language acquisition(第六组)

10.6 Atypical Development
10.4 language environment and the Critical Period Hypothesis
Two factors of language acquisition : The linguistic environment (a major role, essential)
10.5.2 Vocabulary development
There is no clear line between a child's babbing and speech. Most children produce their first words such as "papa","dada" and "nana" typical between the age of nine and twelve months. It used to be thought that adults determined sounds babies made. Now it is believed adult can increase the amount of a baby's babbling by paying attention to the sounds, they can't change the sounds he or she makes.
Stages in Child Language Development
Language Development Stages: 12-18 months: The one-word stage (“milk, cup, what’s that”) 2 years : The two-word stage (“baby chair”, “cat bad”) 2-3 years :Telegraphic speech (“cat drink milk”) 3-4 years: Inflectional morphemes and the marking of regular plurals are acquired (“cat sitting”) ----overgeneralization (“foots”, “mans”) Semantics ---overextension (“ball”) 5 years: Language acquired (“critical period”)
Lexical contrast and prototype theories are also proposed to explain how children acquire their vocabulary or lexicon.
＠The lexical contrast theory holds that children
over-entension
over-entension happens when a child takes a property of an odject and generalizes it. It is likely to occur later rather than immediately following the acquisition of a word. Over-entension is based on both the extension of categories or analogies extension of family resemblances
The strong version Children must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure. The weak version Language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty
have conventional words for things.
＠The prototype theory believes that children
may begin a word with a prototype and extend its features later.
10.5.3 Grammatical development
The results show that the native signers outperform both the early signers and the laters signers and were highly consistent in their use of the grammatical forms
10.5.1 phnological development
children are born with an ability to discrimination and produce sounds, and their acuisition of sounds is universal across all culture and language. The child must pass each stage before he can process to the next one. For example, the presence of palatal and velar sounds presupposes the presence of labials and dentals. But the presence of labials and dentals does not imply the presence of palatal and velar sounds. Similarily the three basic vowels[i:] [u:] [a:] form a minimum vowel system for the language of the world.
The most obvious fact about vocabulary development is that it goes hand-in-hand with the child's knowledge of the environment. When the child learns a word, he learns not only how to pronounce the word but also the meaning of each form is different in meaning from every other form. In other words, he must learn the features of meanig associated with each word.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Four features of meaning: 1) Under-extension
2) Over-extension
3) Lexical Contrast
4) Prototype theory
Under-extension
Children do not learn the meaning of a word "all at once". When a child learns a new word, he may well under-extend it or overextend it. For example, birds are animals is a common denial that among very young children
The age (works successfully only when it is stimulated time)
at the right
CPH 关键期假说 (Critical Period Hypothesis )
Two versions of the CPH
（ proposed by Montreal neurologist Wilder Penfield and co-author L. Roberts in 1959）
A critical period for first language acquisition
On three groups of deaf sign users： Native signers who were born to deaf parents and exposed to sign language from birth Early learners who were first exposed to American Sign Language (ASL) at the age of 4 to 6 at school Later learners whose first exposure to ASL began after the age of 12
Chapter 10 Language acquisition-II
PPT制作： PPT演讲：
汪敏
蔡露娟
李春晖
高露露
王燕妮
Chapter 10 Language acquisition-II
10.4 Language Environment and the Critical Period Hypothesis 10.5 Stages in Child Language Development
such as clocks extended both to bracelet and to the sound of dripping of water, which sounds like tick,tick,tick.
Example, the word "Daddy" At the very beginning a young child calls all adult "Daddy". In this case "Daddy" has the meaning feature[+Adult]. If the child calls all men "Daddy", and refers to women in some other way, we can say that for him "Daddy" means {+Adult} {+Male} Later the child will acquire the conventional meaning of "Daddy" {+Adult} {+Male} {+parent} and in speech he will formally distinguish his father from all other adult male.
telegraphic speech stage
At approximately age 2, children enter the TwoWord Stage of language development. During this stage they exhibit telegraphic speech, which is speech that sounds very much like a telegram, has words arranged in an order that makes sense, and contains almost all nouns and verbs. For example, a child at this stage of development who wants to get milk may say "get milk", as opposed to saying just "milk".