Sublist 1
AWL词汇Sublist1解读
Sublist 1Word BuildingThe following prefixes and roots are involved in some words of this section.Words*require vt. 需要, 要求【构词分析】：由re-（再，又）+ quire（寻求，寻找）构成。
【习惯用法】：require sth. of sb. 对某人有...的要求require sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事【同义辨析】：require和demand都有“要求”的意思。
demand 的含义是“强烈要求”；如果主语是人，这个词的含义可以解释为“据权要求”；如果主语是物，这个词的含义可以解释为“需要”或“要求”。
e.g. This workdemands patience. 这种工作要求有耐心。
require 的确切含义是“对所要求的事”要绝对服从，或者说这种“要求”带有法律或规章的强迫性。
e.g. The course requires you to know English. 这门课程要求你懂英语。
注：demand和require引导的宾语从句用虚拟语气。
e.g. The university requires that students taking the coursewrite a course paper in addition to the written exam.【同族词】：requirement n. 需求, 要求, 必要条件, 需要的东西, 要求必备的条件*income n.收入，收益【构词分析】：由in-（向内）+ come（来）构成，意为“进来的东西”，即“收入”。
【常见搭配】：1. 常见动词搭配e.g. derive (draw, obtain, secure) a large income（正式）得到大笔的收入He has earned /made a big income via internet.他在网上挣得大笔收入2. 常见形容词搭配e.g. an annual (weekly, monthly, yearly) income年(一周的，月)收入a gross (total, real, net) 总(总，实际，纯)收入a large (comfortable, handsome(正式), liberal) income丰厚的收入a low (small) income低收入property income财产所得royalty income版税section n. 部分；部门；阶层；界；（文章等的）段落，章节；（条文的）款项；截面；块，片【常见搭配】：a residential (downtown, industrial) section of the city城市的住宅（商业，工业）区a(n) personnel (accounting, administration, finance, general,health, information, inspection, secretarial, statistics, supplies)of a company公司的人事（会计，管理，财物，总务，为生，情报，监察，秘书，统计，供应）科（股，处，部门）a brass (percussion, string, woodwind) section铜管（打击，弦，木管）乐器组the news (business, classified, financial, sports, travel)section of a newspaper 报纸的新闻（商务，分类广告，金融，体育，旅游）版（栏）a cross（oblique, longitudinal (vertical), horizontal）section横截(斜剖, 纵剖, 水平剖)面a section in the Food and Drugs Act食品与药物管理条例的一个条款sections 1-5 of Chapter II of your textbook课本第二章第一至五节a section of the railway铁路段a section of a fruit水果(柑橘的)瓣structure 1.n. 结构, 构造，建筑物【常见搭配】：a complicated (loose, firm, solid)structure复杂（松散，坚实）的结构a(n) deep (intermediate, surface) structure 深（中，表）层结构a single-(two-)story structure单（两）层楼建筑物a public structure公共建筑物hierarchical social structure社会等级制度inner (interior, internal) structure内部结构integral structure整体结构political structure政治体系the structure of human body 人体构造2. vt.建筑, 构成, 组织e.g. structure a teaching program 拟订教学大纲structure one’s day对一天进行安排【同族词】：structural a.结构的，建筑的policy n. 方针，政策；*保险单【常见搭配】： 1. 常见形容词搭配a broad policy大方针a cheap-money policy低利率，低息货币政策a clear (clear-cut) policy明确的政策a constructive (destructive) policy有建设性（破坏性）的政策a domestic (home) policy国内政策an embargo (exclusion, expansionary) policy 禁运（闭关，经济扩张）政策a(n) established (set) policy既定的方针a fiscal （monetary, banking, financial）policy财政（货币，金融）政策a foreign trade policy 对外贸易政策a flexible (rigid) policy灵活的，刻板的政策a give-and-take policy平等交换的政策a guiding (governing) policy指导方针a poor (bad) policy不智之举a safe (temperate) policy 稳健(温和)的政策a blanket (master)总保险单a shipment policy装运保险单an all-risk policy全险保单，综合险保单an extended policy延期保险单an honor policy信用保险单2. 常见动词搭配adhere to (continue) a policy坚持（继续）执行一方针adjust the policy调整政策adopt (apply, employ) a policy采取政策carry out (execute（正式)，implement, put into effect) a policy贯彻，执行政策endorse (approve) a policyformulate (frame)制定政策further a policy推行政策pursue (follow) a policy奉行政策revoke (reject, suspend) a policy取消（驳回，暂时取消）一项政策violate a policy违反政策issue (write up) a policy 写出保险单take a policy加入保险take out a policy on one’s life投人寿保险surrender one’s policy for cash交还保险单取得退保金注：policy常可作为名词定语, 如：policy statements政策声明policy issues政策事宜policy-holder投保人economy n.经济；节约，节省【常见搭配】：1. 常见形容词搭配a planned economy计划经济free-market economy自由市场经济the barter economy以物易物的经济close (open) economy 闭关自守（开放）的经济collective (individual, small-producer, state-owned)economy集体（个体，小生产者，国营）经济diversified economy多种经营economy of scale规模经济economy of fuel 节约燃料economy class经济舱2. 常见动词搭配plan our national economy规划我们的国民经济practice (exercise, use) economy实行节约【同族词】：economics n.经济学economic a.经济学的，经济上的economical a.节约的e.g. an economical housewife 节俭的主妇process 1. n. 过程, 作用, 方法, 程序, 步骤, 进行, 推移【习惯用法】：in (during) the process of在…过程中【常见搭配】：1.常见形容词搭配a complicated (lengthy, long) process复杂（漫长）的过程a gradual (slow) process逐步（慢慢）的过程a industrial (manufacturing, technical) process工业（制造，工艺）过程a sifting-out process筛选法basic (essential) process基本（必要）过程due process of law法定手续the weeding-out process淘汰法2.常见动词搭配accelerate (hasten, speed up) the process加快进程develop (devise, invent) a process of 研制（发明）…制作方法perfect a new process完善一种新工艺facilitate (simplify) the process简化手续2. vt. 加工, 处理e.g. process cheese加工奶酪process ore to obtain minerals加工矿石获取矿物质【同族词】：processing n.加工processor n.处理器*research n.研究, 调查【构词分析】：由re-（反复）+ search（寻找）构成。
（完整版）AWL-Sublist1
（完整版）AWL-Sublist1V ocabulary Exercises for the Academic Word ListSublist 1 – ExercisesExercise 1aExercise 1b1. He did an _______________ of the way children learn language for hisMaster's thesis.analysis2. He was arrested for drunk driving because he had drunk more than the _______________ limit of alcohol. legal3. The culture of the United States is quite _______________ to that of Canada.similar 4. The Canadian _______________ is largely based on natural resources.economy5. Environmental pollution seems to be an important _______________ inthe increase in cancers all over the world.factor6. The apartment will be _______________ on June first.available7. The young popstar became famous while still in high school after winninga _______________ with a major record label.contract8. Your continued lateness for class _______________ to me that you are notreally a very serious student.indicates9. Living in Berlin during the _______________ when the Berlin Wall wastorn down was an unforgettable experience.period10. Some _______________ into second language learning suggests that oralfluency may increase with moderate amounts of alcohol.research1. There are wind-surfers and kayaks _______________ for rent at the lake. available2. The planet Mars has a surface which is somewhat _______________ tothat of our moon.similar3. It could take weeks to _______________ all the data, but when we do, theanalyze4. Spencer's father is doing _______________ into the melting of the polarice cap in the Arctic.research5. The boss was really excited when he heard we had won the _______________.contract6. Here in British Columbia, it is not _______________ to sell cigarettes topeople under the age of sixteen.legalExercise 1cExercise 2a7. The low number of people attending the lecture is a clear _______________ of lack of interest in the topic. indication8. Alcohol was a major _______________ in a car accident which claimedthree lives over the weekend.factor9. Canada's _______________ growth has been quite consistent for the lastfew years.economic10. Canada went through a _______________ of economic prosperity in the1950s.period1. _______________ of water is vital to all plant and animal life.availability2. We need to find a more _______________ way to manufacture ourproducts because our profit margin is too low.economical3. Warmer than average weather was the deciding _______________ inour decision to postpone our ski trip.factor4. Interest in the planet Mars has greatly increased since_______________ of water raised the possibility that life in some form may have evolved there.indications 5. Music downloaders are questioning the _______________ of file sharing, claiming the law is unclear on the matter.illegality 6. Meetings will be held _______________ for the members of the project to discuss their progress.research 8. We are _______________ obliged to deal with this firm.contractually9. The DNA of chimpanzees shows a remarkable _______________ tothat of humans.similarity10. At the end of a research project, the researcher is normally faced with lots of observations which need to be_______________.analyzed1. One of the _______________ of studying English in Victoria is thatyou have the opportunity to speak English outside of class. Benefits2. The cat slowly _______________ the bush where the mouse was hiding.Approached 3. A department store spokesman says that their new outlet will _______________ more than 75 permanent jobs in the city.CreateExercise 2bExercise 2c4. The government recently passed _______________ which prohibitstobacco advertising at sporting events.legislation5. There are many things you can do in your everyday life to help protectthe _______________, such as recycling or riding a bicycle. environment6. The _______________ of the river is somewhere in the mountains.source7. You must _______________ to our offer within 30 days or it will bewithdrawn.respond8. The government has announced a special program to help _______________ new small businesses.finance9. It is the _______________ of our government that no one should bewithout food or shelter.policy10. The oldest _______________ to win a medal in the Olympics wasOscar Swahn, who won a silver medal in shooting at the age of 72.individual1. The government is offering more programs which _______________benefit2. She _______________ her boss about getting a raise.approached3. Celebrities generally receive so much fan mail that it is impossible to_______________ to each and every letter personally.respond4. Victoria is generally a safe and friendly _______________ for foreignstudents to study in.environment5. My father's company has been experiencing some _______________difficulties, so they are going to have to lay off some staff. financial6. Many people the world over are urging governments to pass _______________ limiting the development of new cloning technologies.legislation 7. In the past 5 years, this government has _______________ 15 new major parks in the province.created8. The refund _______________ at this store allows you to return itemsfor a credit, but not for cash.policy9. The main _______________ of jobs for teenagers in Victoria duringthe summertime is the tourist industry.source10. Do you believe that _______________ rights are more important than the collective rights of society?individualExercise 3a1. Some doctors suggest that taking vitamin pills is not really very _______________ to our health.beneficial 2. The native people of our province have many wonderful legends regarding the _______________ of our world. creation3. The major _______________ issue in Fiji is how to dispose of wastematerials in a responsible manner.environmental4. At Computaschools, we offer _______________ learning programsthat fit your needs, and let you progress at your own rate.individualized5. Denise and I have very different _______________ to the job, but Ithink we are both quite successful in what we do.6. Children in Canada generally become _______________ independent of their parents in their 20s. financially7. The _______________ of this company is that either parent can takea six-month paid leave after the birth of a child.policy8. The government is considering _______________ the striking nurses back to work.legislating 9. Wind is now the world's fastest growing _______________ of power.source10. In _______________ to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistanconducted its own tests in 1998.response1. The old woman couldn't speak English, so her grandchildren had to _______________ for her. interpret2. For very young children, the _______________ of truth and lies are notvery clear.concepts3. The English Language Program at the University of Victoria was _______________ in May of 1987. established4. Our society supposedly believes in the _______________ of equalityfor all.principle5. We will need to examine a lot more _______________ before we canmake any conclusions.data6. They want to build a new shopping mall in an _______________ whichis presently forest.area7. Smoking is a _______________ cause of cancer.major 8. Doctors are as yet unsure what _______________ diet plays in the development of the disease. roleExercise 3bExercise 3c9. Coca-Cola has a secret _______________ for its beverage that is onlyknown to a small group of people.formula10. I don't know what you mean. Can you be a bit more _______________about what problems your car is having?specific1. Under the Soviet system, the economy of Georgia was run on socialist_______________, such as public ownership of the means of production. principles2. The _______________ of an arranged marriage is almost totally unknown in this country.concept 3. Gasoline has no _______________ freezing point; it freezes at any temperature between -180 and -240 degrees Fahrenheit.specific4. The police have not yet been able to _______________ the cause of deathfor a man who was found floating in the river.establish5. We had to memorize about 20 different _______________ for the mathtest.formulas6. The country covers a total _______________ of over 1,725 square kilometres.area 7. The world's _______________ rainforests are located in South and Central America, and in South-east Asia. major8. Jefferson has a largely defensive _______________ to play on the team,and is not known for scoring.role9. Heinrich W. Brandes made the first weather map in 1815, based on _______________ gathered in 1783.data10. We need an accountant to _______________ our financial statements. interpret1. Very young children _______________ ideas of depth, height andsize in different ways from adults.conceptualize2. Guatemala is the only country in the world where American Indiansare a _______________.majority3. The _______________ of a U.N. peacekeeping force was supposedto reduce the number of conflicts internationally.establishment4. Varying _______________ of the Bible have resulted in the creation of many different religious groups within Christianity. interpretationsroleExercise 4aExercise 4b6. The oranguatan obviously spent a lot of time and effort _______________ his plan for escape from the zoo. formulating7. This is the first time that a political party has done advertising _______________ aimed at minority voters. specifically8. In April of 1978, Afghanistan's armed forces seized power, and established a government based on Islamic _______________. principles9. There is a large play _______________ for the children near the entrance to the housing complex.area 10. Analysis of _______________ is a difficult and complicated process.data1. We will use the first week of classes to _______________ your speakingability.assess2. The test will _______________ of a series of true or false questions andtwo essay questions.consist3. Nick's job as a salesman _______________ a lot of travelling around theprovince.involves4. The traditional family _______________ has undergone a great many changes in the last few decades, due to the increase in the divorce rate. structure5. The _______________ of the heart is to pump blood throughout the body. function6. The grammar notes appear in the back _______________ of the book. section7. His _______________ for the renovations to our house was $2,250.estimate8. Attention passengers on flight 514 to Honolulu. Please _______________to gate 33 where your plane is now boarding.proceed9. It can be quite difficult to clearly _______________ abstract ideas such aslove or friendship.define10. I don't think hitting children is a very effective _______________ of teaching them anything.method1. I still don't even know how to use half the _______________ of this computer program.functions2. The polar bear's diet _______________ almost entirely of seals and fish. consistssmall children has been very successful.methodExercise 4c4. Fever is usually _______________ as an oral temperature above 37.4 degrees.defined 5. The value of his art collection has been _______________ at over $200,000.assessed6. The first _______________ of the New York City subway was opened in1900 after four years of work.section7. At an _______________ population of 40 million, there are more thantwice as many kangaroos as people in Australia.estimated8. In August 1990, about 15,000 vehicles were _______________ in the biggest traffic jam in Japan's history. involved 9. After loading our skis and bags, we _______________ onto the bus.proceeded10. The eye of an octopus is very similar in _______________ to the humaneye.structure1. She is very slow and _______________ in her work, but she certainly does an excellent job.methodical2. The power station should be fully _______________ by the end ofthe year.functional3. The company is required to do an _______________ of theenvironmental damage that would be done to the area before beginning the project.assessment 4. The boys' suppers for the three days they went camping together _______________ of hamburgers, chocolate bars and potato chips.consisted5. Research shows that people usually _______________ the amountof time it will take them to learn a second language.underestimate6. The government has said that construction of the factory will not beallowed to _______________ until changes are made to reduce the impact on the environment.proceed 7. The island of Cyprus is divided into two _______________: Greekand Turkish.8. The police have as yet no proof of his _______________ in the robbery.involvement 9 . According to anthropologists, there appears to be a universal _______________ of human beauty. definition 10. The building suffered significant _______________ damage during the earthquake.structuralExercise 5aExercise 5b1. The police freed a suspected murderer because they didn't have enough_______________ to charge him.evidence2. It is important to learn a _______________ which will help you to guessthe meaning of new vocabulary from context.process3. When you didn't come to work I just _______________ that you weresick.assumed4. Many words in English are _______________ from French. derived5. The woman was unable to _______________ the man who stole her purse because it had been too dark at the time of the robbery. identify6. The accident _______________ about 9:00 this morning.occurred7. Canada's aboriginal population _______________ a small but importantpart of our country.constitutes8. An important _______________ under discussion in the world of sporttoday is the participation of professional athletes in the Olympic Games.issue9. Many _______________ now believe that vocabulary development iseven more important than grammar study for second language learners.theorists10. Jobs in the tourism _______________ have risen by over 5% this year. sector1. About 16% of Americans work in the manufacturing _______________. sector2. Current _______________ trace our first human ancestor to Africa about5 to 7 million years ago.theories3. Bananas and coffee together _______________ almost 38% of Costa Rica's export earnings.4. One can _______________ some important conclusions using the resultsof a proper set of experiments.derive5. He doesn't have enough _______________ to support his theories just yet.evidence6. Our response to the controversial social _______________ of our timewill determine our future.issues7. The music which the world _______________ with Argentina is the music of the tango.identifies8. It will take a least a month to _______________ your application for avisa.process9. Many people seem to _______________ that Canadians are just the same assumeExercise 5cExercise 6aas Americans.10. Earthquakes _______________ in the world about once every hour.occur1. The president has resigned, and the country is in the middle of a _______________ crisis.constitutional 2. The notion of the Big Bang _______________ that the universe began as a huge explosion of matter. theorizes3. A large percentage of the population of Paraguay _______________their living from agricultural activity.derives4. The body of the person killed in the fire was so badly burned that itwas _______________.unidentifiable5. There is some _______________ that a diet high in broccoli and cabbage reduces a woman's risk for breast cancer. evidence6. The union is _______________ notices that there may be a strike asearly as next week.issuing7. The data can be _______________ by computer in a matter of seconds.processed 8. Unless safety procedures are improved immediately, an accident could easily _______________.reoccur9. We shouldn't make any _______________ until we have heard fromeveryone involved in the incident.assumptions10. Tourism has been the biggest growth _______________ in the Greek economy since the 1970s. sector1. Management is meeting with _______________ to begin discussions ona new contract.labour2. He is a well-known _______________ on the language used by bees tocommunicate the location of food.authority3. Could you please _______________ the answer sheets while I hand outthe tests?distribute4. The amount of rain we receive _______________ from year to year ofcourse, but this year has been very dry.varies5. Vocabulary is generally easier to understand if you look at it in _______________.contextExercise 6bExercise 6c6. This airline seat-sale _______________ you to book your ticket at leasta month in advance.requires7. We have noticed a _______________ improvement in Teddy's attitudesince you had a talk with him.significant8. I think that the _______________ of students that have to repeat a levelin this program is usually about 25% or less.percentage9. In the future, Canada will be under great pressure to _______________fresh water to the United States.export10. It is generally quite difficult to raise a family on a single_______________ in Canada today, so very often both parents work full-time.income1. One's values should be viewed in the _______________ of one's culture. context2. Every Christmas, she works hard to _______________ food and blankets to the homeless.distribute3. The diet of brown bears _______________ depending on what foods areavailable in that particular season or habitat.varies4. Oman's economy is based on petroleum, which accounts for 99 percentof _______________ revenues.export5. Studies show that women are much less likely than men to occupy positions of _______________ at work. authority6. Visas are not _______________ for Americans who plan to stay in England for less than three months. required7. Our family _______________ was lower than usual last year becausemy wife quit work in August to have our baby.income8. Huang and van Naerssen have found that reading outside class is themost _______________ predictor of speaking ability in a second language. significant9. She invests a certain _______________ of her earnings in the stock market each month.percentage 10. The _______________ of weeding the garden was too much for his weak back.labour1. You have to _______________ the remark in the overall discussion tofully understand what was meant.contextualize2. I'm not allowed to _______________ any purchases. You'll have to authorizetalk to my boss.3. The _______________ of raw logs to Asia and the U.S. continues toexportation be one of this province's most important industries.4. Highly unequal income _______________ remains a serious problemdistribution in Brazil.5. Denmark has the highest rate of _______________ tax in the world,incomeat 68%.6. Inflation has risen by less than 1 _______________ this year. percent7. Obviously, one of the first _______________ to be a firefighter is that requirements you be in excellent physical shape.8. Her English improved _______________ after she got a Canadian significantly boyfriend.9. He works as a _______________ on a roadbuilding crew for the city. labourer10. This restaurant has a wonderful buffet with dishes fromvarious_______________ countries.。
英语论文常用学术英语单词
百度文库 - 让每个人平等地提升自我Most Frequent Words of the Academic Word Listby SublistSublist 1 of the Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in FamiliesThis sublist contains the most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.analysis approach area assessment assume authority available benefit concept consistent constitutional context contract createdata definition derived distribution economic environment established estimate evidence exportfactors financial formula function identified income indicate individual interpretation involved issues labourlegal legislation major methodoccurpercent periodpolicy principle procedure process required research responserolesectionsector significant similar source specific structure theory variablesSublist 2 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in FamiliesThis sublist contains the second most frequent words in the Academic Word List from the Academic Corpus.achieve acquisition administration affect appropriate aspects assistance categories chapter commission community complex computer conclusion conduct consequences construction consumercreditculturaldesign distinction elements equation evaluation featuresfinalfocusimpactinjuryinstitute investmentitemsjournal maintenance normalobtained participation perceived positive potential previous primary purchase range region regulations relevant resident resources restricted security sought selectsite strategies surveytext traditional transferSublist 3 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in FamiliesThis sublist contains the third most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.alternative circumstances comments compensation components consent considerable constant constraints contribution convention coordinationcorecorporate corresponding criteriadeduction demonstrate document dominant emphasisensureexcluded frameworkfunds illustrated immigration impliesinitialinstance interaction justificationlayerlinklocationmaximum minorities negative outcomes partnership philosophy physical proportion published reaction registered reliance removed scheme sequencesexshiftspecified sufficienttasktechnical techniques technology validity volumeSublist 4 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in FamiliesThis sublist contains the fourth most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.accessadequateannualapparent approximated attitudesattributedcivilcodecommitment communication concentration conferencecontrastcycledebatedespite dimensions domesticemergederrorethnicgoalsgrantedhencehypothesis implementation implications imposedintegrationinternal investigationjoblabelmechanismobvious occupational optionoutput overall parallel parameters phase predicted principal prior professional project promote regime resolution retained series statistics status stress subsequent sum summary undertakenSublist 5 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesacademic adjustment alter amendment aware capacity challenge clause compounds conflict consultation contact decline discretion draft enable energy enforcement entities equivalent evolution expansion exposure external facilitate fundamental generated generation image liberal licence logic marginal medical mental modified monitoring network notion objective orientation perspective precise prime psychology pursue ratio rejected revenue stability styles substitution sustainable symbolic target transition trend version welfare whereasSublist 6 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesabstract accurate acknowledged aggregate allocation assigned attached authorbondbrief capablecited cooperative discrimination display diversity domain edition enhanced estate exceed expert explicit federalfees flexibility furthermore gender ignored incentive incidence incorporated index inhibition initiatives input instructions intelligence interval lecture migration minimum ministry motivation neutral nevertheless overseas preceding presumption rational recovery revealed scope subsidiary tapestrace transformation transport underlying utilitySublist 7 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesadaptation adults advocateaidchannel chemical classical comprehensive comprise confirmed contrary converted couple decades definitedeny differentiation disposal dynamic eliminate empirical equipment extractfilefinite foundation globalgrade guarantee hierarchical identical ideology inferred innovation insert intervention isolated mediamode paradigm phenomenon priority prohibited publication quotation release reverse simulation solely somewhat submitted successive survive thesistopic transmission ultimately unique visible voluntarySublist 8 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesabandon accompanied accumulation ambiguous appendix appreciation arbitrary automatically biaschartclarity conformity commodity complement contemporary contradiction crucial currency denote detected deviation displacement dramatic eventually exhibit exploitation fluctuations guidelines highlighted implicit induced inevitably infrastructure inspection intensity manipulation minimised nuclear offset paragraph plus practitioners predominantly prospect radical random reinforced restore revision schedule tension termination theme thereby uniform vehiclevia virtually widespread visualSublist 9 of Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesaccommodation analogous anticipated assuranceattainedbehalfbulkceasescoherence coincide commenced incompatible concurrent confined controversy converselydevicedevoted diminished distorted/distortion - equal figures durationerosionethicalformatfoundedinherentinsightsintegral intermediate manualmaturemediationmediummilitaryminimalmutualnormsoverlappassiveportion preliminary protocol qualitative refine relaxed restraints revolution rigidroute scenario sphere subordinate supplementary suspended team temporary trigger unified violation visionSublist 10 of the Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Families This sublist contains the least frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus.adjacentalbeitassemblycollapsecolleaguescompiledconceivedconvinceddepressionencounteredenormousforthcominginclinationintegrityintrinsicinvokedlevylikewisenonethelessnotwithstandingoddongoingpanelpersistentposedreluctantso-calledstraightforwardundergowhereby10。
英语专四练习sublist 1 exercise with keys
Sublist 1Exercise 1period legal available contract research analysis similar indicate factor economy1.He did an _______________ of the way children learn language for his Master's thesis.analysis2. He was arrested for drunk driving because he had drunk more than the_______________ limit of alcohol. legal3. The culture of the United States is quite _______________ to that of Canada. similar4. The Canadian _______________ is largely based on natural resources. economy5. Environmental pollution seems to be an important _______________ in the increase incancers all over the world. factor6.The apartment will be _______________ on June first. available7. The young popstar became famous while still in high school after winning a_______________ with a major record label. contract8. Your continued lateness for class _______________ to me that you are not really a veryserious student. indicates9. Living in Berlin during the _______________ when the Berlin Wall was torn down wasan unforgettable experience. period10.. Some _______________ into second language learning suggests that oral fluency may increase with moderate amounts of alcohol. research .11. There are wind-surfers and kayaks _______________ for rent at the lake. available12. The planet Mars has a surface which is somewhat _______________ to that of ourmoon. similar13. It could take weeks to _______________ all the data, but when we do, the results willbe very helpful to our project. analyze14. Spencer's father is doing _______________ into the melting of the polar ice cap in theArctic. research15. The boss was really excited when he heard we had won the _______________.contract16. Here in British Columbia, it is not _______________ to sell cigarettes to people underthe age of sixteen. legal17. The low number of people attending the lecture is a clear _______________ of lack ofinterest in the topic. indication18. Alcohol was a major _______________ in a car accident which claimed three lives overthe weekend. factor19. Canada's _______________ growth has been quite consistent for the last few years.economic20.. Canada went through a _______________ of economic prosperity in the s. period . Exercise 2 Use the appropriate forms of the words in the table to fill in the blanks Environment approach finance individual policysource create respond benefit legislation1. One of the _______________ of studying English in Victoria is that you have the opportunity to speakEnglish outside of class. benefits2. The cat slowly _______________ the bush where the mouse was hiding. approached3. A department store spokesman says that their new outlet will _______________ more than 75 permanent jobsin the city. create4. The government recently passed _______________ which prohibits tobacco advertising at sporting events. legislation5. There are many things you can do in your everyday life to help protect the _______________, such as recycling or riding a bicycle. environment6. The _______________ of the river is somewhere in the mountains. source7. You must _______________ to our offer within 30 days or it will be withdrawn. respond8. The government has announced a special program to help _______________ new small businesses. finance9. It is the _______________ of our government that no one should be without food or shelter. policy10. The oldest _______________ to win a medal in the Olympics was Oscar Swahn, who won a silver medal in shooting at the age of 72.11. The government is offering more programs which _______________ low income families. benefit12. She _______________ her boss about getting a raise. approached13. Celebrities generally receive so much fan mail that it is impossible to _______________ to each and every letter personally. respond14. Victoria is generally a safe and friendly _______________ for foreign students to study in. environment15. My father's company has been experiencing some _______________ difficulties, so they are going to haveto lay off some staff. financial16. Many people the world over are urging governments to pass _______________ limiting the development of new cloning technologies. legislation17. In the past 5 years, this government has _______________ 15 new major parks in the province. created18. The refund _______________ at this store allows you to return items for a credit, but not for cash. policy19. The main _______________ of jobs for teenagers in Victoria during the summertime is the tourist industry. source20. Do you believe that _______________ rights are more important than the collective rights of society? individualExercise 3 Use the appropriate forms of the words in the table to fill in the blanks specific major establish role principle interpret formula data concept area1. The old woman couldn't speak English, so her grandchildren had to _______________ for her. interpret2. For very young children, the _______________ of truth and lies are not very clear. concepts3. The English Language Program at the University of Victoria was _______________ in May of .established4. Our society supposedly believes in the _______________ of equality for all. principle5. We will need to examine a lot more _______________ before we can make any conclusions. data6. They want to build a new shopping mall in an _______________ which is presently forest. area7. Smoking is a _______________ cause of cancer. major8. Doctors are as yet unsure what _______________ diet plays in the development of the disease. role9. Coca-Cola has a secret _______________ for its beverage that is only known to a small group of people.formula10.. I don't know what you mean. Can you be a bit more _______________ about what problems your car ishaving? specific11. Under the Soviet system, the economy of Georgia was run on socialist _______________, such as publicownership of the means of production. principles12. The _______________ of an arranged marriage is almost totally unknown in this country. concept13. Gasoline has no _______________ freezing point; it freezes at any temperature between -and -degreesFahrenheit. specific14. The police have not yet been able to _______________ the cause of death for a man who was foundfloating in the river. establish15. We had to memorize about different _______________ for the math test. formulas16. The country covers a total _______________ of over square kilometres. area17. The world's _______________ rainforests are located in South and Central America, and in South-eastAsia. major18. Jefferson has a largely defensive _______________ to play on the team, and is not known for scoring.role19. Heinrich W. Brandes made the first weather map in , based on _______________ gathered in . data20.. We need an accountant to _______________ our financial statements. interpretExercise 4 Use the appropriate forms of the words in the table to fill in the blanks estimate function method consist proceedsection involve structure assess define1. We will use the first week of classes to _______________ your speaking ability. assess2. The test will _______________ of a series of true or false questions and two essay questions. consist3. Nick's job as a salesman _______________ a lot of travelling around the province. involves4. The traditional family _______________ has undergone a great many changes in the last few decades, dueto the increase in the divorce rate. structure5. The _______________ of the heart is to pump blood throughout the body. function6. The grammar notes appear in the back _______________ of the book. section7. His _______________ for the renovations to our house was $2250 estimate8. Attention passengers on flight to Honolulu. Please _______________ to gate where your plane is nowboarding. proceed9. It can be quite difficult to clearly _______________ abstract ideas such as love or friendship. define10.. I don't think hitting children is a very effective _______________ of teaching them anything. method11. I still don't even know how to use half the _______________ of this computer program. functions12. The polar bear's diet _______________ almost entirely of seals and fish. consists13. The coach's new _______________ for teaching basic football skills to small children has been verysuccessful. method14. Fever is usually _______________ as an oral temperature above .degrees. defined15. The value of his art collection has been _______________ at over $ assessed16. The first _______________ of the New York City subway was opened in after four years of work.section17. At an _______________ population of million, there are more than twice as many kangaroos as people inAustralia. estimated18. In August , about ,vehicles were _______________ in the biggest traffic jam in Japan's history.involved19. After loading our skis and bags, we _______________ onto the bus. proceeded20.. The eye of an octopus is very similar in _______________ to the human eye. structureExercise 5 Use the appropriate forms of the words in the table to fill in the blanks derive evidence sector assume theoryprocess occur issue identify constitute1. The police freed a suspected murderer because they didn't have enough _______________ to charge him. evidence2. It is important to learn a _______________ which will help you to guess the meaning of new vocabularyfrom context. process3. When you didn't come to work I just _______________ that you were sick. assumed4. Many words in English are _______________ from French. derived5. The woman was unable to _______________ the man who stole her purse because it had been too dark at thetime of the robbery. identify6. The accident _______________ about 9:00 this morning. occurred7. Canada's aboriginal population _______________ a small but important part of our country. constitutes8. An important _______________ under discussion in the world of sport today is the participation of professional athletes in the Olympic Games. issue9. Current _______________ trace our first human ancestor to Africa about 5 to 7 million years ago. theories10. Jobs in the tourism _______________ have risen by over 5% this year. sector11. About 16% of Americans work in the manufacturing _______________. sector12. Current _______________ trace our first human ancestor to Africa about 5 to 7 million years ago. theories13. Bananas and coffee together _______________ almost 38% of Costa Rica's export earnings. constitute14. One can _______________ some important conclusions using the results of a proper set of experiments. derive15. He doesn't have enough _______________ to support his theories just yet. evidence16. Our response to the controversial social _______________ of our time will determine our future. issues17. The music which the world _______________ with Argentina is the music of the tango. identifies18. It will take a least a month to _______________ your application for a visa. process19. Many people seem to _______________ that Canadians are just the same as Americans. assume20. Earthquakes _______________ in the world about once every hour. occurExercise 6 Use the appropriate forms of the words in the table to fill in the blanks percentage significant distribute income authorityvary require labour export context1. Management is meeting with _______________ to begin discussions on a new contract. labour2. He is a well-known _______________ on the language used by bees to communicate the location of food. authority3. Could you please _______________ the answer sheets while I hand out the tests? distribute4. The amount of rain we receive _______________ from year to year of course, but this year has been very dry. varies5. Vocabulary is generally easier to understand if you look at it in _______________. context6. This airline seat-sale _______________ you to book your ticket at least a month in advance. requires7. We have noticed a _______________ improvement in Teddy's attitude since you had a talk with him. significant8. I think that the _______________ of students that have to repeat a level in this program is usually about 25%or less. percentage9. In the future, Canada will be under great pressure to _______________ fresh water to the United States. export10. It is generally quite difficult to raise a family on a single _______________ in Canada today, so very often both parents work full-time. income11. One's values should be viewed in the _______________ of one's culture. context12. Every Christmas, she works hard to _______________ food and blankets to the homeless. distribute13. The diet of brown bears _______________ depending on what foods are available in that particular seasonor habitat. varies14. Oman's economy is based on petroleum, which accounts for 99 percent of _______________ revenues. export15. Studies show that women are much less likely than men to occupy positions of _______________ at work. authority16. Visas are not _______________ for Americans who plan to stay in England for less than three months. required17. Our family _______________ was lower than usual last year because my wife quit work in August to have our baby. income18. Huang and van Naerssen have found that reading outside class is the most _______________ predictor of speaking ability in a second language. significant19. She invests a certain _______________ of her earnings in the stock market each month. percentage20. The _______________ of weeding the garden was too much for his weak back. labour。
(完整word版)ACADEMIC WORD LIST中文版本
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words in Familiesanalysis n.分析, 分解approach n.接近, vt.接近, vi.靠近area n.范围,面积, 地区, 空地assessment n.估价, 被估定的金额assume vt.假定, 设想, 采取, 呈现authority n.权威, 威信, 权威人士, 权力, 职权, 典据, 著作权威available adj.可利用的,有空的, 接受探访的benefitn.利益, 好处vt.有益于, 有助于vi.受益concept n.观念, 概念consistentadj.一致的, 调和的, 坚固的, [数、统]相容的constitutionaladj.构成的, 增强体质的, 宪法的, 拥护宪法的context n.上下文, 文章的前后关系contractn.合同, 契约, 婚约v.使缩短, 感染, 订约createvt.创造, 创作, 引起, 造成data n.datum的复数, 资料, 数据definition n.定义, 解说, 精确度, (轮廓影像等的)清晰度derived vt得到distribution n.分配，established adj.已制定的, 确定的estimate v.估计,评估n.估计, 评估evidencen.明显,明白, 迹象,根据, [物]证据, 证物export vt.输出 n.出口货,factorsn.因素, 要素, 因数,代理人financialadj.财政的, 金融的formulan.公式, 规则, 客套语functionn.官能, 功能, 作用,职责, 典礼, 仪式, [数]函数vi.(器官等)活动, 运行, 行使职责identifiedvt.识别, 鉴别, 把...和...看成一样v.确定income n.收入, 收益,进款, 所得indicatevt.指出, 显示, 象征,预示, 需要, 简要地说明individualn.个人, 个体adj.个别的, 单独的,个人的interpretationn.解释, 阐明, 口译,通译n.解释, 阐明, 口译,通译involved adj.复杂难懂的issues n.问题,争论点labour n,劳动,努力legal adj.合法的legislation n.法律,法规major adj.主要的method n.方法,办法occur vi.发生, 出现percent n.百分比, 百分数Period .n时期 adj.过去某段时期的policy n.政策, 方针Principle n.法则, 原则, 原理proceduren.程序, 手续process n.过程vt.加工, 处理Required adj.必需的researchn.研究, 调查vi.研究,调查responsen.回答, 响应, 反应role n.角色, 任务sectionn.部分, 断片, 部件,节, 项, 区, 地域, 截面sectorn.部分, 部门, [计]扇区, 地区, 象限, 扇形v.使分成部分, 把...分成扇形significant adj.有意义的, 重大的, 重要的Similar adj.相似的, 类似的sourcespecificn.特效药, 细节adj.详细而精确的, 明确的, 特殊的, 特效的,[生物]种的structuren.结构, 构造, 建筑物vt.建筑, 构成, 组织theory n.理论, 学说Variablesn.[数]变数, 可变物,变量adj.可变的, 不定的,易变的, [数]变量的Sublist 2 of Academic Word List –Second Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAchieve vt.完成Acquisition vt.收购Administration n.管理Affect vt. 影响Appropriateadj适当的, 恰当的aspects n. 粗暴, 粗鲁assistance n.帮助, 援助categories vt. 把…归类chapter n.章, 回, 篇commission n.授权, 委托vt.. 委任, 委托community n. 社区, 社会, 团体complex adj. 由许多部分组成的, 复合的compute n.估计估算conclusion n.信念，结尾conduct v. 控制, 管理consequencesn. 重要(性), 重大constructionn.建造, 建设; 建筑业consumer n.消费者, 顾客credit n.存款，借贷cultural adj.文化的,与文化有关的design v.设计, 绘制n. 图样,目的distinctionn.特征,区别，荣誉elements n. 原理,基础equation n. 方程式,等式evaluation n.估价,评价features n. 容貌final adj最后的, 最终的focus vt. (使)集中,(使)聚集n. 焦点,焦距; 中心impact n.影响, 作用冲击(力), 碰撞v.对某事物有影响injuryn. 伤害, 损害，受伤处institute vt.建立, 制定;investment n. 协会,学会; 学院, 研究院items n.名目journal n.杂志, 期刊,日记maintenance n. 维持;维护; 保养; 维修,赡养费normal adj. 正常的obtained n.获得participation n. 分享,参与perceived v.感知positive adj.确实的积极的potential adj.潜在的, 有可能的previous adj.先前的,以前的primary ad.j首要的;主要的;purchase n+vt购买range v. 一系列region n. 地区; 地带; 区域; 范围regulations n.规程;规章; 守则; 条例relevant adj.有关的,切题的resident adj.定居的;常驻的n.居民，房客resources n.资源;资源restricted adj.限制的,禁止的security n. 安全, 抵押品sought seek的过去式和过去分词select vt. 选择; 挑选adj.精选的, 挑选出来的site n.位置, 场所, 地点.vt.使坐落在; 设置strategies n. 策略survey vt眺望; 纵览text n. 正文, 本文traditional adj.传统的, 惯例的transfer v. 转移; 迁移n. 转移; 转让; 转录Sublist 3 of Academic Word List – Third Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAlternative adj.两者选一的,供替代的circumstances n.环境，条件comments n.注解，注释compensation n.赔偿，补偿金components n.成分,组成部分consent n. 准许,同意considerable adj.相当大(或多)的constant adj.始终如一的,不断的constraints n.强制,约束contribution n.贡献,捐款物convention n.大会,惯例coordination n.协调,和谐core n.果核,核心corporate adj.社团的,法人的corresponding adj. 相当的, 对应的criteria n.标准deduction n.扣除,减除demonstrate v.说明,演示document n.公文,文件, dominant adj.占优势的emphasis n.强调,重点ensure v.确保,担保excluded v.排除,不包括在内framework n.构架,结构funds n.基金illustrated n.有插图的报章杂志immigration n.移民局检查站implies v.暗示,暗指initial adj.最初的,开头的instance n.例子,事例interaction n.一起活动,合作justification n,正当的理由layer n.层,层次link n.环,联系location n.位置,场所maximum adj.最大值的,最大量的minorities n.少数,小部分negative adj.拒绝的,怀疑的outcomes n.结果partnership n.合作关系philosophy n.哲学,人生哲学physical adj.身体的,物质的proportion n.均衡,相称published vt.出版,公布reaction n.反应,回应registered adj.已注册的.Reliance n.依靠,依耐Removed adj.离开的,Scheme n.阴谋,诡计Sequence n.有关联的一组事物Sex n.性别,性Shift n.转换,转变Specified v.详述,指定Sufficient adj.足够的.充足的Task n.工作,任务technical n.技术学院和学校techniques n.技巧,手法technology n.科技,工业技术validity n.有效,合法性volume n.卷,册,书卷Sublist 4 of Academic Word List –Fourth Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAccess n. 接近; 使用; 进入的权利, 接近的机会; 门路, 通道,入口; 病菌的侵入; 允许进入一个电脑系统和/或接受资料 (计算机用语)v. 取出; 接近; 使用emergev. 浮现, 脱出, 形成outputn.产量,输出,输出功率vt. 输出adequate adj. 足够的, 能满足需要的; 胜任的; 适当的; 差强人意的, 尚可的error n. 错误, 失误, 过失overall n. 工作裤; 防护服; 工作服; 罩衫adj. 从头到尾的;总的, 全面的, 全部的adv. 从头到尾; 大体上; 总的来说annual n. 年鉴, 年刊; 一年生植物adj. 每年的; 一年一次的; 一年生的ethnicadj. 种族的; 人种学的paralleln. 平行, 相匹敌之物, 对比v. 与...平行, 相比, 与...相似adj. 平行的, 相似的apparent adj. 显然的; 外观上的goaln. 目标, 得分, 终点parametern. 参数, 参量; 界限;因素, 特征; 决定功能形式的变数approximatev. 近似, 接近; 大致估计; 使接近; 模拟;近于adj. 近似的, 大约的grantedconj. 假定; 就算phasen. 时期, 阶段, 局面v. 使调整相位, 实行,逐步执行attituden. 态度; 看法; 姿势henceadv. 因此; 从此predictv. 预言; 预报; 预料; 作预言; 作预报;作预料attribute n. 属性;标志, 象征; 特质, 特性; 定语v. 归于, 属于hypothesis n. 假设principaln. 校长, 本金, 首长adj. 主要的, 首要的, 重要的civil adj. 市民的,有礼貌的, 公民的implementationn. 履行; 成就; 完成prioradj. 在先的, 在前的; 优先的, 更重要的;居先的coden. 编码, 密码, 电码;原密码, 编程语言命令的继位 (计算机用语)v. 把...编码, 制成法典implicationn. 含意, 暗示professionaln. 专业人才adj. 专业的, 职业的commitmentn. 托付, 交托; 下狱;委任; 收监impose v. 征; 把...强加于; 加于; 利用; 施影响; 欺骗project n. 计划, 事业, 方案v. 计划, 投掷, 设计;突出, 伸出; 投射communicationn. 沟通, 交通; 通信integrationn. 整合, 集成, 完成promotev. 晋升; 促进; 使升级; 发扬concentration n. 集中; 专心; 集合internal n. 本质, 本性; 内部器官, 内脏adj. 内在的; 国内的regime n. 政体,政权制度, 政权conference n. 会议;协商会; 讨论会investigation n. 调查; 研究resolution n. 决心; 正式决定, 决议; 决定; 分解, 解析contrast n. 对比;差异;对照,相反,变化; 清晰度v. 使对比,使对照; 形成对照job n. 工作, 职业, 零活v. 做零工; 假公济私; 做股票经纪; 代客买卖; 承包; 批发retain v. 保持,保留cycle n.周期; 自行车; 循环v. 循环; 骑自行车;轮转; 使循环; 使轮转label n.票;标签;商标;签条, 一小条纸; 小名v. 贴标签于;分类;指...为seriesn. 连续,丛书,系列debaten. 辩论, 讨论v. 辩论, 争论, 讨论;思考; 参加辩论; 辩论,争论, 讨论;思考, 盘算; 与...辩论mechanismn. 机械,结构,机构statisticn. 统计量; 统计数值adj. 统计的, 统计学的despite prep.不管.尽管obvious adj. 明显的,显然的,明白的status n. 状态, 地位,情形Dimension n.尺寸, 容积, 次元Occupational adj.职业的, 占领的Stress n. 重压, 压力,逼迫v. 着重, 重读,强调Domestic n.仆人, 佣人;国货adj. 家庭的,驯服的, 国内的Option n.选择权, 选项Subsequent adj. 后来的, 并发的Sum n.总数, 金额,和v.计算...的总和;概括;总结; 概述summary n. 摘要,概要adj. 摘要的,简略的undertakev. 承担,许诺,担任Sublist 5 of Academic Word List – Fifth Most Frequent Words in Familiesacademic adj.学科的，理论的adjustment n.调整，适应alter v.变更amendmentn.改良，改正aware adj.机警的，觉察的capacity n.容量，资格challenge n/v.挑战clause n. 从句compounds v. 混合，增加conflict n/v.冲突consultation n.咨询contact v.联系decline v.拒绝，跌落discretion n.谨慎，明辨draft n/v.草稿，选拔enable v.使能够energy n.能量enforcement n.实施，强迫entities n.实体，本质equivalent adj/ n相等的，向等物evolution n.进化expansion n.扩大exposure n.暴露，曝光external adj.外在的facilitate v.使容易，促进fundamentaladj/ n.基本的generated a. 产生的generation n.一代，子孙image n.形象liberala.自由主义的licence n.执照logic n.逻辑marginal adj.边缘的medical adj.医药的mental adj.精神的modified adj.修饰的monitoring adj.监控的network n.人际关系notion n.想法，观念objective adj.客观的orientation n.东方，潮流perspective n/adj.远景/透视的precise adj.精确的prime n.首要的psychology n.心理学pursue v.追捕，从事ratio n.比率rejected adj.否定的revenue n.收入stability n.稳定性styles n.风格substitution n.代替sustainable adj.可维持的symbolic adj.象征的target n.目标transition n.转换trend n.趋势，倾向version n.翻译/说明/版本welfare n.福利whereas conj.虽然,但是Sublist 6 of Academic Word List – Sixth Most Frequent Words in FamiliesAbstract adj.抽象的accurate adj.精确的,准确的acknowledged n.答谢的表示aggregate n.〈正〉数, 总计vt. 总计达…v使)聚集allocation n. 配给, 分配, 拨出assignedn. 受托人,代理人attachedadj.爱慕的, 关心的author n.著作家, 作者bond n. 联系, 关系. Vt. 使粘结,使结合briefadj.短暂的,短时间的capableadj有能力的, 有技能的cited v.引用。
AWL1-10
The Academic Word List目录Sublist 1 2Sublist 2 8Sublist 3 15Sublist 4 22Sublist 5 29Sublist 6 35Sublist 7 39Sublist 8 44Sublist 9 49Sublist 10 54The Academic Word List2Sublist 1sectorn.service sector 服务部门public sector 公共部门 financial sector 金融部门 Synonyms: area, division, part Related words: sectionavailableadj.Parking is readily available. 停车很容易。
when money is made available 钱一到位……as soon as new information becomes available 一旦新的信息齐全…… Antonyms: unavailableOfficials were unavailable for comment. 官员们表示无可奉告。
Related words: availabilityfinancialadj.financial help / assistance 财政支持a financial success 赚到了钱financially secure 经济稳定、宽裕related words: financeprocessn.peace process 和平进程 learning process 学习过程 natural process 自然过程 production process 生产过程decision-making process 决策过程v.All university applications are processed through thissystem.所有大学申请都通过这种方式处理。
【VIP专享】AWL-Sublist 1
Vocabulary Exercises for the Academic Word ListSublist 1 – ExercisesExercise 1aExercise 1b1. He did an _______________ of the way children learn language for his Master's thesis.analysis 2. He was arrested for drunk driving because he had drunk more than the _______________ limit of alcohol.legal 3. The culture of the United States is quite _______________ to that of Canada.similar 4. The Canadian _______________ is largely based on natural resources.economy 5. Environmental pollution seems to be an important _______________ in the increase in cancers all over the world.factor 6. The apartment will be _______________ on June first.available 7. The young popstar became famous while still in high school after winning a _______________ with a major record label.contract 8. Your continued lateness for class _______________ to me that you are not really a very serious student.indicates 9. Living in Berlin during the _______________ when the Berlin Wall was torn down was an unforgettable experience.period 10. Some _______________ into second language learning suggests that oral fluency may increase with moderate amounts of alcohol.research1. There are wind-surfers and kayaks _______________ for rent at thelake.available2. The planet Mars has a surface which is somewhat _______________ tothat of our moon.similar3. It could take weeks to _______________ all the data, but when we do,the results will be very helpful to our project.analyze4. Spencer's father is doing _______________ into the melting of the polarice cap in the Arctic.research5. The boss was really excited when he heard we had won the_______________.contract6. Here in British Columbia, it is not _______________ to sell cigarettes topeople under the age of sixteen.legal7. The low number of people attending the lecture is a clearExercise 1cExercise 2a_______________ of lack of interest in the topic.8. Alcohol was a major _______________ in a car accident which claimedthree lives over the weekend.factor9. Canada's _______________ growth has been quite consistent for the lastfew years.economic10. Canada went through a _______________ of economic prosperity inthe 1950s.period1. _______________ of water is vital to all plant and animal life.availability2. We need to find a more _______________ way to manufacture ourproducts because our profit margin is too low.economical3. Warmer than average weather was the deciding _______________ inour decision to postpone our ski trip.factor4. Interest in the planet Mars has greatly increased since_______________ of water raised the possibility that life in some form may have evolved there.indications 5. Music downloaders are questioning the _______________ of filesharing, claiming the law is unclear on the matter.illegality6. Meetings will be held _______________ for the members of theproject to discuss their progress.periodically7. Jane Goodall's _______________ into chimpanzees has greatlyincreased our knowledge of these animals.research8. We are _______________ obliged to deal with this firm.contractually 9. The DNA of chimpanzees shows a remarkable _______________ tothat of humans.similarity10. At the end of a research project, the researcher is normally facedwith lots of observations which need to be _______________.analyzed1. One of the _______________ of studying English in Victoria is thatyou have the opportunity to speak English outside of class.Benefits 2. The cat slowly _______________ the bush where the mouse was hiding.Approached 3. A department store spokesman says that their new outlet will _______________ more than 75 permanent jobs in the city.Create 4. The government recently passed _______________ which prohibits tobacco advertising at sporting events.legislationExercise 2bExercise 2c5. There are many things you can do in your everyday life to help protect the _______________, such as recycling or riding a bicycle.environment6. The _______________ of the river is somewhere in the mountains.source7. You must _______________ to our offer within 30 days or it will be withdrawn.respond 8. The government has announced a special program to help _______________ new small businesses.finance 9. It is the _______________ of our government that no one should be without food or shelter.policy 10. The oldest _______________ to win a medal in the Olympics was Oscar Swahn, who won a silver medal in shooting at the age of 72.individual1. The government is offering more programs which _______________low income families.benefit2. She _______________ her boss about getting a raise.approached3. Celebrities generally receive so much fan mail that it is impossible to_______________ to each and every letter personally.respond4. Victoria is generally a safe and friendly _______________ forforeign students to study in.environment5. My father's company has been experiencing some _______________difficulties, so they are going to have to lay off some staff.financial6. Many people the world over are urging governments to pass_______________ limiting the development of new cloningtechnologies.legislation 7. In the past 5 years, this government has _______________ 15 newmajor parks in the province.created8. The refund _______________ at this store allows you to return itemsfor a credit, but not for cash.policy9. The main _______________ of jobs for teenagers in Victoria duringthe summertime is the tourist industry.source10. Do you believe that _______________ rights are more importantthan the collective rights of society?individual1. Some doctors suggest that taking vitamin pills is not really very_______________ to our health.beneficial 2. The native people of our province have many wonderful legends regarding the _______________ of our world.creationExercise 3a3. The major _______________ issue in Fiji is how to dispose ofwaste materials in a responsible manner.environmental4. At Computaschools, we offer _______________ learning programsthat fit your needs, and let you progress at your own rate.individualized5. Denise and I have very different _______________ to the job, but Ithink we are both quite successful in what we do.approaches6. Children in Canada generally become _______________independent of their parents in their 20s.financially7. The _______________ of this company is that either parent cantake a six-month paid leave after the birth of a child.policy8. The government is considering _______________ the strikingnurses back to work.legislating9. Wind is now the world's fastest growing _______________ ofpower.source10. In _______________ to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistanconducted its own tests in 1998.response1. The old woman couldn't speak English, so her grandchildren had to_______________ for her.interpret2. For very young children, the _______________ of truth and lies are notvery clear.concepts3. The English Language Program at the University of Victoria was_______________ in May of 1987.established4. Our society supposedly believes in the _______________ of equalityfor all.principle5. We will need to examine a lot more _______________ before we canmake any conclusions.data6. They want to build a new shopping mall in an _______________ whichis presently forest.area7. Smoking is a _______________ cause of cancer.major 8. Doctors are as yet unsure what _______________ diet plays in thedevelopment of the disease.role9. Coca-Cola has a secret _______________ for its beverage that is onlyknown to a small group of people.formula10. I don't know what you mean. Can you be a bit more_______________ about what problems your car is having?specificExercise 3c1. Under the Soviet system, the economy of Georgia was run on socialist_______________, such as public ownership of the means of production.principles2. The _______________ of an arranged marriage is almost totallyunknown in this country.concept3. Gasoline has no _______________ freezing point; it freezes at anytemperature between -180 and -240 degrees Fahrenheit.specific4. The police have not yet been able to _______________ the cause ofdeath for a man who was found floating in the river.establish5. We had to memorize about 20 different _______________ for the mathtest.formulas6. The country covers a total _______________ of over 1,725 squarekilometres.area7. The world's _______________ rainforests are located in South andCentral America, and in South-east Asia.major8. Jefferson has a largely defensive _______________ to play on the team,and is not known for scoring.role9. Heinrich W. Brandes made the first weather map in 1815, based on_______________ gathered in 1783.data10. We need an accountant to _______________ our financial statements.interpret1. Very young children _______________ ideas of depth, height andsize in different ways from adults.conceptualize2. Guatemala is the only country in the world where AmericanIndians are a _______________.majority3. The _______________ of a U.N. peacekeeping force was supposedto reduce the number of conflicts internationally.establishment4. Varying _______________ of the Bible have resulted in thecreation of many different religious groups within Christianity.interpretations5. Penelope is hoping to play the _______________ of the nurse in"Romeo and Juliet."role6. The oranguatan obviously spent a lot of time and effort_______________ his plan for escape from the zoo.formulating7. This is the first time that a political party has done advertising_______________ aimed at minority voters.specifically8. In April of 1978, Afghanistan's armed forces seized power, andestablished a government based on Islamic _______________.principles9. There is a large play _______________ for the children near theentrance to the housing complex.areaExercise 4aExercise 4b10. Analysis of _______________ is a difficult and complicated process.data1. We will use the first week of classes to _______________ your speakingability.assess2. The test will _______________ of a series of true or false questions andtwo essay questions.consist3. Nick's job as a salesman _______________ a lot of travelling around theprovince.involves4. The traditional family _______________ has undergone a great manychanges in the last few decades, due to the increase in the divorce rate.structure5. The _______________ of the heart is to pump blood throughout thebody.function6. The grammar notes appear in the back _______________ of the book.section7. His _______________ for the renovations to our house was $2,250.estimate8. Attention passengers on flight 514 to Honolulu. Please_______________ to gate 33 where your plane is now boarding.proceed9. It can be quite difficult to clearly _______________ abstract ideas suchas love or friendship.define10. I don't think hitting children is a very effective _______________ ofteaching them anything.method1. I still don't even know how to use half the _______________ of thiscomputer program.functions2. The polar bear's diet _______________ almost entirely of seals and fish.consists3. The coach's new _______________ for teaching basic football skills tosmall children has been very successful.method4. Fever is usually _______________ as an oral temperature above 37.4degrees.defined5. The value of his art collection has been _______________ at over$200,000.assessed6. The first _______________ of the New York City subway was openedin 1900 after four years of work.section7. At an _______________ population of 40 million, there are more thantwice as many kangaroos as people in Australia.estimated8. In August 1990, about 15,000 vehicles were _______________ in theinvolvedExercise 4cExercise 5abiggest traffic jam in Japan's history.9. After loading our skis and bags, we _______________ onto the bus.proceeded 10. The eye of an octopus is very similar in _______________ to the human eye.structure1. She is very slow and _______________ in her work, but shecertainly does an excellent job.methodical2. The power station should be fully _______________ by the end ofthe year.functional3. The company is required to do an _______________ of theenvironmental damage that would be done to the area beforebeginning the project.assessment 4. The boys' suppers for the three days they went camping together_______________ of hamburgers, chocolate bars and potato chips.consisted5. Research shows that people usually _______________ the amountof time it will take them to learn a second language.underestimate6. The government has said that construction of the factory will not beallowed to _______________ until changes are made to reduce theimpact on the environment.proceed 7. The island of Cyprus is divided into two _______________: Greekand Turkish.sections8. The police have as yet no proof of his _______________ in therobbery.involvement9 . According to anthropologists, there appears to be a universal_______________ of human beauty.definition10. The building suffered significant _______________ damageduring the earthquake.structural1. The police freed a suspected murderer because they didn't have enough_______________ to charge him.evidence 2. It is important to learn a _______________ which will help you to guess the meaning of new vocabulary from context.process 3. When you didn't come to work I just _______________ that you were sick.assumed 4. Many words in English are _______________ from French.derived 5. The woman was unable to _______________ the man who stole herExercise 5bExercise 5cpurse because it had been too dark at the time of the robbery.6. The accident _______________ about 9:00 this morning.occurred 7. Canada's aboriginal population _______________ a small but importantpart of our country.constitutes8. An important _______________ under discussion in the world of sporttoday is the participation of professional athletes in the Olympic Games.issue9. Many _______________ now believe that vocabulary development iseven more important than grammar study for second language learners.theorists10. Jobs in the tourism _______________ have risen by over 5% this year.sector1. About 16% of Americans work in the manufacturing _______________.sector2. Current _______________ trace our first human ancestor to Africa about5 to 7 million years ago.theories3. Bananas and coffee together _______________ almost 38% of CostaRica's export earnings.constitute4. One can _______________ some important conclusions using the resultsof a proper set of experiments.derive5. He doesn't have enough _______________ to support his theories justyet.evidence6. Our response to the controversial social _______________ of our timewill determine our future.issues7. The music which the world _______________ with Argentina is themusic of the tango.identifies8. It will take a least a month to _______________ your application for avisa.process9. Many people seem to _______________ that Canadians are just thesame as Americans.assume10. Earthquakes _______________ in the world about once every hour.occur1. The president has resigned, and the country is in the middle of a_______________ crisis.constitutional2. The notion of the Big Bang _______________ that the universebegan as a huge explosion of matter.theorizes3. A large percentage of the population of Paraguay _______________their living from agricultural activity.derives4. The body of the person killed in the fire was so badly burned that itunidentifiableExercise 6aExercise 6bwas _______________.5. There is some _______________ that a diet high in broccoli andcabbage reduces a woman's risk for breast cancer.evidence6. The union is _______________ notices that there may be a strike asearly as next week.issuing7. The data can be _______________ by computer in a matter ofseconds.processed8. Unless safety procedures are improved immediately, an accidentcould easily _______________.reoccur9. We shouldn't make any _______________ until we have heardfrom everyone involved in the incident.assumptions10. Tourism has been the biggest growth _______________ in theGreek economy since the 1970s.sector1. Management is meeting with _______________ to begin discussionson a new contract.labour2. He is a well-known _______________ on the language used by bees tocommunicate the location of food.authority3. Could you please _______________ the answer sheets while I hand outthe tests?distribute4. The amount of rain we receive _______________ from year to year ofcourse, but this year has been very dry.varies5. Vocabulary is generally easier to understand if you look at it in_______________.context6. This airline seat-sale _______________ you to book your ticket at leasta month in advance.requires7. We have noticed a _______________ improvement in Teddy's attitudesince you had a talk with him.significant8. I think that the _______________ of students that have to repeat a levelin this program is usually about 25% or less.percentage9. In the future, Canada will be under great pressure to _______________fresh water to the United States.export10. It is generally quite difficult to raise a family on a single_______________ in Canada today, so very often both parents work full-time.income 1. One's values should be viewed in the _______________ of one'sExercise 6cculture.2. Every Christmas, she works hard to _______________ food andblankets to the homeless.distribute3. The diet of brown bears _______________ depending on what foodsare available in that particular season or habitat.varies4. Oman's economy is based on petroleum, which accounts for 99 percentof _______________ revenues.export5. Studies show that women are much less likely than men to occupypositions of _______________ at work.authority6. Visas are not _______________ for Americans who plan to stay inEngland for less than three months.required7. Our family _______________ was lower than usual last year becausemy wife quit work in August to have our baby.income8. Huang and van Naerssen have found that reading outside class is themost _______________ predictor of speaking ability in a secondlanguage.significant 9. She invests a certain _______________ of her earnings in the stockmarket each month.percentage10. The _______________ of weeding the garden was too much for hisweak back.labour1. You have to _______________ the remark in the overall discussionto fully understand what was meant.contextualize2. I'm not allowed to _______________ any purchases. You'll have totalk to my boss.authorize3. The _______________ of raw logs to Asia and the U.S. continues tobe one of this province's most important industries.exportation4. Highly unequal income _______________ remains a seriousproblem in Brazil.distribution5. Denmark has the highest rate of _______________ tax in the world,at 68%.income6. Inflation has risen by less than 1 _______________ this year.percent7. Obviously, one of the first _______________ to be a firefighter isthat you be in excellent physical shape.requirements8. Her English improved _______________ after she got a Canadianboyfriend.significantly9. He works as a _______________ on a roadbuilding crew for the bourer 10. This restaurant has a wonderful buffet with dishes from_______________ countries.various11。
学术英语词汇表AWL
Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List.This sublist contains the most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the word families in Sublist 1 are listed below.analysis n.分析，分解；梗概，要略； [数]解析；验定approach vt.& vi.接近，走近，靠近；vt.接近；着手处理；使移近；试图贿赂（或影响，疏通）n.方法；途径；接近；vi.靠近；area n.地区；区域，范围；面积，平地；领域assessment n.评估；评价；（应偿付金额的）估定；（为征税对财产所作的）估价assume v.假定，认为；承担；装出；呈现authority n.权威；权力；学术权威；[复数]当权者available adj.可获得的；有空的；可购得的；能找到的benefit n.利益，好处；救济金，津贴；义演，义卖；恩惠，恩泽vt.有益于，有助于；使受益；得益，受益；concept n.观念，概念；观点；思想，设想，想法；总的印象consistent adj.一致的；连续的；不矛盾的；坚持的constitutional adj.宪法的，符合宪法的；本质的；体质上的；保健的n.保健运动；保健散步；context n.上下文；背景；环境；语境contract n.合同；契约；协议；v.签合同；缩小；感染；create vt.创造，创作；产生；封爵，把…封为（贵族）；vi.[英][俚]大发脾气，大发牢骚；data n.资料，材料；datum的复数；[计算机]数据，资料；从科学实验中提取的价值definition n.定义；规定，明确；[物]清晰度；解释derived vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词)；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取distribution n.分配，分布；[法]（无遗嘱死亡者的）财产分配；[无线]频率分布；[电]配电economic adj.经济的；经济学的；合算的；有经济效益的environment n.环境，外界；周围，围绕；工作平台；（运行）环境established adj.已建立的；已设立的；已制定的；确定的v.建立( establish的过去式和过去分词)；确定；[植物学]使（植物）定植；使成为estimate n.估计，预测；报价，预算书；评价，判断；vt.估计，估算；评价，评论；估量，估价；evidence n.证词；证据；迹象；明显vt.使明显；显示；表明；证实export vt.& vi.出口，输出；vt.传播，输出（思想或活动）；n.输出，出口；输出[出口]物；factors n.因素( factor的名词复数)；<数>因子；（增或减的）数量；系数financial adj.财政的；财务的；金融的；有钱的formula n.公式，准则；客套话；方案；婴儿食品function n.功能，作用；应变量，函数；职务；重大聚会vi.有或起作用；行使职责；identified v.认出( identify的过去式和过去分词)；支持；确认；辨认income n.收入，进款；进来的动作；进入；indicate vt.表明，标示，指示；象征，暗示，预示；[医]显示需要做…的治疗；individual adj.个人的；独特的；个别的；n.个人；个体；interpretation n.解释，说明；翻译；表演，演绎；理解involved adj.复杂难懂的；与他人有密切关系的；受牵扯的；作为一部份参与的v.表明（某人参与了罪行等）(involve的过去式和过去分词)；使参与；牵涉；使专心于issues n.（水等的）流出( issue的名词复数)；出口；放出；（特别重要或大众关注的）问题v.出版( issue的第三人称单数)；发表；宣布；分配labour n.劳动；劳工；分娩，临产阵痛；工作，活计vi.劳动，努力；艰难行进；分娩，产前阵痛；使疲倦legal adj.法律的；合法的；法定的；法律（上）的n.法定权利；依法必须登报的声明；legislation n.立法，制定法律；法律，法规；major adj.主要的；重要的；大调的；主修的（课程）n.主修科目；大调；陆军少校；成年的vi.<美>主修，专攻；[美国英语][教育学]主修(in)；专攻；method n.方法；条理；occur vi.发生；出现；闪现；percent n.百分比，百分数；百分之一；adj.百分之…的，每一百中有…的；百分之…支付利息的；adv.以百分之…地，每一百中有…地；period n.时期；（一段）时间；学时；句号adj.具有某个时代特征的；（关于）过去某一特定历史时期的；（家具、服饰、建筑等）某一时代的；policy n.政策；策略；保险单；策略性principle n.原则，原理；准则，道义；道德标准；本能procedure n.程序，手续；工序，过程，步骤；诉讼程序，（议会的）议事程序；〈罕〉进行process n.过程；工序；做事方法；工艺流程vt.加工；处理；审阅；审核vi.列队行进；adj.经过特殊加工（或处理）的；required adj.必须的，<美>（学科）必修的；v.要求( require的过去式和过去分词)；需要；想要；命令research n.研究，追究；探讨，探测；调查；探索vi.做研究；探究；（从市场调研中）得出所预测的结果；vt.从事…的研究，为…而做研究；response n.反应；回答，答复；[宗]回应经文，应唱圣歌；role n.作用；地位；角色；section n.部分；节；部件；部门vi.切开；切断；做（动物或植物组织）切片；把（精神病患者）正式送入精神病院vt.把…切成片（或段）；作…的切片；把…作成截面；制作…的剖面图sector n.部门；领域；防御地区；扇形significant adj.重要的；显著的；有重大意义的；意味深长的similar adj.类似的；同类的；相似的；同样的n.类似物；相像的人；相似物；source n.根源，本源；源头，水源；原因；提供消息的人vt.（从…）获得；发起；向…提供消息；寻求（尤指供货）的来源vi.原料来源；起源；寻求来源；寻求生产商（或提供商）specific adj.明确的；特种的；具体的；[免疫学]特效的n.特效药；特性；细节；显著的性质，特性structure n.结构；构造；建筑物；体系vt.构成，排列；安排；theory n.学说；理论；原理；推测variables n.可变因素，变数( variable的名词复数)；Sublist 2 of Academic Word ListThis sublist contains the second most frequent words in the Academic Word List from the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the word families in Sublist 2 are listed below.achieve vt. 取得；获得；实现；成功vi. 达到预期的目的，实现预期的结果，如愿以偿acquisition n. 获得物，获得；收购administration n. 管理；行政；实施；行政机构affect n. 情感；引起感情的因素vt. 影响；感染；感动；假装vi. 倾向；喜欢appropriate adj. 适当的；恰当的；合适的vt. 占用，拨出aspects n. 方面；相位；面貌（aspect的复数）assistance n. 援助，帮助；辅助设备categories n. 类别（category的复数）；分类chapter n. 章，回；（俱乐部、协会等的）分会；人生或历史上的重要时期vt. 把…分成章节commission n. 委员会；佣金；犯；委任；委任状vt. 委任；使服役；委托制作community n. 社区；[生态] 群落；共同体；团体complex n. 复合体；综合设施adj. 复杂的；合成的computer n. 计算机；电脑；电子计算机conclusion n. 结论；结局；推论conduct v. 组织，实施，进行；指挥（音乐）；带领，引导；举止，表现；传导（热或电）n. 行为举止；管理（方式），实施（办法）；引导consequences n. 后果，结果；影响（consequence的复数）construction n. 建设；建筑物；解释；造句consumer n. 消费者；用户，顾客credit n. 信用，信誉；[金融] 贷款；学分；信任；声望vt. 相信，信任；把…归给，归功于；赞颂cultural adj. 文化的；教养的design n. 设计；图案vt. 设计；计划；构思vi. 设计distinction n. 区别；差别；特性；荣誉、勋章elements n. 基础；原理equation n. 方程式，等式；相等；[化学] 反应式evaluation n. 评价；[审计] 评估；估价；求值features n. 产品特点，特征；容貌；嘴脸（feature的复数）v. 是…的特色，使突出（feature的第三人称单数）final n. 决赛；期末考试；当日报纸的末版adj. 最终的；决定性的；不可更改的focus n. 焦点；中心；清晰；焦距vt. 使集中；使聚焦vi. 集中；聚焦；调节焦距n. (Focus)人名；(瑞典)福库斯impact vi. 影响；撞击；冲突；压紧（on，upon，with）n. 影响；效果；碰撞；冲击力vt. 挤入，压紧；撞击；对…产生影响injury n. 伤害，损害；受伤处institute v. 实行，建立；授予……职位；提出（诉讼）n. （尤指科学、教育的）机构，研究所，学会；机构建筑；（与法律相关的）注释，概要investment n. 投资；投入；封锁items n. 项目；名目；所有物品（item的复数形式）v. 记下（item的第三人称单数形式）；逐条记载journal n. 日报，杂志；日记；分类账maintenance n. 维护，维修；保持；生活费用normal n. 正常；标准；常态；法线（数学）adj. 正常的；正规的；标准的n. (Normal)人名；(德)诺马尔obtained v. 获得（obtain的过去分词）participation n. 参与；分享；参股perceived v. 感知；认为（perceive的过去分词）；领会adj. 感知到的；感观的positive n. 正数；[摄] 正片adj. 积极的；[数] 正的，[医][化学] 阳性的；确定的，肯定的；实际的，真实的；绝对的potential adj. 潜在的，可能的；势的n. 潜能，可能性；电势previous adj. 以前的；早先的；过早的adv. 在先；在…以前primary n. 原色；最主要者adj. 主要的；初级的；基本的purchase v. 购买；获得，赢得；升起，举起n. 购买；购买的东西；支点；财产置得；（地产的）年收益；紧握；起重装置range n. 范围；幅度；排；山脉vt. 漫游；放牧；使并列；归类于；来回走动vi. （在...内）变动；平行，列为一行；延伸；漫游；射程达到region n. 地区；范围；部位regulations n. [管理] 条例；规程（regulation的复数）；章则relevant adj. 相关的；切题的；中肯的；有重大关系的；有意义的，目的明确的resident adj. 居住的；定居的，常驻的；（鸟、蝴蝶等）非迁徙性的；（计算机程序、文件在存储器中）常驻的；属于……的（幽默用法）n. 居民；（旅店）房客；住院医生，（美国的）高级专科住院实习医生；（美）寄宿制学校学生；（英国派驻半独立国家的）特派代表；驻外特工resources n. [计][环境] 资源；物力（resource的复数）v. 向…提供资金（resource的第三人称单数）restricted v. 限制（restrict的过去式和过去分词）adj. 受限制的；保密的security n. 安全，安全性；保证；证券；抵押品adj. 安全的；保安的；保密的sought v. 寻找（seek的过去式和过去分词）select n. 被挑选者；精萃adj. 精选的；挑选出来的；极好的vt. 挑选；选拔vi. 挑选site n. 地点；位置；场所vt. 设置；为…选址strategies n. 策略，战略（strategy的复数形式）survey n. 调查；测量；审视；纵览vt. 调查；勘测；俯瞰vi. 测量土地text n. [计] 文本；课文；主题vt. 发短信traditional adj. 传统的；惯例的transfer v. 转让；转接；移交（权力、责任等）；转移（地方）；（使）换乘；转存，转录；调动（工作）；传染，传播；使（运动员）转队；把（钱）转到另一账户，机构上n. （地点的）转移；（工作的）调动；已调动的人或东西；权力的移交；运动员转会；（公共汽车、飞机等的）转移；（财产的）转让；数据的拷贝；（可粘贴或印制的）图画，图案；（公共汽车、火车等的）转车票，联运车票Sublist 3 of Academic Word List.This sublist contains the third most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the word families in Sublist 3 are listed below.alternative n. 二中择一；供替代的选择adj. 供选择的；选择性的；交替的circumstances n. 情况（circumstance的复数）；环境；情形comments n. 评论（comment的复数）；注解v. 评论（comment的第三人称单数形式）；解释compensation n. 补偿；报酬；赔偿金components n. 部件；组件；成份（component复数）consent n. 同意；（意见等的）一致；赞成vi. 同意；赞成；答应n. (Consent)人名；(法)孔桑considerable adj. 相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的constant n. [数] 常数；恒量adj. 不变的；恒定的；经常的n. (Constant)人名；(德)康斯坦特constraints n. [数] 约束；限制；约束条件（constraint的复数形式）contribution n. 贡献；捐献；投稿convention n. 大会；[法] 惯例；[计] 约定；[法] 协定；习俗coordination n. 协调，调和；对等，同等core n. 核心；要点；果心；[计] 磁心vt. 挖...的核n. (Core)人名；(英)科尔；(西、意)科雷corporate adj. 法人的；共同的，全体的；社团的；公司的；企业的corresponding adj. 相当的，相应的；一致的；通信的v. 类似（correspond的ing形式）；相配criteria n. 标准，条件（criterion的复数）deduction n. 扣除，减除；推论；减除额demonstrate vt. 证明；展示；论证vi. 示威document n. 文件，公文；[计] 文档；证件vt. 记录，记载dominant n. 显性adj. 显性的；占优势的；支配的，统治的emphasis n. 重点；强调；加强语气ensure vt. 保证，确保；使安全excluded v. 排除（exclude的过去式和过去分词）；驱逐；拒绝接纳adj. 排除的framework n. 框架，骨架；结构，构架funds n. [会计] 资金，现金（fund的复数）；基金v. 资助（fund的三单形式）；提供资金illustrated n. 有插画的报章杂志v. 阐明；举例说明；给…加插图（illustrate的过去分词）adj. 有插图的immigration n. 外来移民；移居implies v. 意味着（imply的第三人称单数）；蕴含；暗指initial n. 词首大写字母adj. 最初的；字首的vt. 用姓名的首字母签名instance n. 实例；情况；建议vt. 举...为例interaction n. 相互作用；[数] 交互作用n. 互动justification n. 理由；辩护；认为有理，认为正当；释罪layer n. 层，层次；膜；[植]压条；放置者，计划者vt. 把…分层堆放；借助压条法；生根繁殖；将（头发）剪成不同层次vi. 形成或分成层次；[植]通过压条法而生根link n. [计] 链环，环节；联系，关系vt. 连接，连结；联合，结合vi. 连接起来；联系在一起；将人或物连接或联系起来n. (Link)人名；(英、德、塞、捷、匈、瑞典)林克location n. 位置（形容词locational）；地点；外景拍摄场地maximum n. [数] 极大，最大限度；最大量adj. 最高的；最多的；最大极限的minorities n. 少数（minority的复数形式）；少数民族；少数族裔negative n. 否定；负数；[摄] 底片adj. [数] 负的；消极的；否定的；阴性的vt. 否定；拒绝outcomes n. 产出，结局；效果（outcome的复数）partnership n. 合伙；[经管] 合伙企业；合作关系；合伙契约philosophy n. 哲学；哲理；人生观physical n. 体格检查adj. [物] 物理的；身体的；物质的；根据自然规律的，符合自然法则的proportion n. 比例，占比；部分；面积；均衡vt. 使成比例；使均衡；分摊published v. 出版；发行（publish的过去式）adj. 已发布的reaction n. 反应，感应；反动，复古；反作用registered adj. 注册的；记名的；登记过的；（家畜等）附有血统证明的reliance n. 信赖；信心；受信赖的人或物removed v. remove的变形adj. 远离的；隔了...代的scheme n. 计划；组合；体制；诡计vt. 计划；策划vi. 搞阴谋；拟订计划n. (Scheme)人名；(瑞典)谢默sequence n. [数][计] 序列；顺序；续发事件vt. 按顺序排好sex n. 性；性别；性行为；色情vt. 引起…的性欲；区别…的性别shift v. 转移；快速移动；变换；改变观点；推卸（责任）；振作；移位；狼吞虎咽地吃；去除（污迹）；销售，出售；换挡；轮班；含糊其辞，拐弯抹角n. 转移；改变，转变；手段；轮班；轮班职工；转换（键）；（直筒式）连衣裙，内衣；计谋，诡计specified v. 指定；详细说明（specify的过去分词）adj. 规定的；详细说明的sufficient adj. 足够的；充分的task v. 派给某人（任务）；对（手段或能力）要求极高n. （困难的）任务，工作；（语言教学中的）活动technical adj. 工艺的，科技的；技术上的；专门的techniques n. 技术（technique的复数）；方法；技巧technology n. 技术；工艺；术语validity n. [计] 有效性；正确；正确性volume n. 量；体积；卷；音量；大量；册adj. 大量的vt. 把…收集成卷vi. 成团卷起Sublist 4 of Academic Word ListThis sublist contains the fourth most frequent words of the Academic Word List in the Academic Corpus. The most frequent members of the word families in Sublist 4 are listed below.access n. 进入；使用权；通路vt. 使用；存取；接近adequate adj. 充足的；适当的；胜任的annual n. 年刊，年鉴；一年生植物adj. 年度的；每年的apparent adj. 显然的；表面上的approximated adj. 接近的；估计的v. 接近；约等于（approximate的过去式和过去分词）attitudes n. 态度，看法（attitude复数）attributed v. 归于（attribute的过去式，过去分词）；属性化civil adj. 公民的；民间的；文职的；有礼貌的；根据民法的n. (Civil)人名；(土)吉维尔；(法)西维尔code n. 代码，密码；编码；法典vt. 编码；制成法典vi. 指定遗传密码n. (Code)人名；(英、法、西)科德commitment n. 承诺，保证；委托；承担义务；献身communication n. 通讯，[通信] 通信；交流；信函concentration n. 浓度；集中；浓缩；专心；集合conference n. 会议；讨论；协商；联盟；（正式）讨论会；[工会、工党用语]（每年的）大会vi. 举行或参加（系列）会议contrast n. 对比；差别；对照物vt. 使对比；使与…对照vi. 对比；形成对照cycle n. 循环；周期；自行车；整套；一段时间vt. 使循环；使轮转vi. 循环；骑自行车；轮转debate n. 辩论；辩论会vt. 辩论，争论，讨论vi. 辩论，争论，讨论despite prep. 尽管，不管n. 轻视；憎恨；侮辱dimensions n. 规模，大小domestic n. 国货；佣人adj. 国内的；家庭的；驯养的；一心只管家务的emerged vt. 出现（emerge的过去分词）；浮现，暴露error n. 误差；错误；过失ethnic adj. 种族的；人种的goals n. 目标，[心理] 目的；进球，射中次数granted conj. 诚然adv. 的确vt. grant的过去式hence adv. 因此；今后hypothesis n. 假设implementation n. [计] 实现；履行；安装启用implications n. 蕴涵式；暗指，暗示；含蓄，含意；卷入（implication的复数）imposed v. 欺骗（impose的过去分词）；把…强加于adj. 强加的；施加的；应用的integration n. 集成；综合internal n. 内脏；本质adj. 内部的；里面的；体内的；（机构）内部的investigation n. 调查；调查研究job n. 工作；职业vt. 承包；代客买卖vi. 做零工n. (Job)人名；(英)乔布；(法、葡)若布；(?-1605)约伯〈俄〉俄罗斯正教会莫斯科牧首。
java集合的sublist方法
java集合的sublist方法题目：Java集合的subList方法详解导语：Java集合框架是Java中重要的一部分，它提供了一系列的接口和类来实现各种常见的数据结构操作。
集合框架中的subList方法是List接口的一个方法，它用于返回列表的子列表。
一、subList方法的定义1.1 概述subList方法属于List接口，它的定义如下：List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex)从上述定义可以看出，subList方法接受两个参数：fromIndex和toIndex。
这两个参数分别表示子列表的起始索引和结束索引。
返回的是一个新的List集合，包含[fromIndex, toIndex)范围内的元素。
1.2 注意事项- 参数fromIndex和toIndex必须满足0 <= fromIndex <= toIndex <= size()的条件。
否则，subList方法将抛出IndexOutOfBoundsException 异常。
- subList方法返回的是一个视图，也即原列表的一个子列表，并非一个拷贝。
即使我们对子列表操作进行修改，也会影响到原列表。
- 子列表的所有操作都会反映到原列表上，而原列表的修改也会反映到子列表上。
这是由于子列表和原列表共享实际的数据存储。
二、使用subList方法2.1 示例代码下面通过一个简单的示例代码来演示subList方法的使用：javaimport java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.List;public class SubListExample {public static void main(String[] args) {List<Integer> numbers = new ArrayList<>();numbers.add(1);numbers.add(2);numbers.add(3);numbers.add(4);numbers.add(5);List<Integer> subList = numbers.subList(1, 4);System.out.println("Original List: " + numbers);System.out.println("Sub List: " + subList);}}输出结果：Original List: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]Sub List: [2, 3, 4]从上述代码可以看出，我们首先创建了一个包含整数的List列表。
sublist用法
sublist用法SublistPython中一种常用的数据结构，它可以将一个列表分解成多个子列表，每个子列表都有自己的特有元素。
Sublist供了一种高效、便捷的方式来处理大型数据或大型列表，因此，它在数据分析和科学计算中发挥了重要作用。
Sublist法十分灵活，它可以用来提取某个主题或类别的列表元素，也可以用于生成统计报表。
Sublist基本用法可以分为三步：首先，在迭代中检查列表中的每个元素，从而获得子列表的元素；其次，使用“slice”操作符将子列表元素分组；最后，使用“append”方法将子列表元素加入到新的列表中。
下面以实际 Python 代码来说明 Sublist用法。
首先，假设我们有一个名为“data”的列表，用于存储一些数据：data=[20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29] 接下来，我们使用“for… in”循环遍历列表中的每个元素，从而获得子列表元素：sub_list=[]for x in data:if x%2==0:sub_list.append(x)接着，使用“slice”操作符将子列表元素进行分组：sub_list_1=sub_list[:3]sub_list_2=sub_list[3:]最后，将子列表元素加入到新的列表中：new_list=[]for x in sub_list_1:new_list.append(x)for x in sub_list_2:new_list.append(x)Sublist有其他多种用法，例如将列表中的元素进行排序，进行查找、筛选、合并等等。
此外，它还可以用在多种类型的数据上，例如字符串、元组、字典等。
除此之外，Sublist有一些更加高级的用法，包括对列表进行索引、切片、迭代、求和、等等。
Sublist用法远不止上述介绍的内容，它的实际用途取决于应用的场合。
它作为一种非常有效的数据处理工具，可以简化许多复杂的数据分析和科学计算过程。
sublist函数
sublist函数（原创版）目录1.sublist 函数的定义和功能2.sublist 函数的参数和返回值3.sublist 函数的使用示例4.sublist 函数的优点和局限性正文sublist 函数是 Python 中的一个内置函数，主要用于返回一个列表（list）中指定范围内的元素。
该函数的功能类似于切片操作，但更加灵活和方便。
通过使用 sublist 函数，我们可以轻松地获取列表中的部分元素，这对于处理大型数据集非常有帮助。
sublist 函数的参数有两个：start 和 stop。
其中，start 表示起始索引，stop 表示结束索引。
请注意，start 和 stop 的值都是相对于列表的索引位置，而非元素本身。
此外，如果 stop 的值为 None，那么函数将返回从 start 索引开始到列表末尾的所有元素；如果 start 的值为 None，那么函数将返回从列表开头到 stop 索引的所有元素。
sublist 函数的返回值是一个新的列表，包含从 start 索引（包含）到 stop 索引（不包含）之间的所有元素。
需要注意的是，返回的列表是原列表的一个浅拷贝，这意味着对返回列表的任何修改都不会影响原列表。
下面是一个 sublist 函数的使用示例：```pythonmy_list = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]sub_list = my_list[1:3] # 结果为 [1, 2]print(sub_list)```sublist 函数的优点在于其简洁的语法和强大的功能。
它使得获取列表中的部分元素变得非常简单，而且可以灵活地指定起始和结束索引。
然而，sublist 函数也存在一定的局限性。
由于返回的是浅拷贝，因此在某些场景下可能会导致性能问题。
此外，如果需要对返回的列表进行修改操作，最好使用切片操作，以避免对原列表造成影响。
总之，sublist 函数是 Python 中一个实用的工具，可以帮助我们轻松地获取列表中的部分元素。
java sublist安全的方法-概述说明以及解释
java sublist安全的方法-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述在Java编程中，sublist方法是一个非常常用的方法，用于获取一个List集合的子列表。
通过指定起始索引和结束索引，我们可以轻松地获取原始列表中的一部分元素，这对于我们的程序设计和数据处理提供了很大的便利。
然而，虽然sublist方法非常方便，但是在实际使用中也存在一些安全性问题。
如果我们不谨慎处理子列表的操作，可能会导致程序出现异常或数据不一致的情况。
因此，确保sublist方法的安全性是非常重要的。
本文将详细介绍sublist方法的使用和安全性问题，并提出一些确保该方法安全性的方法，希望对大家在使用sublist方法时能有所帮助。
1.2 文章结构本文将首先介绍Java中的sublist方法及其作用，然后探讨sublist 方法可能存在的安全性问题。
接着，我们将讨论如何确保sublist方法的安全性，给出一些建议和解决方案。
最后，我们将总结本文的观点和结论，强调安全性在编程过程中的重要性，并展望未来可能的发展方向。
整篇文章将以简洁明了的方式呈现，旨在帮助读者更好地理解和应用sublist方法。
1.3 目的在本文中，我们的目的是探讨Java中的sublist方法在使用过程中可能存在的安全性问题，并提供一些确保sublist方法安全性的方法。
通过深入理解sublist方法的原理和潜在的风险，我们希望能够帮助读者有效地避免在使用该方法时出现潜在的安全漏洞，保障程序的稳定性和安全性。
通过本文的学习，读者将能够更加全面地掌握sublist方法的使用技巧，从而避免在开发过程中出现潜在的安全隐患，提高程序的可靠性和安全性。
2.正文2.1 sublist方法介绍在Java中，List接口提供了用于获取子列表的方法，即sublist方法。
该方法的签名如下所示：javaList<E> sublist(int fromIndex, int toIndex)其中，fromIndex表示起始索引（包含），toIndex表示结束索引（不包含）。
list的sublist方法
list的sublist方法在Python 中，list 类型提供了sublist 方法，用于获取指定位置范围内的子列表。
sublist 方法的基本语法如下：list.sublist(start, end)参数说明：●start：子列表的起始位置。
该位置的元素将包括在子列表中。
●end：子列表的结束位置。
该位置的元素将不包括在子列表中。
需要注意的是，start 和end 都是可选参数，如果不指定，则默认为列表的开始和结束位置。
# 定义一个列表fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "date", "elderberry", "fig"]# 获取列表的前三个元素sublist1 = fruits[0:3]print(sublist1) # 输出：['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']# 获取列表的第2到第5个元素sublist2 = fruits[1:5]print(sublist2) # 输出：['banana', 'cherry', 'date', 'elderberry']# 获取列表的最后三个元素sublist3 = fruits[-3:]print(sublist3) # 输出：['date', 'elderberry', 'fig']# 获取列表的前两个元素sublist4 = fruits[:2]print(sublist4) # 输出：['apple', 'banana']在这个示例中，sublist1 包含列表的前三个元素，即apple、banana 和cherry。
sublist函数
sublist函数sublist函数是一种在编程中常用的函数，它可以用来获取列表中的子列表。
在本文中，我们将深入探讨sublist函数的用途、语法和实际应用。
让我们来了解sublist函数的功能。
sublist函数可以从一个原始列表中提取出指定范围的元素，然后返回一个新的子列表。
这个函数在很多编程语言中都有现成的实现，比如Python、Java和C++等。
它可以帮助我们更方便地处理列表中的数据，提高代码的可读性和可维护性。
接下来，我们来看一下sublist函数的语法。
一般而言，sublist 函数的语法形式如下：sublist(原始列表, 起始位置, 结束位置)其中，原始列表是我们想要提取子列表的源列表；起始位置是子列表的起始位置（通常是一个非负整数）；结束位置是子列表的结束位置（通常是一个非负整数，但不包含在子列表中）。
举个例子，如果我们有一个原始列表[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]，并且我们想要提取出从第二个元素到第五个元素之间的子列表，我们可以使用sublist函数来实现。
具体的代码如下所示：sublist([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], 1, 5)执行这段代码之后，sublist函数会返回一个新的子列表[2, 3, 4, 5]。
可以看到，子列表中包含了原始列表中从第二个元素到第五个元素之间的所有元素。
除了提取子列表之外，sublist函数还可以用来删除列表中的元素。
我们只需要将要删除的元素的起始位置和结束位置传递给sublist 函数，并将返回的子列表重新赋值给原始列表，就可以实现删除元素的效果。
除了基本的用法之外，sublist函数还可以进行一些其他的操作。
比如，我们可以使用负数作为起始位置和结束位置，来从列表的末尾开始提取子列表。
此外，我们还可以使用不同的步长来控制sublist函数提取子列表时的间隔。
sublist函数是一种非常实用的函数，它可以帮助我们更方便地处理列表中的数据。
sublist方法的描述
sublist方法的描述sublist方法是一种在java中可以很方便提取部分列表的方法。
sublist方法可以帮助开发人员更加有效地处理繁重的列表操作，并且提高程序的执行效率。
sublist方法是java.util.List接口中的一个方法，这个方法有2个重载方法，即：subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex):回一个表示列表中指定范围的视图。
subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex，Collection<? extends E> c):回一个列表，表示从fromIndextoIndex元素，如果指定的集合是非空的，该列表由Collection提供的对象构成。
sublist方法的第一个参数用于指定要处理的列表的开始位置，第二个参数用于指定要处理的列表的结束位置，它们都是以0开始计数的。
sublist方法返回一个新列表，这个新列表中包含了指定列表中从fromIndex到toIndex(不包括toIndex)的元素。
如果指定的两个参数相等，返回的新列表将会是空的，但指定的位置有效。
sublist的使用示例：List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();list.add(onelist.add(twolist.add(threelist.add(fourlist.add(five//取1-3元素List<String> sublist = list.subList(1, 3);System.out.println(sublist);//行结果为：[two, three]从上面的示例中可以看出，sublist方法可以帮助开发人员只处理部分列表，而不用逐一遍历整个列表。
这样可以提高程序执行效率。
sublist方法也可以和其他集合结合起来使用，来获取指定范围内的指定元素，如sublist(int fromIndex, int toIndex，Collection<? extends E> c)。
sublist方法
sublist方法Sublist方法。
在Python编程中，经常会遇到需要处理列表的情况。
而在处理列表时，有时候我们需要提取列表中的一部分元素，这就需要使用到sublist方法。
sublist方法可以帮助我们快速、灵活地提取列表中的子列表，让我们来详细了解一下sublist方法的使用吧。
首先，让我们来看一下sublist方法的基本语法：```python。
sublist = list[start:end:step]```。
在这个语法中，list是我们要操作的列表，start是子列表的起始位置，end是子列表的结束位置，step是步长。
需要注意的是，start和end都是可选的，如果不指定，将会默认从列表的开头或结尾开始提取。
step也是可选的，如果不指定，将会默认为1，即提取连续的元素。
接下来，让我们通过一些具体的例子来演示sublist方法的使用。
假设我们有一个列表numbers，内容如下：```python。
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]```。
现在，我们想要提取出列表中的前三个元素，我们可以这样做：```python。
sublist = numbers[:3]print(sublist) # 输出，[1, 2, 3]```。
在这个例子中，我们使用了start:end的形式，没有指定step，因此默认为1，从而提取了列表中的前三个元素。
接着，我们再来看一个例子，假设我们想要提取出列表中的偶数位置的元素，我们可以这样做：```python。
sublist = numbers[1::2]print(sublist) # 输出，[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]```。
在这个例子中，我们使用了start:end:step的形式，start指定为1，即从第二个元素开始，end没有指定，因此默认为列表的末尾，step指定为2，即提取偶数位置的元素。
除了提取子列表外，sublist方法还可以用于对列表进行切片赋值。
sublist函数
sublist函数摘要：1.概述sublist 函数2.sublist 函数的参数3.sublist 函数的使用方法4.sublist 函数的实例5.sublist 函数的优点与局限性正文：sublist 函数是Python 中的一个内置函数，主要作用是从一个列表中提取一个子列表。
它可以帮助我们在处理列表时更加灵活和高效。
下面，我们来详细了解一下sublist 函数的相关知识。
sublist 函数的参数只有一个，即start 和end。
其中，start 表示子列表的起始索引（包括），end 表示子列表的结束索引（不包括）。
如果start 和end 的值都是负数，那么它们表示的是列表中从末尾开始算起的位置。
如果start 的值为负数，而end 的值为正数，那么sublist 函数将返回一个空列表。
在使用sublist 函数时，我们只需要将列表作为参数传入，然后再传入start 和end 两个参数即可。
例如，对于列表my_list=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]，我们可以使用sublist(my_list, 1, 3) 来获取从索引1（包括）到索引3（不包括）的子列表，即[2, 3, 4]。
sublist 函数在实际应用中非常方便。
例如，如果我们需要对一个列表中的前n 个元素进行操作，可以使用sublist 函数来获取前n 个元素的子列表，然后再对子列表进行操作。
这样可以避免对整个列表进行不必要的操作，提高代码的执行效率。
虽然sublist 函数具有很多优点，但它也存在一些局限性。
首先，它的参数start 和end 必须是整数，不能是小数或负数。
其次，如果start 和end 的值相等，那么sublist 函数将返回一个空列表。
这在某些情况下可能会导致意外的结果。
总之，sublist 函数是Python 中一个非常实用的函数，可以帮助我们方便地从列表中提取子列表。
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Sublist 1
∙analyze[ˈænəlaiz] vt.〈美〉分析, 分解, 解释
∙constitute[ˈkɔnstitju:t] vt.构成, 组成建立, 制定选定, 任命
∙establish[isˈtæbliʃ] vt.建立, 成立安置确定, 证实
∙indicate[ˈindikeit] vt.标示, 指示, 指出象征; 表明或暗示…的可能性
∙occur[əˈkə:] vi.发生; 举行; 存在被发现; 想到[起]
∙role[rəul] n.作用, 职责角色
∙approach[əˈprəutʃ] n.靠近, 接近, 临近通路, 入口, 途径方式, 方法vt.接洽, 交涉; 着手处理vt. & vi.接近, 走近, 靠近
∙context[ˈkɔntekst] n.背景, 环境上下文, 语境
∙estimate[ˈestimeit] n.估计, 估价报价判断vt. & vi.估计; 评价, 评估
∙individual[ˈɪndiˈvidjuəl] adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的独特的n.个人人
∙percent[pəˈsent] n.百分比,百分数
∙section[ˈsekʃən] n.章节部分部门, 科截面, 剖面地区, 区
∙area[ˈɛəriə] n.面积区域, 地区领域, 方面
∙contract[kənˈtrækt] n.契约, 合同vt.缔结; 订契约vt. & vi.染上(恶习, 疾病等)缩小; 紧缩
∙evident[ˈevidənt] adj.明显的, 明白的
∙interpret[inˈtə:prit] vt.解释; 说明vt. & vi.口译; 翻译
∙period[ˈpiəriəd] n.(一段)时间时期, 时代学时, 课时句号, 句点
∙sector[ˈsektə] n.部门; 领域防御地区, 防卫区域扇形, 扇形面
∙assess[əˈses] vt.估价, 估计评定, 核定
∙create[kriˈeit] vt.创造, 创作, 创建引起, 产生
∙export[eksˈpɔ:t] n.输出, 出口输出[出口]物vt. & vi.出口, 输出
∙involve[inˈvɔlv] vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果; 需要使参与, 牵涉
∙policy[ˈpɔləsi] n.政策, 方针策略, 精明的行为, 上策保险单
∙significant[siɡˈnifikənt] adj.重要的, 重大的, 可观的有意义的, 有用意的意味深长的
∙assume[əˈsju:m] vt.假设, 臆断, 猜想假装承担, 担任, 就职呈现, 采取
∙data[ˈdeitə] n.资料, 材料
∙factor[ˈfæktə] n.因素, 要素〈数〉因子, 因数
∙issue[ˈisju:] n.问题, 议题; 争论点发行物放出, 流出; 发出, 发行〈正〉结果, 结局vi.冒出, 流出; 传出vt.出版, 发行发表, 发布分配, 发给
∙principle[ˈprinsəpl] n.原则, 原理准则, 规范操守, 道义工作原理
∙similar[ˈsimilə] adj.类似的; 同类的; 相似的; 同样的
∙authority[ɔ:ˈθɔriti] n.权力, 职权官方, 当局权威, 专家
∙define[diˈfain] vt.精确地解释; 界定规定, 确定
∙finance[faiˈnæns] n.财政, 金融财源, 资金, 财务情况vt.为…供给资金, 从事金融活动
∙labour[ˈleibə] n.劳动, 努力; 工作劳工, 工人分娩, (分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动; 努力艰难行进
∙proceed[prəˈsi:d] vi.前进; 行进进行; 继续下去
∙source[sɔ:s] n.河流的源头, 发源地来源, 出处原因提供资料者, 资料来源
∙available[əˈveiləbl] adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的, 可与之交谈的
∙derive[diˈraiv] vt. & vi.得到源于
∙formula[ˈfɔ:mjulə] n.准则, 原则公式, 方程式配方
∙legal[ˈli:ɡəl] adj.法律上的; 合法的; 法定的
∙process[ˈprəuses] n.过程, 进程工序, 制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工; 处理
∙specific[spiˈsifik] adj.明确的, 确切的, 详尽的具体的, 特有的, 特定的仅限于…的; 只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面, 细节
∙benefit[ˈbenifit] n.益处, 好处救济金, 保险金vt. & vi.有益于, 得益
∙distribute[disˈtribju:t] vt.分配, 分给散发; 散播; 分布
∙function[ˈfʌŋkʃən] n.功能; 作用; 职责函数; 与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi.工作, 运行, 起作用
∙legislate[ˈledʒisleit] vt. & vi.立法; 制定法律
∙require[riˈkwaiə] vt.有赖于…; 需要命令, 指示要求, 规定想要
∙structure[ˈstrʌktʃə] n.结构, 构造有结构的事物; 复杂的整体; 建筑物vt.组织; 安排; 构造; 制定
∙concept[ˈkɔnsept] n.概念; 观念; 想法
∙economy[iˈkɔnəmi] n.节约, 节省经济体制, 经济状况
∙identify[aiˈdentifai] vt.认出, 识别支持, 同情vt. & vi.等同于; 有关联
∙major[ˈmeidʒə] adj.较大的; 主要的; 严重的n.少校专业; 主修科目vi.〈美〉主修, 专攻
∙research[riˈsə:tʃ] n.研究; 探讨vi.做研究, 探究, 研究, 探讨vt.从事…的研究, 为…而做研究
∙theory[ˈθiəri] n.学说理论, 原理意见, 看法
∙consist[kənˈsist] vi.组成, 构成在于, 存在于
∙environment[inˈvaiərənmənt] n.环境, 周围状况, 自然环境
∙income[ˈinkəm] n.收入, 所得, 收益
∙method[ˈmeθəd] n.方法, 办法秩序, 条理
∙respond[riˈspɔnd] vi.有反应; 有效果; 有影响vt. & vi.回答; 回报; 响应
∙vary[ˈvɛəri] vi.呈现不同vt. & vi.(使)变化, 改变。