Application of Liquid Nitrogen Cold Trap for Purification of Hydrogen Gas Stream Generated from
模具液氮冷却技术在铝型材挤压生产中的应用
模具液氮冷却技术在铝型材挤压生产中的应用梁奕清（广东兴发铝业有限公司，广东 佛山 ５２８１３７）摘 要：为进一步提高铝型材挤压生产的质量与效率，需要重视生产过程中温升的有效控制。
为此，本文提出应用模具液氮冷却技术。
具体分析了挤压温升原理与液氮冷却模具的使用原理，并对铝型材挤压生产过程进行了梳理，从冷却方式、液氮开度控制调节方式的选择以及液氮开度控制、挤压速度控制等角度展开分析，明确了液氮冷却模具在铝型材挤压生产中的应用要点，以期可为实际生产作业提供有价值的参考。
关键词：液氮冷却模具；铝型材；挤压生产；应用要点中图分类号：ＴＧ３７９ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：１００２－５０６５（２０２１）２２－０２０４－２Application of liquid nitrogen cooling die in aluminum profile extrusion productionLIANG Yi-qing（Ｇｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇ Ｘｉｎｇｆａ Ａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍ Ｃｏ．， Ｌｔｄ，Ｆｏｓｈａｎ ５２８１３７，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Abstract: Ｉｎ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｔｏ ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅ ｔｈｅ ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ｏｆ ａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍ ｅｘｔｒｕｓｉｏｎ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ， ｉｔ ｉｓ ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ ｔｏ ｐａｙ ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｏｆ ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ｒｉｓｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ． Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ， ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ ｐｕｔｓ ｆｏｒｗａｒｄ ｔｈｅ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｌｉｑｕｉｄ ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ ｃｏｏｌｉｎｇ ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ ｏｆ ｍｏｕｌｄ． Ｔｈｅ ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ ｏｆ ｅｘｔｒｕｓｉｏｎ ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ｒｉｓｅ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ ｏｆ ｌｉｑｕｉｄ ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ ｃｏｏｌｉｎｇ ｄｉｅ ａｒｅ ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ ｉｎ ｄｅｔａｉｌ， ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｅｘｔｒｕｓｉｏｎ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ ｏｆ ａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍ ｐｒｏｆｉｌｅｓ ｉｓ ｃｏｍｂｅｄ． Ｔｈｅ ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ ｉｓ ｃａｒｒｉｅｄ ｏｕｔ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ａｎｇｌｅｓ ｏｆ ｃｏｏｌｉｎｇ ｍｏｄｅ， ｌｉｑｕｉｄ ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ ｏｐｅｎｉｎｇ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ａｎｄ ｅｘｔｒｕｓｉｏｎ ｓｐｅｅｄ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ， ｅｔｃ．， ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｐｏｉｎｔｓ ｏｆ ｌｉｑｕｉｄ ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ ｃｏｏｌｉｎｇ ｄｉｅ ｉｎ ａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍ ｐｒｏｆｉｌｅ ｅｘｔｒｕｓｉｏｎ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ａｒｅ ｃｌａｒｉｆｉｅｄ， ｓｏ ａｓ ｔｏ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ ｖａｌｕａｂｌｅ ｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｆｏｒ ａｃｔｕａｌ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ．Keywords: Ｌｉｑｕｉｄ ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎ ｃｏｏｌｉｎｇ ｄｉｅ； Ａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍ ｐｒｏｆｉｌｅ； Ｅｘｔｒｕｓｉｏｎ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ； Ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｐｏｉｎｔｓ铝型材具有质轻、强度高、导电导热性好以及可回收再利用等诸多优势。
实验室液氮罐冻存细胞注意事项
实验室液氮罐冻存细胞注意事项1.在液氮罐冻存细胞时，要戴上防护手套和护目镜。
When freezing cells in liquid nitrogen tanks, wear protective gloves and goggles.2.确保液氮罐处于通风良好的区域，以避免氮气浓度过高。
Ensure that the liquid nitrogen tank is in a well-ventilated area to prevent excessive nitrogen gas concentration.3.注意防止液氮直接接触皮肤，以免引起灼伤。
Be careful to prevent direct contact between liquid nitrogen and skin to avoid burns.4.确保冻存细胞的管子或容器封闭良好，以防止液氮渗漏。
Ensure that the tubes or containers containing the frozen cells are tightly sealed to prevent leakage of liquid nitrogen.5.液氮罐内部的细胞存储位置要合理布局，避免挤压或碰撞。
The internal cell storage layout of the liquid nitrogen tank should be reasonably arranged to avoid squeezing or collisions.6.定期检查液氮罐的密封性能，确保存储的细胞处于安全状态。
Regularly check the seal of the liquid nitrogen tank to ensure that the stored cells are in a safe condition.7.注意液氮的使用时间，及时进行补充，以维持适当的存储温度。
液氮冻结条件下岩石孔隙结构损伤试验研究_蔡承政
文章编号：1000－7598 (2014) 04－0965－07
岩土力学 Rock and Soil Mechanics
Vol.35 No. 4 Apr. 2014
液氮冻结条件下岩石孔隙结构损伤试验研究
蔡承政，李根生，黄中伟，沈忠厚，王海柱，田守嶒，位江巍
CAI Cheng-zheng，LI Gen-sheng，HUANG Zhong-wei，SHEN Zhong-hou， WANG Hai-zhu，TIAN Shou-ceng，WEI Jiang-wei
（State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China）
966
岩土力学
2014 年
压裂改造，并取得了较好的增产效果。液氮压裂方 面的研究，过去主要是集中在工艺设计及现场施工 等方面，关于液氮对岩石物性影响特别是在液氮冻 结下岩石孔隙结构损伤方面的研究很少。
对于岩石在低温冻结条件下的损伤特性，国内 外学者已经开展了大量的相关研究工作。Chen 等[8] 进行了凝灰岩冻融劣化方面的试验研究，指出了不 同的含水率对于岩石劣化破坏具有很大影响； Nichloson 等[9]通过冻融循环试验，研究了原生裂隙 对岩石损伤的影响；Berllanger 等[10]研究了石灰岩 的抗冻性与岩石的含水状态、孔隙分布之间的相互 关系；杨更社等[11－13]借助 CT 扫描技术研究岩石在 冻融循环条件下的岩石损伤特性，着重研究了冻融 循环次数、冻结温度等因素对岩石损伤劣化的影响； 许玉娟等[14]和李杰林等[15]采用核磁共振技术对岩 石冻融损伤机制、岩石孔隙结构损伤特性以及冻融 条件下岩石的物性进行了相关研究；李云鹏等[16]对 花岗岩在低温环境下的力学参数和强度变化规律进 行了相关试验研究。
空分英汉对照
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turbine透平膨胀机Ffactor系数、因数power ~功率因数~ of safety安全系数fan风扇film膜oil ~油膜filter过滤器air ~空气过滤器defrosting air ~解冻空气过滤器liquid air ~液空过滤器multi-duty automatic air ~高效自动空气过滤器oil ~primary oil ~初级油过滤器secondary oil ~二级油过滤器sintered metallic ~烧结金属过滤器suction air ~吸入空气过滤器~ before turbine透平前过滤器fin翅片、波纹板cooling ~冷却片fitting配件、零件flange法兰、法兰盘flicker闪光float浮标floor楼板、层first ~一楼second ~flow流量air ~空气流量radial inward ~径向内流reflux ~回流流量~ rate流量速度flowmeter流量计flow-sheet流程、流程图general ~总流程图~ of cooling water line冷却水流程图~ of gas line气体流程图fluid流体flux焊剂、溶剂forcehorizontal ~水平力inertia ~vertical ~forging锻件foundationgeneral ~基础总图oxygen compressor ~氧压机基础oxygen compressor general ~氧压机基础总图~ bolt and liner地脚螺栓和垫板frame框架、架子freeze致冷、冷冻fully-open全开furnaceflame ~火焰炉shaft ~竖炉blast ~高炉open hearth ~平炉cupola ~熔铁炉、冲天炉continuous ~连续加热炉travelling-bottom ~步进底式炉pusher-type ~推钢式加热炉rotary hearth ~转底炉electric-arc ~电弧炉electric ~电炉coke oven~焦炉converter~转炉fuse保险丝、熔断器Ggasdry ~干燥气generated ~返回气体impure nitrogen ~污氮sealing ~密封气gauge表、计level ~液位表oil level ~pressure ~gasket垫片、衬special ~特殊垫圈~ for transmitter and receiver变压器和记录器的垫圈gearbevel ~斜齿轮、伞形齿轮helical ~螺旋齿轮pinion ~小齿轮speed-up ~增速齿轮spur ~正齿轮gel胶silica ~硅胶general概述glasshard ~硬质玻璃organic ~有机玻璃grinding磨光grounding接地grout灌浆~ bond灌浆结合grouting混凝土浇灌guarantee保证guide导板cross head ~十字头导板guide-vane导向叶片remote control of ~遥控导向叶片Hheader集管、集管箱heaterdefrosting ~解冻加热器heat-exchangerreversing ~可逆式热交换器helium氦housing室、罩insulating ~绝热室、绝热罩noise arresting ~隔音罩humidityrelative ~相对湿度hydrocarbon碳氢化合物~ absorber碳氢化合物吸收器Iimpeller叶轮blower ~风机叶轮high pressure stage ~高压级叶轮turbine ~透平叶轮~ of first stage一级叶轮impurities杂质indicatordamper opening ~蝶阀开度指示器different pressure ~阻力指示器fault ~故障指示器flow ~流量指示器level ~opening ~开度指示器pressure ~temperature ~thermal ~温度指示器inlet进口reference gas ~工作气体入口sample gas ~取样气体instrument仪表loop sketch of ~仪表连续表insulation绝缘、绝热~ over wrenching绝缘过热intake吸入air at the ~吸入之空气integrator积算器~ assembly积算器总成introduction引言ironcast ~铸铁iron-constantan铁－镍铜isothermal等温的Jjoint接头、接管、连接expansion ~膨胀接头、异径管Kkit工具箱Llabyrinth迷宫、曲径~ case迷宫盒~ cover迷宫盖~ packing迷宫填料~ sleeve迷宫套管lampannouncement ~指示灯announciator ~（报警）信号灯completion ~完成灯fluorometric ~ with glow lamps带辉光放电管的荧光灯green ~绿灯illumination ~照明灯pilot ~起动信号灯semigraphic ~半模拟盘灯signal ~信号灯layout布置（图）lineaerial ~架空线air ~空气管线defrost air ~解冻空气管道drain ~排出管道liquid air ~液空管线liquid nitrogen ~液氮管线liquid oxygen ~液氧管线liquid oxygen recirculating ~液氧循环线路waste nitrogen ~废氮管liner垫板liquefier液花器liquidlean ~贫液（poor ~）rich ~富液list清单instrument ~仪表清单load载荷、负荷braking ~ of blower风机的制动负荷dynamic ~动载荷full ~满负荷static ~静负荷loop sketch线路系统~ for oxygen compressor氧压机线路系统图lubricant润滑油lubrication润滑force feed ~强迫润滑、压油润滑forced ~强迫润滑pressure feed ~强迫润滑Mmagnesium镁manifold歧管manometer压力计manual指南、手册、手动mechanism机构driving ~传动机构、驱动机构metal金属、合金瓦white ~轴承合金、白色合金、钨金瓦~ case合金瓦套meter测量仪表frequency ~周波表over flow rotor ~溢流转子流量计3 phase indicating watt三相瓦特指示表3 phase power-factor ~三相功率因素表3 phase watt-hour ~三相瓦特－小时表set-~阀位指示计metric system公制micro-switch微型开关molecular sieve 分子筛motor电动机、马达chart ~记录纸传送电机induction ~感应电动机main ~主电动机synchronous ~同步电动机multi-stage多级的Nname名称~ plate名牌neon氖neoprene氯丁橡胶nipple螺纹接头、螺纹接嘴nitrogen generated impure ~返回污氮liquid ~液氮pure ~纯氮noise噪音~ arresting housing隔音罩nozzle喷嘴~ ring喷嘴环nut螺母Ooillube ~润滑油lubricating ~润滑油transformer ~变压器油viscosine ~粘性油、精制残油~ free无油~ head tank高位油箱~ reservior贮油箱~ whip油抖动~ whirl油涡流orifice孔~ plate孔板~ plate assembly双孔板overhung悬臂地overspeed过速oxygenhigh purity ~高纯氧~ accumulator贮养器~ ion dry cell氧离子电池Ppacking填料gland ~压盖填料piston rod ~活塞杆填料seat ~座圈填料wiper ~擦油填料panel盘、板air compressor ~空压机表盘center ~中心盘general service ~公用表盘high tension ~高压盘instrument ~仪表板、仪表盘local ~机旁盘、机侧盘oxygen delivery device ~氧气输送装置仪表sub-~副线板part部件、零件、部分main ~主要部件middle ~中部spare ~备件P.B.(push button)按钮perlite 珠光砂pick-up传感器tachometer ~转速计传感器pin针、销crank ~曲柄销cross head ~十字头销pinion小齿轮pipeflexible ~软管、挠性管siphon ~弯管、虹吸管pit 坑、孔planning计划、布置plate板、牌、片bed ~底板checkered ~花纹（钢）板name ~名称牌orifice ~孔板plug塞子vent ~通风塞plunger柱塞point liquefaction ~液化点pointerred ~红指针positioner位置控制器potentiometer电位表press压力、阻力absorber ~吸附器阻力cold core different ~冷端各种压力delivery ~输出压力evaporator condenser ~冷凝蒸发器压力feed air ~吸入空气压力inlet air ~入口空气压力lubricating oil ~润滑油压力rectifier ~精馏塔压力recycle air ~循环空气压力surge tank ~缓冲罐压力pressurecompressor delivery ~压缩机输出压力compressor suction ~压缩机吸入压力lubricating oil ~润滑油压力max working ~最大工作压力normal ~标准压力test ~试验压力~ of input进口压力~ switch压力开关pressure-gauge压力表differential ~压差计~ with alarmer带报警器的压力计pressure-meter压力表differential ~压差计printing印，记录~ assembly for 3 points三点记录仪product成品、产品~ nitrogen产品氮project设计premilinary ~初步设计psychometer湿度计pumpaxial ~径流泵circulating ~循环泵gear ~齿轮泵liquid circulating ~液体循环泵motor driven oil lubricating ~电动机传动的润滑油泵screw ~螺旋泵stand-by ~备用泵suction ~抽气泵turbine oil ~透平油泵water circulating ~水循环泵purge清洗purificationair ~空气净化raw mixture argon ~原氩混合物净化Qquantity数量Rradial inward flow径向内流rating定额receiver接受器recorderflow ~流量记录器1-pen ~1笔记录器rectificationfinishing ~最后精馏rectifierupper ~上精馏塔~ column精馏塔recycle反流、回流（气体）air ~反流空气reducer减压阀、减压器、减速器、异径接头reflux回流（液）regeneration再生~ heater再生加热器regulation规则regulatorpress ~压力调整器reinforce加固relayannunciator ~警报器继电器auxiliary ~辅助继电器delay ~延迟继电器flow ~流量继电器interlocking ~连锁继电器oil pressure ~油压继电器over current ~过电流继电器over-speed ~过速继电器over voltage ground ~过电压接地继电器protective ~保护继电器selective ground ~选择性接地继电器under voltage ~低电压继电器water flow ~水流量继电器~ box继电器箱remark备注reservoirpressurized oil ~压力油箱reset重调、回零位without ~无零位、不能重调、不回零位resistor电阻器return回路R.H.E(reversing heat exchanger)可逆式换热器ringnozzle ~喷嘴环oil wiper ~刮油环piston ~活塞环Raschig ~拉西环Raschig ~ air filter拉西环式空气过滤器seal ~密封环seat ~座环、座圈ripple脉动、波动amperes ~电流波动rock wool岩棉rod杆connecting ~连杆rotator旋转器rotorassembled ~ 转子总成roughness粗糙度route流路flowing ~流动线路r.p.m(revolution per minute)转／分ruby红宝石runningcontinuous ~连续运转normal ~正常运转SS.A.C.E.(single acting crank end)单作用曲柄侧S.A.H.E.(single acting head end)单作用头端部sampling取样saturated~ state饱和状态scope~ of supply供应范围scraper刮刀screw螺丝scroll外壳、壳体seal密封dust ~尘土密封grease ~油脂密封oil ~ for piston rod活塞杆的油密封~ ring密封环~ing cover密封盖section截面manual selector手动选择器seperator分离器drain ~水分离器liquid air ~液空分离器service 服务、操作cold ~冷操作general ~公用仪表盘set装置、组、套air ~气动定值器three-valve ~平衡阀shaft轴crank ~曲柄轴imput ~大齿轮轴、输入轴pinion ~小齿轮轴turbine ~透平轴~ sealing device轴密封装置sheet板corrugated ~波纹板shell外壳shift（作业）班shrunk-fitted冷缩配合side 侧high-pressure ~高压侧sieve tray塞板塔sight glass观察玻璃signalpneumatic ~气动信号~ on信号指示signalization信号装置silica gel硅胶plant ~现场sleeve套管、套垫shaft ~轴套slinger甩子oil ~甩油子、油吊环space距离liner ~二次浇注厚度spacer隔离物，垫片spare-parts备品、备件speedrated ~额定速度spindle心轴drive ~主动心轴spring~ for safety valve安全阀弹簧stack塔、烟囱air intake ~空气吸入塔stanchion 支柱stand架、台local ~机旁座、机旁台架local gauge ~机旁仪表台架stator定子motor ~电机定子steam蒸汽saturated ~饱和蒸汽steelangle ~角钢carbon ~碳钢channel ~槽钢cold rolled ~冷轧钢板equal angle ~等边角钢forged ~锻钢high finished ~高光洁度钢mild ~软钢stainless ~不锈钢emergency ~紧急停车strainer过滤器air ~空气过滤器strip带stroke行程structured packing填料塔subpane副板push button ~按钮副板sub-total小合计support支座、支架switch开关ball float ~浮球开关change over ~转换开关、换向开关handle interlock ~手柄连锁开关level ~液位开关measure ~测量开关selector ~选择开关torque ~转矩开关~board配电盘、配电板switchgear开关机构、开关装置high tension ~高压开关metal-clad ~金属外壳开关symbol符号、记号system系统、方式braking ~制动方式、制动系统metric ~公制shell and coil ~盘管式Ttachometer测速计turbine ~透平测速计tag.标签~ No.位号图、标图tangentially切向tank槽、罐blow down ~排放槽cushion ~缓冲箱、缓冲罐oxygen surge ~氧气缓冲罐teflon聚四氟乙烯~ wear ring聚四氟乙烯支撑环temperatureambient ~环境温度packing gas ~充填气温度tempering回火tension电压hign ~高压terminal端子cable ~电缆接头grounding ~接地端子testbend ~弯曲测试tension ~张力测试、拉伸测试thermocouple热电偶thermometer测温计dial ~盘式温度计electronic type auto-balance recording ~电子管式自动平衡记录温度计indicating resistance ~电阻温度指示计indicating thermoelectric ~热电温度指示计moving coil type point system recording ~动圈式多点温度记录仪recording ~记录温度计~ low pressure flat type扁平型低压测温计thread螺纹coarse screw ~粗螺纹fine screw ~细螺纹timerating ~定额时间response ~作用时间start up ~起动时间transformer变压器current ~电流互感器potential ~电压互感器transmission传送、传送装置electrical singal ~电动信号传送器transmitter变送器、传送器trap阱drain ~排水阀trouble事故、故障unforeseen~意外事故tubeflexible ~软管、挠性管trident ~三叉形管turbine透平centrifugal expension ~离心透平膨胀机expension ~透平膨胀机（ET）~ runner透平转子typebalanced opposed ~对称平衡式low pressure ~全低压型magnetic operated draw-out ~电磁脱扣型multi-plate ~多板式radial inward-flow~径向内流式Uunion联管节half ~半联管节（连接件）tee ~三通管unit装置、单位alarm ~报警装置up-scaleburn out ~烧完的向上刻度Vvacuum真空valuelimited ~规定值、限定值valveadditional air slide ~补给空气分气阀air ~空气平衡阀angle ~角阀blow-off ~排气阀by-pass ~旁通阀check ~止回阀control ~ single seated单座式控制阀diaphragm ~隔膜阀drain ~放洩阀discharge ~排气阀emergency shut-off ~紧急切断阀flanged angle ~法兰角阀flange gate ~法兰闸阀flange globe ~法兰球阀gas change ~气体切换阀insulation type angle ~绝热式角阀main suction ~主吸入阀miniature ~微型阀needle ~针（形）阀non-return ~止回阀on-off ~双位阀（开关阀）pilot ~导阀reducing ~减压阀reflux ~回流阀regulating ~调节阀safety ~安全阀sampling ~取样阀screwed gate ~螺旋闸阀screwed angle ~螺旋角阀screwed globe ~螺旋球阀screwed lift check ~螺旋升降逆止阀screwed swing check ~螺旋摆动逆止阀slide ~滑阀solenoid ~电磁阀sluice ~闸门阀switching ~切换阀tap ~ for orifice孔板用内螺纹截止阀three way ~三通阀three-way switching ~三通切换阀turbine shut off ~透平关闭阀~ body阀体~ buffer plate阀缓冲板~ cap阀盖~ gasket阀垫圈~ guard阀防护盖~ positioner阀定位器~ rod阀杆~ seat阀座~ spring阀弹簧~ stand阀座vane叶片guide ~导向叶片variation变动、波动frequency ~频率波动voltage ~电压波动vent气孔、出口oil ~油出口vertical立式的vessel容器air ~空气罐vibration amplitude振幅vibration-proof防震的view图rear ~后面图、背视图voltmeter电压表AC ~交流电压表Wwasher垫圈locking ~锁紧垫圈spring ~弹簧垫圈wheel轮gear ~叶轮radial turbine ~径向透平叶轮wire钢丝、线notch ~凹形线圈、凹形钢丝圈notch ~ type oil filter element凹形线圈式滤油元件wiring接线、配线inner ~内部接线wool毛glass ~玻璃毛glass ~ element assembly玻璃毛元件work功external ~对外做功worm蜗杆~ wheel蜗轮补充：sieve tray塞板塔structured packing填料塔。
金属纳米粉装置设计
摘要纳米科技是二十世纪八十年代发展起来的一门新兴交叉、前沿学科。
在二十一世纪纳米科技是三大重要技术之一，属于前沿性课题之一。
其中纳米粉体的制备是纳米科技的重要研究内容之一。
蒸发冷凝法制备纳米粉体是一种较早的物理方法，本文用电弧法制备，也是属于蒸发冷凝法的一种。
本文首先介绍了纳米科技的基本知识及其发展状况和应用前景。
然后设计了一套电弧加热法制备纳米粉体的实验装置。
该装置的工作原理是在一定压力的惰性气氛或反应气氛中，将金属等材料作为电弧的电极，使其在高温电弧等离子的作用下被溶化、蒸发。
蒸汽遇到周围的气体就会被冷却或发生反应形成超微粉。
该系统共有加热系统、真空系统、生成室、收集室等几部分组成。
首先针对纳米颗粒的生产条件设计了生成室和真空系统。
然后用电弧加热制备生成纳米蒸汽。
冷阱采用了不断输入液氮实现了急速冷却，使蒸汽快速成核以保证纳米尺度。
最后通过采用手套箱结构的收集装置实现真空室中粉体的包装从而避免了氧化。
整个系统易于加工实现，能够满足制备纳米微粒的实验需求。
关键词：纳米粉体；电弧加热；制备；冷阱AbstractNanotechnology is developing a newcross-cutting, cutting-edge disciplines in the eighties of the twentieth century. Nanotechnology in the twenty-first century technology is one of the three most important are the forefront of one of the topics. Preparation of nano-powder of which is an important research nanotechnology one. Prepared by evaporation condensation nanopowder is a physical method earlier in this paper was prepared by arc, but also belong to a kind of evaporation condensation method.This article introduces the basic knowledge of nanotechnology and its development and application prospects. Arc and then designed a nano-powders prepared by heating of the experimental apparatus. The working principle of the device is in a certain atmosphere of pressure of inert or reactive atmosphere, such materials as metal arc electrodes, so that at a high temperature arc plasma melting under the role of evaporation. Encountered in the surrounding gas steam will be cooled or the formation of ultrafine reaction. The system total heating system, vacuum system, to generate room, the collection consists of several rooms. First of all, for the production of nanoparticles designed to generate conditions of rooms and vacuum system. Preparation of arc and then use to generate nano-steam heating. Cold trap using liquid nitrogen to achieve a constant input of rapid cooling, so that rapid nucleation of steam to ensure that the nanometer scale. Finally, through the use of glove-box structure of the collection device to achieve a vacuum packed powder chamber to avoid oxidation. The realization of the entire system is easy to process, prepare to meet the experimental needs of nanoparticles.Key words: nano-powder; arc heating; Preparation; cold trap目录第一章绪论 (1)第1.1节引言 (1)第1.2节金属纳米粉的制备方法概述 (4)1.2.1机械法 (4)1.2.2物理法 (5)1.2.3化学法 (6)第1.3节纳米粉体制备及应用国内外现状 (7)1.3.1纳米粉体制备及应用的国内现状 (7)1.3.2纳米粉体制备及应用的国外现状 (9)第1.4节本文研究的主要内容 (11)第二章电弧法制备金属纳米粉研究 (13)第2.1节电弧 (13)2.1.1电弧物理 (13)2.1.2弧柱中的气体电离 (14)2.1.3电极的电子发射 (16)2.1.4电弧的物理特性 (18)第2.2节电弧的应用 (23)第2.3节电弧制取金属纳米粉体 (24)2.3.1电弧法制备金属纳米粉体的原理 (25)2.3.2金属纳米粉成核机理 (26)第三章真空系统的设计 (28)第3.1节实验装置的整体结构设计 (28)第3.2节真空系统的设计 (29)3.2.1真空获得设备——真空机组及其选用 (30)3.2.2真空容器的设计 (33)3.2.3真空测量系统 (44)第3.3节真空系统设计中的注意点 (46)第3.4节真空管路 (48)第3.5节真空材料 (48)第3.6节本章小结 (49)第四章加热装置的设计 (50)第4.1节电弧加热原理 (50)第4.2节水冷电极 (51)4.2.1水冷电极的设计要点 (51)4.2.2 加热阴极的设计 (52)4.2.3加热阳极的设计 (53)4.2.4引弧装置的简介 (54)第4.3节本章小结 (56)第五章粉体的生成与收集 (57)第5.1节粉体获得装置 (57)5.1.1冷阱装置 (57)5.1.2刮刀 (58)第5.2节收集室 (59)第5.3节其它系统 (60)5.3.1气路保护 (60)5.3.2过滤膜 (61)第5.4节本章小结 (61)第六章结论与展望 (62)英文原文 (66)中文译文 (81)第一章绪论第1.1节引言“振兴东北老工业基地高技术产业化项目—金属纳米粉制取设备技术与产业化”，是国务院为建设全面小康社会的重大举措，本项目的研究具有重要的应用前景。
制氧行业英语
.NO. CHINESE ENGLISH1 制氧厂(空分设备)air separation unit2 氧气oxygen3 氮气Nitrogen ['naɪtrədʒ(ə)n]4 氩气Argon['ɑːgɒn]5 吹氧（鼓风）oxygen blowing6 富氧oxygen enrichment [ɪn'rɪtʃmənt]7 空气压缩机air compressor8 流量discharge flow9 主控室main control room10 冷却水塔water cooling tower11 水泵房water pump house [pʌmp]12 储气罐gasholder['gæshəʊldə]13 大气atmospheric air[ætməs'ferɪk]14 大气压力Atmospheric pressure15 大气温度Atmospheric temperature16 相对湿度Relative humidity17 海拔Sea elevation[,elɪ'veɪʃ(ə)n]厂区大气条件（外界Ambient conditions in the plant site['æmbɪənt] 18条件）19 湿度humidity20 年平均温度Annual mean temperature21 年平均相对湿度Annual mean relative humidity.22 年平均大气压力Annual mean atmospheric pressure23 最高大气压力Highest atmospheric pressure[haɪɪst]24 最低大气压力Lowest atmospheric pressure[ləʊɪst]25 风向Wind direction26 风速wind velocity[vəˈlɒsəti]27 风压wind pressure28 日照sunshine29 主导风向Most wind direction30 年平均日照Annual average sunshine31 雷电lightning['laɪtnɪŋ]32 地质条件Geological Conditions[dʒɪə'lɒdʒɪkl]33 含氧量oxygen content34 公用设施utility and facilities35 冷却水温度Temperature of circulating cooling water36 回水温度backwater temperature37 蒸汽条件Steam conditions38 电力electric power39 液氧liquid oxygen40 液氮liquid nitrogen41 气氧gaseous oxygen['gæsɪəs; 'geɪsɪəs]42 气氮gaseous nitrogen44 工艺流程technological process['prəʊses]45 packed column.46 内压缩internal compression47 常温分子筛预净化ambient molecular sieve purification[mə'lekjʊlə]48 冷量cooling capacity49 空气增压膨胀air boosting and expansion50 液氧泵liquid oxygen pump51 双塔精馏double-Column Distillation52 全精馏制氩full rectify and produce argon['rektɪfaɪ]53 氢气hydrogen['haɪdrədʒ(ə)n]54 贮存storage55 蒸发evaporation[ɪ,væpə'reɪʃən]56 联锁interlock57 预冷precooling58 纯化purification[,pjʊərɪfɪ'keɪʃən]59 分子筛molecular sieve[mə'lekjʊlə] [siv]60 空气过滤air filtering61 压缩compression62 过滤器filter63 灰尘dust64 主空压机main air compressor65 空气冷却塔air cooling tower66 多级压缩multi-stages compression[mʌlti'steidʒ]67 污氮气waste nitrogen68 raw air.69 分子筛吸附器molecular sieve absorber[əb'sɔːbə]70 上部upper71 电加热器electric heater72 精馏rectify73 下部lower74 主交换器main heat exchanger75 吹氧时间Oxygen blowing time76 冷凝condensation[kɒnden'seɪʃ(ə)n]77 精氩塔pure argon column78 粗塔冷凝器crude column condenser79 冷箱cold box80 液体贮槽liquid tank81 再生reactivation82 烃hydrocarbon83 液氧离心泵liquid oxygen centrifugal pump[,sentrɪ'fjuːg(ə)l]84 自洁式self-cleaning85 能耗energy consumption86 高效筛板塔high efficient sieve plate column[ɪ'fɪʃ(ə)nt]87 规整填料structured packing['strʌktʃəd]88 调节阀regulating valve['regjə,leɪtɪŋ]89 控制阀control valve90 仪表instrument91 tubing.92 效率efficiency93 过滤阻力filtration resistance [fɪl'treɪʃn]94 脉冲反吹Pulse jet Cleaning[dʒet]95 介质media96 润滑系统Lubrication System97 电机motor98 消声器silencer99 空气预冷器air precooler100 水冷却塔water cooling tower101 水过滤器water filter102 深冷水泵deep cooling pump103 自动球阀automatic ball valve104 热虹吸换热器Thermosyphon heat exchanger['θə:məu,saifɔn] 105 粗氩塔crude argon column106 楼梯stair107 平台platform108 放空系统flare system110 折射仪refractometer[,riːfræk'tɒmɪtə]111 氧气浓度oxygen concentration112 安全safety113 二氧化碳Carbon Dioxide [daɪ'ɒksaɪd]114 乙烯Ethylene['eθɪliːn]116 manual.117 卸压Depressurize[diː'preʃəraɪz]118 隔离Isolation119 浮阀塔valve tower[vælv]120 压力泵force pump121 往复泵(循环泵)reciprocating pump122 流量计flowmeter123 球形阀spherical valve ['sferɪk(ə)l]124 动力阀dynamic valve125 接头tie-in126 温度计thermometer[θə'mɒmɪtə]127 传感器sensor128 转子流量计rotameter129 反应塔reaction tower130 容器container131 升降机lifter132 透平turbine['tɜːbaɪn; -ɪn]133 分离器separator134 压差计differential draft gauge[,dɪfə'renʃ(ə)l] ['geidʒid] 135 密度density136 浓度concentration137 阻力resistance138 模型mode139 in series.140 传热heat transfer141 熔剂solvent142 溶质solute['sɒljuːt]143 相平衡phase equilibrium[,iːkwɪ'lɪbrɪəm] 144 沸点boiling point145 溶解度solubility[,sɒljʊ'bɪlətɪ]146 分子molecule['mɒlɪkjuːl]147 原子atom148 扩散diffuse[dɪ'fjuːz]149 对流convection[kən'vekʃ(ə)n]150 原理principle['prɪnsɪp(ə)l]151 萃取extraction152 恒沸constant boiling153 渗析dialysis[ˌdaɪˈæləsɪs]154 常量constant155 标注label['leɪb(ə)l]156 方程equation[ɪ'kweɪʒ(ə)n]157 节流阀throttle valve['θrɒt(ə)l]158 单向阀check valve159 止回阀check valve160 截止阀shut-off valve161 三通阀three-way valve162 pressure reducing valve.163 电磁阀solenoid valve['səʊlənɒɪd]164 产冷production cold165 声音控制sound control166 绝热insulation167 密封seal168 电磁流量计electromagnetic flowmeter[ɪ,lektrə(ʊ)mæg'netɪk] 169 明渠流量计open channel flowmeter170 孔板流量计orifice plate flowmeter171 斯特林循环stirling cycle['stə:liŋ]172 环流circulation173 不冻结性non-freezability174 升华sublimation[,sʌblɪ'meɪʃən]175 温差temperature difference176 液氧循环量liquid oxygen circulation177 入上塔膨胀空气expanded air to upper column178 液泛flooding179 漏液weeping180 变压吸附pressure swing adsorption[æd'sɔːpʃən]181 冷量损失loss of refrigeration capacity182 提取率recovery rate183 单位能耗specific power consumption[spə'sɪfɪk]184 低压流程low pressure process185 medium pressure process. 186 高压流程high pressure process187带切换式换热器低压流程low pressure process with reversing heat exchanger188带分子筛吸附器低压流程low pressure process with molecular sieve adsorber189 大型空气分离设备large scale air separation plant190 低温精馏塔cryogenic rectification column[,kraɪə'dʒenɪk] 191 单级精馏的塔single rectification column[,rektɪfɪ'keɪʃən] 192 双级精馏塔double rectification column193 下塔lower column194 筛板塔sieve-tray column195 泡罩塔bubble cap tray column196 精馏段rectifying section['rektifaiiŋ]197 提馏段stripping section198 塔板tray199 环流塔板circular flow tray200 对流塔板counter flow tray201 溢流槽overflow downcomer['daun,kʌmə]202 单溢流single overflow203 双溢流double overflow204 多溢流multi-overflow205 溢流堰overflow weir[wɪə]206 填料packing.207 板翅式换热器plate-fin heat exchanger208 隔板partition plate[pɑː'tɪʃ(ə)n]209 封条side bar210 多孔翅片perforated fin['pə:fəreitid]211 平直翅片plain fin212 锯齿翅片serrated fin[sə'retɪd]213 导流翅片distributing fin[dis'tribju:tiŋ]214 波纹翅片corrugated fin['kɒrəɡeɪtɪd]215 切换板翅式换热器plate-fin type reversing heat exchanger 216 管式换热器tubular heat exchanger['tjuːbjʊlə]217 列管式换热器shell and tube heat exchanger218 盘管式换热器coiled pipe heat exchanger[kɔild]219 过冷器subcooler220 污氮waste nitrogen['naɪtrədʒ(ə)n]221 蒸发器vaporizer['veɪpəraɪzə]222 液体喷射蒸发器liquid jet evaporato r[ɪ'væpəreɪtə]223 蓄冷器regenerator[rɪ'dʒenəreɪtə]224 袋式过滤器bag filter225 纯化器purifier['pjuərifaiə]226 干燥器dryer['draɪə]227 空气预冷系统air precooling systerm228 卸荷阀unloading valve229 channel valve.230 针型阀thimble valve['θɪmb(ə)l]231 压力开关回路pressure switch circuit ['sɜːkɪt]232 手控阀hand valve233 排出阀discharge valve234 安全阀旁通线relief by pass line235 手控开关manual switch236 进口过滤消音器intake filtersilencer237 三相交流电源three-phase AC power238 变压器transformer239 气动变压器starter transformer240 气动按钮(启动) start button241 放空管线vent line242 电磁三通导流阀three-way solenoid pilot valve ['səʊlənɒɪd] ['paɪlət] 243 空气进口air inlet244 阀体valve body245 卸荷阀弹簧unloading valve spring246 压缩机入口compressor inlet247 制动衬套retaining bushing[ri'teiniŋ]248 卸压阀pressure release249 漏气孔bleed port [bliːd]250 活塞式进口阀position inlet valve251 阀盖板valve cover252 seat plate.253 阀护套valve plate254 扣环retainer ring [rɪ'teɪnə]255 阀板valve plate256 升限限制器stop plate257 阀片槽valve channel258 支点support point259 空分膜air separating membrane ['sepəreitiŋ] ['sepəreitiŋ]air spatial channel allocation ['speɪʃ(ə)l]260 空分信道[ælə'keɪʃ(ə)n]261 贮氧罐oxygen accumulater262 乙炔acetylene [ə'setɪliːn]263 作用acting264 双程double acting265 单程single acting266 动作action267 直接动作direct action268 反向动作reverse action269 促动器actuator ['æktjʊeɪtə]270 转矩促动器torque actuator [tɔːk]271 绝热条件下adiabatically272 调整器adjuster273 压缩空气air compressed274 分馏空气fractionated air.275 液化空气liquefied air ['lɪkwɪfaɪd]276 液体空气liquid air277 回流空气reflux air ['riːflʌks]278 空分塔air separation apparatus [ˌæpəˈreɪtəs] 279 空分车间air separation plant280 钎焊铝板brazed alumimum281 角钢angle steel282 退火annealing283 控制装置control apparatus284 捕抓器arrester285 避雷器lightning arrester286 总装assembly [ə'semblɪ]287 双孔板orifice assembly ['ɒrɪfɪs]288 附件attachment [ə'tætʃm(ə)nt]289 袋室bag house290 袋band291 支承环wear band292 母线bars [ba:z]293 底座base294 轴承bearing295 滚珠轴承ball bearing296 增速齿轮轴承increasing gear bearing297 thrust bearing.298 偏压bias299 叶片blade300 反向叶片backward blade301 罗茨风机roots blower302 顶板ceiling board ['siːlɪŋ]303 前板front board304 侧板side board305 切换板（配电盘）switching board306 螺栓bolt307 地脚螺栓anchor bolt [bəʊlt]308 阀帽bonnet ['bɒnɪt]309 自动阀箱check valve box310 继电器箱relay switch311 开关箱switch box312 分线盒（接线盒）terminal box313 托架bracket314 断路器breaker315 无熔断器的断路器no-fuse circuit breaker 316 油浸断路器oil immersed circuitbreaker 317 电刷brush318 电刷架brush holder319 电刷弹簧brush spring320 buffer plate. 321 电阻温度计resistance bulb322 支架bulk [bʌlk]323 上部支架（隔板）bulk head324 衬套bush325 轴套neck bush326 丁基橡胶butyl rubber ['bjutɪl]327 蜂鸣器buzzer ['bʌzə]328 电缆cable329 补偿导线extension cable330 外部电缆external cable331 电力电缆power cable332 校准calibration [kælɪ'breɪʃ(ə)n] 333 凸轮cam334 容量capacity [kə'pæsɪtɪ]335 轴承箱bearing casing336 透平机壳turbine casing ['tɜːbaɪn; -ɪn] 337 铸件casting ['kɑːstɪŋ]338 精密铸件precision casting [prɪ'sɪʒ(ə)n] 339 槽钢channel steel340 图表chart342 过冷液化器chiller-liquefier343 凿chipping344 electric circuit.345 高压线路high tension circuit346 联锁线路interlocking circuit347 离合器clutch348 旋塞cock349 规范，符号code350 线圈coil351 跳闸线圈tripping coil353 氧压机线路系统图loop-sketch for oxygen compressor 354 多级压缩机multi-stage compressor355 单轴承压缩机one-shaft compressor356 活塞式压缩机reciprocating compressor [ri'siprəkeitiŋ] 357 透平压缩机turbo compressor358 同心的concentric359 导管conduit360 接头，接管connection361 触头contact362 固定触头fixed contact363 滑动触头moving contact364 接触器contactor365 电磁接触器magnetic contactor [ri'siprəkeitiŋ]366 液位指示控制器level indicating controller367 压力指示控制器pressure indicating controller368 cooler.369 后冷却器after cooler370 蒸发冷却器evaporator cooler371 液空过冷器liquid air super cooler372 液氮过冷器liquid nitrogen super cooler 373 喷淋冷却器spray cooler374 油冷却器oil cooler375 水淋冷却器trickling cooler376 冷单元cold core377 联轴节（联轴器）coupling378 密封盖sealing cover379 隔音罩sound insulating cover ['insjuleitiŋ] 380 曲轴crankshaft381 电动机柜motor cubicle ['kjuːbɪk(ə)l]382 受电柜receiving cubicle383 截口cutout384 汽缸cylinder385 解冻defrosting386 解冻风机defrosting blower387 去霜deriming388 检验器detector389 偏差deviation390 净化装置cleaning device391 delivery control device.392 排出控制装置discharge pressure control device 393 安全装置safety device394 取样分析装置sampling device395 标度盘dial396 薄片diaphragm ['daɪəfræm]397 距离快（隔离段）distance piece399 罐drum400 配线槽wiring duct401 肘管（弯头）elbow402 设备衬垫liners for equipment403 安装erection404 激磁器exciter405 膨胀接头（膨胀节）expansion joint406 系数，因数factor407 安全系数safety factor408 风扇fan409 膜film410 油膜oil film411 初级油过滤器primary oil filter ['praɪm(ə)rɪ]412 烧结金属过滤器sintered metallic filter ['sintəd] [mɪ'tælɪk] 413 冷却片cooling fin414 法兰flange415 flicker.416 浮标float418 径向内流radial inward flow ['reɪdɪəl] 419 流量速度reflux rate420 总流量图general flow-sheet421 流体fluid ['fluːɪd]422 焊剂flux423 水平力horizontal force [hɒrɪ'zɒnt(ə)l] 424 锻件forging425 基础总图general foundation426 框架frame427 制冷freeze428 全开fully-open429 火焰炉flame furnace ['fɜːnɪs]430 竖炉shaft furnace [ʃɑːft]431 平炉open hearth furnace [hɑːθ] 432 转炉底rotary hearth ['rəʊt(ə)rɪ]433 保险丝fuse [fjuːz]434 液位表level gauge [geɪdʒ]435 垫片gasket ['gæskɪt]436 胶gel437 磨光grinding ['graɪndɪŋ]438 接地grounding439 grout. 440 导板guider441 集管header442 氦helium444 碳氢化合物hydrocarbon445 叶轮impeller446 杂质impurities447 吸入intake448 引言introduction449 等温的isothermal450 垫板liner451 贫液lean liquid452 富液rich liquid453 满负荷full load454 压力计manometer455 驱动机构driving mechanism 456 同步电动机synchronous457 氖neon458 径流泵axial pump459 循环泵circulating pump460 备用泵stand-by pump461 流量记录器flow recorder462 油脂密封grease seal463 sieve tray. 465 气体产品gaseous product467 中冷器intercooler468 管壳式中冷器shell and tube intercooler 469 二级后冷却器double stage aftercooler 470 转子impeller471 绝热压缩adiabatic compression 472 衰减attenuate473 冷凝水排水器condensate trap474 氟利昂冷冻机freon refrigerator475 水冷却机water chiller476 网雾gauze-fog477 交换循环alternating cycle478 塔板塔tray column479 冷凝蒸发器（主冷）reboiler condenser480 底槽sump481 馏分fraction482 气流stream483 放散vent484 抽出withdraw485 触媒catalyst487 缓冲罐snubber488 增压压缩机make up compressor 489 vacuum storage.490 液氩冷凝盘管internal condensing coil using LIN 491 瞬时补充instantaneous back up492 储罐storage493 罐车称量站trailer loading station494 深冷产品罐车cryogenic trailer track495 罐车充填泵tanker fill pump496 预纯化器pre-purifier497 再生加热器ETH（electric thaw heater）499 吸附器后过滤器cartridge aftercooler500 悬浮物suspended solid501 潜热latent heat502 冷源refrigeration503 热对流thermo siphon504 氮液化系统nitrogen recycle liquefier505 无油压缩机oil free conpressor506 原料空气raw air507 加温解冻系统defrosting system508 液空吸附器liquid air adsorber514 氨厂ammonia plant515 钯触媒palladium catalyst516 百分误差percent error517 半连续炉，间歇炉semi-continuous furnace518 thin wall liquid storage tank. 519 薄膜membrane520 薄膜阀wafer valve521 饱和saturation522 饱和温度saturation temperature 523 饱和蒸汽saturation steam524 保持泵holding pump525 保持块retainer526 保护层buffer527 保护端盖protective end cover 528 保护气protective gas529 保护罩protective cover530 保冷材料cold insulation531 保温管线insulated line532 保温管道insulated piping533 保温表面insulated surface534 保温阶段holding period535 报疲rejection536 备用透平膨胀机stand by turbine537 泵效率pump efficiency538 比热specific heat539 比容specific volume540 比重specific gravity541 wall thickness. 542 闭路控制closed loop control543 边界层boundary layer544 变送器transmitter546 变压吸附法pressure swing adsorption 547 标准沸点normal boiling point548 标准规定设计压力normal design pressure 549 表面氧化surface oxidation550 冰点freezing point551 丙烷propane552 丙烯propylene553 并联装置conneted in parallel554 泊片foil555 玻璃棉glass wool556 玻璃纤维glass fiber557 玻璃纤维绳fiber glass cord558 不纯液氧impure liquid oxygen559 不合格零件unqualified workpiece 560 不贵的inexpensive561 不可燃液体non-flammable liquid 562 不冷凝液non-condensable liquid 563 不平直角misalignment564 不平度out of level565 brinell hardness. 566 部分冷凝particl condensation 567 部分氧化partical oxidation568 部分压力partical pressure569 步进电机stepper motor570 残余水分residual moisture571 残余应力residual stress572 侧壁板side wall plate573 侧封头side header574 测力仪dynamometer575 测流side stream576 产品纯度product purity577 产品流量product flow578 产品氩蒸发器product argon subcooler 579 超临界流体supercritical fluid580 翅片fin configuration581 翅片成型冲床fin corrugation machine 582 冲程stroke583 充氮nitrogen back filling584 除霜管道thawing line585 除霜气体defrost gas586 除雾器demister587 除雾器丝网块mist eliminator pad588 deoxo aftercooler.589 除氧速度deoxo speed590 除油degressing591 传热安全系数heat transfer safty factor592 传热翅片heat transfer fin593 喘振surge594 喘振线surge line595 瓷漆enamel paint596 磁力线flux597 粗抽泵rough pump598 粗氪氙馏分crude krypton-xenon fraction 599 粗氩冷凝蒸发器crude argon reboiler condenser 600 脆化embrittlement601 搭接overlap602 带翅片表面finned surface603 带翅片通道finned passage604 单级压缩机single stage compressor605 氮回流液nitrogen reflux606 导流段distribution section607 低温材料cryogenic material608 低温脆性cold brittleness609 低温产品气cold product gas610 低温分馏设备subambient distillation apparatus 611 low pressure column. 612 底板base plate613 电阻加热高温区resistance heated welding 614 电子加热器electic resistant heater 615 丁二醇水溶液glycol/water solution616 丁烷butane617 顶部回流液冷凝器overhead fefluxconderser 618 动载live load619 冻结freezing620 堵塞blockage621 杜瓦容器dewar622 镀铬chroming623 多孔板perforated plate624 多孔塔板perforated tray625 多流路管箱multi-pass channel626 惰性气体保护inert gas blanketing627 惰性气体介质innert gas medium628 分流槽pass partition groove 629 辅助冷凝器auxiliary condensor630 干冰dry ice631 干膜dry film632 干燥剂desiccant633 高位油箱oil rundown tank634 zirconium tungsten.635 隔离阀门isolation636 隔音毡层bate insulation637 割刀；割枪cutting torch638 工件work pice639 工业喷砂清洁法commercial blast cleaning 640 攻丝tapping641 共轭环conjugate ring642 共晶体eutectics643 固态冰晶体solid ice crystal644 固态二氧化碳solid carbon dioxide645 固态颗粒solid particle646 管箱bonnet647 管箱盖channel cover648 管箱分流隔板channel pass partition 649 惯性矩inertia moment650 光管bare tube651 光泽仪glossmeter652 含硅量silicon content653 合成氨synthetic ammonia654 合成氨装置synthetic ammonia plant 655 合成燃料工程synthetic ammonia project 656 呼吸阀breather valve657 safety goggles.658 滑动轴承plain spring659 滑轮，滑车sheave660 环境空气蒸发器ambient air evaporator661 缓冲层buffer layer662 换能器transducer663 挥发氧volatile oxygen664 回流back flow665 活化剂activating agent666 活性炭activated carbon667 浸入式加热器immersion heater668 浸蚀试验etching test669 进/出口裙座access apron670 进口，吸入suction671 进口过滤器suction filter672 进口温度suction temperature673 进口堰inlet weir674 进气feed675 进气放空消声器inlet vent silencer676 进气喷嘴inlet nozzle677 进入口inlet port678 精馏级数number of distillation stage （顶部的）精氩冷凝pure argon overhead condenser 679器.680 精氩冷凝蒸发器pure argon reboiler-condenser 681 精氩储槽pure argon tank682 锯齿形翅片laned fin683 绝对零度absolute zero684 绝对压力absolute humidity685 绝热等级insulation class686 绝热厚度insulation thickness687 绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion688 绝缘纤维防护版masonite protector689 绝热效率adiabatic efficiency690 均热温度soak temperature691 均热性temperature uniformity692 可燃材料inflammable material693 可燃气体inflammable gas694 可燃液体combustible liquid695 空冷塔direct contact after performance 696 空气导流air director697 空气分离air separation698 空气干燥器air drier699 空气管air duct700 空气净化air purification701 空气冷凝air condensation702 air current.703 空气流量air flow704 空气流路air flow route705 空温式气化器ambient temperature gasifier 706 冷壁式cold wall type707 冷冻干燥系统refrigerating -dring system 708 冷端cold end709 临界点critical point710 临界温度criticaltemperature711 流体分配flow distribution712 露天防雨罩open drop-proof enclosure 713 罗茨鼓风机roots blowers714 耐腐蚀衬里corrosion resistant lining 715 耐腐蚀性corrosion resistance716 逆流换热器counterflow heat exchanger 717 泡沫玻璃glass foam718 泡沫塑料cellular plastic719 喷淋冷却塔spray cooler720 喷淋冷却机surface spray cooler721 平直多孔翅片plain perforated fin722 上填料床upper bed723 上塔upper column724 摄氏centigrade725 塔釜column sump.726 吸附床adsorbant bed727 吸附过滤器adsorber vessel728 吸附剂adsorbant729 吸附剂再生adsorbant reactivation730 吸附净化系统adsorption purification system 731 吸附能力adsorptive capacity732 吸附塔absorption column733 向上流动蒸汽upper flow vaper734 向下流动液体down flowing liquid735 泄放阀escape valve736 循环压缩机recycle compressor737 压氧系统oxygen compression system 738 氩纯化装置argon purification unit739 氧化膜oxide film740 液膜liquid film741 再沸腾釜reboiler sump742 再生温度regenerating temperature 743 增压机booster744 胀管tube expansion745 折流板baffle746 真空度vacuum level747 中间冷却器intermediate cooler。
浅谈市政管廊盾构开仓换刀液氮冷冻技术要点和冻结效果
建筑技术开发Building Technology Development市政工程M unicipal Engineering第48卷第5期2021年3月浅谈市政管廊盾构开仓换刀液氮冷冻技术要点和冻结效果梁兴初(广州轨道交通建设监理有限公司，广州 510000)[摘要]盾构开仓换刀根据不同的地质条件和周边的环境因素可采用常压和带压的方式，涉及刀具偏磨严重时，需采取动 火作业进行切割，主要以地面垂直钻孔进行液氮循环冷冻，对盾构刀盘周边土层进行冻结，以达到土层稳固的效果，以及使人 员安全进入仓内进行换刀作业。
[关键词]液氮冷冻；垂直冻结孔；测温孔[中图分类号]TU990.3 [文献标志码]A[文章编号]1001-523X (2021) 05-0097-03 Talking about Key Points of Liquid Nitrogen Freezing Technology andFreezing Effect of Municipal Pipe Gallery ShieldLiang Xing-chu[Abstract]According to different geological conditions and surrounding environmental factors,the shield can be opened and replaced by atmospheric pressure and under pressure.It involves severe eccentric wear of the tool and requires hot work for cutting.This article mainly uses vertical M ling on&e gro皿d.The hole is frozen iri a liquid nitrogen cycle to freeze the soil around the shield cutter head to achieve the effect of stabilizing the soil,and personnel can safely enter the warehouse for tool change operations.[Keywords]liquid nitrogen freezing；vertical freezing hole ；temperature measuring hole本盾构区间盾构由K4综合井（兼盾构始发井）先行向南始发掘进至K8综合井吊出，全长约2.1km,区间隧道采用德国海瑞克S918泥水盾构机进行盾构掘进施工。
液氮冷冻联合中药泡洗治疗跖疣热瘀互结证多发性不适合激光及手术
Clinical Journal of Chinese Medicine 2017 V ol.(9) No.16 -12-液氮冷冻联合中药泡洗治疗跖疣热瘀互结证多发性不适合激光及手术治疗的临床效果研究Clinical exploration on treating plantar warts of the Reyu Hujie syndrome by liquid nitrogen cryopreservation plus TCM medicine谢怡堂（广州市白云区中医医院，广东广州，510470）中图分类号：R756文献标识码：A文章编号：1674-7860（2017）16-0012-【摘要】目的：分析液氮冷冻联合中药泡洗治疗跖疣热瘀互结证多发性不适合激光及手术治疗的临床效果。
方法：将不适合激光治疗的50例多发性跖疣热瘀互结证患者按护理方法不同随机分为观察组（液氮冷冻联合祛疣汤）和对照组（单纯液氮冷冻），对比两组治疗总有效率、不同时间皮损评分、皮肤病患者生活质量（DLQI）。
结果：观察组治疗总有效率（96%）较对照组（80%）高，第1个月、第2个月皮损评分、DLQI评分均较对照组低，P均＜0.05。
结论：液氮冷冻联合祛疣汤能有效缓解临床症状，提高疗效，改善患者生活质量，值得应用。
【关键词】多发性跖疣；热瘀互结证；祛疣汤；液氮冷冻【Abstract】Objective: To analyze the liquid nitrogen cryopreservation plus TCM medicine on plantar warts of the Reyu Hujie syndrome. Methods: 50 patients who did not suitable for laser treatment were randomly divided into the observation group (received the liquid nitrogen cryopreservation plus the Quyou decoction) and the control group (received the liquid nitrogen cryopreservation). Results: The total efficiency was 96% in the observation group, better than 80% in the control group. In 1 month, 2 months, lesion scores and DLQI score were lower than the control group, P<0.05. Conclusion: Liquid nitrogen cryopreservation plus the Quyou decoction can effectively relieve symptoms and improve efficacy, improve quality of life, and is worthy of application.【Keywords】Multiple plantar warts; The Reyu Hujie syndrome; The Quyou decoction; Liquid nitrogen cryopreservationdoi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7860.2017.16.005跖疣常发于足底和脚趾，是人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染，病灶多在足部受压点，疣体增大、增多甚至连成一片，患足行走疼痛，影响正常生活和美观，给患者心理和生理造成伤害。
功能材料相关文献翻译(中文+英文)
功能材料相关文献翻译（中文+英文）功能材料功能材料是新材料领域的核心，是国民经济、社会发展及国防建设的基础和先导。
它涉及信息技术、生物工程技术、能源技术、纳米技术、环保技术、空间技术、计算机技术、海洋工程技术等现代高新技术及其产业。
功能材料不仅对高新技术的发展起着重要的推动和支撑作用，还对我国相关传统产业的改造和升级，实现跨越式发展起着重要的促进作用。
功能材料种类繁多，用途广泛，正在形成一个规模宏大的高技术产业群，有着十分广阔的市场前景和极为重要的战略意义。
世界各国均十分重视功能材料的研发与应用，它已成为世界各国新材料研究发展的热点和重点，也是世界各国高技术发展中战略竞争的热点。
在全球新材料研究领域中，功能材料约占 85 % 。
我国高技术(863)计划、国家重大基础研究[973]计划、国家自然科学基金项目中均安排了许多功能材料技术项目(约占新材料领域70%比例)，并取得了大量研究成果。
当前国际功能材料及其应用技术正面临新的突破，诸如超导材料、微电子材料、光子材料、信息材料、能源转换及储能材料、生态环境材料、生物医用材料及材料的分子、原子设计等正处于日新月异的发展之中，发展功能材料技术正在成为一些发达国家强化其经济及军事优势的重要手段。
超导材料以NbTi、Nb3Sn为代表的实用超导材料已实现了商品化，在核磁共振人体成像(NMRI)、超导磁体及大型加速器磁体等多个领域获得了应用;SQUID作为超导体弱电应用的典范已在微弱电磁信号测量方面起到了重要作用，其灵敏度是其它任何非超导的装置无法达到的。
但是，由于常规低温超导体的临界温度太低，必须在昂贵复杂的液氦(4.2K)系统中使用，因而严重地限制了低温超导应用的发展。
高温氧化物超导体的出现，突破了温度壁垒，把超导应用温度从液氦( 4.2K)提高到液氮(77K)温区。
同液氦相比，液氮是一种非常经济的冷媒，并且具有较高的热容量，给工程应用带来了极大的方便。
另外，高温超导体都具有相当高的上临界场[H c2 (4K)>50T]，能够用来产生20T以上的强磁场，这正好克服了常规低温超导材料的不足之处。
TA Instruments Q1000和Q100热分析仪商品介绍说明书
LIQUID NITROGEN COOLING SYSTEM
The Liquid Nitrogen Cooling System (LNCS) provides the highest performance and greatest flexibility in cooling. It has the lowest operational temperature (to -180 °C), greatest cooling rate capacity (to 140 °C/min), and an upper temperature limit of 550 °C. It is ideal for isothermal crystallization studies. The LNCS uses liquid nitrogen efficiently, thus reducing operating costs. Its autofill capability allows the LNCS to be automatically refilled from a larger liquid nitrogen source for continuous DSC operation. The LNCS is available for the Q1000, Q100, and Q10 DSC modules.
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铝型材挤压生产中液氮冷却技术的应用分析
中图分类号：TG379
文献标识码：A
文章编号：1003-5168（2015）05-0135-3
Application of liquid nitrogen cooling technology in aluminum profileextrusion production
Yu Lei1 Zhao Xinya2
2 影响铝型材挤压生产的重要工艺因素
a. 工作带冷却
b. 模外冷却
c.模垫冷却
图 2 几种不同类型的液氮冷却方式
第5期
2.1 冷却方式
或自动控制。手动控制即通过人工操作的方式，根据测
总 563 期第 5 期 2015 年 5 月
·能源与化学工程·
河南科技 Journal of Henan Science and Technology
Vol.563，No.5 May，2015
铝型材挤压生产中液氮冷却技术的应用分析
于 磊 1 赵新亚 2
（1.国家知识产权局专利局专利审查协作河南中心，河南 郑州 450013；2.郑州煤矿机械集团股份有限公司，河南 郑州 450013）
如图 1 所示，整个闭环系统由储氮罐、输送管道、控 制阀单元、挤压模具装置、红外测温仪以及控制装置等构 成。挤压生产时，通过隔热的输送管道将液氮输送至挤 压模具装置的工作带中，以实现对挤压型材的冷却作用； 同时，控制装置根据红外测温仪反馈的模具出口处挤压 型材的温度，通过阀单元调节液氮的开度，使铝型材的出 口温度控制在合理的温度范围内。
1 液氮冷却技术的工艺原理
图 1 液氮冷却技术的工艺原理
收稿日期：2015-4-5 作者简介：于磊（1985-），男，硕士，实习研究员，研究方向：专利相关工作。
带辅冷制冷循环的大型双塔制氮流程设计
ｄｏｉ:１０.１６５７６/ｊ.ｃｎｋｉ.１００７－４４１４.２０２０.０３.０４９带辅冷制冷循环的大型双塔制氮流程设计∗黄震宇ꎬ赖勇杰(四川空分集团工程有限公司ꎬ四川简阳㊀６４１４００)摘㊀要:液氮作为保安㊁化工开车㊁后备供气所需氮气的补充ꎬ其储备和需求也非常重要ꎬ针对传统高氮制氮流程的局限性ꎬ就如何提高液氮产量和调节范围方法ꎬ提出了一种新型带辅冷制冷循环的大型双塔制氮方案设计ꎮ通过方案实施及应用ꎬ验证了此方法具有氮气产量大ꎬ液体产量调节范围宽ꎬ液体㊁气体工况能耗低ꎬ占地面积小等特点ꎬ尤其适合大型㊁超大型的制氮需求ꎮ关键词:空分ꎻ双塔ꎻ制冷循环ꎻ节能ꎻ制氮流程中图分类号:ＴＱ１１㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀文献标志码:Ａ㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀文章编号:１００７－４４１４(２０２０)０３－０１７２－０３ＤｅｓｉｇｎｏｆＬａｒｇｅ－ＳｃａｌｅＤｏｕｂｌｅ－ＣｏｌｕｍｎＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｗｉｔｈＡｕｘｉｌｉａｒｙＣｏｎｄｅｎｓｉｎｇＥｖａｐｏｒａｔｏｒａｎｄＲｅｆｒｉｇｅｒａｔｉｏｎＣｙｃｌｅＨＵＡＮＧＺｈｅｎ－ｙｕꎬＬＡＩＹｏｎｇ－ｊｉｅ(ＳｉｃｈｕａｎＡｉｒＳｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎＧｒｏｕｐＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＣｏ.ꎬＬｔｄꎬＪｉａｎｙａｎｇＳｉｃｈｕａｎ㊀６４１４００ꎬＣｈｉｎａ)Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ:ＡｓｔｈｅｓｕｐｐｌｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｆｏｒｓａｆｅｔｙꎬｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｔａｒｔ－ｕｐａｎｄｂａｃｋ－ｕｐｇａｓｓｕｐｐｌｙꎬｔｈｅｓｔｏｒａｇｅａｎｄｄｅｍａｎｄｏｆｌｉｑｕｉｄＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｉｓａｌｓｏｖｅｒｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ.ＩｎｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｌｉｍｉｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓꎬａｎｅｗｌａｒｇｅ－ｓｃａｌｅｄｏｕｂｌｅ－ｃｏｌｕｍｎＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｓｃｈｅｍｅｗｉｔｈａｕｘｉｌｉａｒｙｃｏｎｄｅｎｓｉｎｇｅｖａｐｏｒａｔｏｒａｎｄｒｅｆｒｉｇｅｒａｔｉｏｎｃｙｃｌｅｉｓｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｏｎｈｏｗｔｏｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｌｉｑｕｉｄＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｏｕｔｐｕｔａｎｄｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｒａｎｇｅ.ＴｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｃｈｅｍｅꎬｉｔｉｓｖｅｒｉｆｉｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｍｅｔｈｏｄｈａｓｔｈｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｌａｒｇｅＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｏｕｔｐｕｔꎬｗｉｄｅｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｒａｎｇｅｏｆｌｉｑｕｉｄｏｕｔ￣ｐｕｔꎬｌｏｗｅｎｅｒｇｙｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎｕｎｄｅｒｌｉｑｕｉｄａｎｄｇａｓｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｍｏｄｅꎬａｎｄｓｍａｌｌｆｌｏｏｒａｒｅａꎬｅｔｃꎻｉｔｉｓｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙｓｕｉｔａｂｌｅｆｏｒｌａｒｇｅａｎｄｓｕｐｅｒｌａｒｇｅＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｄｅｍａｎｄ.Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ:ａｉｒｓｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎꎻｄｏｕｂｌｅ－ｃｏｌｕｍｎꎻｒｅｆｒｉｇｅｒａｔｉｏｎｃｙｃｌｅꎻｅｎｅｒｇｙｓａｖｉｎｇꎻＮｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ０㊀引㊀言随着新兴光电产业和特殊石化行业等的飞速发展ꎬ对氮气产品的需求量越来越大ꎬ液氮的储备和需求也越来越受到重视ꎮ氮气作为保护气ꎬ在工厂保安㊁化工开车时需要量很大ꎬ需要大量的液氮汽化来补充ꎻ而在化工开车完成后ꎬ氮气的需求量将急剧减少ꎬ液氮的需求随着减小ꎮ其次液氮用于贮存后备ꎬ作为装置出故障时的保障供气ꎬ一旦后备液氮消耗完ꎬ为保障安全供气ꎬ需短期内大幅度提高液氮产量贮存ꎮ故一般用户既希望制氮装置即具备大量生产液氮的能力ꎬ还希望在氮气需求小的时候ꎬ制氮装置能低液体产量运行ꎬ从而降低生产能耗ꎮ典型的工艺如煤制烯烃就需要此类型高氮装置ꎬ要求生产规模大㊁液体生产能力很大ꎬ且还能在低液体产量时总能耗低ꎮ笔者通过对工艺流程组织的优化ꎬ达到了提高氮提取率㊁降低装置单位能耗的技术要求ꎬ为广大用户提供了一种能耗较低㊁液体负荷变化大的制氮流程设计ꎮ１㊀传统高氮流程的局限性目前ꎬ一般制氮装置的生产能耗较高ꎬ且由于其需要长期运行ꎬ已成为工厂里的耗能大户ꎬ使得有效的降低制氮装置的运行能耗对整个工厂尤为重要ꎮ但是ꎬ现有的制氮流程中ꎬ如单塔高氮流程(见图１)ꎬ其能耗较高ꎬ液氮产量的调节受限制ꎬ工况调整较为困难ꎬ不满足液氮产量调节范围大的要求ꎻ而如单塔制冷循环高氮流程(见图２)ꎬ其氮气规模很大ꎬ但其液体量减少时能耗较高ꎬ且制氮能耗也较高ꎬ不满足能耗低的需求ꎮ最后ꎬ双精馏塔流程拥有提取率高的特点ꎬ但是增压透平膨胀机的膨胀比小ꎬ液体产量受限制ꎻ液体量增大时ꎬ膨胀量增大ꎬ较大幅度的改变了膨胀总量ꎬ对塔的工况影响较大ꎬ同时操作相对困难ꎬ最大液体产量也不大ꎬ不能满足用户的需求ꎬ对于液体产量大的制氮装置不太适用ꎮ针对上述存在的问题ꎬ一种带制冷循环的双塔辅冷制氮装置ꎬ可以满足上述提到的需求ꎬ显著提高了液氮产量和调节范围ꎬ同时利用高温高焓降㊁膨胀比大的特点ꎬ降低了制氮装置的能耗ꎮ２７１ 经验交流㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀２０２０年第３期(第３３卷ꎬ总第１６７期) 机械研究与应用∗收稿日期:２０２０－０４－０８作者简介:黄震宇(１９７２－)ꎬ男ꎬ湖南祁东人ꎬ高级工程师ꎬ主要从事空气等低温分离㊁低温液化及冷量利用工程应用技术方面的工作ꎮ图１㊀典型单塔高氮流程简图图２㊀单塔制冷循环高氮流程简图２ 制氮流程装置及工艺流程方案设计带制冷循环的大型双塔辅冷制氮流程ꎬ类似于常规双塔空分ꎬ但上塔为压力塔ꎬ塔顶有辅助冷凝蒸发器ꎬ配膨胀空气进上塔膨胀机和制冷循环膨胀机ꎬ工艺流程简图如图３ꎮ图３㊀带制冷循环的大型双塔辅冷高氮流程简图㊀㊀本流程主要设备有:制冷循环增压透平膨胀机(ＥＴ４０１)㊁换热器(Ｅ１)㊁液空液氮过冷器(Ｅ２)㊁液氮过冷器(Ｅ３)㊁主冷凝蒸发器(Ｋ１)㊁辅助冷凝器(Ｋ２)㊁下塔(Ｃ１)㊁上塔(Ｃ２)㊁辅助增压透平膨胀机(ＥＴ４０２)ꎮ其中ꎬ上塔(Ｃ２)是压力塔ꎬ上塔(Ｃ２)顶部设置有辅助冷凝器(Ｋ２)ꎮ其中换热器(Ｅ１)既可以是分置式ꎬ也可以是合置式ꎮ工艺简述如下:纯化后的压力空气分成三股ꎬ一股直接去冷箱主换热器被返流气体冷却到露点进入下塔参与精馏ꎻ另一股去辅助膨胀机的增压端ꎬ增压冷却后去主换热器冷却到一定温度去辅助膨胀机膨胀ꎬ膨胀后去上塔参与精馏ꎻ最后一股去制冷循环膨胀机的增压端增压冷却后去主换热器进一步冷却ꎬ去制冷循环膨胀机膨胀ꎬ膨胀后的气体回主换热器复热ꎬ再去空压机入口ꎬ形成制冷循环ꎮ下塔经过精馏获得液氮㊁较高压力的氮气㊁液空ꎬ其中较高压力的氮气复热后作为氮气产品(１)出冷箱ꎬ液氮及液空经过冷后去上塔参与精馏ꎮ主冷抽取的富氧液空节流后去上塔顶部辅冷ꎬ为辅冷氮气的冷凝提供冷量ꎮ上塔经过精馏获得液氮㊁压力氮气ꎬ其中液氮被返流的富氧空气过冷后出冷箱ꎬ压力氮气依次经过液空液氮过冷器㊁主换热器复热后作为氮气产品(２)出冷箱ꎮ辅冷中ꎬ来自主冷的富氧液空被蒸发ꎬ得到较高浓度的富氧空气ꎬ经复热后出冷箱ꎬ一部分作为再生气去纯化系统ꎬ剩余部分去预冷系统ꎮ本工艺流程具备如下显著的特点ꎮ(１)利用增压透平膨胀机循环制冷ꎬ原料空气压力高ꎬ膨胀前温度高ꎬ焓降大ꎬ具有明显的低能耗优势ꎮ膨胀机制冷循环方法ꎬ可通过开两台膨胀机及增大膨胀量而生产较多的液体ꎬ制冷量大ꎬ所需膨胀气量小ꎬ液氮生产能耗低ꎬ为生产较多液体的工况提供保障ꎮ同时ꎬ液体产量通过制冷循环调节ꎬ对精馏系统的影响小ꎬ易于操作ꎬ保证产品质量ꎮ(２)可直接获得两种压力等级的氮气ꎬ一种从下塔抽取较高压力氮气直接供用户使用ꎬ有利于保证上塔顶部抽取氮的品质ꎬ还可以大幅度降低氮中氩含量ꎻ另一种从上塔顶取出部分氮气作为产品或增压后作为产品供用户使用ꎮ同时ꎬ可根据液体产量得需求ꎬ调节两股氮气抽出比例ꎬ进一步降低能耗ꎮ(３)可根据需要配合使用辅助增压透平膨胀机ꎬ将空气膨胀后送入上塔ꎬ充分发挥上塔的潜能ꎬ提高提取率ꎻ如不需要大液氮工况时ꎬ可停运制冷循环膨胀机ꎬ降低能耗ꎮ(４)膨胀机制冷能力覆盖广㊁液体产量调节范围宽ꎮ(５)系统压力高ꎬ制冷气体能量密集ꎬ停运制冷３７１ 机械研究与应用 ２０２０年第３期(第３３卷ꎬ总第１６７期)㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀经验交流膨胀机对装置影响小ꎬ易于空压机降负荷运行ꎻ(６)预处理系统小ꎬ具有流程组织优化㊁设备投入成本低㊁能耗降低显著的特点ꎬ比较适合大型㊁超大型高氮装置ꎮ(７)特别是开车工况通过完全停运膨胀机ꎬ外部液氮输入冷量ꎬ最大负荷生产气体氮气ꎬ可增加１０％的氮气产量ꎬ进一步减少对液体的需求ꎻ通过比较液体工况ꎬ该流程比常规单塔制冷循环流程能耗降低~２０％ꎮ３㊀制氮工艺流程比较以某公司设计的一套３５０００Ｎｍ３/ｈꎬ９ｂａｒａꎬ３ＰＰｍＯ２制氮装置为例ꎻ假设压缩机㊁膨胀机均为进口ꎬ根据容积流量㊁压缩比适当调整效率ꎬＡ采用单台制冷循环流程ꎬＢ采用双塔辅冷制冷循环流程ꎻ通过ＨＹＳＹＳ进行模拟计算ꎬ结果如表１所列ꎮ表１㊀制氮工艺流程比较流程及工况Ａ１Ａ２Ｂ１Ｂ２工艺流程单塔制冷循环单塔制冷循环双塔辅冷制冷循环双塔辅冷制冷循环工况液体工况低液体工况液体工况低液体工况空压机干质流量(Ｎｍ３/ｈ)９６０００８８２００６２２００５７６２０空压机出口压力(ｂａｒａ)６１０６１０９８０９８０空压机总功率(ｋＷ)９６２７８８４９７６５８７０９２氮压机总功率(ｋＷ)８５０８４５６５０６４８ＰＰＵ再生功耗(ｋＷ)４２１３８７１９５１８１循环水泵功率(ｋＷ)１９９１８２１５９１４７凉水塔风机功率(ｋＷ)６１５６４９４５冷却水泵功率(ｋＷ)４４４１４４４１低温水泵功率(ｋＷ)１９１８１２１１总功率(ｋＷ)１１２２１１０３７８８７６７８１６５总循环水量(ｋｇ/ｈ)９５３２０４８７２１９９７６８３１３７０９０４８计算单耗(ｋＷ/Ｎｍ３)０.２８００.２７８０.２１９０.２１６电耗比例１.３７４１.２７１１.０７４１.０００液氮产量(Ｎｍ３/ｈ)１５７９６９７１５８４８６０氮气产量(Ｎｍ３/ｈ)３５２７５３５２５７３５２５９３５２５７氮提取率(％)４９.１５２.２７５.８８０.２多产液氮单耗(ｋＷ/Ｎｍ３)０.９５６０.８３１㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀注:计算单耗＝总功率/(氮气产量＋３ˑ液氮产量)ꎮ㊀㊀通过上表的参数对比ꎬ可以看出: (１)双塔辅冷制冷循环流程的预处理系统小ꎬ设备投入成本低ꎮ(２)双塔辅冷制冷循环流程的总能耗低ꎬ低液体工况比单塔制冷循环流程低约２７.１％ꎬ液体工况比单塔制冷循环流程低约３０％ꎮ(３)双塔辅冷制冷循环流程的提取率高ꎬ液体工况比单塔制冷循环流程液体工况高约３１.１％ꎬ低液体工况高约２８％ꎮ双塔辅冷制冷循环流程流程液氮增加的单耗约节能１４.９４％ꎮ４㊀结㊀论此次设计利用双塔精馏加大氧氮的分离程度ꎬ提高氮的提取率ꎬ低液体负荷利用双塔的精馏潜力ꎬ液体工况利用膨胀前压力越高ꎬ膨胀前温度越高ꎬ焓降(制冷量)大的特点ꎬ大大降低两种工况的原料空气量ꎬ从而达到节能降耗的目的ꎮ虽然本设计投资要略高ꎬ但装置系长期运行ꎬ节省运行费用非常可观ꎮ如以上述配套５４００ｍ３液氮贮槽ꎬ日蒸发率０.１５％ꎬ产品液氮气化率按３％考虑ꎬ需１１０天才能灌满ꎬ一罐液氮可节约能耗~５１.８万千瓦ꎬ氮气生产１年按８４００ｈ计算ꎬ约节约能耗１８６０万千瓦ꎮ(１)双塔辅冷制冷循环流程ꎬ其能耗远低于常规单塔制冷循环ꎬ液体工况比常规单塔制冷循环流程ꎬ液体能耗降低约１４.９４％ꎻ配置一大一小两台膨胀机ꎬ使产品产量具有很大的调节性能ꎬ调节灵活ꎬ工况范围覆盖广而且全面ꎮ(２)在同等产量的情况下ꎬ双塔辅冷制冷循环流程的氮提取率更高ꎬ配套机组和预处理系统小ꎬ设备投入成本低ꎮ(３)由于氮提取率的提高ꎬ双塔辅冷制冷循环流程中的再生气含氧量将升高ꎬ但由于是低压低纯氧ꎬ再生气加热器的设计选型及制造上宜采用不锈钢材质ꎬ提高燃点㊁防止内漏等问题ꎬ安全性就可以得到保障ꎮ再生切换阀宜选用阀芯为不锈钢材质ꎬ再生气出口管建议采用不锈钢材质ꎮ参考文献:[１]㊀毛绍融ꎬ朱朔元ꎬ周智勇.现代空分设备技术与操作原理[Ｍ].杭州:杭州出版社ꎬ２０１８.[２]㊀吴其蒙.高纯氮设备流程设计综述[Ｊ].深冷技术ꎬ２００２(２):１５－１９.[３]㊀张金华.高纯氮空分装置浅析[Ｊ].气体分离ꎬ２０１０(５):３６－３７.４７１经验交流㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀２０２０年第３期(第３３卷ꎬ总第１６７期) 机械研究与应用。
利用液氮的低温分离氢气和一氧化碳原理
利用液氮的低温分离氢气和一氧化碳原理1.液氮可以将氢气和一氧化碳分离出来。
Liquid nitrogen can separate hydrogen and carbon monoxide.2.在低温条件下，氢气和一氧化碳会凝结成液态。
Under low temperatures, hydrogen and carbon monoxide will condense into liquid state.3.通过控制温度和压力，可以提高分离效率。
By controlling temperature and pressure, separation efficiency can be improved.4.液氮的低温可以使气体分子减速。
The low temperature of liquid nitrogen can slow down gas molecules.5.这样便于分离和提纯氢气和一氧化碳。
This facilitates the separation and purification of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.6.一些工业过程中需要高纯度的氢气和一氧化碳。
Some industrial processes require high-purity hydrogen and carbon monoxide.7.液氮分离技术可以满足这些要求。
Liquid nitrogen separation technology can meet these requirements.8.它可以帮助工业生产减少杂质和提高产品质量。
It can help industrial production to reduce impurities and improve product quality.9.液氮分离氢气和一氧化碳的原理基于其不同的沸点。
The principle of liquid nitrogen separation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is based on their different boiling points.10.氢气的沸点比一氧化碳低很多。
液氮气化后费用计算
液氮气化后费用计算英文回答：The cost calculation for the vaporization of liquid nitrogen depends on several factors, including the volume of liquid nitrogen being vaporized, the equipment used for vaporization, and the duration of the vaporization process. Let's break down the cost calculation step by step.First, we need to determine the volume of liquid nitrogen being vaporized. This can be measured in liters or kilograms, depending on the unit of measurement used for the liquid nitrogen. For example, if we have 100 liters of liquid nitrogen, we will use this volume for the cost calculation.Next, we need to consider the equipment used for vaporization. There are different methods and equipment available for vaporizing liquid nitrogen, such as cryogenic vaporizers or heat exchangers. The cost of these equipmentcan vary depending on their size, efficiency, and maintenance requirements. Let's say we are using a cryogenic vaporizer that costs $10,000.Now, let's consider the duration of the vaporization process. This can vary depending on the specificapplication and the required rate of vaporization. For example, if it takes 10 hours to vaporize the 100 liters of liquid nitrogen, we will use this duration for the cost calculation.To calculate the cost, we need to consider the electricity consumption of the vaporization equipment. This can be measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) and is usually provided by the equipment manufacturer. Let's assume that the cryogenic vaporizer consumes 5 kWh of electricity per hour.The cost of electricity can vary depending on the location and the electricity provider. Let's assume that the cost of electricity is $0.10 per kWh.To calculate the total cost of vaporization, we can use the following formula:Total Cost = (Volume of Liquid Nitrogen) x (Duration of Vaporization) x (Electricity Consumption per Hour) x (Cost of Electricity)。
液氮冷冻脱气操作流程
液氮冷冻脱气操作流程英文回答：Liquid nitrogen freezing and degassing is a common operation in various industries, especially in the field of food processing and scientific research. It involves the use of liquid nitrogen, which has a boiling point of -196°C, to freeze and remove ga ses from a material or product.The process typically starts with the preparation of the material or product to be frozen and degassed. This can include cleaning, cutting, or any other necessary pre-treatment steps. Once the material is ready, it is placed in a suitable container or vessel that can withstand the extreme cold temperature of liquid nitrogen.Next, the liquid nitrogen is poured into the container, covering the material completely. The container is then sealed to prevent the escape of nitrogen gas. As the liquidnitrogen comes into contact with the material, it rapidly evaporates and creates a freezing environment. Thisfreezing process helps to preserve the quality andfreshness of the material.During the freezing process, gases present in the material are released as they are volatilized by the low temperature. These gases, along with any impurities or contaminants, are trapped in the container. The containeris designed with a vent or valve to allow the gases to escape while preventing the entry of air or moisture.After a certain period of time, the freezing and degassing process is complete. The container is opened, and the material is removed. It is important to handle the material with care, as it may be extremely cold and brittle due to the freezing process.Liquid nitrogen freezing and degassing can be used fora variety of purposes. In the food industry, it is commonly used to freeze fruits, vegetables, and meat products. This helps to extend their shelf life and maintain their quality.In scientific research, it is used to freeze and preserve biological samples, such as cells or tissues, for further analysis or experimentation.中文回答：液氮冷冻脱气是各行各业常见的操作，尤其在食品加工和科学研究领域。
液氮的实验100作文
液氮的实验100作文英文回答：I remember the first time I did an experiment withliquid nitrogen. It was such a cool experience! We were testing the effects of extreme cold on different materials, and I was in charge of freezing a rubber ball. When we poured the liquid nitrogen into the container, it startedto boil and produce a lot of fog, which was really awesometo see. Then, when I dropped the rubber ball into theliquid nitrogen, it instantly became super brittle and shattered into pieces. It was like magic! The extreme cold temperature of the liquid nitrogen caused the rubber tolose its flexibility and become extremely fragile. It was a really fun and eye-opening experiment.中文回答：我还记得第一次用液氮做实验的时候。
那真是一个很酷的经历！我们当时在测试极端低温对不同材料的影响，而我负责冻结一个橡胶球。
当我们把液氮倒入容器时，它开始沸腾并产生大量的雾气，看起来真的很棒。
然后，当我把橡胶球放入液氮中时，它立刻变得非常脆弱并且碎成了碎片。
就像魔术一样！液氮的极端低温使橡胶失去了弹性，变得极其脆弱。
液氮气化器 英语介绍
液氮气化器英语介绍Liquid nitrogen vaporizerThe liquid nitrogen vaporizer is a device used to convert liquid nitrogen into its gaseous form. It is commonly utilized in a variety of industries such as healthcare, food processing, and scientific research.This vaporizer plays a crucial role in the storage and transportation of liquid nitrogen. As liquid nitrogen is stored at extremely low temperatures, it needs to be converted into a gas form before it can be used for various applications. The vaporizer facilitates this conversion process by transferring heat to the liquid nitrogen, causing it to evaporate and convert into a gas.The vaporizer is designed with heat exchange coils that are responsible for transferring heat to the liquid nitrogen. This heat can be sourced from various heat transfer mediums such as water, air, or electrical heating elements. By applying heat, the vaporizer increases the temperature of the liquid nitrogen, causing it to transition into its gaseous state.One of the key advantages of using a liquid nitrogen vaporizer is its ability to efficiently convert liquid nitrogen into gas while controlling the gas pressure and temperature. This ensures that the gas can be safely and effectively used in different applications without any disruptions or hazards.Additionally, the vaporizer is equipped with safety features to prevent any leakage or excessive pressure buildup. This includespressure relief valves and temperature sensors that monitor and regulate the operation of the vaporizer.In conclusion, the liquid nitrogen vaporizer is an essential device for converting liquid nitrogen into its gaseous form. It plays a vital role in various industries where the use of gaseous nitrogen is required. The vaporizer efficiently converts liquid nitrogen while maintaining safety measures, ensuring its widespread usage in numerous applications.。
液氮科学实验观后感
液氮科学实验观后感英文回答：When I watched the scientific experiment with liquid nitrogen, I was amazed by the incredible properties and effects of this substance. Liquid nitrogen is a colorless and odorless liquid that is extremely cold, with a boiling point of -196 degrees Celsius. It is commonly used in scientific research, medical applications, and even culinary arts.One of the most fascinating aspects of liquid nitrogen is its ability to freeze objects almost instantly. I witnessed the experimenter dip a rose into a container filled with liquid nitrogen, and within seconds, the rose became brittle and could be shattered with a gentle tap. This rapid freezing process is due to the extremely low temperature of liquid nitrogen, which causes the water content in the rose to freeze and form ice crystals. This phenomenon is often used in cryogenics to preservebiological materials, such as cells and tissues.Another interesting demonstration involved the use of liquid nitrogen to create a cloud. The experimenter poured a small amount of liquid nitrogen into a container and then added hot water. As the liquid nitrogen rapidly evaporated, it mixed with the hot water vapor, creating a dense cloud that billowed out of the container. This effect occurs because the liquid nitrogen rapidly cools the surrounding air, causing the water vapor to condense and form visible droplets.Furthermore, I learned that liquid nitrogen can be used to create a variety of delicious treats. By pouring liquid nitrogen into a mixture of cream, sugar, and flavorings, the mixture can be instantly frozen, resulting in a smooth and creamy ice cream. This method is often used in molecular gastronomy to create unique and visually appealing desserts.中文回答：当我观看液氮科学实验时，我对这种物质的令人难以置信的性质和效果感到惊讶。
两种油溶性离子液体与进口添加剂的摩擦学性能对比
第52卷第6期表面技术2023年6月SURFACE TECHNOLOGY·223·两种油溶性离子液体与进口添加剂的摩擦学性能对比李飞舟1，杨朝钊1,2，郭便1，梁依经2，周康3，吕会英3，范丰奇3，黄卿3，于强亮2，蔡美荣2，周峰2（1.宝鸡文理学院 机械工程学院，陕西 宝鸡 721016；2.中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所 固体润滑国家重点实验室，兰州 730000；3.中国石油兰州润滑油研究开发中心，兰州 730060）摘要：目的对比研究合成的油溶性离子液体（IL）N/P、P/P与传统极压抗磨添加剂IR 349、IR 353和FM 3606对85W/90 GL–5齿轮油摩擦学性能的影响。
方法以IL和传统极压抗磨剂为添加剂，加剂量为1%，在85W/90基础上制备5种润滑剂，空白样85W/90作为对照，通过同步热分析仪测试其热分解温度，采用点面往复摩擦形式在SRV–Ⅳ摩擦机上对其减摩抗磨性能进行研究，采用四球摩擦机测试其极压承载能力。
通过环境扫描电子显微镜（ESEM）、三维轮廓扫描仪、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对各润滑剂润滑后对应的磨斑进行微观形貌表征并对其元素组成进行分析。
结果IL的加入在很大程度上提高了85W/90的热分解温度。
在50 ℃条件下，含有IL添加剂的齿轮油表现出更为优异的减摩抗磨性能，在150 ℃条件下，含IL添加剂的齿轮油与含传统极压抗磨剂的齿轮油抗磨性能相当，而前者减摩性能更为优异。
极压承载能力测试表明，所合成的IL在一定程度上改善了85W/90的油膜强度。
根据XPS分析结果推测，IL添加剂在外界应力（热应力、机械应力）下分解后，与金属表面反应并生成具有良好润滑效果的边界薄膜。
结论2种油溶性IL可明显改善齿轮油的摩擦学性能，可部分替代一系列进口添加剂，为后续进一步发展绿色、高性能润滑添加剂提供了一定思路，但IL的润滑机制仍值得深入探讨。
关键词：油溶性离子液体；润滑添加剂；85W/90 GL–5齿轮油；热稳定性；减摩抗磨；润滑机理中图分类号：TH117 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2023)06-0223-12DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2023.06.019Comparison of Tribological Performance between TwoOil-soluble Ionic Liquids and Imported AdditivesLI Fei-zhou1, YANG Zhao-zhao1,2, GUO Bian1, LIANG Yi-jing2, ZHOU Kang3, LYU Hui-ying3, FAN Feng-qi3, HUANG Qing3, YU Qiang-liang2, CAI Mei-rong2, ZHOU Feng2收稿日期：2022–05–06；修订日期：2022–09–29Received：2022-05-06；Revised：2022-09-29基金项目：国家自然科学基金（52075524）；陕西省教育厅项目（21Jk0482）；研究生创新科研项目（YJSCX22ZD07）Fund：National Natural Science Foundation of China (52075524); Shaanxi Provincial Education Department Project (21Jk0482); Innovative Research Project for Graduate Students (YJSCX22ZD07)作者简介：李飞舟（1974—），男，博士，教授，主要研究方向为钛合金的摩擦与润滑机械零件的设计与有限元分析。
低温制冷英语
低温制冷英语Low-temperature refrigeration is an essential process in various industries, including food storage, chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, and medical research. It involves the use of specialized equipment and techniques to maintain temperatures below freezing point, typically ranging from -50°C to -196°C.One of the most common methods of low-temperature refrigeration is the use of cryogenic fluids such as liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, or liquid carbon dioxide. These fluids have extremely low boiling points, allowing them to absorb large amounts of heat and cool the surrounding environment.Another popular technique is the use of mechanical refrigeration systems, which utilize compressors, condensers, and evaporators to create a cycle of cooling. These systemscan achieve temperatures as low as -80°C or even lower, depending on the design and specifications.In industries where precise temperature control is required, cascading refrigeration systems are often used. These systems consist of multiple stages of refrigeration, each operating at different temperature levels, to achieve the desired low temperatures with high efficiency.Low-temperature refrigeration is crucial for preserving perishable goods such as food, vaccines, and biological samples. By maintaining low temperatures, these products can be stored for extended periods without the risk of spoilage or degradation.In medical research and healthcare, low-temperature refrigeration plays a vital role in the storage of biological materials, organs, and pharmaceuticals. Cryogenic freezers and ultra-low temperature freezers are commonly used to keepthese sensitive materials at optimal temperatures for long-term storage.Furthermore, low-temperature refrigeration is alsoutilized in the production of semiconductors, superconductors, and other advanced materials that require precise temperature control during processing. By maintaining stable and low temperatures, manufacturers can ensure the quality and performance of their products.Overall, low-temperature refrigeration is anindispensable technology that enables a wide range ofindustries to operate efficiently and effectively. With ongoing advancements in refrigeration systems and techniques, the capabilities of low-temperature cooling continue to expand, opening up new possibilities for scientific research, industrial applications, and product innovation.。