二班罗苗苗Abstract：Masculinity and femininity are two important elements composing of different nations’ characteristics and personalities. The two distinct traits exist in many typical countries and every social aspects. This essay much focuses on the features of masculinity and femininity and the analysis of those features with some detailed examples,and the influences it may exert on contemporary world.男性特质和女性特质是构成一个民族的民族性格和民族特点的两个重要的组成部分，这两种特质广泛存在于世界上的许多国家以及其社会的各个层面。
这篇论文将着重分析这两种特质的特点及其形成原因以及在不同历史阶段的不同特征和表现，并将给出典例予以论证，最后分析男性和女性特质对当代世界的影响以及面对的问题并作出总结。
Key words：masculinity ，femininity，periodic traits，influences （男性特质，女性特质，时期性特征，影响）Introduction：Masculinity is the extent to which the dominant values in a society aremale-oriented and is associated with such behaviors as assertiveness,ambition ,achievement,the acquisition of money, signs of manliness,material possessions, and not caring for others or the quality of life. Femininity stresses caring and nurturing behaviors.A femininity world view maintains that men need not be assertive and that they can assume nurturing roles;it also promotes sexual equality and holds that people and the environment are important. Influenced by intricate elements,the distribution of Mas and Fem is typical and dominant.BodyDistribution:Most countries in North Europe are Femininity, such as Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark. Other countries,like Germany, Britain, Japan,Mexico, Italy,etc belong to typical Masculinity. We can see some obvious symbols of the two kinds of culture through their history. Take Finland as an example, in its history, it was invaded by many other nations and was colonized by Sweden ,Russia. After the second world war, Finland belonging to the defeated sides was forced to accept the Marshall plan. One obvious character of Finland is unaggressive. It can hardly defend itself.However, if the subject change to Britain ,a Masculinity empire,the results are totally contrary. This country in the history launched many large-scale wars towards other countries,and it was also called “the empire of the sun never set” showing its mighty power on military. At modern times,its colonies scattered in many continents on the earth , like India, Latin America, and parts of China. Britain is a representative of aggressive and invasive nation. Through this contrast,we will have a better understanding of masculinity and femininity. The nations which are Fem often have a feminine world view, and vice versa. Thus, people from the two different cultural backgrounds would have some completely distinct behaviors and outlooks of the world. When the two sides encounter they may feel confused or can not understand each other correctly, and misunderstandings emerge. If they know more about the two different traits of the people in the two cultural background, their communication with each other would be better.The analysis of the characteristics of Masculinity and Femininity: 1.MasculinityAssertiveness, AmbitionAssertiveness which means confident and boldness is an absolute masculine feature collecting with bravery, open or even bloody(ancient times). Ambition means aspiration to reach a certain achievement, and in a nation’s character it seems to be aggressive to other nations.In ancient China, Tang dynasty is a paradigm. At that time, the political atmosphere is very loose, people are willing to accept foreign culturewhich indicates that Tang is a extroversion empire. This is not just groundless speculations or conjectures because we can find the traces and cues from the literature works and social customs. Take LiBai as an example, the style of his poems is very bold and unconstrained, and he dare to ironically criticize the monarch. In feudal society, no other governor can tolerate this offensive words except Tang. And many different nations migrate to Tang and the ruler was really supportive, and in order to encourage the communication the emperor made intermarriage with other nations. And Tang also surrendered a large group of other nations who respected Tang as celestial empire. From this we can easily conclude that the obvious characters of Tang are assertiveness and ambition,and thus it is masculinity .Quest for money and material and not caring the quality of life:The pursuit for material ease and not caring the quality of life are two typical traits of manliness. Speaking of it, some evidences can be found in the theory of Gender Identity. From very ancient times man always desired for better material life because of his responsibility to feed the family and control and suppress his own feelings as he must equip himself with a thick mask ; thus he has a large ego but his inner self is depressed and constrained which account for his indifference to the quality of life. For instance, the Germanic people who originated from north of Europe is such a nation. The environment they lived in is very tough such as dark forest, volcano and glaciers,and they lived on hunting ; therefore, they must learn to fight against the bitter environment and fierce animals. So there is a masculinity in their soul and that’s also why we saw his descendants,mostly Germany and Britain , are extremely combative, Germany in particular.2.FemininityFemininity stresses caring and nurturing behaviors,and maintains men to be less assertive and nurturing roles; it promotes sexual equality and emphasizes the importance of environment.Femininity is more connected with some women qualities likepassive,cooperative ,less competitive and expressive. The most evident example is Song dynasty which just after Tang, but its social character is totally distinct from it. Song is weak, suffering and conservative. Also some evidences can be discoveredfrom its military structures. The famous emperor,ZhangKuangYi once retreat his most powerful military forces back from isolated realms to the capital city directly resulting in the fall of Song’s remote territory. At late period of Song, it was invaded by many other nations,but it could hardly defend itself and was discriminated by its enemies. Song is a femininity dynasty, and compared with Tang, song is weaker and less ambitious because it’s difficult even to protect itself, let alone conquer other peoples. What’s more, most literatures at Song reflected and implied the essence of the dynasty. Most poems at this time filled with sadness and sentiment and expressed poets’worries of the country’s fate. At the same time, the philosophy developed to a new stage called The Golden Mean which indicates that people’s spiritual focus of life shifted to a peaceful and less competitive period. Behind all the appearances, a truth that Song is a femininity dynasty is reflected.The influence of the masculinity and femininity in modern world：As the acceleration of the globalization，the distinction between masculinity and femininity seems obscures，and the countries in the world seems to be diversified. People enjoyed having more interaction with each other without knowing whether it’s a good thing or bad. View it dialectically, it has advantages as well as deficiencies to our modern society. On the one hand, obscured distinction between masculinity and femininity can promote the fusion of the nations with different ideologies and establish a more harmonious world. Also it can give the females a new opportunity to identify their position in the society, and to some degree it give women more rights that once peculiar owned only by men liberate women’s creativity from moral respect diminishing the sex discrimination.Nevertheless, on the other hand,there are also some problems appear. Let’s take America as an example, America is now called melting pot because of its great migrations every year; however,as many people are come from different cultural backgrounds there are often conflicts between them. Masculinity and femininity are tow utterly different traits, so people from these two background found it’s even harder to communicate with each other.how to show understand and respect to the other side while keeping their own values and beliefs.There is something we called national personality is vanishing, and the values and world view tend to becommon.Masculinity and femininity is two special and dominant traits in the world’s countries; however, the personalities they carried is disappearing. Masculinity can promote nation’s independence and innovation, and femininity can strengthen the stability and harmony of a country.Conclusion:Masculinity and femininity is the gender identity expressed in social and culture aspect, and we may not judge which one is superior than another. Both of them is reasonable and diversify this world. In this world, there are nations with typical masculinity or femininity traits as well as the countries without dominant distinguishment of the two.To judge a nation to be masculinity or femininity,we should not only consider their distributions and customs but also view from its history because influenced by complicated factors, even within a country it may be different in different times of history. And in communication, based on purpose , the depth of conversation may be different,but once the people with the two culture background come across, they could touch each other’s souls. Definitely, masculinity and femininity would influence a nation’s customs and traditions, but this is just these are just the tip of the iceberg.Reference books:Intercultural Communication ，Femininity/Masculinity by Jan E. Stets and Peter J. BurkeDepartment of Sociology。
电力电子专业英语单词汇总
电力电子专业英语单词汇总电路的基本概念及定律电源 source电压源 voltage source电流源 current source理想电压源 ideal voltage source理想电流源 ideal current source伏安特性 volt-ampere characteristic电动势 electromotive force电压 voltage电流 current电位 potential电位差 potential difference欧姆 Ohm伏特 Volt安培 Ampere瓦特 Watt焦耳 Joule电路 circuit电路元件 circuit element电阻 resistance电阻器 resistor电感 inductance电感器 inductor电容 capacitance电容器 capacitor电路模型 circuit model参考方向 reference direction参考电位 reference potential欧姆定律Ohm’s law基尔霍夫定律Kirchhoff’s law基尔霍夫电压定律Kirchhoff’s voltage law（KVL）基尔霍夫电流定律Kirchhoff’s current law（KCL）结点 node支路 branch回路 loop网孔 mesh支路电流法 branch current analysis网孔电流法 mesh current analysis结点电位法 node voltage analysis电源变换 source transformations叠加原理 superposition theorem网络 network无源二端网络 passive two-terminal network有源二端网络 active two-terminal network戴维宁定理Thevenin’s theorem诺顿定理Norton’s theorem开路（断路）open circuit 短路 short circuit开路电压 open-circuit voltage短路电流 short-circuit current交流电路直流电路 direct current circuit (dc)交流电路 alternating current circuit (ac)正弦交流电路 sinusoidal a-c circuit平均值 average value有效值 effective value均方根值root-mean-squire value (rms)瞬时值 instantaneous value电抗 reactance感抗 inductive reactance容抗 capacitive reactance法拉 Farad亨利 Henry阻抗 impedance复数阻抗 complex impedance相位 phase初相位 initial phase相位差 phase difference相位领先 phase lead相位落后 phase lag倒相，反相 phase inversion频率 frequency角频率 angular frequency赫兹 Hertz相量 phasor相量图 phasor diagram有功功率 active power无功功率 reactive power视在功率 apparent power功率因数 power factor功率因数补偿 power-factor compensation串联谐振 series resonance并联谐振 parallel resonance谐振频率 resonance frequency频率特性 frequency characteristic幅频特性amplitude-frequency response characteristic相频特性 phase-frequency response characteristic 截止频率 cutoff frequency品质因数 quality factor通频带 pass-band带宽 bandwidth (BW)滤波器 filter一阶滤波器 first-order filter二阶滤波器 second-order filter低通滤波器 low-pass filter高通滤波器 high-pass filter带通滤波器 band-pass filter带阻滤波器 band-stop filter转移函数 transfer function波特图 Bode diagram傅立叶级数 Fourier series三相电路 three-phase circuit三相电源 three-phase source对称三相电源 symmetrical three-phase source对称三相负载 symmetrical three-phase load相电压 phase voltage相电流 phase current线电压 line voltage线电流 line current三相三线制 three-phase three-wire system三相四线制 three-phase four-wire system三相功率 three-phase power星形连接 star connection(Y-connection)三角形连接triangular connection(D- connection ,delta connection)中线 neutral line电路的暂态过程分析暂态 transient state稳态 steady state暂态过程，暂态响应 transient response换路定理 low of switch一阶电路 first-order circuit三要素法 three-factor method时间常数 time constant积分电路 integrating circuit微分电路 differentiating circuit磁路与变压器磁场magnetic field磁通 flux磁路 magnetic circuit磁感应强度 flux density磁通势 magnetomotive force磁阻 reluctance电动机直流电动机 dc motor交流电动机 ac motor异步电动机 asynchronous motor同步电动机 synchronous motor三相异步电动机 three-phase asynchronous motor 单相异步电动机 single-phase asynchronous motor 旋转磁场 rotating magnetic field定子 stator转子 rotor转差率 slip起动电流 starting current起动转矩 starting torque 额定电压 rated voltage额定电流 rated current额定功率 rated power机械特性 mechanical characteristic继电器-接触器操纵按钮 button熔断器 fuse开关 switch行程开关 travel switch继电器 relay接触器 contactor常开(动合)触点 normally open contact常闭(动断)触点 normally closed contact时间继电器 time relay热继电器 thermal overload relay中间继电器 intermediate relay可编程操纵器（PLC）可编程操纵器 programmable logic controller语句表 statement list梯形图 ladder diagram半导体器件本征半导体intrinsic semiconductor掺杂半导体doped semiconductorP型半导体 P-type semiconductorN型半导体 N--type semiconductor自由电子 free electron空穴 hole载流子 carriersPN结 PN junction扩散 diffusion漂移 drift二极管 diode硅二极管 silicon diode锗二极管 germanium diode阳极 anode阴极 cathode发光二极管 light-emitting diode (LED)光电二极管 photodiode稳压二极管 Zener diode晶体管（三极管） transistorPNP型晶体管 PNP transistorNPN型晶体管 NPN transistor发射极 emitter集电极 collector基极 base电流放大系数 current amplification coefficient 场效应管 field-effect transistor (FET)P沟道 p-channelN沟道 n-channel结型场效应管 junction FET（JFET）金属氧化物半导体 metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS)耗尽型MOS场效应管depletion mode MOSFET （D-MOSFET）增强型MOS场效应管enhancement mode MOSFET （E-MOSFET）源极 source栅极 grid漏极 drain跨导 transconductance夹断电压 pinch-off voltage热敏电阻 thermistor开路 open短路 shorted基本放大器放大器 amplifier正向偏置 forward bias反向偏置 backward bias静态工作点 quiescent point (Q-point)等效电路 equivalent circuit电压放大倍数 voltage gain总的电压放大倍数 overall voltage gain饱与 saturation截止 cut-off放大区 amplifier region饱与区 saturation region截止区 cut-off region失真 distortion饱与失真 saturation distortion截止失真 cut-off distortion零点漂移 zero drift正反馈 positive feedback负反馈 negative feedback串联负反馈 series negative feedback并联负反馈 parallel negative feedback共射极放大器 common-emitter amplifier射极跟随器 emitter-follower共源极放大器 common-source amplifier共漏极放大器 common-drain amplifier多级放大器 multistage amplifier阻容耦合放大器resistance-capacitance coupled amplifier直接耦合放大器 direct- coupled amplifier输入电阻 input resistance输出电阻 output resistance负载电阻 load resistance动态电阻 dynamic resistance负载电流 load current旁路电容 bypass capacitor耦合电容 coupled capacitor直流通路 direct current path交流通路 alternating current path 直流分量 direct current component交流分量 alternating current component变阻器（电位器）rheostat电阻（器）resistor电阻（值）resistance电容（器）capacitor电容（量）capacitance电感（器，线圈）inductor电感（量），感应系数inductance正弦电压 sinusoidal voltage集成运算放大器及应用差动放大器 differential amplifier运算放大器 operational amplifier(op-amp)失调电压 offset voltage失调电流 offset current共模信号 common-mode signal差模信号 different-mode signal共模抑制比 common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 积分电路 integrator（circuit）微分电路 differentiator（circuit）有源滤波器 active filter低通滤波器 low-pass filter高通滤波器 high-pass filter带通滤波器 band-pass filter带阻滤波器 band-stop filter波特沃斯滤波器 Butterworth filter切比雪夫滤波器 Chebyshev filter贝塞尔滤波器 Bessel filter截止频率 cut-off frequency上限截止频率 upper cut-off frequency下限截止频率 lower cut-off frequency中心频率 center frequency带宽 Bandwidth开环增益 open-loop gain闭环增益 closed-loop gain共模增益 common-mode gain输入阻抗 input impedance电压跟随器 voltage-follower电压源 voltage source电流源 current source单位增益带宽unity-gain bandwidth频率响应 frequency response频响特性（曲线）response characteristic波特图 the Bode plot稳固性stability补偿 compensation比较器 comparator迟滞比较器 hysteresis comparator阶跃输入电压step input voltage仪表放大器 instrumentation amplifier隔离放大器 isolation amplifier对数放大器 log amplifier反对数放大器antilog amplifier反馈通道 feedback path反向漏电流 reverse leakage current相位phase相移 phase shift锁相环 phase-locked loop(PLL)锁相环相位监测器 PLL phase detector与频 sum frequency差频 difference frequency波形发生电路振荡器 oscillatorRC振荡器 RC oscillatorLC振荡器 LC oscillator正弦波振荡器 sinusoidal oscillator三角波发生器 triangular wave generator方波发生器square wave generator幅度 magnitude电平level饱与输出电平（电压） saturated output level功率放大器 power amplifier交越失真 cross-over distortion甲类功率放大器 class A power amplifier乙类推挽功率放大器class B push-pull power amplifierOTL功率放大器output transformerless power amplifierOCL功率放大器output capacitorless power amplifier直流稳压电源半波整流 full-wave rectifier全波整流 half-wave rectifier电感滤波器 inductor filter电容滤波器 capacitor filter串联型稳压电源 series (voltage) regulator开关型稳压电源 switching (voltage) regulator集成稳压器 IC (voltage) regulator晶闸管及可控整流电路晶闸管 thyristor单结晶体管 unijunction transistor（UJT）可控整流 controlled rectifier可控硅 silicon-controlled rectifier峰点 peak point谷点 valley point操纵角 controlling angle导通角 turn-on angle门电路与逻辑代数二进制 binary二进制数 binary number十进制 decimal十六进制 hexadecimal 二-十进制 binary coded decimal （BCD）门电路 gate三态门tri-state gate与门 AND gate或者门 OR gate非门 NOT gate与非门 NAND gate或者非门 NOR gate异或者门 exclusive-OR gate反相器 inverter布尔代数 Boolean algebra真值表 truth table卡诺图 the Karnaugh map逻辑函数 logic function逻辑表达式 logic expression组合逻辑电路 combination logic circuit译码器 decoder编码器 coder比较器 comparator半加器 half-adder全加器 full-adder七段显示器 seven-segment display时序逻辑电路 sequential logic circuitR-S 触发器 R-S flip-flopD触发器 D flip-flopJ-K触发器 J-K flip-flop主从型触发器 master-slave flip-flop置位 set复位 reset直接置位端direct-set terminal直接复位端direct-reset terminal寄存器 register移位寄存器 shift register双向移位寄存器bidirectional shift register 计数器 counter同步计数器 synchronous counter异步计数器asynchronous counter加法计数器 adding counter减法计数器 subtracting counter定时器 timer清除（清0）clear载入 load时钟脉冲 clock pulse触发脉冲 trigger pulse上升沿 positive edge下降沿 negative edge时序图 timing diagram波形图 waveform单稳态触发器 monostable flip-flop双稳态触发器 bistable flip-flop无稳态振荡器 astable oscillator晶体 crystal 555定时器 555 timer模拟信号 analog signal数字信号 digital signalAD转换器analog -digital converter (ADC)DA转换器 digital-analog converter (DAC)半导体存储器只读存储器 read-only memory（ROM）随机存取存储器 random-access memory（RAM）可编程ROM programmable ROM（PROM）常见英文缩写解释（按字母顺序排列）：ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit. 专用ICCPLD: Complex Programmable Logic Device. 复杂可编程逻辑器件EDA: Electronic Design Automation. 电子设计自动化FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Array. 现场可编程门阵列GAL: Generic Array Logic. 通用阵列逻辑HDL: Hardware Description Language. 硬件描述语言IP: Intelligent Property. 智能模块PAL: Programmable Array Logic. 可编程阵列逻辑RTL: Register Transfer Level. 寄存器传输级描述）SOC: System On a Chip. 片上系统SLIC: System Level IC. 系统级ICVHDL: Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language. 超高速集成电路硬件描述语言。
测绘：062测绘类翻译词汇
城市地形图 topographic map of urban area
城市基础地理信息系统 UGIS
城市基础地理信息系统 urban geographical information system
城市控制测量 urban control survey
测线 survey line
测站 station
测站归心 station centring
层间改正 plate correction
觇牌 target
长度标准检定场 standard field of length
厂址测量 surveying for site selection
彩色复制 color reproduction
彩色复制 color reproduction
彩色感光器材 color sensitive material
彩色感光器材 color sensitive material
彩色红外片，*假彩色片 false color film
彩色红外片，*假彩色片 color infrared film
潮汐调和分析 tidal harmonic analysis
潮汐非调和常数 tidal nonharmonic constants
潮汐非调和分析 tidal nonharmonic analysis
潮汐摄动 tidal perturbation
潮汐因子 tidal factor
测距雷达 range-only radar
测距盲区 range hole
测距仪 rangefinder
测量标志 survey mark
The Analysis of Tess’s Tragedy in Tess of the D’Urbervilles
The Analysis of Tess’s Tragedy in Tess of the D’UrbervillesAbstractTess of the D’Urbervilles is the most influential one of all Thomas Hardy’s works. The novel tells a tragic life about a beautiful and pure girl after disgrace. This thesis analyzes the personal character and society tragedy open out at that time. The author, Hardy, revealed a common girl, Tess, fought with the society helplessly. Finally, Tess’s tragic life can not be separated from her own weakness in character. Key Words:Tess; Tragic Life; Victim of Society摘要《德伯家的苔丝》是托马斯·哈代最为有影响力的一部巨著。
该小说主要讲述了一个美丽纯真的少女失身后悲惨的命运。
论文通过对小说中社会环境的描写，从分析人物性格和社会悲剧着手。
苔丝的悲剧生活于其自身的弱点是分不开的。
作者哈代揭示了一个普通女孩，苔丝无助地与当时社会抗争，最终苔丝成为社会的牺牲品。
关键词：苔丝；悲惨的命运；社会的牺牲品ContentsAbstract (i)摘要................................................................................................................................ i i I. Introduction . (1)II. Reasons of Family for Tess’s tragedy (3)A. Family Background (3)B. Her Parents for Tess’s Tragedy (3)1. Her Father to Tess’s Tragedy (3)2. Her Mother for Tess’s Tragedy (3)III. Reasons of Her Own for Tess’s Tragedy (5)A. Her Sacrifice for the family (5)B. Her sacrifice for love (5)IV. Character and Social Elements for Tess’s Tragedy (7)A. Character Element for Her Tragedy (7)1. Facing Alec (7)2. Her Nature Character—Industrious and Brave (7)B. Dual Nature of Character for Her Tragedy (7)1. Resistance (8)2. Uncompromise (8)C. Social Element for Her Tragedy (8)1. Capitalism of social background (8)2. Male Consciousness Leading to Tess’s Tragedy (9)V. Conclusion (10)Acknowledgements (11)Bibliography (12)I. IntroductionTess was born in a poor family. One day, her father was told that he was the lineal descendants of ancient family of the D’Urbervilles, then he turned his head up. He and his vain and vulgar wife decided to sent Tess to a rich family also called D’Urbervilles’s descendant. In order to get support their society status, Tess went to the rich family, after that being raped and pregnant. The child was born, then died soon. Several years later, she left home to a milk factory to work. There did she meet her true love Angel Clare. They fell in love and engaged. She greatly admired Angel Clare and loved him. But Angel did not learn of her previous relationship with Alec until their wedding night.On the wedding night, Tess told all about it to his husband, but she did not get his understanding. After that Angel abandoned her then he went to Brazil to develop his business alone. When Tess and Alec met again, because of the hard life, she lived with Alec again. Several years later, Angel returned from abroad. He was very sorry for what he did. And he told Tess his thought. For Tess loved him so addicted, she wanted to back to Angel. So Tess murdered Alec.After she spent a few days of happiness with Angel, Tess was arrested and then died.Thomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages, an age of realism rather than of romanticism –a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are.Victorian literature in general truthfully represents the reality and spirit of this age long—realistic, thickly plotted, and crowded with characters. Hard y’s expression of the truth of this age which came from the agitation of life and fatalism of human being also had a high place in Western literature.The tragic idea in Hardy’s novels spring and develop in form and connotation. The tragedy consciousness in Hardy’s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society. And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say, the heroes or heroines would slip into the tragicpath of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not, or where they hided. Tragedy was their final arrangement.When he was young, he derived a love of music from his father and a devotion to literature from his mother. He grew up in the Dorset shire, of which the environment there became the main backdrop of his writings. Thomas Hardy was afamous critical realistic wreter at the turn of the 19th century in England, His writings often reflected the change after capitalism intruded the countries in England and the people’s hard life. Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s.In the late 1890s, he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser-faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this period could not be changed. But Hardy’s works exactly clashed with it, which reflected the tremendous changes of society due to the invasion of industrial capital to the village.Tess of the D’Urbervilles was published in the year of 1891, which was one of his most famous novels. This novel explosed women’s tragic life in that time.The thesis discribs two reasons, one is Tess’s personality character, another one is so ci ety reasonsII. Reasons of Family for Tess’s tragedyA. Family BackgroundAt the beginning of the novel, Tess was a daughter of poverty descent which had once magnificent .She was a dairymaid, who lived in the country, as a daisy on the village roadside, beautiful but humble, and being with her family was broken up and decimated sixty years ago before the story began. And as the writer express emotion, “Norman's descent, not for the support of Victoria 1800, the wealth, a very inconsequential!” Distinguished background doesn’t bring any benefits to Tess, but her tragic life was begun..B. Her Parents for Tess’s Tragedy1. Her Father to Tess’s TragedyTess’s father, a carter in Marlott, who is a lazy alcoholic. He hated to work hard when he learned that his family is descended from nobility. In order to get some porfits When pastor said “D’Urbeyfield, that you are the lineal representative of the ancient and knightly”He became excited and walked in a profound reverie. He began to make his noble dream: “tell them to send a horse and carriage to me immediately, tocarry me home” Even more, D’Urbeyfield put his hand in his pocket, and produced a shilling, one of the chronically few that he possessed. He sent it to the lad with the lavish expression.As if a pedigree can change his poverty, he became complacent and full of the unlimited dream. The unrealistic illusion changed Tess’s tragedy fate.2. Her Mother for Tess’s TragedyTess’s mother, whose ambitions were much simpler. She wanted Tess to rise in the world by making a successful marriage. Tess returned to home after having been raped by Alec, and she told her mother what had happpened in the forest with Alec. Her mother told her “You ought to be more careful if you did not mean to get him to make you his wife”. Tess answered, “Oh, mother, my mother! How could I be expected to know? I was a child, when I left this house for months ago. Why did you tell me there was danger in man folk?” Tess did not have the knowlwdge about men,because of her lower education. Tess’s mother was frustrated with the reasons why Tess did not marry Alec. Her mother believed that if Tess married Alec, her family’s situation would be changed greatly.The attitudes of her parents determined Tess’s tragic end in a large property. If Tess was not born in this poor family or her family was also a noble one. If she was not so responsible for her duty, and she was not so kind, her life would not end up in this way.III. Reasons of Her Own for Tess’s TragedyA. Her Sacrifice for the familyTess sacrificed herself for her family. As a rural girl from a peasant family, she maintained the simple innocent qualities of peasant. Her family was very poor. All they lived on was a weak horse，Furthermore, Tess’s parents would not work to support themselves. The family lived a hard life, because there were seven younger sisters and brothers. Poverty forced Tess at the age of 17 to take her parents’ duty of financial burden of the whole family. Tess was too young! At that age most people are still in school!Tess’s father, John Durbeyfield is a plain haggler in the village of Marlott, when he learned that he is the lineal representatives of ancient and knightly family of the d’Urbervilles. He is very proud of his aristocratic ancestry and celebrates in a tavern. There, he decides to send Tess to claim kinship with the d’Urbervilles. He is hypocritical and ignorant. He thinks Tess should marry a rich man, through which will give his family we alth and fame. Besides, Tess’s mother is also a selfish and hypocritical rural woman; she is attracted by her husband’s noble blood. When she learns that old lady d’Urbervilles is blind and his son, Alec is still unmarried, she should and could realize the risk sending Tess there, for her chastity. And she can’t accept and understand Tess’s refuse to Alec’s proposal. Her parents even can’t meet their ends meet. Then, we come to Tess’s seven younger brothers and sisters. They are all very young, and can’t sh are the burden of the family. Thus, the heavy burden of supporting the family falls on Tess’s family. She is willing to work hard and share the burden, and sacrifice her own happiness. It’s all out of her responsibility for the family. Alec to him is a devil, a destroyer, she never loves him, but she still subjects to him for his material aid to her family. That is a great spirit and love for the family.B. Her sacrifice for loveIn Tess’s life, she encountered with two men, namely, Alec and Angel. Hercredulity to Alec and infatuation to Angel.How uncompromising she was in life. But she was not a successor in love. She was a slavery of love. Tess’s physically was injured by Alec, and mentally was affected by Angel. Alec is portrayed as a spoiled; almost evil person and a high class snob. From the first time, she met Alec, Tess can not escape from his palm. While, working on the dairy farm, Tess met Angel. They fell in love. Tess was very admire Angel Clare, and loved him. Unfortunately, when Tess told him what happened to her past, Angel abandoned her. Because he had an idea of egoism, which is deeply affected by the traditional society morals and conventions. Even though he , himself, was not a pure man, he could not accept Tess who was not a really pure bride. Tess’s love made her to death. After Angel left, due to the pressure of life, Tess had to return to Alec.After that, Angel came back from Brazil, he told Tess that he forgave her past. By the reason of her love to him, Tess murdered Alec. “To her su blime trustfulness he was all that goodness could be… knew all that a guide, philosopher, and friend should know she thought every line in the contour of his person the perfection of masculine beauty, his soul the soul of a saint, his intellect that of a seer. The compassion of his love for her, as she saw it, made her life up her heart to him in devotion.” Her love was so cheap that Tess lost herself, and her own dignity. This blind and unequal love made Tess lose some rights of a true wife who could seek happiness. This directly led to Tess’s tragic.IV. Character and Social Elements for Tess’s TragedyA. Character Element for Her TragedyTess’s personal characteristics were also the cause of her tragedy. Towards life, Tess is never surrendered. No matter life is difficult, she tried her best to overcome the hardships.1. Facing AlecFacing Alec, she always resisted the temptation. She gave up enjoying the comfort of life, raised children alone. She was not knocked downed by the discrimination around, and she kept silently, endured the injustice of life. Although her life was full of combat and disaster, but she endured, and never made excessive demands of life. When she met Alec again, which were also the most difficult times of her life, however she was unmoved upon temptation. As it is said in the book 〝Passionately swung the love by the gauntlet directly in his face…A scarlet oozing appeared where her blow and alighted, and in a moment the blood began dropping from his mouth upon the straw〞2. Her Nature Character—Industrious and BraveTess was a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer. Her nature character concentrated reflection human nature industrious and brave, is refracting the quality of human nature’s brave benevolence. Tess’s beauty and temperament was harmony with the nature, she was “the nature’s daughter”, and her mind which is contaminated after the common custom has not been good and the rich sympathy, she never even a fly, worms were not cruel enough to injury and a little bird in a cage could make she cry. Tess this own character decided she had no ability to protect herself, and the efforts required to pay in excess of her endurance. The tragedy of her fate set the tone early, and the tragedy’s happen ed only the problem of time or might different in form.B. Dual Nature of Character for Her TragedyTess experienced major changes in human relationships. She obviously has the dual nature of the social character---- resistance and compromise.1. ResistanceTess was in a difficult position, but she never spiritless. Tess was only her parents’ tool, and this field confirmed blood relation's transaction has ruined her pure and chaste, and also made Tess doubt her own nature. From then on, “Almost at a leap Te ss thus changed from simple girl to complex woman.” Marries the tentative plan wa s disillusioned; Tess’s inner asked “Woman's chastity, really time has lost, forever has lost? All organisms have the ability to restore the source, why shouldn't the sole mai den's chastity have this kind of ability?” (Thomas Hardy,)“why the sun do shine on the just and the unjust alike？”Treat with the bad young man Alec. Tess revolts constantly (Thomas Hardy, 145, 164, 184).2. UncompromisedAlthough she became a disgraceful woman, she always held an inviolable attitude to Alec. She fostered the child lonely, although without it she might have enjoy easy and comfortable life,. Periphery discriminated the judgment had not certainly frightened her; she silently endured the unfair in the life. Although life gave her only attack and disaster，she all can tenaciously endure and undertake and never set the excessive request to the life. The second time, Tess meet Alec just her lives in the most difficult time. Faced every enticement of Alec, she basic remained unmoved, Tess was not willing to compromise.C. Social Element for Her Tragedy1. Capitalism of social backgroundThis story happened in the late of Britain's Victorian era，in this time, Capitalist class controlled all right, and the law were serviced for them. Farmers were at the bottle of the society, they had never equal right as the capitalist class. Tess as a woman in the Victorian era，she cannot avoided the “Hegemony”father right consciousness to “woman”nature understanding and severe social etiquette。
新北师大版高中英语选择性必修一Unit2Success-Lesson3Gettingtothetop
• get ahead on class work rather than go out and play • get the bus on her own at ten years old • go to swim 100 lengths of the pool while other kids play pool
It 1. _b_o_i_ls_d_o_w__n__to_ this: I was born with an 2. e_n_o_r_m__o_u_samount of drive and determination. In my attempt to strive for greatness, I made 3._ex_t_r_e_m_e_s_ sacrifice, living my life to 4. c_o_u_n_t_l_e_ss_ where every workout had a mental 5. _in_t_e_n_s_it_y_ that seemed too much for most people. If you are not totally committed to your sport and want to lead a 6o. u_t_s_ta_n__d_in_glife, you can never be a(n) 7.___n_o_r_m__a_l ___ athlete, let alone an Olympic champion. You may think it is unhealthy or 8. _s_e_lf_i_sh___ to go to these 9. _l_e_n_g_t_h_s_, but that is the way I roll, no matter what I’ma1p0p.l_y_in_g__m_y_s_e_l_f ____ to.
Some Recent Aspects of Differential Game Theory
Dyn Games Appl(2011)1:74–114DOI10.1007/s13235-010-0005-0Some Recent Aspects of Differential Game TheoryR.Buckdahn·P.Cardaliaguet·M.QuincampoixPublished online:5October2010©Springer-Verlag2010Abstract This survey paper presents some new advances in theoretical aspects of dif-ferential game theory.We particular focus on three topics:differential games with state constraints;backward stochastic differential equations approach to stochastic differential games;differential games with incomplete information.We also address some recent devel-opment in nonzero-sum differential games(analysis of systems of Hamilton–Jacobi equa-tions by conservation laws methods;differential games with a large number of players,i.e., mean-field games)and long-time average of zero-sum differential games.Keywords Differential game·Viscosity solution·System of Hamilton–Jacobi equations·Mean-field games·State-constraints·Backward stochastic differential equations·Incomplete information1IntroductionThis survey paper presents some recent results in differential game theory.In order to keep the presentation at a reasonable size,we have chosen to describe in full details three topics with which we are particularly familiar,and to give a brief summary of some other research directions.Although this choice does not claim to represent all the recent literature on the R.Buckdahn·M.QuincampoixUniversitéde Brest,Laboratoire de Mathématiques,UMR6205,6Av.Le Gorgeu,BP809,29285Brest, FranceR.Buckdahne-mail:Rainer.Buckdahn@univ-brest.frM.Quincampoixe-mail:Marc.Quincampoix@univ-brest.frP.Cardaliaguet( )Ceremade,UniversitéParis-Dauphine,Place du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny,75775Paris Cedex16, Francee-mail:cardaliaguet@ceremade.dauphine.frmore theoretic aspects of differential game theory,we are pretty much confident that it cov-ers a large part of what has recently been written on the subject.It is clear however that the respective part dedicated to each topic is just proportional to our own interest in it,and not to its importance in the literature.The three main topics we have chosen to present in detail are:–Differential games with state constraints,–Backward stochastic differential equation approach to differential games,–Differential games with incomplete information.Before this,we also present more briefly two domains which have been the object of very active research in recent years:–nonzero-sum differential games,–long-time average of differential games.Thefirst section of this survey is dedicated to nonzero-sum differential games.Although zero-sum differential games have attracted a lot of attention in the80–90’s(in particular, thanks to the introduction of viscosity solutions for Hamilton–Jacobi equations),the ad-vances on nonzero-sum differential games have been scarcer,and mainly restricted to linear-quadratic games or stochastic differential games with a nondegenerate diffusion.The main reason for this is that there was very little understanding of the system of Hamilton–Jacobi equations naturally attached to these games.In the recent years the analysis of this sys-tem has been the object of several papers by Bressan and his co-authors.At the same time, nonzero-sum differential games with a very large number of players have been investigated in the terminology of mean-field games by Lasry and Lions.In the second section we briefly sum up some advances in the analysis of the large time behavior of zero-sum differential games.Such problems have been the aim of intense re-search activities in the framework of repeated game theory;it has however only been re-cently investigated for differential games.In the third part of this survey(thefirst one to be the object of a longer development) we investigate the problem of state constraints for differential games,and in particular,for pursuit-evasion games.Even if such class of games has been studied since Isaacs’pioneer-ing work[80],the existence of a value was not known up to recently for these games in a rather general framework.This is mostly due to the lack of regularity of the Hamiltonian and of the value function,which prevents the usual viscosity solution approach to work(Evans and Souganidis[63]):Indeed some controllability conditions on the phase space have to be added in order to prove the existence of the value(Bardi,Koike and Soravia[18]).Following Cardaliaguet,Quincampoix and Saint Pierre[50]and Bettiol,Cardaliaguet and Quincam-poix[26]we explain that,even without controllability conditions,the game has a value and that this value can be characterized as the smallest supersolution of some Hamilton–Jacobi equation with discontinuous Hamiltonian.Next we turn to zero-sum stochastic differential games.Since the pioneering work by Fleming and Souginidis[65]it has been known that such games have a value,at least in a framework of games of the type“nonanticipating strategies against controls”.Unfortunately this notion of strategies is not completely satisfactory,since it presupposes that the players have a full knowledge of their opponent’s control in all states of the world:It would be more natural to assume that the players use strategies which give an answer to the control effectively played by their opponent.On the other hand it seems also natural to consider nonlinear cost functionals and to allow the controls of the players to depend on events of the past which happened before the beginning of the game.The last two points have beeninvestigated in a series of papers by Buckdahn and Li[35,36,39],and an approach more direct than that in[65]has been developed.Thefirst point,together with the two others,will be the object of the fourth part of the survey.In the last part we study differential games with incomplete information.In such games, one of the parameters of the game is chosen at random according to some probability mea-sure and the result is told to one of the players and not to the other.Then the game is played as usual,players observing each other’s control.The main difference with the usual case is that at least one of the players does not know which payoff he is actually optimizing.All the difficulty of this game is to understand what kind of information the informed player has interest in to disclose in order to optimize his payoff,taking thus the risk that his opponent learns his missing information.Such games are the natural extension to differential games of the Aumann–Maschler theory for repeated games[11].Their analysis has been developed in a series of papers by Cardaliaguet[41,43–45]and Cardaliaguet and Rainer[51,52].Throughout these notes we assume the reader to be familiar with the basic results of dif-ferential game theory.Many references can be quoted on this subject:A general introduction for the formal relation between differential games and Hamilton–Jacobi equations(or sys-tem)can be found in the monograph Baçar and Olsder[13].We also refer the reader to the classical monographs by Isaacs[80],Friedman[67]and Krasovskii and Subbotin[83]for early presentations of differential game theory.The recent literature on differential games strongly relies on the notion of viscosity solution:Classical monographs on this subject are Bardi and Capuzzo Dolcetta[17],Barles[19],Fleming and Soner[64],Lions[93]and the survey paper by Crandall,Ishii and Lions[56].In particular[17]contains a good introduc-tion to the viscosity solution aspects of deterministic zero-sum differential games:the proof of the existence and the characterization of a value for a large class of differential games can be found there.Section6is mostly based on the notion of backward stochastic differential equation(BSDE):We refer to El Karoui and Mazliak[60],Ma and Yong[96]and Yong and Zhou[116]for a general presentation.The reader is in particular referred to the work by S.Peng on BSDE methods in stochastic control[101].Let usfinally note that,even if this survey tries to cover a large part of the recent literature on the more theoretical aspects of differential games,we have been obliged to omit some topics:linear-quadratic differential games are not covered by this survey despite their usefulness in applications;however,these games have been already the object of several survey ck of place also prevented us from describing advances in the domain of Dynkin games.2Nonzero-sum Differential GamesIn the recent years,the more striking advances in the analysis of nonzero-sum differential games have been directed in two directions:analysis by P.D.E.methods of Nash feedback equilibria for deterministic differential games;differential games with a very large number of small players(mean-field games).These topics appear as the natural extensions of older results:existence of Nash equilibria in memory strategies and of Nash equilibria in feedback strategies for stochastic differential games,which have also been revisited.2.1Nash Equilibria in Memory StrategiesSince the work of Kononenko[82](see also Kleimenov[81],Tolwinski,Haurie and Leit-mann[114],Gaitsgory and Nitzan[68],Coulomb and Gaitsgory[55]),it has been knownthat deterministic nonzero-sum differential games admit Nash equilibrium payoffs in mem-ory strategies:This result is actually the counterpart of the so-called Folk Theorem in re-peated game theory[100].Recall that a memory(or a nonanticipating)strategy for a player is a strategy where this player takes into account the past controls played by the other play-ers.In contrast a feedback strategy is a strategy which only takes into account the present position of the system.Following[82]Nash equilibrium payoffs in memory strategies are characterized as follows:A payoff is a Nash equilibrium payoff if and only if it is reach-able(i.e.,the players can obtain it by playing some control)and individually rational(the expected payoff for a player lies above its min-max level at any point of the resulting trajec-tory).This result has been recently generalized to stochastic differential games by Buckdahn, Cardaliaguet and Rainer[38](see also Rainer[105])and to games in which players can play random strategies by Souquière[111].2.2Nash Equilibria in Feedback FormAlthough the existence and characterization result of Nash equilibrium payoffs in mem-ory strategies is quite general,it has several major drawbacks.Firstly,there are,in general, infinitely many such Nash equilibria,but there exists—at least up to now—no completely satisfactory way to select one.Secondly,such equilibria are usually based on threatening strategies which are often non credible.Thirdly,the corresponding strategies are,in general, not“time-consistent”and in particular cannot be computed by any kind of“backward in-duction”.For this reason it is desirable tofind more robust notions of Nash equilibria.The best concept at hand is the notion of subgame perfect Nash equilibria.Since the works of Case[54]and Friedman[67],it is known that subgame perfect Nash equilibria are(at least heuristically)given by feedback strategies and that their corresponding payoffs should be the solution of a system of Hamilton–Jacobi equations.Up to now these ideas have been successfully applied to linear-quadratic differential games(Case[54],Starr and Ho[113], ...)and to stochastic differential games with non degenerate viscosity term:In thefirst case,one seeks solutions which are quadratic with respect to the state variable;this leads to the resolution of Riccati equations.In the latter case,the regularizing effect of the non-degenerate diffusion allows us to usefixed point arguments to get either Nash equilibrium payoffs or Nash equilibrium feedbacks.Several approaches have been developed:Borkar and Ghosh[27]consider infinite horizon problems and use the smoothness of the invari-ant measure associated to the S.D.E;Bensoussan and Frehse[21,22]and Mannucci[97] build“regular”Nash equilibrium payoffs satisfying a system of Hamilton–Jacobi equations thanks to elliptic or parabolic P.D.E techniques;Nash equilibrium feedbacks can also be built by backward stochastic differential equations methods like in Hamadène,Lepeltier and Peng[75],Hamadène[74],Lepeltier,Wu and Yu[92].2.3Ill-posedness of the System of HJ EquationsIn a series of articles,Bressan and his co-authors(Bressan and Chen[33,34],Bressan and Priuli[32],Bressan[30,31])have analyzed with the help of P.D.E methods the system of Hamilton–Jacobi equations arising in the construction of feedback Nash equilibria for deter-ministic nonzero-sum games.In state-space dimension1and for thefinite horizon problem, this system takes the form∂V i+H i(x,D V1,...,D V n)=0in R×(0,T),i=1,...,n,coupled with a terminal condition at time T(here n is the number of players and H i is the Hamiltonian of player i,V i(t,x)is the payoff obtained by player i for the initial condition (t,x)).Setting p i=(V i)x and deriving the above system with respect to x one obtains the system of conservation laws:∂t p i+H i(x,p1,...,p n)x=0in R×(0,T).This system turns out to be,in general,ill-posed.Typically,in the case of two players(n= 2),the system is ill-posed if the terminal payoff of the players have an opposite monotonicity. If,on the contrary,these payoffs have the same monotony and are close to some linear payoff (which is a kind of cooperative case),then the above system has a unique solution,and one can build Nash equilibria in feedback form from the solution of the P.D.E[33].Still in space dimension1,the case of infinite horizon seems more promising:The sys-tem of P.D.E then reduces to an ordinary differential equation.The existence of suitable solutions for this equation then leads to Nash equilibria.Such a construction is carried out in Bressan and Priuli[32],Bressan[30,31]through several classes of examples and by various methods.In a similar spirit,the papers Cardaliaguet and Plaskacz[47],Cardaliaguet[42]study a very simple class of nonzero-sum differential games in dimension1and with a terminal payoff:In this case it is possible to select a unique Nash equilibrium payoff in feedback form by just imposing that it is Pareto whenever there is a unique Pareto one.However,this equilibrium payoff turns out to be highly unstable with respect to the terminal data.Some other examples of nonlinear-quadratic differential games are also analyzed in Olsder[99] and in Ramasubramanian[106].2.4Mean-field GamesSince the system of P.D.Es arising in nonzero-sum differential games is,in general,ill-posed,it is natural to investigate situations where the problem simplifies.It turns out that this is the case for differential games with a very large number of identical players.This problem has been recently developed in a series of papers by Lasry and Lions[87–90,94] under the terminology of mean-field games(see also Huang,Caines and Malhame[76–79] for a related approach).The main achievement of Lasry and Lions is the identification of the limit when the number of players tends to infinity.The typical resulting model takes the form⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩(i)−∂t u−Δu+H(x,m,Du)=0in R d×(0,T),(ii)∂t m−Δm−divD p H(x,m,Du)m=0in R d×(0,T),(iii)m(0)=m0,u(x,T)=Gx,m(T).(1)In the above system,thefirst equation has to be understood backward in time while the second one is forward in time.Thefirst equation(a Hamilton–Jacobi one)is associated with an optimal control problem and its solution can be regarded as the value function for a typical small player(in particular the Hamiltonian H=H(x,m,p)is convex with respect to the last variable).As for the second equation,it describes the evolution of the density m(t)of the population.More precisely,let usfirst consider the behavior of a typical player.He controls through his control(αs)the stochastic differential equationdX t=αt dt+√2B t(where(B t)is a standard Brownian motion)and he aims at minimizing the quantityET12LX s,m(s),αsds+GX T,m(T),where L is the Fenchel conjugate of H with respect to the p variable.Note that in this cost the evolving measure m(s)enters as a parameter.The value function of our average player is then given by(1-(i)).His optimal control is—at least heuristically—given in feedback form byα∗(x,t)=−D p H(x,m,Du).Now,if all agents argue in this way,their repartition will move with a velocity which is due,on the one hand,to the diffusion,and,one the other hand,to the drift term−D p H(x,m,Du).This leads to the Kolmogorov equation(1-(ii)).The mean-field game theory developed so far has been focused on two main issues:firstly,investigate equations of the form(1)and give an interpretation(in economics,for instance)of such systems.Secondly,analyze differential games with afinite but large num-ber of players and interpret(1)as their limiting behavior as the number of players goes to infinity.Up to now thefirst issue is well understood and well documented.The original works by Lasry and Lions give a certain number of conditions under which(1)has a solution,discuss its uniqueness and its stability.Several papers also study the numerical approximation of this solution:see Achdou and Capuzzo Dolcetta[1],Achdou,Camilli and Capuzzo Dolcetta[2], Gomes,Mohr and Souza[71],Lachapelle,Salomon and Turinici[85].The mean-field games theory has been used in the analysis of wireless communication systems in Huang,Caines and Malhamé[76],or Yin,Mehta,Meyn and Shanbhag[115].It seems also particularly adapted to modeling problems in economics:see Guéant[72,73],Lachapelle[84],Lasry, Lions,Guéant[91],and the references therein.As for the second part of the program,the limiting behavior of differential games when the number of players tend to infinity has been understood for ergodic differential games[88].The general case remains mostly open.3Long-time Average of Differential GamesAnother way to reduce the complexity of differential games is to look at their long-time be-havior.Among the numerous applications of this topic let us quote homogenization,singular perturbations and dimension reduction of multiscale systems.In order to explain the basic ideas,let us consider a two-player stochastic zero-sum dif-ferential game with dynamics given bydX t,ζ;u,vs =bX t,ζ;u,vs,u s,v sds+σX t,ζ;u,v,u s,v sdB s,s∈[t,+∞),X t=ζ,where B is a d-dimensional standard Brownian motion on a given probability space (Ω,F,P),b:R N×U×V→R N andσ:R N×U×V→R N×d,U and V being some metric compact sets.We assume that thefirst player,playing with u,aims at minimizing a running payoff :R N×U×V→R(while the second players,playing with v,maximizes). Then it is known that,under some Isaacs’assumption,the game has a value V T which is the viscosity solution of a second order Hamilton–Jacobi equation of the form−∂t V T(t,x)+Hx,D V T(t,x),D2V T(t,x)=0in[0,T]×R N,V T(T,x)=0in R N.A natural question is the behavior of V T as T→+∞.Actually,since V T is typically of linear growth,the natural quantity to consider is the long-time average,i.e.,lim T→+∞V T/T.Interesting phenomena can be observed under some compactness assumption on the un-derlying state-space.Let us assume,for instance,that the maps b(·,u,v),σ(·,u,v)and (·,u,v)are periodic in all space variables:this actually means that the game takes place in the torus R N/Z N.In this framework,the long-time average is well understood in two cases:either the dif-fusion is strongly nondegenerate:∃ν>0,(σσ∗)(x,u,v)≥νI N∀x,u,v,(where the inequality is understood in the sense of quadratic matrices);orσ≡0and H= H(x,ξ)is coercive:lim|ξ|→+∞H(x,ξ)=+∞uniformly with respect to x.(2) In both cases the quantity V T(x,0)/T uniformly converges to the unique constant¯c forwhich the problem¯c+Hx,Dχ(x),D2χ(x)=0in R Nhas a continuous,periodic solutionχ.In particular,the limit is independent of the initial condition.Such kind of results has been proved by Lions,Papanicoulaou and Varadhan[95] forfirst order equations(i.e.,deterministic differential games).For second order equations, the result has been obtained by Alvarez and Bardi in[3],where the authors combine funda-mental contributions of Evans[61,62]and of Arisawa and Lions[7](see also Alvarez and Bardi[4,5],Bettiol[24],Ghosh and Rao[70]).For deterministic differential games(i.e.,σ≡0),the coercivity condition(2)is not very natural:Indeed,it means that one of the players is much more powerful than the other one. However,very little is known without such a condition.Existing results rely on a specific structure of the game:see for instance Bardi[16],Cardaliaguet[46].The difficulty comes from the fact that,in these cases,the limit may depend upon the initial condition(see also Arisawa and Lions[7],Quincampoix and Renault[104]for related issues in a control set-ting).The existence of a limit for large time differential games is certainly one of the main challenges in differential games theory.4Existence of a Value for Zero-sum Differential Games with State Constraints Differential games with state constraints have been considered since the early theory of differential games:we refer to[23,28,66,69,80]for the computation of the solution for several examples of pursuit.We present here recent trends for obtaining the existence of a value for a rather general class of differential games with constraints.This question had been unsolved during a rather long period due to problems we discuss now.The main conceptual difficulty for considering such zero-sum games lies in the fact that players have to achieve their own goal and to satisfy the state constraint.Indeed,it is not clear to decide which players has to be penalized if the state constraint is violated.For this reason,we only consider a specific class of decoupled games where each player controls independently a part of the dynamics.A second mathematical difficulty comes from the fact that players have to use admissible controls i.e.,controls ensuring the trajectory to fulfilthe state constraint.A byproduct of this problem is the fact that starting from two close initial points it is not obvious tofind two close constrained trajectories.This also affects the regularity of value functions associated with admissible controls:The value functions are,in general,not Lipschitz continuous anymore and,consequently,classical viscosity solutions methods for Hamilton–Jacobi equations may fail.4.1Statement of the ProblemWe consider a differential game where thefirst player playing with u,controls afirst systemy (t)=gy(t),u(t),u(t)∈U,y(t0)=y0∈K U,(3) while the second player,playing with v,controls a second systemz (t)=hz(t),v(t),v(t)∈V,z(t0)=z0∈K V.(4)For every time t,thefirst player has to ensure the state constraint y(t)∈K U while the second player has to respect the state constraint z(t)∈K V for any t∈[t0,T].We denote by x(t)= x[t0,x0;u(·),v(·)](t)=(y[t0,y0;u(·)](t),z[t0,z0;v(·)](t))the solution of the systems(3) and(4)associated with an initial data(t0,x0):=(t0,y0,z0)and with a couple of controls (u(·),v(·)).In the following lines we summarize all the assumptions concerning with the vectorfields of the dynamics:⎧⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩(i)U and V are compact subsets of somefinitedimensional spaces(ii)f:R n×U×V→R n is continuous andLipschitz continuous(with Lipschitz constant M)with respect to x∈R n(iii)uf(x,u,v)andvf(x,u,v)are convex for any x(iv)K U={y∈R l,φU(y)≤0}withφU∈C2(R l;R),∇φU(y)=0ifφU(y)=0(v)K V={z∈R m,φV(z)≤0}withφV∈C2(R m;R),∇φV(z)=0ifφV(z)=0(vi)∀y∈∂K U,∃u∈U such that ∇φU(y),g(y,u) <0(vii)∀z∈∂K V,∃v∈V such that ∇φV(z),h(z,v) <0(5)We need to introduce the notion of admissible controls:∀y0∈K U,∀z0∈K V and∀t0∈[0,T]we defineU(t0,y0):=u(·):[t0,+∞)→U measurable|y[t0,y0;u(·)](t)∈K U∀t≥t0V(t0,z0):=v(·):[t0,+∞)→V measurable|z[t0,z0;v(·)](t)∈K V∀t≥t0.Under assumptions(5),the Viability Theorem(see[9,10])ensures that for all x0= (y0,z0)∈K U×K VU(t0,y0)=∅and V(t0,z0)=∅.Throughout the paper we omit t0in the notations U(t0,y0)and U(t0,y0)whenever t0=0.We now describe two quantitative differential games.Let us start with a game with an integral cost:Bolza Type Differential Game Given a running cost L:[0,T]×R N×U×V→R and afinal costΨ:R N→R,we define the payoff associated to an initial position(t0,x0)= (t0,y0,z0)and to a pair of controls(u,v)∈U(t0,y0)×V(t0,z0)byJt0,x0;u(·),v(·)=Tt0Lt,x(t),u(·),v(·)dt+Ψx(T),(6)where x(t)=x[t0,x0;u(·),v(·)](t)=(y[t0,y0;u(·)](t),z[t0,z0;v(·)](t))denotes the solu-tion of the systems(3)and(4).Thefirst player wants to maximize the functional J,while the second player’s goal is to minimize J.Definition1A mapα:V(t0,z0)→U(t0,y0)is a nonanticipating strategy(for thefirst player and for the point(t0,x0):=(t0,y0,z0)∈R+×K U×K V)if,for anyτ>0,for all controls v1(·)and v2(·)belonging to V(t0,z0),which coincide a.e.on[t0,t0+τ],α(v1(·)) andα(v2(·))coincide almost everywhere on[t0,t0+τ].Nonanticipating strategiesβfor the second player are symmetrically defined.For any point x0∈K U×K V and∀t0∈[0,T]we denote by A(t0,x0)and by B(t0,x0)the sets of the nonanticipating strategies for thefirst and the second player respectively.We are now ready to define the value functions of the game.The lower value V−is defined by:V−(t0,x0):=infβ∈B(t0,x0)supu(·)∈U(t0,y0)Jt0,x0;u(·),βu(·),(7)where J is defined by(6).On the other hand we define the upper value function as follows:V+(t0,x0):=limε→0+supα∈A(t0,x0)infv(·)∈V(t0,z0)Jεt0,x0;αv(·),v(·)(8)withJεt0,x0;u(·),v(·):=Tt0Lt,x(t),u(t),v(t)dt+Ψεx(T),where x(t)=x[t0,x0;u(·),v(·)](t)andΨεis the lower semicontinuous function defined byΨε(x):=infρ∈R|∃y∈R n with(y,ρ)−x,Ψ(x)=ε.The asymmetry between the definition of the value functions is due to the fact that one assumes that the terminal payoffΨis lower semicontinuous.WhenΨis continuous,one can check that V+can equivalently be defined in a more natural way asV+(t0,x0):=supα∈A(t0,x0)infv(·)∈V(t0,z0)Jt0,x0;αv(·),v(·).We now describe the second differential game which is a pursuit game with closed target C⊂K U×K V.Pursuit Type Differential Game The hitting time of C for a trajectory x(·):=(y(·),z(·)) is:θCx(·):=inft≥0|x(t)∈C.If x(t)/∈C for every t≥0,then we setθC(x(·)):=+∞.In the pursuit game,thefirst player wants to maximizeθC while the second player wants to minimize it.The value functions aredefined as follows:The lower optimal hitting-time function is the mapϑ−C :K U×K V→R+∪{+∞}defined,for any x0:=(y0,z0),byϑ−C (x0):=infβ(·)∈B(x0)supu(·)∈U(y0)θCxx0,u(·),βu(·).The upper optimal hitting-time function is the mapϑ+C :K U×K V→R+∪{+∞}de-fined,for any x0:=(y0,z0),byϑ+ C (x0):=limε→0+supα(·)∈A(x0)infv(·)∈V(z0)θC+εBxx0,αv(·),v(·).By convention,we setϑ−C (x)=ϑ+C(x)=0on C.Remarks–Note that here again the definition of the upper and lower value functions are not sym-metric:this is related to the fact that the target assumed to be closed,so that the game is intrinsically asymmetric.–The typical pursuit game is the case when the target coincides with the diagonal:C= {(y,z),|y=z}.We refer the reader to[6,29]for various types of pursuit games.The formalism of the present survey is adapted from[50].4.2Main ResultThe main difficulty for the analysis of state-constraint problems lies in the fact that two trajectories of a control system starting from two—close—different initial conditions could be estimated by classical arguments on the continuity of theflow of the differential equation. For constrained systems,it is easy to imagine cases where the constrained trajectories starting from two close initial conditions are rather far from each other.So,an important problem in order to get suitable estimates on constrained trajectories,is to obtain a kind of Filippov Theorem with ly a result which allows one to approach—in a suitable sense—a given trajectory of the dynamics by a constrained trajectory.Note that similar results exist in the literature.However,we need here to construct a constrained trajectory in a nonanticipating way[26](cf.also[25]),which is not the case in the previous constructions.Proposition1Assume that conditions(5)are satisfied.For any R>0there exist C0= C0(R)>0such that for any initial time t0∈[0,T],for any y0,y1∈K U with|y0|,|y1|≤R,。
Threshold Resummed Spectra in B - Xu l nu Decays in NLO (I)
a rXiv:h ep-ph/57285v315Se p25ROME1/1407/05DSFNA1/25/2005THRESHOLD RESUMMED SPECTRA IN B →X u lνDECAYS IN NLO (I)Ugo Aglietti 1Dipartimento di Fisica,Universit`a di Roma “La Sapienza”,and I.N.F.N.,Sezione di Roma,Italy.Giulia Ricciardi 2Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche,Universit`a di Napoli “Federico II”and I.N.F.N.,Sezione di Napoli,Italy.Giancarlo Ferrera 3Dipartimento di Fisica,Universit`a di Roma “La Sapienza”,and I.N.F.N.,Sezione di Roma,Italy.Abstract We evaluate threshold resummed spectra in B →X u lνdecays in next-to-leading order.We present results for the distribution in the hadronic variables E X and m 2X /E 2X ,for the distribution in E X and for the distribution in E X and E l ,where E X and m X are the total energy and the invariant mass of the final hadronic state X u respectively and E l is the energy of the charged lepton.We explicitly show that all these spectra (where there is no integration over the hadronic energy)can be directly related to the photon spectrum in B →X s γviashort-distance coefficient functions.1Introduction and summary of the resultsA long-standing problem in particle physics is the understanding of strong interactions at low energies.While at very low energies,of the order of the hadronic scaleΛ≈300MeV,perturbative QCD is of no use and alternative methods have been developed in decades(such as quark models,chiral lagrangians,lattice QCD, etc.),at intermediate energies,of the order of a few GeV,perturbative computations can be combined with non-perturbative models to predict a variety of cross sections and decay rates.Among these moderate hard scale phenomena is beauty physics,which is indeed characterized by a hard scale of a few GeV.The measured decay spectra often receive large contributions at the endpoints—in the case of the hadron energy spectrum, in the middle of the domain—from long-distance effects related to soft interactions between the heavy quark and the light degrees of freedom.The main non perturbative effect is the well-known Fermi motion,which classically can be described as a small vibration of the heavy quark inside the B meson because of the momentum exchange with the valence quark;in the quantum theory it is also the virtuality of the heavy quark that matters.This effect is important in the end-point region,because it produces some smearing of the partonic spectra.These long distance effects manifest themselves in perturbation theory in the form of series of large infrared logarithms,coming from an“incomplete”cancellation of infrared divergencies in real and virtual diagrams.The probability for instance for a light quark produced in a process with a hard scale Q to evolve into a jet with an invariant mass smaller than m is written in leading order as[1]:J(m)=1+A1αS 10dωθ2Θ m2ω 10dθ2αS log2 Q22hadronic subprocess in(2)is characterized by the following three scales:m b,E X and m X(m b≥E X),(3) where m X and E X are the invariant mass and the total energy of thefinal hadronic state X q,respectively.We are interested in the so-called threshold region,which can be defined in all generality as the one havingm X≪E X.(4) The region(4)is sometimes called radiation-inhibited,because the emitted radiation naturally producesfinal states with an invariant mass of the order of the hard scale:m X∼O(E X).It is also called semi-inclusive because experimentally,to satisfy the constraint(4),most hadronicfinal states have to be discarded.The processes we are going to consider are the well-known radiative decay with a real photon in thefinal state,B→X s+γ(5) and the semi-leptonic decay,4B→X u+l+ν.(7)In perturbative QCD,the hadronic subprocess in(2)consists of a heavy quark decaying into a light quark which evolves later into a jet of soft and collinear partons because of infrared divergencies.In leading order, one only considers the emission of soft gluons at small angle by the light quark(see eq.(1));thefinal state X q consists of a jet with the leading(i.e.most energetic)quark q originating the jet itself.In next-to-leading order one has to take into account two different single-logarithmic effects:(a)hard emission at small angle by the light quark q and(b)soft emission at large angle by the heavy quark.Because of(a),thefinal state consists of a jet with many hard partons and,in general,the leading parton is no longer the quark q which originated the jet itself.Because of(b),thefinal state does not contain only an isolated jet,but also soft partons in any space direction.The main result of[3]is that the large threshold logarithms appearing in(2)are conveniently organized as a series of the form:∞n=12n k=1c nkαn(Q)log k Q2m2X +c11α(Q)logQ2m2X+c23α2(Q)log3Q24The results for the semileptonic decay are easily extended to the radiative decay with the photon converting into a lepton pair,B→X s+l+This takes us into aneffectivetheoryin whichthebeauty quark is replaced bya static quark,as recoil effects are neglected in the limit (10).If we write the beauty quark momentum as pb =m b v +k ,where k is a soft momentum,the infinite mass limit of the propagator is easily obtained as:S F (p )= 1+ˆv 2m 121E X (ordinary QCD),(12)which diverge in the limit (10)(γ0is a constant).If one takes the limit (10)ab initio ,i.e.before integrating the loop,some divergence is expected in the loop integrals,as it is indeed the case.Technically,that occurs because the static propagator is of the form 1/(k 0+iǫ)(see eq.(11))and,unlike the ordinary propagator,has no damping for | k |→∞.It can be shown that the b →u vector and axial-vector currents are no more conserved or partially conserved in the static theory.Therefore,unlike the QCD case,the O (α)virtual corrections are ultraviolet divergent in the static theory and produce,after renormalization,terms corresponding to (12)of the form γ0αlogµm 2b +m 2Xm 2b≃m b .(16)This case corresponds to the radiative decay(5).In this case,thefinal hadronic energy is always large and of the order of the heavy-flavor mass:Q≈m b(radiative decay).(17) On the other hand,in the semi-leptonic decay(7)7,the lepton pair can have a large invariant mass,q2∼O m2b ,(18) implying a substantial reduction of the hard scale:Q≪m b.(19) This fact is one of the complications in the threshold resummation of the semileptonic decay spectra:while in the radiative decay(5),the hard scale Q is always large in the threshold region,and of the order of m b,this is no longer true in the semileptonic decay.The hadronic subprocesses have in general different hard scales in the two decays.If one integrates over q2,for example because of undetected neutrino momentum,there is a mixing of hadronic contributions with different hard scales in the semileptonic case.However,it turns out by explicit computation that the contributions from a large q2,i.e.with a small hard scale in the hadronic subprocess,are rather suppressed(see sec.4).Atfixed Q,the large logarithms in(2)can be factorized into a QCD form factor,which is universal in the sense that it depends only on the hadronic subprocess.The differences between,let us say,the radiative decay(5)and the semileptonic decay(7)only enter in the specific form of a short-distance coefficient function multiplying the QCD form factor(and in the form of a remainder function collecting non factorized,small contributions,see next section).The discussion above can be summarized as follows.The hard scale Q=2E X in(2)appears in the argument in the infrared logarithms as well as in the argument of the running coupling.In the radiative decay,because of kinematics,the hard scale is always large and of the order of the beauty mass:Q≈m b,while in the semileptonic case kinematical configurations are possible with Q≈m b as well as with Q≪m b.The main complication in semileptonic decays is that by performing kinematical integrations(for example over the neutrino energy), one may integrate over the hard scale of the hadronic subprocess.While in radiative decays the hard scale is fixed,in the semileptonic decays there can be a mixing of different hadronic subprocesses.A non-trivial picture of some semileptonic decay spectra emerges:there are long-distance effects which cannot be extracted by the radiative decay,related to a smallfinal hadronic energy,but their effect turns out to be small at the end because of a kinematical suppression of the states with a small hard scale.The decay spectra in(7)can therefore be divided into two classes:1.distributions in which the hadronic energy E X is not integrated over.These distributions can be related viashort-distance coefficients to the photon spectrum in the radiative decay(5).In particular,the structure of the threshold logarithms is the same as in decay(5).In this paper we restrict ourselves to these simpler distributions;2.distributions in which the hadronic energy is integrated over and therefore all the hadronic energiescontribute.These are for instance the hadron mass distribution or the charged lepton energy distribution.In all these cases,the structure of the threshold logarithms is different from that one in(5)and by far more complicated.The analysis of some of these distributions,which present novel features with respect to B→X sγ,is given in[5].Let us make a simple analogy with e+e−annihilation into hadrons.In the center-of-mass(c.o.m.)frame, thefinal state consists of a qq→J q+J7The same is also true for the radiative decay with the photon converting into a lepton pair(6).Roughly speaking,thefinal state X q in(2),consisting in a single jet,is“half”of that in(20),consisting of the two jets J q and Jq pair cannot occur and thefinal state consists of two narrow jets around the original qm2H andα(Q)logQ2dm2H(Q=m Z)(24) and the integral of this quantity over Q from a small energyǫ∼m H up to m Z with some weight functionφ(Q):dˆσdm2H(Q).(25) Radiative B decays(5)and semileptonic spectra(7)in class1.are the analog of the former distribution(24), while semileptonic spectra in class2.are the analog of the latter case(25).The analog of the suppression in the semileptonic spectra2.of the contributions from large q2is the suppression of the weight functionφ(Q)for Q≪m Z.Many properties of the distributions we are going to derive in this work can be understood with a qualitative discussion on the hadron energy spectrum,dΓ2.(28) In lowest order,thefinal hadronic state consists indeed of the up quark only:X u=u.To orderα,a real gluon is radiated and thefinal hadronic state is a two-particle system:X u=u+g.Thefinal hadronic energy is not restricted anymore to half the beauty mass but can go up to the whole beauty mass:E(1)X=E u+E g≤m b.(29)For example,just consider an energetic up quark recoiling against the gluon,with a soft electron and a soft neutrino.The relevant case for us is afinal state with the up quark of energy≈m b/2and a soft and/or a collinear gluon.Such a state has a total energy slightly above m b/2and the matrix element is logarithmically enhanced because of the well-known infrared singularities.Such logarithmic enhancement cannot be cancelled by the O(α)virtual corrections,because of their tree-level kinematical limitation(28).We are left therefore with large infrared logarithms,of the formαlog2 E X−m b2 E X≥m bE X=m b/2,because the lowest order spectrum has a discontinuity in this point, above which it vanishes identically because of kinematics.This infrared singularity is integrable,asm b/2+δm b/2dE Xαlog k E X−m bIn sec.(6)we derive the double distribution in the hadron and electron energies,i.e.in the two independent energies.A peculiarity of this spectrum is that it is characterized by the presence of two different series of large logarithms,which are factorized by two different QCD form factors.Another peculiarity is that this double differential distribution contains partially-integrated QCD form factors instead of differential ones.That implies that the infrared singularities occurring in this distribution are integrable,as in the case of the Sudakov shoulder which we have discussed before;Finally,in sec.(7)we present our conclusions together with a discussion about natural developments.2Triple differential distributionThe triple differential distribution in the decay(7)is the starting point of our analysis.It has a resummed expression of the form[3]:81dxdudw=C[x,w;α(w m b)]σ[u;α(w m b)]+d[x,u,w;α(w m b)],(33) where we have defined the following kinematical variables:w=2E Xm b(0≤x≤1)(34)and9u=E X− E X+1−4y1−4y,(36) withy=m2X(1+u)2.(38) The functions entering the r.h.s.of eq.(33)are:•C[x,w;α(w m b)],a short-distance,process-dependent coefficient function,whose explicit expression will be given later.It depends on two independent energies x and w and on the QCD couplingα;•σ[u;α(w m b)],a process-independent,long-distance dominated,QCD form factor.It factorizes the thresh-old logarithms appearing in the perturbative expansion.At orderα:σ(u;α)=δ(u)−C Fαu +−7C Fαu++O(α2),(39)where C F is the Casimir of the fundamental representation of SU(3)c,C F=(N2c−1)/(2N c)with N c=3 (the number of colors)and the plus distributions are defined as usual as:P(u)+=P(u)−δ(u) 10du′P(u′).(40) The action on a test function f(u)is therefore:10du P(u)+f(u)= 10du P(u)[f(u)−f(0)].(41)The plus-distributions are sometimes called star-distributions and can also be defined as limits of ordinary functions as:P(u)+=limǫ→0+ θ(u−ǫ)P(u)−δ(u) 1ǫdu′P(u′)=limǫ→0+ θ(u−ǫ)P(u)−δ(u−ǫ) 1ǫdu′P(u′)=limǫ→0+−dΓRdΓRm2b.(46)In this simpler case,the coefficient function C R(α)does not depend on any kinematical variable but only on the QCD couplingαand has an expansion of the form11:C R(α)=1+αC(1)R+α2C(2)R+O(α3),(47)where C(i)R are numerical coefficients.Basically,going from the2-body decay(5)to the3-body decay(7),the coefficient function acquires a dependence on the additional kinematical variables,namely two energies.The remainder function in eq.(45)depends on the(unique)variable t s and has an expansion of the form:d R(t s;α)=αd(1)R(t s)+α2d(2)R(t s)+O(α3).(48) The main point is that the QCD form factorσin the same in both distributions(33)and(45),explicitly showing universality of long-distance effects in the two different decays.By universality we mean that we have the same function,evaluated at the argument u in the semileptonic case and at t s in the radiative decay.This property is not explicit in the original formulation[11],in which the form factors differ in subleading order(see next section).Since,as shown in the introduction,w∼1in the radiative decay,we can make everywhere in eq.(45)the replacementα(w m b)→α(m b)(radiative case only),(49) to obtain:1dt s=C R[α(m b)]σ[t s;α(m b)]+d R[t s;α(m b)].(50) The distribution contains now a constant coupling,independent on the kinematicsα(m b)≃0.22.The replace-ment(49)cannot be done in the semileptonic case.In[3]the triple differential distribution was originally given in terms of the variable y instead of u,with the latter u=1−ξbeing introduced in[10].The variables u and y coincide in the threshold region in leading twist, i.e.at leading order in u in the expansion for u→0,as y=u+O(u2).Going from the variable y to the variable u only modifies the remainder function.The advantages of u over y are both technical and physical:•u has,unlike y,unitary range;•when we impose the kinematical relation between hadronic energy E X s and hadronic mass m X s of the radiative decay(5),u exactly equals t s:u|EX s=m b/2(1+m2X s/m2b)=t s.(51)This property suggests that some higher-twist effects may cancel in taking proper ratios of radiative and semileptonic spectra.Let us now give the explicit expression of the coefficient function in the semileptonic case:C(x,w)+αC(1)(x,w)+O(α3),(52) whereC(0)(x)(1+x,w)=12C Fx) (1+2log w−w log w8 ++2(1−w) (54)with x=xν=1−xνand xν=2Eν/m b.Unlike the coefficient function,the remainder function d(x,u,w;α)has an expansion starting at O(α):d(x,w,u;α)=αd(1)(x,w,u)+α2d(2)(x,w,u)+O(α3).(55) Omitting the overall factor C F/π,we obtain:13d(1)(x)x)x)2x)2x+20w x+8x2x−40w x−16x264(1+u) 640w−368w2−200w3−16w4+3w5−384x+528w2x−16w4x2−48w x2+24w364(1−u) −256w+528w2−200w3−16w4+3w5+512x++528w2x−16w4x2−48w x2+24w34(1+u)6+9w5log u x)2log ux)2log ux−2w x2 log ux−2w x2 log u64(1+u)2w −144w+208w2+16w3+w4−64x−16w2 x+48x2+16w264(1−u)2 −256w+624w2−304w3+16w4+w5+512x+ +944w2x−8w4x2−464w x2+16w3x.du (u)+C(0)(x,w)C Fu−log y(u)+7/4du(u) .(56)This function can also be obtained with a direct matching with the O(α)triple differential distribution computed in[8]after a change of variable(see the end of this section for a discussion about matching).The main point about the semileptonic decay(7)is that it has—unlike the radiative decay(5)—q2=0 and consequently the form factor depends not only on u but also on the hadronic energy w through the running coupling:σ=σ[u;α(w m b)].(58)The form factor is therefore a function of two variables.We work in next-to-leading order(NLO),in which only the O(α)corrections to the coefficient function and remainder function are retained(see next section).Since the difference betweenα(w m b)andα(m b)is O(α2), we can set w=1in the argument of the coupling entering the coefficient function and the remainder function. We then obtain the simpler expression:1=C[x,w;α(m b)]σ[u;α(w m b)]+d[x,u,w;α(m b)](NLO).(59) dxdudwNote that we cannot set w=1in the coupling entering the form factor,because in the latter caseαis multiplied by large logarithms,which“amplify”O(α2)differences in the couplings(see next section).Let us make a few remarks about thefinal result of this section,eq.(59):•it describes semi-inclusive decays,in which the internal structure of the hadronicfinal states is not ob-served,but only the total mass and energy are measured.Less inclusive quantities,such as for instance the energy distribution of thefinal up quark(i.e.the fragmentation function of the up quark),cannot be computed in this framework;•it constitutes an improvement of thefixed-order O(α)result in all the cases in which there are large threshold logarithms.In all the other cases,where there are no threshold logarithms,such as for example the dilepton mass distribution[12],there is not any advantage of the resummed formula over thefixed-order one.In the next sections we integrate the resummed triple-differential distribution to obtain double and single (resummed)spectra.There are two methods to accomplish this task which are completely equivalent:1.Thefirst method involves the direct integration of the complete triple-differential distribution.Schemati-cally:(spectrum)= C·σ+ d.(60) Large logarithms come only from thefirst term on the r.h.s.of(60),while non-logarithmic,“small”terms come both from thefirst and the second term.To obtain a factorized form for the spectrum analogous to the one for the triple-distribution,in which the remainder function collects all the small terms,one rearranges the r.h.s.of(60):the small terms coming from the integration of C·σare put in the remainder function;2.In the second method,one integrates the block C·σonly and drops the small terms coming from theintegration.The remainder function is obtained by expanding the resummed expression in powers ofαand comparing with thefixed-order spectrum.3Threshold ResummationIt is convenient to define the partially integrated or cumulative form factorΣ(u,α):Σ(u;α)= u0du′σ(u′;α).(61)Performing the integrations,one obtains for the O(α)form factor:Σ(u;α)=1−C Fα4πL+O(α2),(62)whereL=log1where G nk are numerical coefficients.Let us note that the sum over k extends up to n+1in(70),while it extends up to2n in the form factor in eq.(66).This property is a generalization of the simple exponentiation of the O(α)logarithms which holds in QED and is called generalized exponentiation.In general,this property holds for quantities analogous to the semi-inclusive form factors,in which the gluon radiation is not directly observed.One sums therefore over all possiblefinal states coming from the evolution of the emitted gluons (inclusive gluon decay quantities).The property expressed by eq.(70)does not hold for quantities in which gluon radiation is observed directly,as for example in parton multiplicities,where different evolutions of gluon jets give rise to different multiplicities.3.1N-spaceA systematic resummation is consistently done in N-moment space or Mellin space,in which kinematical constraints are factorized in the soft limit and are easily integrated over[14].One considers the Mellin transform of the form factorσ(u;α):σN(α)≡ 10du(1−u)N−1σ(u;α).(71) The threshold region is studied in moment space by taking the limit N→∞,because for large N the integral above takes contributions mainly from the region u≪1.For example,the Mellin transform of the spectrum ineq.(50)is of the form 10(1−t s)N−11dt sdt s=C R(α)σN(α)+d R,N(α),(72)whered R,N(α)→0for N→∞.(73) The total rate in Mellin space is obtained by taking N=1.It can be shown[15,1,16]that the form factor in N-space has the following exponential structure:σN(α)=e G N(α),(74) whereG N(α)= 10dz z N−1−1k2t A α(k2t) +B α(Q2(1−z)) +D α(Q2(1−z)2) .(75)Let us note that a prescription has to be assigned to this formula since it involves integrations over the Lan-dau pole[17].The functions entering the resummation formula have a standardfixed-order expansion,with numerical coefficients:A(α)=∞n=1A nαn=A1α+A2α2+A3α3+A4α4+ (76)B(α)=∞n=1B nαn=B1α+B2α2+B3α3+ (77)D(α)=∞n=1D nαn=D1α+D2α2+D3α3+ (78)The known values for the resummation constants read:A 1=C Fπ2 C A 672 −5π3 C 2A 24524z (3)−678z (4) −C A n f 20912z (3)−596−z (3)108 ;(81)B 1=−3π;(82)B 2=C F 864+112z (3) −C F32z (3)−3432−z (2)π;(84)D 2=C F 108−92 +n f MS scheme for the coupling constant 14.To this approximation,the first three orders of the β-function are also needed [19,20]:β0=13C A −224π2 17C 2A − 5C A +3C F n f ;(87)β2=154C 3A − 141518C A C F −C 2F n f + 799C F n 2f .(88)As is well known,β0and β1are renormalization-scheme independent,while β2is not and has been given in thed log µ2=−β(α)=−β0α2−β1α3−β2α4−···.(89)The running coupling reads:α(µ)=1β30log log µ2/Λ2 β50log 2 log µ2/Λ2 −log log µ2/Λ2 −1β40114Adiscussion about the scheme dependence of the higher order coefficients A 2,B 2,etc.on the coupling constant can be found in [18].leading term A1is the coefficient of that piece of the matrix element squared for one real gluon emission, which is singular in the small angle and small energy limit:A1αdωθ2∼=A1αdωk2t,(91)where k t≃ωθis the transverse momentum of the gluon.In(91)we have given the representation of the integral both in the angleθand in the transverse momentum k t.The subleading coefficients A2,A3,etc. represent corrections to the basic double-logarithmic emission.The function A(α)“counts”the number of light quark jets in different processes,i.e.we can writeA(P)(α)=n q A(α),(92) where n q is the number of primary light quarks in the process P.For example,in e+e−annihilation into hadrons n q=2,while in the heavyflavor decays(2)n q=1.Since soft gluons only couple to the four-momentum of their emitters and not to their spin,the function A g(α)for gluon jets is obtained from the quark one A(α)simply taking into account the change in the color charge,i.e.multiplying by C A/C F [23];•the function B(α)represents emissions at small angle with a large energy from the light quark.B1is the coefficient of that piece of the matrix element squared which is singular in the small angle limit:B1αdωdθ2k2t.(93)The non logarithmic integration over the gluon energyωhas been done and does not appear explicitly in eq.(75);the integration over the angleθor the transverse momentum k t is rewritten as an integral over z.The function B(α)counts the number offinal-quark jets,i.e.B(P)(α)=n l B(α),(94) where n l is the number of primaryfinal quarks in the process P.For example in e+e−annihilation into hadrons n l=2,while in DIS or in the heavyflavor decays(2)n l=1.Since hard collinear emissions are sensitive to the spin of the emitting particles,the gluon function B g(α)is not simply related to the quark one B(α)[23];•the function D(α)represents emissions at large angle and small energy from the heavy quark.D1is the coefficient of that piece of the matrix element squared which is singular in the small energy limit:D1αdω15Let us remember however that only two of the three functions appearing in eq.(75)are independent[16].contributions from all the hard partons in the process,i.e.it describes global properties of the hadronicfinal states.Let us observe that A2and D2,unlike B2,do not have a C2F contribution.That is a consequence of the eikonal identity,which holds in the soft limit[2].According to this identity,the abelian contributions simply exponentiate the lowest order O(αC F)term,just like in QED.That means that there are no higher order terms in the exponent G N.Because of similar reasonings,A3does not have a C3F contribution.Despite its supposed asymptotic nature,the numerical values of the coefficients show a rather good conver-gence of the perturbative series.Note that all the double-logarithmic coefficients A i are positive,implying an increasing suppression with the order of the expansion(up to the third one)of the rate in the threshold region. On the contrary,the single-logarithmic coefficients B i and D i–with the exception of B2—are all negative and therefore tend to enhance the rate in the threshold region[24].We have:A1=+0.424413;(96) A2=+0.420947−0.0375264n f=0.308367;(97) A3=+0.592067−0.0923137n f−0.000398167n2f=0.311542;(98) B1=−0.318310;(99) B2=+0.229655+0.04020n f=0.350269;(100) D1=−0.424413;(101) D2=−0.556416+0.002502n f=−0.548911.(102)With our definition,theβ-function coefficients are,as well known,all positive.β0=+0.87535−0.05305n f=+0.71620;(103)β1=+0.64592−0.08021n f=+0.40529;(104)β2=+0.71986−0.140904n f+0.003032n2f=+0.324436.(105) In the last member we have assumed3activeflavors(n f=3).Let us now discuss the computation of the coefficients entering the resummation formula.The occurrence of a Sudakov form factor in semileptonic B decays was acknowledged originally in[25],where a simple exponentiation involving A1and B1+D1was performed.The coefficient A2was computed for thefirst time,as far as we know, in[26].It was denoted A1K since it was considered a kind of renormalization of the lowest-order contribution:A1α→A1α(1+Kα).(106) The coefficient A2was obtained from the soft-singular part of the q→q two-loop splitting function[27],that is as the coefficient of the1/(1−z)term16.A2was subsequently recomputed in[29]in the framework of Wilson line theory,where the function A(α)has a geometrical meaning:it is the anomalous dimension of a cusp operator,representing the radiation emitted because of a sudden change of velocity of a heavy quark,Γcusp(α)=∞n=1Γ(n)cuspαn=Γ(1)cuspα+Γ(2)cuspα2+ (107)Indeed,it has been explicitly checked up to second order that these two functions coincide:A(α)=Γcusp(α).(108) Let us note that:•the theory of Wilson lines and Wilson loops;。
analytical的动词和名词
analytical的动词和名词analytical (adj.) - relating to or using analysis or logical reasoningVerb: analyze (to examine in detail in order to discover meaning, essential features, etc.)Noun: analysis (the process of examining something in detail in order to understand it)1. She has an analytical mind and always tries to understand the reasons behind things.她有分析性思维，总是试图了解事物背后的原因。
2. As a scientist, he spends most of his time analyzing data and conducting experiments.作为一名科学家，他大部分时间都在分析数据和进行实验。
3. The student was praised for her analytical approach to problem-solving.这名学生因其分析性解决问题的方法而受到了赞扬。
4. The analysis of the market trends showed a clearpattern emerging.市场趋势的分析显示出明显的趋势。
5. The company employs a team of analysts to conduct thorough analysis of their competitors.公司雇佣了一支分析师团队来对竞争对手进行彻底的分析。
6. The detective analyzed the evidence and put together a theory about the crime.侦探分析了证据，提出了有关犯罪的理论。
大客户分析（Bigcustomeranalysis）
大客户分析（Big customer analysis）[emphasis]Characteristics of big clientsCollection of large customer dataSix types of customers affecting purchasingI do not know the enemy, know yourself; he and bosom friend, one of a negative; I do not know who, no friends, every battle will be.Sun Tzu's art of warCustomers can be divided into two categories according to the categories of consumers:The first category, personal and family customers, is often referred to as consumer goods customers. The second category, business customers.The consumer habits of these two types of customers are completely different, and the sales of commercial customers are usually called "big customer" sales.Characteristics of big clientsThe sale of large customers is a completely different marketing channel than the sales of the individual and the family. These two modes of sales are different in many ways.1. different purchasing objectsThe subject of family and individual is husband and wife, and generally speaking, the decision is a wife. According to statistics, the average family of 70 to 80% of the money is determined by the wife for consumption.The major customers have different purchasing objects, the organizational structure is complex, the personnel relationship is also very complex, and the purchasing process is more complex. A large business organization, may have a secretary, director of the high and mid-level leadership, engineering personnel, financial personnel, and the use of equipment and is responsible for the maintenance of these devices, these people are probably related to purchasing.2. the purchase amount is differentA family, the annual normal income is limited, the money for the purchase of special products is also very limited, generally speaking, mainly the consumption of basic necessities. If a family buys high priced goods such as cars or houses, they usually don't buy similar goods for a long time. But the big customer is different, not only the purchase amount is big, but also will repeat the purchase.[examples]When an airline buys a commercial airliner, an order is one billion or billions of dollars; the telecommunicationsdepartment buys and switches equipment, and it may pay ten million or hundreds of billions of dollars to the manufacturer at one time.3. different sales methodsIn the sales process of consumer goods, the most commonly used way of sales is advertising, store sales.Big clients are not easily affected by advertising. They need professional teams to come home to analyze requirements, make solutions, and sign contracts with very careful terms, and then buy products.4. different service requirementsFor consumer goods customer service, as long as the guarantee of the normal use of the product can basically meet the requirements of customers, and sometimes even do not require any service outside the product.Big clients require services to be timely and thoughtful.[examples]An airline to buy an airliner Boeing aircraft, if found somewhere in a small problem, will call to Boeing, Boeing will in the first time, send technical personnel rushed to the scene of the plane, to solve the problem in a few hours. In order to meet the requirements of the airline company, and even in the product design stage, Boeing may design various solutions, sothat the small fault does not cause any security risks of the aircraft.The demand of big customer for service is totally different from that of consumer goods, so for the big customer, the salesmen should make a completely different service strategy.Table 2-1 comparison of two types of customersPersonal and home customers (consumer goods), business customers (key accounts)Purchasing object is different, a person can decide, many people are related to purchasingPurchase amount is small, large amount of repeat purchase is less big, will repeat purchaseDifferent sales methods, advertising publicity, store sales professional team home to make solutionsThe service requirements are different, and the normal use can be timely, considerate and comprehensiveBecause of the difference between big customers and consumer goods customers, two different sales models are formed. With the continuous progress of the times, there is a flat trend of sales channels. For consumer goods customers also need sales personnel to tap demand, to build mutual trust.[examples]Before, consumer products like shampoo,Through distributors, wholesale stations three or four links, arrived at retail stores. Now, supermarkets like WAL-MART and Carrefour are buying in large quantities and selling directly to consumers.Big consumer customers like this, unlike big customers who use traditional products directly, are also using products, just to sell their products. So, they are a very large, very special big customers, this course also applies to this large supermarket chain, you can use this strategy to sell.Collection of large customer dataChinese have a saying: the enemy, know yourself. The same is true of sales. The first thing you need to do when a salesperson is close to a client is to collect relevant information.1. collect customer informationFull collection of customer information, the sales staff can understand the basic needs of customers, can be sold. The first thing to understand is: what kind of customers are customers? How big is the scale? How many employees? How many similar products will you buy in a year? These are customer background information.Customer background information includes the following aspects:The customer organizationThe various forms of communicationThe distinction between the use of customers department, purchasing department, support departmentI understand the customer specific maintenance personnel, management and senior customerThe installation and use of similar productsBusiness / customerThe basic situation of the industries of clients etc.2. competitors' data[case]The computer on the tableIn the DELL computer company's sales department, often put a few very beautiful table in the office, on the table were placed IBM, Lenovo, HP and other brands of computer, the sales staff will be available on the computer, look at these competitors do. At the same time, there is a sign on the table, which says: "what are their characteristics? What are our characteristics? Where are our strengths? Where are their weaknesses?" what's the use of this? It is to understand their productcharacteristics and competitors' product characteristics, targeted to guide customer needs.In addition to understanding the competitors' products, we also need to know the situation and background of the company. IBM, when it comes to training new employees, specializes in how to learn from competitors.Understand the characteristics of the opponent, it is possible to find their advantages in contrast to win orders.Competitor data include the following aspects:The use of the productThe customer satisfaction of its productsThe characteristics of the competitor's sales representative name, salesAll the sales representative and customer relationship3. project informationSales pressure is the greatest, do not put a very limited time, cost and energy into a wrong customers, so to understand customer projects, including customers want to buy, what to buy, how much is the budget, it is how the procurement process, etc..Project data can include the following:The recent customers purchasing planBy this project to solve the problem of whatThe decision makers and influencersThe procurement scheduleThe procurement budgetThe procurement process4. customer's personal data[case]Little booksA few years ago, Shandong province has a telecom billing project, A win, system integrators, distributors to organize a group of ten people, living in the local hotel, with customers every day together, also help customers to do the tender, do the test, the relationship is very good, everyone thinks take this order is but a tender, as sure as a gun, but was clean.On behalf of the winning party is a woman surnamed Liu ugly in appearance. Afterwards, A representatives asked her, "why did you win such a big order?" You know, our agents are working hard!"How many clients did you see before signing the contract?" asked Ms. liu" The representative of A said, "our agents havebeen there for a whole month, and you've talked less than 20 times."." "I only went there 3 times," Ms. Liu said." Only 3 times, you get 20 million of the order? There must be a very good relationship, but Ms. Liu said that before doing this project, a customer did not know.So what's going on?When she first came to Shandong, nobody knew her, and she visited every department of the Bureau. When she visited the director, she found out that the director was not in. When asked to the office, the office told her that the director was on a business trip. And she asked where the director was and where she stayed. Immediately to the hotel on the phone and said: I have a very important client in your hotel, could you help me to book a basket, and then place a flower pot, put my name to the room.And then make a phone call to her boss, say that the director is very important, has been to Beijing on business, anyway, you have to do his work in Beijing.She immediately booked the ticket, interrupted the visit, rushed the earliest flight back to Beijing, and got off the plane and went straight to the hotel to find the director. When she got to the hotel, she found out that her boss was having coffee with the director.In the chat that the director will have two days of rest time, the chief asked the director to visit the company, the director of the company's impression is very good. After dinner, we allhad dinner together. After dinner, she asked the director to watch the drama. At that time, Beijing was performing teahouse. Why do you ask the director to look at the teahouse? Because when she was in Ji'nan, she asked the clerk in the office and learned that the director loved to watch plays.The director, of course, was happy. On the second day, she went to the airport with a handlebar, and said to the director, "we're having a great time. Can we make a technical exchange in a week?" The director readily agreed to the request. A week later, her company manager led a technical exchange in Shandong, where she was engaged because she had nothing to do.The boss later said to her, the secretary is to face personally relevant personnel all relevant departments are invited to join, the technical exchanges, in the process, everyone feels the tendency of the director, so the order successfully took off. Of course, then went to two times, the third time signed.The representative of A company listened and said, "you're lucky. The director met in Beijing."."Ms. Liu pulled out a small book, said: "not lucky, all my customers travel on it."." Looking at it, he read a lot of names, time and flights, including what his hobbies were, where his hometown was, where he was, and where he was traveling next week.Is there a kind of data that enables sales people to gain advantages and overwhelm competitors in the process of competition? Yes。
分时主力大单买卖线叠加指标公式源码
分时主力大单买卖线叠加指标公式源码英文版Title: Superimposed Indicator Formula Source Code for Time-Sharing Main Force Large Order Trading LineIn the world of financial analysis, the concept of time-sharing main force large order trading line holds significant importance. This trading line, often referred to as the "super order," represents the aggregated buying and selling activities of institutional investors or large market participants. The movement of this line can significantly influence the overall market trend, making it a critical factor in strategic trading decisions.To gain a deeper understanding of this trading line, analysts often turn to technical indicators and formulas that can help identify patterns and predict future movements. One such formula is the superimposed indicator, which combines multiple indicators to provide a more comprehensive analysis.The superimposed indicator formula source code is a crucial tool in the trader's arsenal. This code, typically written in programming languages like Python or R, allows analysts to calculate and display the superimposed indicator on a trading chart. By overlaying multiple indicators, traders can gain insights into the buying and selling pressures at different time intervals, enabling them to make informed trading decisions.The formula for the superimposed indicator typically involves the calculation of various metrics such as moving averages, relative strength indices, and volume-based indicators. By combining these metrics, the superimposed indicator aims to provide a more holistic view of the market, accounting for both price and volume dynamics.In conclusion, the superimposed indicator formula source code offers traders a powerful tool to analyze the time-sharing main force large order trading line. By leveraging this code, traders can gain a deeper understanding of market dynamics and make more informed trading decisions. As the financialworld continues to evolve, the importance of such tools in supporting informed trading strategies cannot be overstated.中文版分时主力大单买卖线叠加指标公式源码在金融分析领域，分时主力大单买卖线的概念具有重要意义。
测序 英文医学单词
测序英文医学单词Title: The Essentials of Sequencing in Medical Sciences.Sequencing, a fundamental component of modern medical research, refers to the determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. This process, often referred to as DNA sequencing, is crucial in various fields of medicine, including genetics, oncology, and infectious disease research. In this article, we delve into the significance of sequencing in medical sciences, its applications, and the latest advancements in this field.The Basics of Sequencing.DNA sequencing involves the analysis of the four nitrogenous bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G) that compose the genetic material of organisms. The order of these bases determines the genetic information encoded within DNA. Sequencing technologieshave evolved significantly over the years, from the earlySanger sequencing method to the modern high-throughput sequencing (HTS) platforms.Applications of Sequencing in Medicine.1. Genetics and Genomics: Sequencing has revolutionized the field of genetics by enabling the identification of genetic variations and diseases caused by mutations. It has been instrumental in the discovery of single-gene disorders, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and personalized medicine.2. Oncology: Cancer genomics is a rapidly growing field that leverages sequencing technologies to understand the genetic basis of cancer. This information is crucial for developing targeted therapies and personalized treatment plans for cancer patients.3. Infectious Diseases: Sequencing has been key in monitoring the spread and evolution of infectious diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. By analyzing the genomes of pathogens, researchers can track their origin, identifymutations that affect virulence, and develop more effective vaccines and therapeutics.Advancements in Sequencing Technologies.1. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): NGS platforms have significantly increased the speed and throughput of sequencing, enabling the analysis of entire genomes in a matter of days or hours. This technology has greatly accelerated research in various medical fields.2. Single-Cell Sequencing: This emerging technology allows researchers to sequence the genomes or transcriptomes of individual cells, providing into insights cellular heterogeneity and complex diseases.3. Long-Read Sequencing: Traditional sequencing methods often produce short reads, limiting the ability to analyze large genomic regions. Long-read sequencing technologies, such as PacBio and Oxford Nanopore, can generate reads several kilobases long, enabling the accurate assembly of complex genomes and the identification of structuralvariations.Challenges and Future Directions.Despite the remarkable progress in sequencing technologies, several challenges remain. Data analysis and interpretation can be complex and require specialized bioinformatics expertise. Additionally, ethical and privacy concerns arise when dealing with personal genetic information.Future directions in sequencing include the further improvement of technology to increase accuracy, reduce costs, and enable sequencing in real-time. There is also a need for more robust data analysis tools and methods to extract meaningful insights from the vast amounts of genetic data generated.In conclusion, sequencing has emerged as a crucial tool in medical sciences, enabling the decoding of life's genetic blueprint. Its applications range from basic research to clinical diagnostics and personalized medicine.With continuous technological advancements, sequencing will play an increasingly important role in medicine, leading to better understanding of human health and disease.。
The Bak-Sneppen Model on Scale-Free Networks
a r X i v :c o n d -m a t /0108494v 2 [c o n d -m a t .s t a t -m e c h ] 27 F eb 2002The Bak-Sneppen Model on Scale-Free NetworksYamir Moreno 1∗,Alexei Vazquez 21The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics,Condensed Matter Group,P.O.Box 586,Trieste,I-34014,Italy.2International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA),Trieste,Italy.(February 1,2008)We investigate by numerical simulations and analytical calculations the Bak-Sneppen model for biological evolution in scale-free networks.By using large scale numerical simulations,we study the avalanche size distribution and the activity time behavior at nodes with different connectivities.We argue the absence of a critical barrier and its associated critical behavior for infinite size systems.These findings are supported by a single site mean-field analytic treatment of the model.Many real systems,ranging from biological systems such as food webs [1–3]to communication systems [4,5],exhibit properties that lies in between those of regular lattices and random graphs [6].They are usually referred to as complex networks [7].These networks may have large clustering coefficients like regular lattices but also have a small diameter which is a typical feature of random graphs.Among the class of complex networks,a particular role is played by scale-free networks (SF)[8]in which there are not characteristic fluctuations in the connectivity of the nodes.This implies that the probability P k that a node is connected with other k nodes follows a power law,i.e.,P k ∼k −γ,in contrast to exponential graphs in which P k is exponentially bounded [6,7,9].SF networks have been recently recognized to describe several real growing networks [3–5,8,10],and at the same time have proved to show very peculiar features with respect to physical properties such as damage tolerance [11],epidemic spreading [12],and diffusion properties [14].It is then natural to ask whether and to what extent the topology of these complex networks would affect many of the results obtained for punctuated evolution models in regular lattices.In this Letter,we study the Bak-Sneppen model (BS)[15]on SF networks.We perform large scale numerical simulations and find that contrary to what is observed in regular lattices and in exponential networks,the system self-organizes into a stationary state characterized by the lack of a critical threshold barrier in the thermodynamic limit.This result is confirmed analytically by constructing the geanological tree of the avalanches and performing a mean-field approach which takes into account the strong fluctuations of the network’s connectivity distribution.Finally,we discuss the consequences that the present results could have in the general context of punctuated evolution models.The standard BS model [15]can be considered as an ecological system formed by many species that interact one with each other if they are in contact,i.e.,the interactions are local.To each node of the graph we allocate a random fitness barrier b i ∈[0,1)(i =1,...,N )that represents the ability of species to survive or mutate [15].The fitness are initially uniformly distributed between 0and 1and the dynamics is updated according to the following rules:i)at each time step,the species with the minimum barrier b min is located and mutated by assigning a new random value for its fitness.This somehow mimics the Darwinian principle that the least fit species evolve by mutation or disappear;and ii)the species directly linked to the species with b min change their fitnesses to new random numbers as the result of their interactions.By applying these rules repeatedly,after a transient period and regardless of the initial distribution of fitness barriers,the fitness distribution P (b )of the system evolve toward a self-organized stationary state where several physical quantities can be measured.In previous studies on regular geometries and exponential networks [16,17,19],it has been found that the distribution of barriers tends,in the limit of infinite system sizes,into a step-like function characterized by the existence of a single parameter b c .In these cases,for b <b c the distribution P (b )=0,otherwise,P (b )is equal to a constant value.In order to study the BS model on a SF topology we use the network obtained using the algorithm of Ref.[8].This is a stochastic growing network model in which at each time step a new node (or vertex)is added to the network and connected preferentially to the already existing ones with a probability that depends on their connectivities.Inpractice,we start with a small number m 0of disconnected nodes and at each time step the network grows by adding a new vertex.This is connected to m old ones i with a probability Π(k i )=k i / j k j .By iterating this scheme,a network of size N with connectivity distribution P k ∼k −3develops.As a first step,we performed numerical simulations of the BS model in SF networks with sizes ranging from N =103to N =5×105.The BS dynamics is iterated to achieve a stationary state giving rise to the step function behavior usually observed in regular lattice.On SF networks,however,it appears that the critical barrier b c is not an intrinsic quantity and that b c →0if N →∞.Figure 1shows the dependency of the critical barrier with the system size.It turns out that as the systemsize is increased the critical barrier b c shifts leftward and goes to zero logarithmically as b c∼1/lnN.Thus,in the thermodynamic limit(N→∞),there is no threshold barrier;i.e.b c=0.Above the threshold,the distribution of barriers isflat with overimposed statisticalfluctuations.A further check of this behavior is provided by the analysis of the burst activity(avalanche)in the system.An avalanche is defined as the number of subsequent mutations belowa certain threshold.In Fig.2,we show the avalanche size distribution for two different values of avalanche thresholdb.For this system,which consists of N=105species,the critical barrier is b c=0.044.For values of b below b c, the avalanches are distributed according to a power law P(s)∼s−τwithτ=1.55±0.05,a value close to the mean field exponentτ=3/2observed in other versions of the BS model[17]and in self-organized critical models[18].The inset illustrates that as soon as the b-barrier is placed above the threshold,the distribution splits into two parts(see the inset)and is characterized by the excess of large avalanches signaling that we are in the supercritical region.If the barrier b were further increased,then there would be only one avalanche whose size will be limited only by the observation time.Besides,for very large system sizes the absence of a critical barrier makes that even for small b the avalanche size distribution looks like the inset of Fig2indicating the lack of a critical point.The numerical evidence tells us that the BS model behavior radically changes in SF networks.The lack of a threshold can be intuitively understood by recalling that for regular lattices and for networks in which the connectivity distribution is exponentially bounded,the threshold barrier decreases as the number of neighbors with which a species interacts increases.This is the case studied in[19],where an ecology consisting of N species,each one interacting with z i neighbors,was studied.In this model,the z i neighbors are drawn from a Poisson distribution with a mean z . When increasing z and thus the connectivity,it was observed that the threshold barrier b c decreases.In SF networks like the one studied here,the fact that thefluctuations in the number of neighbors of each species diverge( k2 =∞) makes null the threshold barrier when N→∞.It is worth remarking that the absence of a critical threshold due to the strongfluctuations of the SF networks connectivity has been recently reported for epidemic spreading[12,13]and percolation-like phase transitions[11].In order to support with analytical considerations the absence of a critical barrier,we will analyze the burst like activity observed in the evolution process following a MF approach.MF approaches are expected to give the right solution for growing random networks which are defined by non-local random topologies.Let us define a b avalanche when there is one specie i with b i≤b while for all the others b j>b.The b avalanche lasts until all the barriers are above the b barrier.Thus,if there is a critical barrier b c,the avalanches should always befinite for b<b c since below the threshold it is expected that no species remain forever.Otherwise,there is a nonzero probability to observe an infinite avalanche that approaches one as we move away from the critical barrier.Let us assume that0<b<b c. Thus,a b avalanche must befinite.Within a b avalanche one can build a geanological tree as it was shown in Refs[17].A node in this tree represents a species whose barrier goes below b at some step.Since we have assumed that the avalanche isfinite this species will be selected for evolution at some later step,assigning a new random barrier to it and its neighbors.In this process, the barrier of the species itself and those of its neighbors may go below the threshold again and,in such a case,they are represented by other nodes in the tree.The fact that these nodes are causally related is represented by a direct link from the ancestor(the species with the minimum barrier)to its sons(the species whose barriers go below b). The generation t of a node in this tree is then defined as the number of nodes one needs to pass in order to arrive to that node starting from the node that triggered the avalanche.As we have assumed that the avalanche isfinite,the relative density of species whosefitness values are below the critical barrier should vanish in the stationary state. Letφk(t)be the relative density of nodes at generation t with given connectivity k.This connectivity is taken as the connectivity of the real SF network,where the BS evolution rules take place,and not to that corresponding to the geanological tree.The rate equations forφk(t)are given by∂tφk(t)=−(1−b)φk(t)+bk[1−φk(t)]Θ(b).(1) Thefirst term on the r.h.s.takes into account that,when a species is selected for evolution,with probability1−b its new randomly assigned barrier may be above b.The second term considers the fraction of nodes1−φk(t)whose barriers are above b,but change their barriers because they have a link to the species selected for evolution.The factor b takes into account that the new barrier will be below b with probability b.Θ(b)denotes the probability that a link points to a node selected by evolution,and kΘ(b)the probability that a species with connectivity k have a link pointing to the species which are going to evolve.By using the MF considerations of Ref.[12],this probability is given by the number of links belonging to species with connectivity k,kP k N,divided by the total number of links s sP s N.Hence,making the summation over k it results thatΘ(b)= k kP kφkIn the stationary state∂tφk(t)=0and from Eq.(1)and(2)we obtain two self-consistent equations from which one obtainsΘ(b)andφk.Finally,the stationary density of nodes with barrier below b isφ= kφk.This set of equations is analogous to the one studied in[12].The solution gives that for SF networks with2<γ≤3and for any value of b the stationary density of species below b isfinite and,therefore,in the thermodynamic limit there is afinite probability to obtain an infinite avalanche where strictly speaking,φis nonzero.However,this result is in contradiction with our initial assumption that0<b<b c,for which the avalanches should befinite.Hence,we conclude that for2<γ≤3there is notfinite threshold b c when N→∞.For anyfinite system size,the threshold, although very small,is not zero since there is afinite probability that all species have theirfitness values above the critical barrier at the same time.It is worth noting at this point that the above arguments can be used to easily show that for exponential networks with an average connectivity k the scenario at the stationary state is completely different.In this caseΘ(b)≈φand it results that there is afinite threshold barrier which is given by b c=1∗e-mail:yamir@ictp.trieste.it[1]R.J.Williams and N.D.Martinez,Nature404,180(2000).[2]U.S.Bhalla and R.Iyengar,Science 283,381(1999).[3]H.Jeong,B.Tombor,R.Albert,Z.N.Oltavi,and A.-L.Barab´a si,Nature 407,651(2000).[4]R.Albert,H.Jeong,and A.-L.Barab´a si,Nature 401,130(1999).[5]M.Faloutsos,P.Faloutsos,and C.Faloutsos,m.Rev.29,251(1999).[6]B.Bollobas,Random Graphs (Academic Press,London,1985).[7]S.H.Strogatz,Nature 410,268(2001).[8]A.-L.Barab´a si,and R.Albert,Science 286,509(1999);A.-L.Barab´a si,R.Albert,and H.Jeong,Physica A 272,173(1999).[9]L.A.N.Amaral,A.Scala,M.Barth´e l´emi,and H.E.Stanley,Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.97,11149(2000).[10]J.M.Montoya and R.V.Sole,preprint cond-mat/0011195(2000).[11]R.Albert,H.Jeong,and A.-L.Barab´a si,Nature 406,378(2000);R.Cohen,K.Erez,D.ben-Avraham,and S.Havlin,Phys.Rev.Lett.85,4626(2000);D.S.Callaway,M.E.J.Newman,S.H.Strogatz,and D.J.Watts,Phys.Rev.Lett.85,5468(2000).[12]R.Pastor-Satorras,and A.Vespignani,Phys.Rev.Lett.86,3200(2001);R.Pastor-Satorras,and A.Vespignani,Phys.Rev.E 63,066117(2001).[13]Y.Moreno,R.Pastor-Satorras,and A.Vespignani,preprint cond-mat/0107267(2001).[14]A.R.Puniyani,R.M.Lukose,B.A.Huberman,preprint cond-mat/0107212(2001).[15]P.Bak and K.Sneppen,Phys.Rev.Lett.71,4083(1993).[16]H.Flyvbjerg,K.Sneppen and P.Bak,Phys.Rev.Lett.71,4087(1993).[17]S.Boettcher and M.Paczuski,Phys.Rev.Lett.76,248(1996);Phys.Rev.E 54,1082(1996).[18]A.Vespignani,and S.Zapperi,Phys.Rev.E 57,6345(1998).[19]K.Christensen,R.Donangelo,B.Koiller and K.Sneppen,Phys.Rev.Lett.81,2380(1998).[20]E.Mayr,Populations,Species and Evolution (Harvard University Press,Cambridge,Mass.1970).[21]E.S.Vrba,S.Afr.J.Sci.76,61(1980).[22]P.G.Williamson,Nature 293,437(1981).1/ln(N)0.030.060.090.120.150.18b cFIG.1.Threshold barriers for several system sizes ranging from N =103to N =5×105.The inset shows the distribution of barriers in the stationary state for systems of size 104(circles)and 105(squares)for b <0.3.100101102103104s 100101102103104P (s )100101102103s 100101102103P (s )b=0.09b=0.04FIG.2.Avalanche size distributions for b =0.04and b =0.09(inset).The system,which consists of N =105species,has the threshold value at b c =0.044.The data were recorded after a transient of 106mutations.A full line corresponding to a power law with exponent τ=1.5has been drawn for comparison.100003000050000dimensionless time00.20.40.60.8C u m u l a t i v e A c t i v i t y 1000020000300004000050000dimensionless time 04080120160200C u m u l a t i v e A c t i v i t y k=50k=3FIG.3.Cumulative activity for species with k =50and k =3(inset)neighbors.In this case,k =3corresponds to the minimally connected species.The activity strongly depends on the species’connectivity and for highly connected species it is ∼100times that of the minimally connected sites.The punctuated equilibrium behavior can be nevertheless observed for both sub-populations.。
行为心理学（Behavioristicpsychology）
行为心理学（Behavioristic psychology）Section 1 internal psychological motivation of humanIn daily life, there is always the phenomenon of macroscopic diffusion irreversible.For example, put a few drops of liquid drops into an air filled flask, a bromine atom is automatically spread out, the concentration in a flask of bromine everywhere are equal, however, bromine dispersed into the air, which will not automatically turn bromine;In another example, a drop of blue ink drops into a cup of water, ink will automatically spread out after a cup of water that eventually became the solution, a cup of light blue diffusion, however, never automatically gather a drop of ink;In addition, the mechanical movement of friction and friction will automatically change into thermal motion, while the thermal movement will not automatically change back to the friction of mechanical movement.For these macroscopic irreversible diffusion phenomenon, according to the analysis of molecular motion theory, is the molecular (or electronic) order more and more chaos, the disorder degree increase phenomenon; analysis according to the viewpoint of energy, is the decline of energy "quality", which is also the energy dissipation phenomenon.The internal psychological process of human beings has the same natural basis as the non mental physical process.People's psychological activities can not be separated from certain abilities as basic motive force.This kind of energy is the psychological energy, referred to as psychological energy.People used, also called libido.In the field of human psychology, mental energy is an uncertain force.To a certain extent, the energy must be sought and released.From the origin, psychological energy is a special substance secreted by the interstitial tissue of the human brain.This substance has the properties of automatically maintaining an organism's moderately excited state.For organisms, this material is definite, or, to some extent, limited.As a part of the natural function, it is always in the process of continuous and perpetual dynamic change. When lacking, it seeks contraction, and after that, it seeks expansion, which can not be separated from the natural function.The so-called moving very quiet, very dynamic static thinking, this is the truth.This substance, once the organism to feel up Jiyang environmental stimuli in the form of blood transportation, the psychological field into the human, will cause people's psychological changes, thus producing a blind impulse inherent, releasing energy and inorganic similar life impulse, thus, causing tension to organism;This tension, always driven by physical and psychological individual spirit, to seek the release of the siege in the impulse of life among the mental energy, until that first to restore organism more comfortable stress level.Therefore, psychological energy is the primitive foundation of life tension, life excitement and life impulse.The increase in mental energy leads to an increase in the gradient of tension in the organism.The internal psychological state of the second sectionThe universe is a vast energy system.All things, including human beings, exist in the form of energy.The human mind is an open energy system.It is constantly absorbing, constantly accommodating and constantly releasing mental energy.Human psychology is unbalanced.For, for the organism, balance essentially means death.Human psychology is always in an unbalanced open state.When people in the psychological field input mental energy below a critical threshold (the threshold, we also called the lower threshold of consciousness), the psychological development process, mainly for the change of equilibrium tends to produce a continuous, smooth, and with the increase and the disordered structure damage.At this point, the whole psychological system of human beings is in a state of disorder and disorder, which has not reached the level that the organism can perceive.Thus, the mental individual can only be neither know nor feel, even after consuming a great deal of strength,Instead of turning this psychological process (a life impulse) into conscious material.At this point, the state of human psychology, we call it unconscious.The basic feature of unconsciousness is that:The unconscious is something that cannot be perceived.Nothing that the unconscious stores can be extracted from consciousness.When people in the psychological field input mental energy reaches a critical threshold (the lower limit is not more than the threshold of consciousness) and another threshold (the threshold, we also called consciousness threshold limit), the psychological development process, mainly for the production of a sudden discontinuous changes, resulting in the formation of increase and orderly structure.At this point, because the ordered state (structure) appears from the original disordered medium, the psychological individual can easily perceive the existence of the impulse of the organism's own life.Although the impulse of life does not know the external reality, it may be extracted by consciousness, thus changing into the material of consciousness.When the impulse of life has not been transformed into the material of consciousness, the state of human psychology is called pre consciousness.The basic feature of pre consciousness is that:The pre consciousness, though not conscious at the time, is something that may be recalled later.What is stored in the mind can be extracted from consciousness at any moment.When the impulse of life is transformed into conscious materials, that is, when starting directly from the psychologyof individual consciousness, with the spirit of life impulse in a certain purpose in the form of specific targets to the external environment and trend of the reality of people's psychological contact, the state we call consciousness.The basic feature of consciousness is that:Consciousness is something that exists in the state of being understood by the mind.What is stored in consciousness is always connected with memory.When people in the psychological field input mental energy is further increased (more than the upper limit of the threshold of consciousness), the psychological development process, mainly on the grounds of the further development of ordered state to another is called "chaos" of the macro micro ordered state of disorder.At this point, the whole psychological system of human beings is in a state of disorder.In this state of mind, the psychology of individual can feel their life impulse, but the impulse of life a large part for the individual, but it is unclear, the individual can only know a small part of the extremely limited.Therefore, it is impossible for the psychological individual to change the impulse of life into the material of consciousness.At this point, the state of human psychology, we call it the sense of chaos.The basic feature of chaos consciousness is that:Chaos consciousness was something that could not have been realized at that time, but something that might have been recalled in the future.The things that are stored in chaos consciousness can only be extracted from consciousness after a period of energy dissipation.。
语言学名词解释
Chapter 6Pragmatics: it can be defined as the study of language in use. it deals with how speakers use language in ways which cannot be predicted from linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers.Deixis: in all languages there are many words and expressions whose reference depends entirely on the situational context of the utterance and can only be understood in light of these circumstances. This aspect of pragmatics is called deixis, which means “pointing” via language.Reference:in pragmatics, the act by which a speaker or a writer uses language to enable a hearer or reader to identify something is called reference.Inference: an inference is an additional information used by the hearer to connect what is said to what is meant.Anaphora: the process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which is used in earlier text or conversation is called anaphora. Presupposion: a spesker said to you “ when did you stop beating your wife”,the speaker has the assumption that you used to beat your wife and no longer do so. Such assumptions are called presupposion.Speech act theory: it was proposed by J.L.austin and has been developed by j.r. searle. Basically, they believe that language is not only used to inform or describe things, but to “do” things, perform acts.Illocutionary acts: representatives directives commissives expressives declarationsIndirect speech act: whenever there is an indirect relationship between a structure and a function, we have a indirect speech act.The cooperative principle: H.P.grice belives that there must be some mechanisms governing the production and comprehension of the utterances. He suggests that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the CP. To put it simply, the cp means that we should say what is true in a clear and relevant manner.(quality quantity relation manner)Conversatonal implicatures: a kind of extra meaning that is not literally contained in the utterance.The six maxims of the PP(tact generosity approbati on modesty agreement sympathy)Chapter 7Discourse：language above the sentence or above the clause.Discourse analysis: is also called discourse linguistics and discourse studies, or text linguistics. It is the study of how sentences in spoken and written language form a larger meaninful units such as paragraphs, interviews, conversations ,etc.Given information: it is the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee.New information: it is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee.Topic: the topic represents what the utterance is about and it is the one that the speaker decides to take as the starting point.The comment is what is said about it.Cohesion: it refers to the grammatical and lexical relationships between the different elements of a discourse.Cohesive devices include reference{endophora(anaphora and cataphora)and exophora}, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction(coordinators and subordinators) and lexical cohesion(repetition synonym and superordinate).Discourse markers:expressions that are commonly used in the initial position of an utterance and are syntactically detachable from a sentence. conversational analysis: the analysis of natural conversation in order to discover what the linguistic characteristics of conversation are ans how conversation is used in oordinary life is called conversational analysis. (adjacency pairs, preference structure and presequences)Adjacency pairs:a sequence of two related utterance by two different speakers. The second part is always a response to the first. Presequences: the opening sequences that are used to set up some specific potential actions are called presequences.赞同Chapter8Sociolinguistics: when we study the language in relation to society. It is called sociolinguistics.Language varieties: language changes along social changes and it also changes from region to region, fron oone social group to another and from individual to individual. The products of such changes are called varieties of the language.lile the rise and fall of xiaojie.Standard language: the dominant and prestigious variety of language is often called standard language or standard variety or standard dialect., the variety of language which had the highest status in one community or a nation and which is based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of a language.RP andSAEorGA.Dialect: a variety of language used recognizably in a specific region or by a specific social class is called dialect. Dialects can be classified into four types(regional or geographical dialects and temporal dialects and sociolects and idiolects)regional or geographical dialects: varieties of language spoken in a geographical areatemporal dialects:varieties of language used at a specific stages in the historical development.Sociolects:varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social class.Idiolects: varieties of language used by individual speaker, wirh peculiarities of pronunciation, vocabulary ans grammar.Register: most speakers of a language speak one way with friends, another on a job interview or presenting a report in class, another taling to children and still another with their parents. These varieties are classified according to use is called register.like(pickled, high, drunk and intoxicated)M.A.K.Halliday’s register theory is determined by three factor field and mode and tenorField of discours e refers to what is happening, including what is talking about.e.g. the fields of linguistics and religion and advertising.Mode of discourse refers to the medium of language activity which determines the role played by the language in a situation.e.g. speech and writingTenor of discourse refers to the relationa among the participants in a language activity.e.g. colloquial and formalPidgins and creolesPidgins: a pidgin is a variety of language that is not a native language of anyone ,but is learnt on contact situation such as trading. The process by which the pidgin develops is called pidginization.Creoles: when a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trading language and becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a creole. Creoles have large number of native speakers and not restricted at all in theiruses. Once a creole is in existence, it may continue almost without change, it may be extinct, it may be evolve into a normal language or gradually merge with its base language through decreolization.Language planning: the government carefully examine all the languages and dialects in the country and decide which is the standard official language. They also make plans for the regional use and development of other languages and dialects. This is now called language planning.Status planning(change) and corpus planning(develop)Diglossia:with a handful of languages, two very different varieties of the same language are used, side by side, for two different sets of functions. A situation of this kind is called diglossia.Bilingualism:ir refers to a situation where two languages are used by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or nation.MultilingualisCode-switching:bilinguals often switch between their two languages or language varieties in the middle of a conversation. This phenomenon is called code-switching.There are two major kinds of code-switching: situational code-switching (no topic change is involved) and metaphorical code-switching.Taboo: a word that we are reluctant to use may be called a taboo word. Euphemisms: a moe acceptable substitute of a taboo word is called a euphemism.(euphemistic)It has been suggested that there are a great deal of extra politeness in female speech which makes use of the following linguistics devices1 frequent use of hedges2 abundant use of tag question3 gereater use of qualifiers and intensifiers than men4preference for ues of the standard form of language. Chapter10Cognitive linguistics: the approach that language and language use are based on our bodily experience and the way we conceptualize it is called congnitive linguistics.Categorization: the mental process of classification is called categorazation, which is one of the important capabilitied of the human mind.Category: the special term for this phenomemon is called category(dog and tree)The classical theory: the classical theory of categorization. It has fourassumptions 1 a thing can not both be and not be, cannot both have the feature and not have it, and cannot both belong to a category and not belong to it.2 the features are binary 3 the categories have clear boundaries 4 all members of a category have equal status.The prototype theory:the best examples of one category are called prototype.(bird and color and fruit)Levels of categorization: s uperordinate levels basic levels and subordinate levelsBasic-level categories are basic in three respects:1 perception 2 communication 3 knowledge organization(feature and attributes)Iconicity of order: it refers to the similarity between temporal events and the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic construction.(open the bottle and pour wine)Iconicity of distance: that is, elements which have a close relationship must be placed close together.(causation and multi-adjectives befoere a noun) Iconicity of complexity: the phenomenon that linguistic complexity reflects conceptual complexity is usually called iconicity of complexity. Grammaticalization: the process whereby an independent words are shifted to the status of the grammatical elements is called grammaticalization.The difference of pragmatics and semanticsSemantics is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the study of meaning in all its formal aspects.Pragmatics can be defined as the study of language in use. it deals with how speaker uses the language in ways which cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and how the hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers.We can roughly say that pragmatics takes care of the meaning that is not covered by semantics, pragmatics=meaning-semantics.新旧信息的区别：Sometimes, given information need not be introduced into a discourse by a second speaker, because it has been introduced in the previous sentence and can thus be assumed to be in the hear’s mind. A piece of information is sometimes taken as given information because of its close association with sth. that has just been mentioned in the discourse.(Kent returned my car. One of the wheel---) . Noun phrase carrying new information usually receive more stress than those carrying given information, and they are commomlyexpressed in a more elborate fashion.(There was a tall man with an old-fashioned hat on, quiet elegantly dressed. ). Given information is commonly expressed in more attenuated ways that are abbreviated or reduced. Sometimes given information is simply left out of a sentence altogether. (A:Who’s at th door? B:The mailman.)皮钦语A pidgin usually has a limited vocabulary and very reduced grammatical structure which may expand when it is used over a long time or for many purposes. Sometimes, a pidgin dies out of its own accord. At other times it increases in importance, and becomes used in more and more areas of life. Creoles: when a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trading language and becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a creole. Creoles have large number of native speakers and not restricted at all in their uses. Once a creole is in existence, it may continue almost without change, it may be extinct, it may be evolve into a normal language or gradually merge with its base language through decreolization.对传统语言学的新认识：Cognitive linguistics provides many new angles for our insight into language. Its significant position in linguistics is evident. It seems to give us hope that some unsolved problems in language studies may be solved in cognitive linguistics.厕所委婉语：There are many euphemisms for toilet, such as wc,power room, men’s room, ladies’ room, gentlemen,bathroom,restroom, wash room, washing room, loo, john and so on. In many cultures, people avoid referring to this place by toilet or lavatory because they are unpleasant to the ear. The use of euphemisms reflect social attitudes or social customs. We choose the words or expressions of euphemisms because they are more polite and pleasant to use without embarrassing others.女性更接近标准语：There are two possible reasons. One is that women are usually more status-conscious than men and they are aware of their lower status in society and as a result, they may use more standard speech forms in their attempt to claim equality or even achieve a higher social status. The other reason might be attributed to the education. Women are educated to behave like a lady when they are little girls and such education may influence their speech as well.隐喻转喻与传统隐喻转喻的区别及隐喻和转喻的相同点和不同点Traditionally, metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one thing is the other, as in “He is a tiger”. It is a property of words. In the cognitive linguistic view, metaphor is a property of concepts, and it is a powerful cognitive tool for our conceptualization of abstract categories. According to cognitive linguistics, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain or cognitive domain in terms of another conceptual domain. According to the classical definition, metonymy is a figure of speech in which one word is substituted for another on the basis of some material, causal or conceptual relation. Some typical substitutions include author for work, abstract features for concrete entities. In the cognitive linguistic view, metonymy is a cognitive process in which one cognitive category, the source, provides mental process to another cognitive category, the target, within the same cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model.The main claims made by cognitive linguists in the description of metaphor also apply to metonymy: (i) both are regarded as being conceptual in nature; (ii) both can be conventionalized; (iii) both are means of extending the resources of a language; (iv) both can be explained as mapping processes. Difference: metaphor involves a mapping across different conceptual or cognitive domains, while metonymy is a mapping within one conceptual domain.。
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arXiv:math-ph/0503037v1 15 Mar 2005源自1. Introduction
The detection of gravitational waves (GW) from astrophysical sources is one of the most outstanding problems in experimental gravitation today. Large laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors like the LIGO, VIRGO, LISA, TAMA 300, GEO 600 and AIGO are potentially opening a new window for the study of a vast and rich variety of nonlinear curvature phenomena. In recent works [1] we have analyzed the Fourier transform (FT) of the Doppler shifted GW signal from a pulsar with the use of the Plane Wave Expansion in Spherical Harmonics (PWESH). Spherical-harmonic multipole expansions are used throughout theoretical physics. The expansion of a plane wave in spherical harmonics has a variety of applications not only in quantum mechanics and electromagnetic theory [2], but also
The Analysis of Large Order Bessel Functions in Gravitational Wave Signals from Pulsars
F. A. Chishtie1,3 , S. R. Valluri1,2,4 , K. M. Rao1 , D. Sikorski2 and T. Williams2 1 Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7 Email: 3 fchishti@uwo.ca Email: 4 valluri@uwo.ca Abstract
putational issue arises due to large values of the index or order n of the function. In the GW form of the pulsar, the Doppler shifted orbiting motion gives rise sin θ sin θ to Bessel functions Jn ( 2πf0 A ), where 2πf0 A is c c large for non-negligible angle θ as is shown in the fol1 , the argument is lowing section. Even for sin θ ∼ 1000 large necessitating the consideration of large values of n. The motivation of this work, is to extend the analysis in Watson [5] for large index, argument and overlapping situations. Meissel [6] has made derivations for large order Bessel functions both when the argument is smaller than the order and vice versa. The asymptotics of these large order Bessel functions are tricky in the sense that one runs into so-called “transition” regions where such expansions fail. These regions are values of the function when the argument is close to the given order. As an application, we will address the phenomenological situation of GW signal analysis of large order n (which does arise with combinations of l and m) and supplement the related computations with the presently derived results in a forthcoming paper. Captures of stellar-mass compact objects (CO) by massive black holes are important capture sources for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), the space based GW detector due to be launched in about a decade[7]. Higher Harmonics of the orbital frequency of the COs arise in the post Newtonian (PN) capture GW model forms and contribute considerably to the total signal to noise (S/N) ratio of the waveform. The GW form can be decomposed into gravitational multipole moments which are treated in the Fourier analysis of Keplerian eccentric orbits. The radiation depends strongly on the orbital eccentricity e, and Bessel functions Jn (ne) are a natural consequence of the analysis. The calculation of partial derivatives of the potential scattering phase shifts which often contain Bessel and Legendre functions of large order angular momentum l, with respect to angular momentum arise in a variety of scattering problems in atomic, molecular and nuclear physics. In particular, large values of l can arise in rainbow, glory and orbit scattering. The analysis in our paper should help provide suitable approximations for large order and/or argument for the Bessel functions that arise in such problems.
In this work, we present the analytic treatment of the large order Bessel functions that arise in the Fourier Transform (FT) of the Gravitational Wave (GW) signal from a pulsar. We outline several strategies which employ asymptotic expansions in evaluation of such Bessel functions which also happen to have large argument. Large order Bessel functions also arise in the Peters-Mathews model of binary inspiralling stars emitting GW and several problems in potential scattering theory. Other applications also arise in a variety of problems in Applied Mathematics as well as in the Natural Sciences and present a challenge for High Performance Computing(HPC). in many other areas. A number of researchers have used spherical-harmonic expansions for a variety of problems in general relativity, including problems where nonlinearity shows up[3]. The basis states in the PWESH expansion form a complete set and facilitate such a study. It also turns out that the consequent analysis of the Fourier Transform (FT) of the GW signal from a pulsar has a very interesting and convenient development in terms of the resulting spherical Bessel, generalized hypergeometric function, the Gamma functions and the Legendre functions. Both rotational and orbital motions of the Earth and spindown of the pulsar can be considered in this analysis which happens to have a nice analytic representation for the GW signal in terms of the above special functions. The signal can then be studied as a function of a variety of different parameters associated with both the GW pulsar signal as well as the orbital and rotational parameters. The numerical analysis of this analytical expression for the signal offers a challenge for fast and high performance parallel computation. The plane wave expansion approach was also used by Bruce Allen and Adrian C. Ottewill [4] in their study of the correlation of GW signals from ground-based GW detectors. They use the correlation to search for anisotropies from stochastic background in terms of the l, m multipole moments. Our PWESH formalism enables a similar study. Recent studies of the Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer have raised the interesting question of the study of very large multipole moments with angular momentum l and its projection m going up to very large values of l ∼ 1000. Such problems warrant an intensive analytic study supplemented by numerical and parallel computation. Since our FT depends on the Bessel function, a com-