Rolling中文发音
仁爱版英语八年级上册单词表(带音标带白字发音)
Unit 1 Topic 1during 在。
期间[丢儿瑞英] against 对着，反对[ə跟斯特]team 队，组[提目]win 获胜，赢得[win]cheer 加油，欢呼；喝彩；[气yə]football 足球[福特抱欧]practice v.&n.练习，实践[普ruai克提斯] prefer 更喜欢，宁愿(选择) [普瑞fə]row 划船；n.(一)排，(一)行[肉]quite 相当，很，十分[快特]join 加入，参加；连接；会合[叫银] skate 溜冰，滑冰[斯给特]cycle 骑自行车[赛扣]tennis n.网球[太你斯] player n.比赛者，选手[普累ə] rocket 火箭[绕K特]dream n.梦，梦想；v.做梦[追目] grow 成长,生长;发育;种植;变成[格肉] scientist n.科学家[赛因提丝特] future n.将来[fiu qə] musician n.音乐家，乐师[miu ðei 山] pilot 飞行员，驾驶员[派lə特] policeman 男警察[pə利斯门]postman 邮递员[剖斯特门]fisherman 捕鱼的人[飞shə门]jump v.跳跃；n.跳跃；猛扑[家木普] spend 度过；花费(金钱、时间等) [斯本的] exercise 锻炼,做操;练习[爱克sə赛字] baseball n.棒球[背斯抱欧] weekend n.周末[为客恩的] part n.一部分[怕特] health n.健康，卫生[害哦斯] popular 流行的,大众的，受欢迎的[炮piə lə] world n.世界，全球[wə欧的] heart 心脏，心；纸牌中的红桃[哈特] lung 肺；肺脏[兰]healthy adj.健康的，健壮的[海哦细]fit 健康的；适合的；v.(使)适合；安装[fi 特] relax (使)放松，轻松[瑞来克斯] supper 晚餐[撒pə]famous adj.著名的[飞mə斯] teammate n.队友[提妺特] excited 激动的，兴奋的[一克赛提的] bad 坏的，不好的[拜的]leave 离开；剩下；n.假期，休假[利v] pity 遗憾，可惜[皮提]Unit 1 Topic 2ill adj.有病的；不健康的[油]mind 介意；关心；n.思想，想法[麦因的] kick 踢[K克]pass 传递，经过，及格[怕斯] certainly 当然，肯定[sə ten利] somewhere adv.在某处[撒木外儿] throw n.扔，投，掷[斯肉]fight v.争论；打仗(架)，[fai 特] teamwork 合作，配合[提目wə克]angry 生气，不高兴的[安格瑞] nothing 没有什么；没有一件东西[那星] finish 最后部分;结束v.结束;做完[分你史] grandfather n.爷爷；外公[格软发ðə]invent v.发明，创造[银ven特] inventor v.发明者[银ven tə]court 球场，运动场；法庭；法院[括特] outdoors 在户外，在野外[奥特朵字] century n.世纪，百年[森qə瑞]indoor 在室内的[银朵]become v.成为；变得[比卡目]into 到……里；向内；变成[银图]goal 进球;得分；(足球)球门；目标[够] through 穿(通)过；从始至终；[斯如]side 边，旁边；面，侧面[赛的]basket 篮子；[巴斯K特]follow 遵守规则;跟随;仿效；跟得上[佛楼] example n.例子；榜样[一格ðai木剖]hold 抓住，举办，保持；[厚的]skill 技能，技艺[斯给欧]as 作为，当作[爱字]than prep.&con.j.比[ðən] score 得分；进球；n.得分，分数[斯搞]lover 爱好者，热爱者[拉və]such 爱好者，热爱者[撒气] cricket 板球[克瑞K特]main adj.主要的[美恩] person 人，个人[pə森]hero 英雄[黑儿肉]cup n. 茶杯，杯子[卡普]final 最后的，最终的[fai nou]grass n.草；草场；牧草[格ra斯]point 得分，观点，要点，指出[炮因特]hit v.&n.撞，打，击中[黑特] bat 球拍，球棒，蝙蝠[白特]Unit 1 Topic 3exciting 令人激动的，使人兴奋的[一克赛停]relay race 接力赛[瑞累瑞斯]hear 听到[黑儿]shall 好吗?；要不要……? [晒哦] message n.消息，音信[麦细Jə]theater n.剧场，戏院[细yə tə] line n.线，线条[来因]modern adj.现代的[毛den] Olympics 奥林匹克运动会[欧利木皮克斯] motto n.箴言，格言[毛投]ring 环形物(如环，圈，戒指)，电话铃声[瑞英] symbol n.象征，标志[细木bou] stand n.站立，忍受[斯担的] least n.最少；最少量[里斯特] nowadays 现今，现在[闹儿dei字] compete 竞争，对抗[kə木皮特] chance n.机会；可能性[欠斯]host v.举办，主办；主人；主持人[厚斯特] feel v.感觉，觉得；摸，触[飞油] beginning n.开头，开端[比gin宁] whether con.j.是否[外ðə]gold 黄金；adj.金黄色的，金的[够的] medal 奖牌，勋章[麦豆]badly adv.坏，恶劣地[白的利] able adj.能够；有能力的[ei bou]Review of Unit 1really 真正的[瑞yə利]another 再一;另一; pron.另一个[ə拿ðə] break 打破；损坏；撕开；n.课间休息[布瑞克] freestyle 自由泳，自由式[福瑞斯呆哦]male adj.男性的[妹欧] swimmer 游泳者[斯维mə]record 记录；唱片[ruai 拷的] successful 成功的[sə克赛斯否] Jamaican 牙买加的[jə美肯]widely 普遍的，广泛的[外的利] regard v.把……看作[瑞ga的]Unit 2 Topic 1 toothache n.牙痛[图斯A克] dentist n.牙科医生[den 提一斯特] backache n.背痛[白克A克] headache n.头疼[海的A克] suggest v.建议[sə杰斯特]fever n.发烧；发热[fi və] cough n.&v.咳嗽[考福] stomachache n.胃疼[斯打mə克A克] coffee n.咖啡[考非]tea n.茶；茶叶[提]enough adj.足够的，充分的；[银拿福] boil v.沸腾；烧开；煮……[抱油]lift v.举起，抬起；n.(英)电梯[利福特] terrible adj.糟糕的；可怕的[太rə bou] flu n.流行性感冒[福路] medicine n.药[麦地森] suggestion n.建议[sə杰斯琴]candy n.糖果[看地]brush v.刷；擦；n.刷子[不rua史]tooth n.(pl.teeth)牙齿[图斯] lie v.躺下，平躺n.谎话[来] while 当。
一些美国黑人常用俚语_-_American_Slangs
一些美国黑人常用俚语 - American Slangs美国黑人常用俚语 - American Slangs2010-08-18 20:03:56 来自: AfraO.G. - 即Original Gangster，用来指有案底的帮派份子。
red rum - 就是谋杀 (murder) 的意思，只是这里把它反过来写。
Rolling 60's - 一黑帮的支派。
set - 帮派分支。
Set tripping - 帮派内斗。
smoke - 杀人。
Soldier - 没有案底的帮派份子。
toa - 帮派间的义气。
thug - 身无长物的人，也可以称为“恶棍”。
TTP - 指 Tree Top Piru，一黑帮的支派。
up north trip - 被送往监狱。
madhatter - 贩毒的人。
slang - 贩毒。
trap - 贩毒。
rock star - 吸毒上瘾的人。
primo, turbo, zootie - 此三名词皆为掺了可卡因的大麻。
slab, snow - 皆指可卡因。
smacked - 药效发作。
through - 嗑药的兴奋状态。
triple beam - 原来是拿来秤金子，但后来被拿来当作秤毒品的秤子。
skins, zig zags - 皆为卷大麻烟的纸。
sherm stick - 浸泡过精油的大麻烟。
roll - 卷一管大麻。
zooted - 抽大麻。
spliff - 牙买加产的大麻烟。
Vegas - 一家卖大麻烟的厂商。
另外，还有许多大麻的同义字。
像是：bammer, bonic, brown,bud, buddha, cannabis, cheeba, chronic, dank, doubage,ganja, grass, green, groove weed, hash, herb, home-grown,ill, Indo, iszm, Lebanon, Mary Jane, maui, method, pot,sess, shake, shit, skunk, stress, tabacci, Thai, tical, wacky, and weed. 都是大麻。
电影《泰坦尼克号》中英文剧本
-Brock: Okay, Lewis, drop down to B deck.
drop down: 向下移动
好，Lewis，继续往下到B层。
-Lewis: A deck. Give me some rope, captain.
rope: 绳索，缆 captain: 船长
好吧，升上去，越过船头。
-Lewis: Okay, Mir-2, we're going over the bow. Stay with us.
go over: 越过 stay with: (口语)与…并驾齐驱
和平二号，我们到船头上去。跟上。
-Brock: Okay, quiet. We're rolling. Seeing her coming out of the darkness like a ghost ship…
电影《泰坦尼克号》中英文剧本
-Lewis: Thirteen meters. You should see it.
meter: 米
距离13米。应该能看到它了。
-Brock: Okay, take her up and over the bow rail.
take up: 举起【(使)向上】 bow rail: 船头栏杆 bow: 船头 rail: 栏杆
好，现在向左。向左。往左。
-Tech A: Snoop Dog is on the move. We're headed down the stairwell.
snoop: 窥探 move: 移动 head down: 向下 stairwell: 楼梯井
猎狗(水下机器人)正在移动。正沿着楼梯井下降。
建筑工地常用语英汉对照
一、日常用语100句序号中文英文中文发音1 早上好。
Good morning. 古得毛（儿）宁2 下午好。
Good afternoon. 古得阿福特怒恩3 晚上好。
Good evening. 古得依文宁4 你好吗？ How are you? 号阿哟？5 我很好，谢谢。
Fine, thank you. 范恩三克哟6 幸会。
How do you do? 号度哟度？7 很高兴见到你。
Glad to meet you. 格赖的土米特哟8 非常感谢。
Thank you very much. 三克哟外瑞骂吃9 谢啦。
Thanks. 三克丝10 不客气/欢迎你。
You are welcome. 哟阿外儿可么11 没关系/不值一提。
Don’t mention it. 东特们身内的12 一点不麻烦。
Not at all. 闹的哎套13 打搅你了。
Excuse me. 伊科斯Q（字母）思咪14 对不起。
Sorry. 扫瑞15 请重说一遍 Pardon, please? 怕的嗯，普利斯（清音）？16 没关系。
That’s all right. 代次奥如哎特（清音）17 不介意/没事。
Never mind. 奈V呃迈恩的18 你叫什么名字？What’s your name?沃此哟儿内么？19 我叫李四。
My name is Lisi. 买内么一子李四20 再见。
Goodbye. 古得拜21 祝你旅途愉快。
Have a nice trip. 嗨V呃奈斯吹P（清音）22 我能帮你吗？ Can I help you? 侃哎嗨儿P哟？23 请说慢一点。
Please speak slowly. 普利斯斯币克斯娄雷24 请大声一点说话。
Please speak louder. 普利斯斯币克捞德儿25 我听不清。
I can’t hear you clearly. 爱康特嘿儿哟可利尔雷26 我听不懂/不知道。
rap中俚语大全
with The Love的实体，字体虽改变，但发音仍相同。
以上只是简单的简介，但却是黑人用字上出现频率最高的用字，
以下再为读者介绍一些饶舌歌中出现的字眼，并介绍其用法，而有些用字
用语可用「俗字」「鄙字」或「俚语」来称呼，但却是最实用的黑人用字。
首先说到的，当然是曝光率最高的字眼 *** ，这个字不只在饶舌歌中出现，
由"θ"改发成"t"音。在拼字上简化成wit，但发音仍为/WIθ/，为一例外。
顺便一提，有些饶舌歌手抓到快言快语的好处，把一大串的字都串在一起，
写在专辑上，感觉专辑名称或歌名特别的炫，但实际上，念起来还是一样的。
如饶舌团out
kast的首张专辑southernplayalisticadillacmuzik, Ice
而有二文法已成为不只黑人使用，也要成为通行全美的通则了，即如going
to改成了gonna, want to改成了wanna。此外，如out
of改成了outta，kind of改成了kinda，sort
of改成了sorta，已成一新英文文法。
而如re或e此种在快速演唱下几乎听不到的字，都被省略了，如more成了mo（如黑人电影move
在全美，此字已成为生活用字，被广泛使用。 *** 一字如世人所知的，
它有「与人性交」的用法，当然也是一个非常鄙俗的用字，常用来怒骂
对方的行为或为人，且 *** 一字也可代表任何物，任何动物，也可当成加
强用语使用，只要可以骂人，都合 *** 的文法。而且 *** 也自成一套，
最流行网络英文潮语集合&怎样读准an、en、in和ang、eng、ing
最流行网络英文潮语集合下面列举一些典型的网络英文潮语。
btw(by the way)：这个大多数人都会用，就是“顺便再说一句”的意思。
g2g(got to go)：要走了。
原句是I've got to go。
ttyl(talk to you later)：下次再说。
brb(be right back)：很快回来。
也就是I'll be right back 或I'm gonna be right back的简写。
jk(just kidding)：开玩笑，别当真。
omg(oh my god)：我的天啊！有时为了表达更强烈的情感，有人会打：OMGGGGGGG!lol(laugh out loud)：大声地笑。
这个缩写已经快被用烂了。
Imao(laughing my arse/ass off)：笑死我了。
遇到真正搞笑的事，可以这么说，不过有点粗俗。
rofl(rolling on the floor laughing)：笑到摔到地上。
roflmao(rolling on the floor laughing my ass of)：前两个的结合版，也就是超级搞笑的意思。
sth(something)：某事某物。
nth(nothing)：什么也没有。
plz(please)：请。
please 字尾是z 音，所以按照读音缩写为plz。
thx(thanks)：谢谢。
按照发音来看，thanks字尾的ks可以用字母X代替。
idk(I don't know)：我不知道。
imho, imo(in my humble opinion, in my opinion)：在我看来，常见于论坛怎样读准an、en、in和ang、eng、in g有的同学对an、en、in与ang、eng、ing两组鼻韵母的读音分辨不准，关键是没有掌握鼻韵尾“-n”和“-ng”的发音部位和方法。
请看看下面例题，体会“-n”和“-ng”发音的部位和方位。
有趣的汉英翻译
神一样的英语翻译
精选ppt
1
我们来搞笑的！
Bigger than bigger
比更大还更大
岂止于大
精选e whatever U change. 电流不随电压改变而改变。
（提示一下：电流：安培“I”；电压：伏特 “U”)
精选ppt
精选ppt
31
4). There was so much dust that we couldn't see what was happening.
尘土很大，我们看不清发生了什么事。
尘土如此之大，以至于我们看不清发生了什 么事。
精选ppt
32
5). How can you expect your children to be truthful when you yourself tell lies?
qinqunambulance救护车俺不能死economy经济依靠农民addict上瘾爱得嗑它abyss深渊额必死hermit隐士何处觅他agony痛苦爱过你pregnant怀孕扑来个男的coffin棺材admire羡慕额的妈呀ail疼痛哎哟nuance细微差别有一盎司shun躲避lynch私刑处死凌迟morbid病态毛病ponderous笨重的胖得要死flee逃跑飞离ambition雄心俺必胜starfarmingpigmonkeyfourgreatinventionsprincestntfiremedicineyellowhomefullmoonfestivalpizzayuecopypastecompassgunpowderroyalmidautumnfestivalmooncakeprintingwifelungslicestirfriedporklungslicestofumadefrecklefacewomanmapotofurollingdonkey打滚的驴rollingsoybeancakefourhappymeatballs四个开心的肉丸meatballsbraisedbrownsauceantsclimbingspicymincedporklionheadstewedporkballbrownsauce九阳神功nineman?spower九阴真经ninewoman?sstory九阴白骨爪ninewomancatchwhitebone九个女人抓著一个白骨一阳指onefingerjustlike易筋经changeyourbone七伤拳sevenhurtedorgan黯然销魂掌deepbluepress深深忧郁的掌法对对对有忧郁症的都使的出来葵花宝典sunflowerbiblefromgentlemanpolitealthoughdidn?tlikehim
第十三单元 字母l和r发音的比较 是的发音。舌端齿龈边辅音
第十三单元字母l和r发音的比较/l/是l的发音。
舌端齿龈边辅音。
发音时舌尖及舌端紧贴上齿龈，舌前向硬颚抬起，气流从舌的旁边送出。
当此音为尾音时，将舌端抵住上齿龈，舌前下限，舌后上抬，舌面形成凹形。
浊辅音、声带振动。
/r/是r的发音。
舌尖齿龈(后部)摩擦辅音。
发音时舌尖卷起，靠近上齿龈后部。
舌两侧稍收扰。
双唇略突出。
气流通过舌尖和齿龈形成轻微摩擦。
浊辅音，声带振动。
Part A 以r开头的单词.一．成组比较light[lait]—— right [rait] load [ləud] —— road [rəud]late [leit——]rate[reit] lied[laid] —— ride[raid]long [lɔŋ]—— wrong[wɔŋ]二．测试三．例句Are you r eady? 准备好了吗？R ead it carefully. 认真读。
He wants to get r ich fast. 他想迅速致富。
I like r ice better then noodles. 和面条相比，我更喜欢米饭。
四．常用练习这是你的家庭作业。
先练习下面的句子。
然后在日常生活中进行应用。
I’ll be r ight [rait] back. 我马上回来。
现在，自己想出一个包含/r/的常用单词。
认真练习，并在每次说英语时，进行应用。
For biologists: r estore[ri'stɔ:]For musicians: r ecord [ri'kɔ:d]For economists: r ecession [ri'seʃən]For anyone: r esist [ri'zist]五．专业词汇R apid ['ræpid] changea r igid ['ridʒid] structure r espect [ris'pekt] the law with r egard [ri'ɡɑ:d] to r arely ['rɛəli] observedPart B 在词中r一．成组比较collect [kə'lekt]—— correct [kə'rekt] elect [i'lekt]—— erect [i'rekt]filing ['failiŋ]—— firing['fairiŋ] rolling['rəuliŋ]—— roaring['rəuriŋ]二．测试三．例句It was bo r ing. 很枯燥。
最新美式英语与英式英语在发音上的差异
美式英语与英式英语在发音上的差异一、舌音1、过耳不忘之/r/音但凡略微接触过英音和美音的同学都知道，英音和美音最大的区别就是卷舌音！有些同学认为idea读成美音就是idea（r），famous在美音里面就是famou（r）s，但是这种读法是错误的！那么，问题来了，美音什么时候才会出现卷舌？是否美音里只有出现“r”才会卷舌？这个说法也不全面，具体情况且听笔者娓娓道来。
在英音中，字母r在元音前才发音，如red (红色)、run（跑），而在辅音前或词尾时是几乎不发音的，如farm（农场），car（汽车），例外情况就是a beer or a coke中的连读。
但在美语中，r在辅音前发明显的卷舌音，如park（公园），在词尾时亦发音，如star（星星）。
但是美音中也有特殊单词不符合这种发音规律：例如Mistress该单词的缩写形式Mrs就不符合美音中r在辅音前发明显的卷舌音的规则。
另外Colonel(上校)虽然没有“r”字母，但是在美音发音中却需要卷舌。
由此可见，各位同学需要在掌握一般性美音卷舌规则的基础上，把握特殊情况，如此方能卷的正确，卷的好听！2、似是而非之fast d弹舌音这种发音是酸梅汤老师在课上经常作为“炫技唬人”的绝杀招数。
在一部分非重读音节中(如ladder，cattle, letter，city，party)，英音会清楚地发音“t”“d”两个音素，但在美音中“d”和“t”常常会被模糊成一个fast /d/音。
就中文而言，南方某些地区的方言中就存在这种发音，同时就其它的语言而言，西班牙语或者俄语中的“rolling r”音就趋同于美音中此种特殊发音，我们称之为弹舌音。
如果你既不身怀“绝技”，也不曾接触过西班牙语或俄语，那么你还是好好通过“原文链接”和酸老师好好学习或者规规矩矩按照音标念吧，可能不是很“美”，但至少不会很“乱”。
二、音变3、销魂音变之/æ/音在/ss/, /st/, /th/, /ff/, /nce/, /s/, /l/, /m/, /n/等辅音之前的字母a，美国英语一般读作/ æ / 音，而英国音则发作/a:/。
美国黑话英语大全
out滚蛋之意；至于Don't **** sb up，则是Let me
alone，别烦我的意思；而**** sth
up则有把事搞砸之意。当然，如前所述， *** 此字可以代替任何动词、
名词，只要对方听得懂即可。而 *** 有一用法则同于究竟（on
earth）或是咒骂人的词组（the hell），即「the
****」，为强调之用法，如What the **** you gonna
do?或How the *** sho' I
fly?有时可和shit一字通用，但少用为妙。
此外，另一个可和 *** 一字媲美的字眼则是shit。此字是"粪""屎"之意，
非裔美人言谈中有时也会出现一些重要人物的名字，
这便是需要我们对其文化背景有基本了解才能懂其对话的意思。
以下略举几位绕舌歌词中偶尔出现的重要人名：
MLK - Martin Luther King，一位黑人 *** 运动领袖。
MF - Mark Ferhman，想要设计栽赃陷害O.J. Simpson 的一位警官。
comming改成了commin'等，只要是ing进行式就可以省略g。而有些字，
因为说唱的关系，发音也改变了，如through一字，gh不发音是众人皆知的，
而th的发音为"θ"，但在饶舌歌中，它发成了"t"，因此字被减化成thru，
而发音和true一字的发音相同，而nothing的th的发音也同此文法，
美国的黑人社会中的帮派问题经常地在绕舌歌曲中被讨论，自然也有许多与派相关的黑话会常在绕舌歌中出现，如：
2024上海崇明英语高三一模答案
2024上海崇明英语高三一模答案参考答案详解第I卷（两部分，共95分）第一部分：英语知识运用（共四节，满分55分）第一节音标知识（共5小题，每小题1分，满分5分）1. B 解析：revolution发音为[ֽrevə'lu:∫ən]。
2．D 解析：material发音为[ mə'tiəriəl ]。
3. C 解析：honest发音为['ɔnist ]。
注意：h不发音。
4．B 解析：mathematics 发音为[ mæθi'mætiks [。
5．C 解析：national发音为[ 'næʃənəl ]。
注意与nation[ 'neiʃən]的区别。
第二节补全对话（共5小题，每小题1分，满分5分）6. C 解析：从下文可知广告的内容是卖汽车。
7. G 解析：从下文男士说汽车就他自己一个人开，而且按期保养可知，汽车状况良好（It’s in great shape）。
8. D 解析：当女士说出广告上所写的汽车的一些装备时，男士补充说“汽车轮胎和蓄电池都是新的”，以便推销他的汽车。
9. A 解析：从下文男士的回答可知，他的公司下个月将派他去欧洲，他计划在那儿买一辆新车。
故女士应该是在问他为什么卖车。
10.E 解析：当女士谈到汽车价格问题时，男士说可以协商（negotiate）.第三节单项填空（共1 5小题，每小题1分，满分1 5分）11. B 解析：本题考查冠词的用法。
表示官职、头衔等的名词用作句子中的表语、同位语和补足语时，前面通常不用冠词，但用作主语或宾语时则要用冠词。
故选B。
12. D 解析：本题考查时态的用法。
对于否定式疑问句的回答，若是肯定的事实，则用yes，若是否定的事实，则用no。
结合语义及选项，可知“我”已毕业，“我”在西安外国语大学学了4年的英语，在“西安外国语大学学英语”为过去的动作。
故选D。
13． A 解析：本题考查介词的用法。
八年级下册英语单词读音
八年级下册英语单词读音UNIT 1will [wil, wəl,] 将、会、要robot ['rəubɔt] n.机器人won't=will notthey'll=they willeverything [\evriθiŋ] pron.每件事物paper ['peipə] n.纸;纸张fewer ['fju:ə] adj.(few的比较级)较少的;较少数pollution [pə'luʃən] n.污染tree [tri:] n.树;树木she'll=she willbuilding ['bildiŋ] n.建筑物;房屋astronaut ['æstrənɔ:t] n.宇航员，航天员rocket ['rɔkit] n.火箭space [speis] n.空间;太空space station 空间站fly [flai] v.飞行took [tʊk] v.take的过去式moon [mu:n] n.月亮;月球I'll = I willfall [fɔ:l] v.落下;跌落;变为fell [fel] v.fall的过去式fall in love with 爱上alone [ə'ləun] adv.单独地;孤独地pet [pet] n.宠物parrot ['pærət] n.鹦鹉go skating去滑冰suit [sju:t] n.一套衣服able ['eibl] 能、能够be able to 有能力做某事、会做某事dress [dres] v.穿衣casually ['kæʒjʊəlɪ] adv.非正式地;随意地which [hwitʃ，wɪtʃ] pron.哪个;哪几个even ['i:vən] adv.甚至The World [wə:ld] Cup 世界杯wrote [rəʊt] v.write的过去式myself [mai'self] pron.(反身代词)我自己;我本人interview ['intəvju:] n.面试;面谈predict [pri'dikt] v.预报;预言prediction [prɪ'dɪkʃən] n.预言;预测came [keɪm] e的过去式come true 实现;达到sound [saund] n.声音company ['kʌmpəni] n.公司Thought [θɔ:t] v.think的过去式strategy ['strætidʒi] 策略、战略fiction ['fikʃən] n.小说unpleasant [ʌn'plezənt] adj.使人不愉快的scientist ['saiəntist] n.科学家in the future ['fju:tʃə] 未来、将来hundred ['hʌndrəd] n.一百hundreds of 大量、许多have得(病)、患(病)already [ɔ:l'redi] adv.早已;先前made v.make的过去式factory ['fæktəri，fæktri] n.工厂simple ['simpl] adj.简单的;简易的such [sʌtʃ] adj.这样的;这种bored [bɔ:d] adj.厌烦的;厌倦的everywhere ['evrihwɛə] adv.各地;到处human ['hju:mən] n.人;人类huge [hju:dʒ] n.巨大的;极大的shape [ʃeip] n.外形;形状earthquake ['ə:θkweik] n.地震snake [sneik] n.蛇possible ['pɔsəbl] adj.可能的electric [I'lektrik] adj.电的;导电的toothbrush ['tu:θ'brʌʃ] n.牙刷seem v.像是;似乎impossible [im'pɔsəbl] adj.不可能的;不会发生的housework ['hauswə:k] n.家务;家务事rating ['reitiŋ] n.级别;等级UNIT 2keep out 不让……进入play v.播放argue ['ɑ:ɡju:] v.争论;争吵wrong [rɔŋ] adj.错误的;有毛病的;不合适的What's wrong?怎么了?style [stail] n.风格、款式、式样out of style 不时髦的，过时的could [kud, kəd] modal v. can的过去式What’s the matter ['mætə] 怎么了call sb. up 打电话给ticket ['tikit] n.票;入场券surprise [sə'praiz] v.使惊奇;使意外on the phone 用电话交谈;在通话pay for 付……款、付买……的钱part-time job 兼职工作okay ['əu'kei] adj.好的either ['aiðə] adj.任一的;(两方中的)每一方的bake [beik] v.烤;烘Teen Talk [ti:n] 青少年论坛(节目名称) tutor ['tju:tə] n.家庭教师original [ə'ridʒinəl] adj.新颖的the same as 与……同样的in style [stail] 时髦的;流行的haircut ['heə'kʌt] n.理发;发型except [ik'sept] prep.除;把--除外upset [ʌp'set] adj.心烦的，沮丧的fail [feil] v.失败get on 相处;进展didn't = did notcouldn't = could notreturn [ri'tə:n] v.归还;送回football ['futbɔ:l] n.足球until [ən'til,ʌn'til] 到--为止fit …into…找到时间(做某事)as……as possible ['pɔsəbl] 尽可能……pressure ['preʃə] n.压力complain [kəm'plein] v.抱怨;埋怨、发牢骚include [in'klu:d] v.包括;包含pushy ['puʃi] adj.固执己见的;一意孤行的push [puʃ] v.推;推动;督促sent [sent] v.派遣、打发、安排去all kinds of 各种各样的compare [kəm'pɛə] v.比较crazy ['kreizi] adj.疯狂的;狂热的themselves [ðəm'selvz] (反身代词)他(她,它)们自己adult ['ædʌlt] n.成年人on the one hand (在)一方面organized ['ɔ:ɡənaizd] adj.有组织的on the other hand (在)另一方面freedom ['fri:dəm] n.自由UNIT 3UFO ['ju:ef'əʊ] 不行飞行物;飞碟barber ['bɑ:bə] (为男子服务的)理发师barber shop 理发店bathroom ['bɑ:θrum] 浴室bedroom ['bed'ru:m] 卧室;寝室kitchen ['kitʃin] 厨房get out 出去;离开alien ['eiljən] 从另一个世界来的生物;外星人bought [bɔ:t] buy的过去式land [lænd] 着陆got [gɔt] get的过去式take off 起飞while [hwail] 当……的时候experience [iks'piəriəns] 经历;体验imagine [I'mædʒin] 想象;设想strange [streindʒ] 奇怪的;陌生的follow ['fɔləu] 跟随;追随amazing [ə'meɪzɪŋ] 令人惊奇的kid [kid] 开玩笑;戏弄;欺骗scared [skeəd] 恐惧的climb [klaim] 攀登;爬jump [dʒʌmp] 跳跃shout [ʃaut] 呼喊;呼叫rode [rəʊd] ride的过去式train station ['steiʃən] 火车站ran [ræn] run的过去式run away 逃跑;跑掉anywhere [enihwɛə] 任何地方met [met] meet的过去式come in 进来happen ['hæpən] 发生accident ['æksidənt] 事故Beijing Internation Airport ['ɛəpɔ:t] 北京国际机场plane [plein] 飞机heard [həːd] hear的过去式modern ['mɔdən] 现代的;现代化的kill [kil] 杀死;致死Memphis [memfis] 孟菲斯(美国田纳西州西南部一城市) murder ['mə:də] v.and n.谋杀;凶杀hear about 听说bright [brait] adj.明亮的;发亮的playground ['pleiɡraund] n.运动场;操场bell [bel] n.钟;铃;门铃rang [ræŋ] v.ring的过去式told [təʊld] v.tell的过去式close [kləuz] v.关闭silence ['sailəns] n.寂静;沉静take place [pleis] 发生recent ['ri:snt] adj.最近的;近来的World Trade Center [wə:ld,treid, 'sentə] 世界贸易中心destroy [dis'trɔi] v.破坏;毁坏terrorist ['terərɪst] n.恐怖分子meaning ['mi:niŋ] n.意思;含义as……as 像……(一样)became [bɪ'keɪm] v.become的过去式flight [flait] n.航班，班机earth [ə:θ] n.地球hero ['hiərəu] n.英雄flew [flu:] v.fly的过去式。
声乐技巧知识：声乐技巧——如何在不失清晰度的情况下唱出卷舌音
声乐技巧知识：声乐技巧——如何在不失清晰度的情况下唱出卷舌音声乐技巧是指歌唱技能，通常包括传统的各种技巧，例如音阶、高音、低音、换气等。
但除了这些基本技巧之外，还有其他技巧也很重要，例如卷舌音。
卷舌音可以给歌曲增添独特的音乐味道，但是如何在不失清晰度的情况下唱出卷舌音，那就需要相应的技巧支持了。
首先，什么是卷舌音？卷舌音，也称为“rolling R”，是指在发音时，舌头卷曲成一小团，使其挤压出气流，形成卷曲的音。
它是一种常见的发音方式，但是很多人却很难掌握。
在声乐中，卷舌音通常在某些单词或歌曲中特别需要，例如“rhythm”、“rain”等。
虽然卷舌音可以强调特定的语气和情感，但同时也会增加歌曲的难度。
因此，在掌握了卷舌音的正确发音方式后，需要在保持清晰度和准确性的基础上，尝试运用它。
接下来，我们就来了解一下如何在不失清晰度的情况下唱出卷舌音的声乐技巧。
1.正确的发音方式要唱出清晰的卷舌音，首先要掌握正确的发音方式。
在发出“R”音时，口腔应该相对放松、口形要略呈圆形，舌头的位置要靠近口腔后部，且不要用力挤压。
同时，用气息轻轻地推动舌头发出气流，也不要用力使劲挤喉。
2.练习正确的舌头技巧如果你不擅长控制舌头，就需要自己练习一下。
比如，慢慢伸出舌头，并逐渐提示它卷曲起来，同时保持舌头放松，不要用力。
练习时可以感觉到舌头一边卷曲，一边自然地挤压出气流。
3.逐步增加卷曲程度当你掌握了正确的发音方式，并能够轻松地控制舌头，就可以逐渐增加卷曲程度。
开始时可以尝试较少的卷曲程度，逐渐增加，以防止声音变得模糊或失去清晰度。
要特别注意卷曲的程度不要过度，否则会影响听感。
4.注意喉咙和气息除了舌头的控制，卷舌音的清晰度还与喉咙和气息息息相关。
在发出卷舌音时，应该让喉咙放松，同时保持充足的气息，发出足够的气流来推动舌头。
如果喉咙太紧或气息不足，声音容易变得模糊不清。
5.尝试不同的发音效果卷舌音虽然通常用来强调某些词汇，但是当你掌握了它的发音技巧后，可以尝试运用它来增加音乐的节奏感和变化。
rolling-1
Rolling (metalworking)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search"Rolling mill" redirects here. For mills that use rollers to crush grain or stone, see roller mill.A rolling schematicRolling visualization. (Click on image to view animation.)In metalworking, rolling is a metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through a pair of rolls. Rolling is classified according to the temperature of the metal rolled. If the temperature of the metal is above its recrystallization temperature, then the process is termed as hot rolling. If the temperature of the metal is below its recrystallization temperature, the process is termed as cold rolling. In terms of usage, hot rolling processes more tonnage than any other manufacturing process, and cold rolling processes the most tonnage out of all cold working processes.[1][2]There are many types of rolling processes, including ring rolling, roll bending, roll forming, profile rolling, and controlled rolling.Contents[hide]∙ 1 Historyo 1.1 Iron and steelo 1.2 Other metalso 1.3 Modern rolling∙ 2 Hot and cold rollingo 2.1 Hot rollingo 2.2 Cold rolling∙ 3 Processeso 3.1 Roll bendingo 3.2 Roll formingo 3.3 Flat rolling▪ 3.3.1 Foil rollingo 3.4 Ring rollingo 3.5 Structural shape rollingo 3.6 Controlled rolling ∙ 4 Millso 4.1 Configurationso 4.2 Tandem mill∙ 5 Defectso 5.1 Flatness and Shape▪ 5.1.1 Profile▪ 5.1.2 Flatnesso 5.2 Drafto 5.3 Surface defects∙ 6 See also∙7 Noteso7.1 Bibliography∙8 Further reading∙9 External linksHistory[edit]Iron and steel[edit]Slitting mill, 1813.The invention of the rolling mill is attributed to Leonardo da Vinci.[3] Earliest rolling mills were slitting mills, which were introduced from what is now Belgium to England in 1590. These passed flat bars between rolls to form a plate of iron, which was then passed between grooved rolls (slitters) to produce rods of iron.[citation needed] Later this began to be rerolled and tinned to make tinplate.[citation needed]The earlier production of plate iron in Europe had been in forges, not rolling mills.[citation needed]The slitting mill was adapted to producing hoops (for barrels) and iron with a half-round or other sections by means that were the subject of two patents of c. 1679.[citation needed],Some of the earliest literature on rolling mills can be traced back to Christopher Polhem in 1761 in Patriotista Testamente, where he mentions History of the is wanted to tilt only one bar with a hammer.[citation needed]A patent was granted to Thomas Blockley of England in 1759 for the polishing and rolling of metals. Another patent was granted in 1766 to Richard Ford of England for the first tandem mill.[4]A tandem mill is one in which the metal is rolled in successive stands; Ford’s tandem mill was for hot rolling of wire rods.[citation needed]Other metals[edit]This section requires expansion. (December 2009)Rolling mills for lead seem to have existed by the late 17th century. Copper and brass were also rolled by the late 18th century.Modern rolling[edit]Modern rolling practice can be attributed to the pioneering efforts of Henry Cort of Funtley Iron Mills, near Fareham, England. In 1783 a patent was issued to Henry Cort for his use of grooved rolls for rolling iron bars.[5]With this new design mills were able to produce 15 times the output per day than with a hammer.[6]Although Cort was not the first to use grooved rolls, he was first to combine the use of many of the best features of various ironmaking and shaping processes known at the time. Thus modern writers have called him “father of modern rolling."The first rail rolling mill was established by John Birkenshaw in 1820, where he produced fish bellied wrought iron rails in lengths of 15 to 18 feet.[6] With the advancement of technology in rolling mills the size of rolling mills grew rapidly along with the size products being rolled. Example of this was at The Great Exhibition in 1851 a plate 20 feet long, 3 ½ feet wide, and 7/16 of inch thick, weighed 1,125 pounds was exhibited by the Consett Iron Company.[6]Further evolution of the rolling mill came with the introduction of Three-high mills in 1853 used for rolling heavy sections.[citation needed]Hot and cold rolling[edit]Hot rolling[edit]A coil of hot-rolled steelSee also: Hot workingHot rolling is a metalworking process that occurs above the recrystallization temperature of the material. After the grains deformduring processing, they recrystallize, which maintains an equiaxed microstructure and prevents the metal from work hardening. The starting material is usually large pieces of metal, like semi-finished casting products, such as slabs, blooms, and billets. If these products came from a continuous casting operation the products are usually fed directly into the rolling mills at the proper temperature. In smaller operations the material starts at room temperature and must be heated. This is done in a gas- or oil-fired soaking pit for larger workpieces and for smaller workpieces induction heating is used. As the material is worked the temperature must be monitored to make sure it remains above the recrystallization temperature. To maintain a safety factor a finishing temperature is defined above the recrystallization temperature; this is usually 50 to 100 °C (122 to 212 °F) above the recrystallization temperature. If the temperature does drop below this temperature the material must be re-heated before more hot rolling.[7]Hot rolled metals generally have little directionality in their mechanical properties and deformation induced residual stresses. However, in certain instances non-metallic inclusions will impart some directionality and workpieces less than 20 mm (0.79 in) thick often have some directional properties. Also, non-uniformed cooling will induce a lot of residual stresses, which usually occurs in shapes that have a non-uniform cross-section, such as I-beams. While the finished product is of good quality, the surface is covered in mill scale, which is an oxide that forms at high-temperatures. It is usually removed via pickling or the smooth clean surface process, which reveals a smooth surface.[8] Dimensional tolerances are usually 2 to 5% of the overall dimension.[9]Hot rolled mild steel seems to have a wider tolerance for amount of included carbon than cold rolled, making it a bit more problematic to use as a blacksmith. Also for similar metals, hot rolled seems to typically be less costly.[10]Hot rolling is used mainly to produce sheet metal or simple cross sections, such as rail tracks.Cold rolling[edit]Cold rolling occurs with the metal below its recrystallization temperature (usually at room temperature), which increases the strength via strain hardening up to 20%. It also improves the surface finish and holds tighter tolerances. Commonly cold-rolled products include sheets, strips, bars, and rods; these products are usually smaller than the same products that are hot rolled. Because of the smaller size of the workpiecesand their greater strength, as compared to hot rolled stock, four-high or cluster mills are used.[2] Cold rolling cannot reduce the thickness of a workpiece as much as hot rolling in a single pass.Cold-rolled sheets and strips come in various conditions: full-hard, half-hard, quarter-hard, and skin-rolled. Full-hard rolling reduces the thickness by 50%, while the others involve less of areduction.Skin-rolling, also known as a skin-pass, involves the least amount of reduction: 0.5-1%. It is used to produce a smooth surface, a uniform thickness, and reduce the yield point phenomenon (by preventing Lüders bands from forming in later processing). It locks dislocations at the surface and thereby reduces the possibility of formation of Lüders bands. To avoid the formation of Lüders bands it is necessary to create substantial density of unpinned dislocations in ferrite matrix. It is also used to breakup the spangles in galvanized steel. Skin-rolled stock is usually used in subsequent cold-working processes where good ductility is required.Other shapes can be cold-rolled if the cross-section is relatively uniform and the transverse dimension is relatively small. Cold rolling shapes requires a series of shaping operations, usually along the lines of sizing, breakdown, roughing, semi-roughing, semi-finishing, and finishing.If processed by a blacksmith, the smoother, more consistent, and lower levels of carbon encapsulated in the steel makes it easier to process, but at the cost of being more expensive.[11]Processes[edit]Roll bending[edit]Roll bendingMain article: Roll benderRoll bending produces a cylindrical shaped product from plate or steel metal.[12]Roll forming[edit]Roll formingMain article: Roll formingRoll forming, roll bending or plate rolling is a continuous bending operation in which a long strip of metal (typically coiled steel) is passed through consecutive sets of rolls, or stands, each performing only an incremental part of the bend, until the desired cross-section profile is obtained. Roll forming is ideal for producing parts with long lengths or in large quantities. There are 3 main processes: 4 rollers, 3 rollers and 2 rollers, each of which has as different advantages according to the desired specifications of the output plate.Flat rolling[edit]Flat rolling is the most basic form of rolling with the starting and ending material having a rectangular cross-section. The material is fed in between two rollers, called working rolls, that rotate in opposite directions. The gap between the two rolls is less than the thickness of the starting material, which causes it to deform. The decrease in material thickness causes the material to elongate. The friction at the interface between the material and the rolls causes the material to be pushed through. The amount of deformation possible in a single pass is limited by the friction between the rolls; if the change in thickness is too great the rolls just slip over the material and do not draw it in.[1]The final product is either sheet or plate, with the former being less than 6 mm (0.24 in) thick and the latter greater than; however, heavy plates tend to be formed using a press, which is termed forming, rather than rolling.[citation needed]Often the rolls are heated to assist in the workability of the metal. Lubrication is often used to keep the workpiece from sticking to the rolls.[citation needed] To fine tune the process the speed of the rolls and the temperature of the rollers are adjusted.[13]Foil rolling[edit]Foil rolling is a specialized type of flat rolling, specifically used to produce foil, which is sheet metal with a thickness less than 200 µm (0.0079 in).[citation needed] The rolling is done in a cluster mill because the small thickness requires a small diameter rolls.[7]To reduce the need for small rolls pack rolling is used, which rolls multiple sheets together to increase the effective starting thickness. As the foil sheets come through the rollers, they are trimmed and slitted with circular or razor-like knives. Trimming refers to the edges of the foil, while slitting involves cutting it into several sheets.[13]Aluminum foil is the most commonly produced product via pack rolling. This is evident from the two different surface finishes; the shiny side is on the roll side and the dull side is against the other sheet of foil.[14]Ring rolling[edit]A schematic of ring rollingRing rolling is a specialized type of hot rolling that increases the diameter of a ring. The starting material is a thick-walled ring. This workpiece is placed between two rolls an idler roll, while another roll, called the driven roll, presses the ring from the outside. As the rolling occurs the wall thickness decreases as the diameter increases. The rolls may be shaped to form various cross-sectional shapes. The resulting grain structure is circumferential, which gives better mechanical properties. Diameters can be as large as 8 m (26 ft) and face heights as tall as 2 m (79 in). Common applications include rockets, turbines, airplanes, pipes, and pressure vessels.[8]Structural shape rolling[edit]Cross-sections of continuously rolled structural shapes, showing the change induced by each rolling mill.Main article: Structural shape rollingControlled rolling[edit]Controlled rolling is a type of thermomechanical processing which integrates controlled deformation and heat treating. The heat which brings the workpiece above the recrystallization temperature is also used to perform the heat treatments so that any subsequent heat treating is unnecessary. Types of heat treatments include the production of a fine grain structure; controlling the nature, size, and distribution of various transformation products (such as ferrite, austenite, pearlite, bainite, and martensite in steel); inducing precipitation hardening; and, controlling the toughness. In order to achieve this the entire process must be closely monitored and controlled. Common variables in controlled rolling include the starting material composition and structure, deformation levels, temperatures at various stages, and cool-down conditions. The benefits of controlled rolling include better mechanical properties and energy savings.[9]Mills[edit]For the factory, see steel mill.A rolling mill, also known as a reduction mill or mill, has a common construction independent of the specific type of rolling being performed:[15]Rolling millsRolling mill for cold rolling metal sheet like this piece of brass sheet ∙Work rolls∙Backup rolls - are intended to provide rigid support required by the working rolls to prevent bending under the rolling load ∙Rolling balance system - to ensure that the upper work and back up rolls are maintain in proper position relative to lower rolls ∙Roll changing devices - use of an overhead crane and a unit designed to attach to the neck of the roll to be removed from or inserted into the mill.∙Mill protection devices - to ensure that forces applied to the backup roll chocks are not of such a magnitude to fracture the roll necks or damage the mill housing∙Roll cooling and lubrication systems∙Pinions - gears to divide power between the two spindles, rotating them at the same speed but in different directions ∙Gearing - to establish desired rolling speed∙Drive motors - rolling narrow foil product to thousands of horsepower∙Electrical controls - constant and variable voltages applied to the motors∙Coilers and uncoilers - to unroll and roll up coils of metalSlabs are the feed material for hot strip mills or plate mills and blooms are rolled to billets in a billet mill or large sections in a structural mill. The output from a strip mill is coiled and, subsequently, used as the feed for a cold rolling mill or used directly by fabricators. Billets, for re-rolling, are subsequently rolled in either a merchant, bar or rod mill. Merchant or bar mills produce a variety of shaped products such as angles, channels, beams, rounds (long or coiled) and hexagons.Configurations[edit]Various rolling configurations. Key: A. 2-high B. 3-high C. 4-high D. 6-high E&F. ClusterMills are designed in different types of configurations, with the most basic being a two-high non-reversing, which means there are two rolls that only turn in one direction. The two-high reversing mill has rolls that can rotate in both directions, but the disadvantage is that the rolls must be stopped, reversed, and then brought back up to rolling speed between each pass. To resolve this, the three-high mill was invented, which uses three rolls that rotate in one direction; the metal is fed through two of the rolls and then returned through the other pair. The disadvantage to this system is the workpiece must be lifted and lowered using an elevator. All of these mills are usually used for primary rolling and the roll diameters range from 60 to 140 cm (24 to 55 in).[7]To minimize the roll diameter a four-high or cluster mill is used. A small roll diameter is advantageous because less roll is in contact with the material, which results in a lower force and power requirement. The problem with a small roll is a reduction of stiffness, which is overcome using backup rolls. These backup rolls are larger and contact the back side of the smaller rolls. A four-high mill has four rolls, two small andtwo large. A cluster mill has more than 4 rolls, usually in three tiers. These types of mills are commonly used to hot roll wide plates, most cold rolling applications, and to roll foils.[7]Historically mills were classified by the product produced:[16]∙Blooming, cogging and slabbing mills, being the preparatory millsto rolling finished rails, shapes or plates, respectively. Ifreversing, they are from 34 to 48 inches in diameter, and ifthree-high, from 28 to 42 inches in diameter.∙Billet mills, three-high, rolls from 24 to 32 inches in diameter, used for the further reduction of blooms down to 1.5x1.5-inchbillets, being the preparatory mills for the bar and rod ∙Beam mills, three-high, rolls from 28 to 36 inches in diameter, for the production of heavy beams and channels 12 inches and over.∙Rail mills with rolls from 26 to 40 inches in diameter.∙Shape mills with rolls from 20 to 26 inches in diameter, for smaller sizes of beams and channels and other structural shapes.∙Merchant bar mills with rolls from 16 to 20 inches in diameter.∙Small merchant bar mills with finishing rolls from 8 to 16 inches in diameter, generally arranged with a larger size roughing stand.∙Rod and wire mills with finishing rolls from 8 to 12 inches in diameter, always arranged with larger size roughing stands.∙Hoop and cotton tie mills, similar to small merchant bar mills.∙Armour plate mills with rolls from 44 to 50 inches in diameter and 140 to 180-inch body.∙Plate mills with rolls from 28 to 44 inches in diameter.∙Sheet mills with rolls from 20 to 32 inches in diameter.∙Universal mills for the production of square-edged or so-called universal plates and various wide flanged shapes by a system ofvertical and horizontal rolls.Tandem mill[edit]A tandem mill is a special type of modern rolling mill where rolling is done in one pass. In a traditional rolling mill rolling is done in several passes, but in tandem mill there are several stands (>=2 stands) and reductions take place successively. The number of stands ranges from 2 to 18. Tandem mills can be either of hot or cold rolling mill types.Defects[edit]In hot rolling, if the temperature of the workpiece is not uniform the flow of the material will occur more in the warmer parts and less in the cooler. If the temperature difference is great enough cracking and tearing can occur.[7]Flatness and Shape[edit]In a flat metal workpiece, the flatness is a descriptive attribute characterizing the extent of the geometric deviation from a reference plane. The deviation from complete flatness is the direct result of the workpiece relaxation after hot or cold rolling, due to the internal stress pattern caused by the non-uniform transversal compressive action of the rolls and the uneven geometrical properties of the entry material. The transverse distribution of differential strain/elongation-induced stress with respect to the material's average applied stress is commonly referenced to as shape. Due to the strict relationship between shape and flatness, these terms can be used in an interchangeable manner. In the case of metal strips and sheets, the flatness reflects the differential fiber elongation across the width of the workpiece. This property must be subject to an accurate feedback-based control in order to guarantee the machinability of the metal sheets in the final transformation processes. Some technological details about the feedback control of flatness are given in.[17]Profile[edit]Profile is made up of the measurements of crown and wedge. Crown is the thickness in the center as compared to the average thickness at the edges of the workpiece. Wedge is a measure of the thickness at one edge as opposed to the other edge. Both may be expressed as absolute measurements or as relative measurements. For instance, one could have 2 mil of crown (the center of the workpiece is 2 mil thicker than the edges), or one could have 2% crown (the center of the workpiece is 2% thicker than the edges).It is typically desirable to have some crown in the workpiece as this will cause the workpiece to tend to pull to the center of the mill, and thus will run with higher stability.Flatness[edit]Roll deflectionMaintaining a uniform gap between the rolls is difficult because the rolls deflect under the load required to deform the workpiece. The deflection causes the workpiece to be thinner on the edges and thicker in the middle. This can be overcome by using a crowned roller (parabolic crown), however the crowned roller will only compensate for one set of conditions, specifically the material, temperature, and amount of deformation.[9]Other methods of compensating for roll deformation include continual varying crown (CVC), pair cross rolling, and work roll bending. CVC was developed by SMS-Siemag AG and involves grinding a third order polynomial curve into the work rolls and then shifting the work rolls laterally, equally, and opposite to each other. The effect is that the rolls will have a gap between them that is parabolic in shape, and will vary with lateral shift, thus allowing for control of the crown of the rolls dynamically. Pair cross rolling involves using either flat or parabolically crowned rolls, but shifting the ends at an angle so that the gap between the edges of the rolls will increase or decrease, thus allowing for dynamic crown control. Work roll bending involves using hydraulic cylinders at the ends of the rolls to counteract roll deflection.Another way to overcome deflection issues is by decreasing the load on the rolls, which can be done by applying a longitudinal force; this is essentially drawing. Other method of decreasing roll deflection include increasing the elastic modulus of the roll material and adding back-up supports to the rolls.[9]The different classifications for flatness defects are: ∙Symmetrical edge wave - the edges on both sides of the workpieceare "wavy" due to the material at the edges being longer than the material in the center.∙Asymmetrical edge wave - one edge is "wavy" due to the material at one side being longer than the other side.∙Center buckle - The center of the strip is "wavy" due to the strip in the center being longer than the strip at the edges.∙Quarter buckle - This is a rare defect where the fibers are elongated in the quarter regions (the portion of the strip between the center and the edge). This is normally attributed to using excessive roll bending force since the bending force may not compensate for the roll deflection across the entire length of the roll.It is important to note that one could have a flatness defect even with the workpiece having the same thickness across the width. Also, one could have fairly high crown or wedge, but still produce material that is flat. In order to produce flat material, the material must be reduced by the same percentage across the width. This is important because mass flow of the material must be preserved, and the more a material is reduced, the more it is elongated. If a material is elongated in the same manner across the width, then the flatness coming into the mill will be preserved at the exit of the mill.Draft[edit]The difference between the thickness of initial and rolled metal piece is called Draft. Thus if is initial thickness and is final thickness, then the draft is given byThe maximum draft that can be achieved via rollers of radius with coefficient of static friction between the roller and the metal surface is given byThis is the case when the frictional force on the metal from inlet contact matches the negative force from the exit contact.Surface defects[edit]There are six types of surface defects:[18]LapThis type of defect occurs when a corner or fin is folded over and rolled but not welded into the metal.[19]They appear as seams across the surface of the metal.Mill-shearingThese defects occur as a feather-like lap.Rolled-in scaleThis occurs when mill scale is rolled into metal.ScabsThese are long patches of loose metal that have been rolled into the surface of the metal.SeamsThey are open, broken lines that run along the length of the metal and caused by the presence of scale.SliversProminent surface ruptures.See also[edit]∙Bernard Lauth∙John B. TytusNotes[edit]1.^ Jump up to: a b Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 384.2.^ Jump up to: a b Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 408.3.Jump up ^/site.asp?idSito=1&idLingua=10&idPagina=2464.Jump up ^Roberts 1978, p.5.5.Jump up ^ R. A. Mott (ed. P. Singer), Henry Cort: the great finer(Metals Society, London 1983), 31-36; English patents, nos. 1351 and 1420.6.^ Jump up to: a b c Roberts 1978, p. 6.7.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 385.8.^ Jump up to: a b Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 387.9.^ Jump up to: a b c d Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 388.10.Jump up ^11.Jump up ^/hrvscr.htm12.Jump up ^ Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994),Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide, Industrial Press Inc.,pp. 300–304, ISBN0-8311-3049-0.13.^ Jump up to: a b/how-products-encyclopedia/aluminum-foil14.Jump up ^Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 38615.Jump up ^Roberts 1978, p. 64.16.Jump up ^ Kindl, F. H. (1913), The Rolling Mill Industry, PentonPublishing, pp. 13–19.17.Jump up ^G Pin, V Francesconi, FA Cuzzola and T Parisini. Adaptivetask-space metal strip-flatness control in cold multi-roll mill stands.Journal of Process Control, 2012./10.1016/j.jprocont.2012.08.00818.Jump up ^Definition of standard mill terms, archived from theoriginal on 03-04-2010, retrieved 03-04-2010.19.Jump up ^Glossary of Metalworking Terms, retrieved 12-12-2010. Bibliography[edit]∙Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley,ISBN0-471-65653-4.∙Roberts, William L. (1978), Cold Rolling of Steel, Marcel Dekker, ISBN978-0-8247-6780-8.Further reading[edit]∙Roberts, William L. (1983), Hot Rolling of Steel, CRC Press, ISBN978-0-8247-1345-4.∙Ginzburg, Vladimir B.; Ballas, Robert (2000), Flat Rolling Fundamentals, CRC Press, ISBN978-0-8247-8894-0.∙Lee, Youngseog (2004), Rod and bar rolling, CRC Press, ISBN978-0-8247-5649-9.∙Swank, James M. (1965), History of the Manufacture of Iron in All Ages (2nd ed.), Ayer Publishing, ISBN978-0-8337-3463-1.∙Reed-Hill, Robert, et al. "Physical Metallurgy Principles", 3rd Edition, PWS publishing, Boston, 1991. ISBN 978-0-534-92173-6.∙Callister Jr., William D., "Materials Science and Engineering - an Introduction", 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 2003.ISBN 0-471-13576-3External links[edit]WikisourceRolling mill∙How Liners Achieve the Desired Quality of the Product Being Rolled ∙History of Rolling Mills∙Key to metals: Steel Rolling∙Typical gauge distribution: Hot Rolled Steel∙Stockiest, Slitters & Distributors of Cold Rolled Steel。
rolling的用法
rolling的用法rolling一词在英语中有多种用法，既可以作为动词使用，也可以作为形容词或名词使用。
本文将详细介绍rolling的不同用法及其意义。
一、动词用法1. 转动，滚动 (roll)Rolling作为动词，常用来描述物体在表面上转动或滚动的动作。
例如：The ball kept rolling down the hill.球一直滚下山坡。
He rolled out the carpet in the living room.他在客厅铺开了地毯。
2. 使翻滚 (tumble)Rolling也可以用来描述物体因为特定原因而翻滚。
例如：The waves were rolling on the shore.海浪在海岸上翻滚。
The car hit the guardrail and started rolling.汽车撞上了护栏然后翻滚起来。
3. 比喻为进行轮流活动 (take turns)Rolling还可以用于比喻性的描述，表示人们轮流参与某项活动。
例如：The students are rolling in groups to complete the project.学生们分组轮流合作完成这个项目。
Every two weeks, we have rolling shifts in our department.每两周，我们部门会进行轮班。
4. 弯曲，滚动 (twist)Rolling还可用于描述物体因为弯曲而造成的滚动或旋转。
例如：She rolled her hair into curlers.她把头发卷进了卷发器。
He rolled the dough into a ball-shaped form.他把面团搓成球状。
二、形容词用法1. 浩荡的，滚滚的 (vast, immense)作为形容词，rolling可用来形容广阔或壮观的景象。
例如：We enjoyed the rolling hills and green valleys during our hike.我们在徒步期间欣赏到了延绵起伏的山丘和绿色的山谷。
第六单元ng的发音？,以及与nnk的比较
第六单元 ng的发音/ŋ/ , 以及与/n//nk/的比较这个单元学习字母组合ng的发音，尽管它是两个字母的字母组合，但是它们发一个音/ŋ/。
ng经常出现在现在进行时的标志-ing中。
例如speaki ng。
在A部分,我们会学习ng的发音/ŋ/及与n的发音/n/的不同。
有些学习者会在ng后加上一个/k/音，在B部分,我们会学习nk的发音。
Part ANg /ŋ/ /ŋ/与/n/发音很像，区别只在于舌头的位置。
/ŋ/发音方法：舌后软颚鼻辅音。
发音时软颚下垂，堵住口腔通道，气流从鼻腔送出。
声带振动。
一．成组比较sin[sin]——si ng[siŋ]win[win]——wi ng[wiŋ]sun[sʌn]—— su ng[sʌŋ]ran[ræn]——ra ng[ræŋ]lawn[lɔ:n]——lo ng[lɔŋ]二．测试三．例句Is everythi ng['evriθiŋ]OK? 一切顺利么？He loves to go fishi ng['fiʃiŋ]. 他喜欢钓鱼。
She’s my favorite si ng er['siŋə].她是我最喜欢的歌手。
I’m hopi ng['həupiŋ] for a promotion. 我想要得到晋升。
四．常用练习这是你的家庭作业。
先练习下面的句子。
然后在日常生活中进行应用。
What are you doi ng['du(:)iŋ]? 你正在做什么？现在，自己想出一个包含/v/的常用单词。
认真练习，并在每次说英语时，进行应用。
For system analysts: programmi ng['prəuɡræmiŋ]For geologists: mappi ng['mæpiŋ]For engineers: designi ng[di'zainiŋ]For anyone:bei ng['bi:ɪŋ]五．专业词汇answeri ng['ɑ:nsəɪŋ] the questionsaddressi ng[ə'dresiŋ] the encelpoescalculati ng['kælkjuleitiŋ] the resultspresenti ng['prezəntɪŋ] the proofexplaini ng[iks'pleinɪŋ] the ideaPart Bng 和 nk的发音比较一．成组比较sank [sæŋk]——sa ng[sæŋ] think[θiŋk]——thi ng[θiŋ]stink[stiŋk]——sti ng[stiŋ]rink[riŋk]——ri ng[riŋ]brink [briŋk]——bri ng[briŋ]二．测试三．例句He’s havi ng['hæviŋ] a hard time.他遇到了困难。
[英文缩写]英文聊天中rofl,nth,idk,imho是什么意思？
![[英文缩写]英文聊天中rofl,nth,idk,imho是什么意思？](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/907f9f6830b765ce0508763231126edb6f1a762e.png)
[英⽂缩写]英⽂聊天中rofl,nth,idk,imho是什么意思？
英⽂信件和聊天中有些缩写让我们本来就⽣活在中⽂语境中的“汉”鸭⼦不知所措，查字典是查不到的了，⽐如omg,jk,lol,Imao是什么意思？⽐如btw,g2g,ttyl,brb缩写⼜是什么意思？还有就是下⾯要说的rofl,nth,idk,imho是什么意思？
rofl（rolling on the floor laughing）：笑到摔到地上。
roflmao（rolling on the floor laughing my ass of）：前两个的结合版，也就是超级搞笑的意思。
sth（something）：某事某物。
nth（nothing）：什么也没有。
plz（please）：请。
please 字尾是z ⾳，所以按照读⾳缩写为plz。
thx（thanks）：谢谢。
按照发⾳来看，thanks字尾的ks可以⽤字母X代替。
idk（I don’t know）：我不知道。
imho， imo（in my humble opinion， in my opinion）：在我看来，常见于论坛。
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Rolling in the deep
There's a fire starting in my heart,
贼而死啊FAI而司大婷音买哈特
Reaching a fever pitch and it's bringing me out the dark
瑞驰Ing 啊飞我皮尺案的一次布瑞ING 米奥特则大可
Finally, I can see you crystal clear.
烦NOU里，爱看sei 有克瑞斯头科利尔
Go ahead and sell me out and I'll lay your ship bare.
勾阿海的案的赛哦米奥特案的爱哦来幼儿谁谱拜耳
See how I leave, with every piece of you
SEI 好唉礼物，维斯爱吴瑞劈死奥夫有
Don't underestimate the things that I will do.
懂特安德尔RUAI四蹄梅特则丝印死在特唉唯有读
There's a fire starting in my heart,
贼而死啊FAI而司大婷音买哈特
Reaching a fever pitch and it's bringing me out the dark
瑞驰Ing 啊飞我皮尺案的一次布瑞ING 米奥特则大可
The scars of your love, remind me of us.
则死盖尔死奥夫幼儿辣舞，瑞慢的米奥夫阿斯
They keep me thinking that we almost had it all
贼 KEI谱米丝印刻印在特为哦某斯特还得伊特傲
The scars of your love, they leave me breathless
则死盖尔死奥夫幼儿辣舞，贼礼物米布瑞斯里斯
I can't help feeling...
唉康特还奥普非零
We could have had it all... (you're gonna wish you, never had met me)... 为苦的还无还得伊特傲（有啊够那为石油，乃武还的麦特米）Rolling in the Deep (Tears are gonna fall, rolling in the deep)
揉林音则地谱（提而死啊够那佛，揉林音则地谱）
You had my heart... (you're gonna wish you)... Inside of your hand (Never had met me)
有还得买哈特（有啊够那为石油）因赛的奥夫幼儿汗的（乃武还的麦特米）And you played it... (Tears are gonna fall)... To the beat (Rolling in the deep) 案的有普雷的伊特（提而死啊够那佛）图则比特（揉林音则地谱）
Baby I have no story to be told,
北鼻唉还无nou 四道瑞图比投的
But I've heard one of you and I'm gonna make your head burn.
巴特爱屋赫尔德午安奥夫有案的爱慕够那没课幼儿还得伯儿恩
Think of me in the depths of your despair.
SIN可奥夫米音则带普斯奥夫幼儿第四百二
Making a home down there, as mine sure won't be shared.
没刻印啊后母当贼而，爱死迈恩说儿翁特比晒儿的
The scars of your love, remind me of us.
则死盖尔死奥夫幼儿辣舞，瑞慢的米奥夫阿斯
They keep me thinking that we almost had it all
贼KEI谱米丝印刻印在特为哦某斯特还得伊特傲
The scars of your love, they leave me breathless
则死盖尔死奥夫幼儿辣舞，贼礼物米布瑞斯里斯
I can't help feeling...
唉康特还奥普非零
We could have had it all... (you're gonna wish you, never had met me)... 为苦的还无还得伊特傲（有啊够那为石油，乃武还的麦特米）Rolling in the Deep (Tears are gonna fall, rolling in the deep)
揉林音则地谱（提而死啊够那佛，揉林音则地谱）
You had my heart... (you're gonna wish you)... Inside of your hand (Never had met me) 有还得买哈特（有啊够那为石油）因赛的奥夫幼儿汗的（乃武而还的麦特米）And you played it... (Tears are gonna fall)... To the beat (Rolling in the deep) 案的有普雷的伊特（提而死啊够那佛）图则比特（揉林音则地谱）
Throw yourself through ever open door (Whoa)
丝柔幼儿赛要付死如爱乌尔哦盆朵儿
Count your blessings to find what look for (Whoa-uh)
康特幼儿不来死因死图烦的沃特鲁克佛儿
Turn my sorrow into treasured gold (Whoa)
疼儿买丝柔音图踹事儿的购得
And pay me back in kind- You reap just what you sow.
案的配米百科音看的- 有瑞普扎斯特沃特有搜
(You're gonna wish you... Never had met me)
（有啊够那为石油乃武而还得麦特米）
We could have had it all (Tears are gonna fall... Rolling in the deep) 为苦的还无还得伊特傲（提而死啊够那佛，揉林音则地谱）We could have had it all yeah ( you're gonna wish you... never had met me)
为苦的还无还得伊特傲也（有啊够那为是有乃武而还的麦特米）
It all. (Tears are gonna fall)
伊特傲（提而死啊够那佛）
It all
伊特傲
It all (Rolling in the deep)
伊特傲（揉林音则地谱）
We could have had it all... (you're gonna wish you, never had met me)... 为苦的还无还得伊特傲（有啊够那为石油，乃武还的麦特米）Rolling in the Deep (Tears are gonna fall, rolling in the deep)
揉林音则地谱（提而死啊够那佛，揉林音则地谱）
You had my heart... (you're gonna wish you)... Inside of your hand (Never had met me) 有还得买哈特（有啊够那为石油）因赛的奥夫幼儿汗的（乃武而还的麦特米）And you played it... (Tears are gonna fall)... To the beat (Rolling in the deep) 案的有普雷的伊特（提而死啊够那佛）图则比特（揉林音则地谱）We could have had it all... (you're gonna wish you, never had met me)... 为苦的还无还得伊特傲（有啊够那为石油，乃武还的麦特米）Rolling in the Deep (Tears are gonna fall, rolling in the deep)
揉林音则地谱（提而死啊够那佛，揉林音则地谱）
You had my heart... (you're gonna wish you)... Inside of your hand (Never had met me) 有还得买哈特（有啊够那为石油）因赛的奥夫幼儿汗的（乃武而还的麦特米）
But you played it
巴特有普雷德伊特
You played it.
有普雷德伊特
You played it.
有普雷德伊特
You played it to the beat.
有普雷德伊特图则比特。