ANALYSIS OF A VARIABLE SPEED DOUBLE-FED INDUCTION GENERATOR WIND TURBINE DURING NETWORK VOLTAGE..
毕业设计风力发电外文文献
Abstract--The purpose of this paper is to find an innovative, high efficiency, practical and low cost control system structure with an optimized control strategy for small-scale grid-connected wind turbine with direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). This research adopts the sensorless vector control strategy based on phase-locked loop (PLL) for PMSG control, and the grid-side inverter control strategy is based on the single-phase PLL. The simulation demonstrates that the sensorless control strategy and single-phase grid-side inverter control strategy are practical solutions for grid-connected PMSG wind turbines, and they can provide both generator speed control for optimized wind power tracking and good power quality control for electricity delivered to the grid. The designed system offers many unique advantages, including simple topology, optimized control strategy, cost-effective and fast respond to grid failures.Index Terms--Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), PMSG, pulse-width modulation (PWM) converter, speed control, variable-speed wind turbine.I. I NTRODUCTIONn recent years, great attention has been paid on renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar energy. Wind energy is the most popular renewable energy source due to its relatively low cost. The overall system cost can be further reduced by optimal control of high efficiency power electronic converters to extract maximum power in accordance with atmospheric conditions [11].The wind energy conversion system based on permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is one of the most favorable and reliable methods of power generation. Reliability of variable-speed direct-driven PMSG wind turbines can be improved significantly comparing to doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines with gearboxes. Noise, power loss, additional cost, and potential mechanical failure are typical problems for a DFIG wind turbine because of the existence of a gearbox. The use of direct-driven PMSG could solve these problems. Moreover, low voltage ride through (LVRT) is also a big issue for DFIG because the This work was supported in part by the special funds from Beijing Municipal Education Commission.Chunxue Wen, Guojie Lu, Peng Wang and Zhengxi Li are with the Power Electronics and Motor Drivers Engineering Research Centre, North China University of Technology,Beijing,China(e-mail: wenchx1980@, lugod307@, catdapeng2008@, lzx@).Xiongwei Liu and Zaiming Fan are with the School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK (e-mail: xliu9@, zmfan@) electromagnetic relationship between the stator and the rotor is more complex than PMSG. Therefore, it’s more difficult for DFIG to solve LVRT problem safely and reliably.In a variable-speed PMSG system, vector control approach is often used to achieve nearly decoupled active and reactive power control on the grid-side inverter which is a current regulated voltage source inverter. In this way, the power converter maintains the DC-link voltage and improves the power factor of the system [1], [7], [10]. Different control methods for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in variable-speed wind turbine generators have been discussed in [2], [4], [7].This research adopts the sensorless vector control strategy based on phase-locked loop (PLL) for PMSG control [2]. The method requires only one active switching device, i.e. insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), which is used to control the generator torque and speed so as to extract maximum wind power. It is a simple topology and low cost solution for a small-scale wind turbine because of the sensorless vector control strategy. The grid-side inverter control strategy is based on the single-phase PLL, which applies a control method in Direct-Quadrature (DQ) rotating frame to single-phase inverter and achieves superior steady state and dynamic performance [6].For small-scale wind turbine, single-phase power supply to consumers is popular. There are many control methods for single-phase inverter, such as PI controller, quasi-PR controller, etc. [5]. However, these methods can’t decouple the active power and reactive power so as to have good power control performance. Single-phase PLL method based on DQ rotating frame can well solve this problem. On the other hand, encoders are vulnerable components for wind turbines, particularly for small wind turbines, because small wind turbines experience severer vibrations than their large counterparts. The sensorless vector control opts out the encoders, and therefore the reliability of wind turbines is much improved. For these reasons, the sensorless vector control and single-phase PLL method have their unique advantages for small-scale wind turbines.This paper is structured further in following three sections. In section II, the principle of the full power back-to-back PWM converter is introduced. Then the vector control of small-scale grid-connected wind power system including sensorless control, vector control of PMSG, single-phase PLL, vector control of grid-side inverter are described in section III. Finally, in section IV, the simulation results and conclusion are given.Vector control strategy for small-scale grid-connected PMSG wind turbine converter Chunxue Wen, Guojie Lu, Peng Wang, Zhengxi Li Member IEEE, Xiongwei Liu Member IEEE,Zaiming Fan Student Member IEEEIII. T HE PRINCIPLE OF FULL POWER BACK-TO-BACK PWMCONVERTERTypical topology model of direct-driven PMSG wind turbine is shown in Fig. 1. Converters of the system adopt back-to-back pairs of pulse-width modulation (PWM) architecture. The generator-side converter controls the generator speed in order to achieve maximum capture of wind power, and the grid-side inverter controls the stability of DC-bus voltage and the power factor of the system. This topology can be a good way to improve performance, and the control method is flexible. Converters have four-quadrant operation function, which can fulfill the generator speed control anddeliver the fine quality of electricity to the grid [7], [8].Fig. 1. Topology of permanent magnet direct-driven wind power systemIII. T HE VECTOR CONTROL OF SMALL-SCALE GRID-CONNECTEDDIRECT-DRIVEN WIND POWER SYSTEM CONVERTERFig. 2 shows the back-to-back PWM voltage convertervector control block diagram. The machine-side PWMconverter controls the electromagnetic torque and statorreactive power (reactive power is often be set to 0) byadjusting the current of the d-axis and q-axis of the machine-side converter. This control mechanism helps the PMSG tooperate in variable speed, so that the wind turbine can workwith maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under the ratedwind speed. The grid-side PWM inverter stabilizes the DC-busvoltage and accomplishes active and reactive decouplingcontrol by adjusting the current of the d-axis and q-axis of thegrid-side. The grid-side PWM inverter also controls thereactive power flow to the grid, usually at unity power factorcondition.A. Sensorless control based on PLLThe speed and position control is achieved throughsensorless vector control of the machine-side converter basedon all-digital phase-locked loop. The phase-locked loop isdesigned to control the frequency of the D-Q axis voltagethrough minimizing the difference of the output voltage phaseangle and the given voltage phase angle, until the outputvoltage phase angle tracks the given voltage phase angle. Asthe phase-locked loop has frequency closed-loop trackingmechanism, the generator voltage frequency and the anglebetween d-axis voltage and rotor flux can be measured withthis characteristic, then the generator speed and rotor positionangle can be derived [2]. The control accuracy is generallygood using this method, however some problems may occurwhen the generator operates at very low speed. The windpower system often works above the cut-in wind speed, so thismethod can be applied to wind power generation system.Fig. 2.The back-to-back PWM voltage converter vector control block diagramThe actual rotor position of PMSG is indicated in the D-Q coordinate system. The estimated location for ∧θ is the d q ∧∧− coordinate system, αβ is the stationary coordinate system, as shown in Fig. 3. As the rotor position of PMSG is estimated rather than measured in the sensorless vector control system, there exists an error θΔ between the actual rotor position θ and the estimated location ∧θ. At the same time, the back-EMF (electromotive force) generated by the rotor permanent magnets generates two d-axis and q-axis components in the estimated rotor position orientation coordinates, which are expressed as sd e ∧and sq e ∧respectively. Conventional PI controller can achieve zero error control, i.e. sd e ∧or θΔ can be adjusted to zero value. The PLL sensorless vector control schematic diagram is shown in Fig. 4, and the value of sd e ∧and sq e ∧can be obtained from (1).sd sd s sd dq sq sd sq sq s sq q d sd sq di u R i L L i e dt di u R i L L i e dt ωω∧∧∧∧∧∧⎧=+−−⎪⎪⎨⎪=+++⎪⎩(1)Fig. 3. Presumed rotating coordinate systemFig. 4. Principle of PLL based sensorless vector controlIf we ignore the current differential items in (1), then wehavesd s sd q sq sd sq sq s sq d sd ˆˆˆˆˆarctan(arctan(ˆˆˆˆˆu R i L i ee uR i L i ωθω−+Δ=−=−−− (2)where sd u , sq u , sd i and sq i are the d, q-axis components of the output voltage and current of the generator stator; d L q L and s R are the inductance and resistance of the stator; ω is thegenerator electrical angular velocity of the generator; "∧" indicates estimated value.Block diagram of sensorless vector control based on digital PLL is shown in Fig. 5. The back-EMF (electromotive force) value of the estimated rotating coordinates can be obtained by calculating the three-phase voltages and currents of the PMSGstator. The calculated angle difference θΔcan be used to estimate the angular velocity through the PI controller. Then the value of the estimated angle can be obtained by integral element. Generally, the speed has considerable fluctuations using this method. Therefore it will achieve a better estimation by adding a low-pass filter (LPF), as shown in Fig. 5.∧Fig. 5. Block diagram of sensorless vector control based on digital PLLB. Vector control of PMSGIn order to study the torque control of PMSG, it is necessary to establish a mathematical model. Because q-axis leads d-axis 90° in the D-Q coordinate system, the generator voltage equation can be expressed as [8]: sd sd s sd d sq sq sq sq sq q d sd di u R i L L i dt di u Ri L L i dt ωωωψ⎧=+−⎪⎪⎨⎪=+++⎪⎩(3) The significance of various physical quantities in (3) is the same as in (1).The generator electromagnetic torque equation can be expressed as:33()22e sq d q sd sq T p i p L L i i ψ=+− (4) where p is the number of generator pole pairs, and ψ is the magnetic flux.Based on the above mathematical model, the sensorless vector control program of PMSG is established, and its controlblock diagram is shown in Fig. 6.sa i sbi Fig. 6. Sensorless vector control block diagram of PMSGGenerator rotor position and speed which are estimated by sensorless algorithm can be used in vector control. Thereference value of motor torque can be obtained by the speedcontroller. The voltage reference of generator can also be gotby current controller, and then the control signals of rectifier switching device can be obtained by a set of PWM modulation algorithms. The position and speed of generator rotor which is necessary to vector control is obtained by sensorless algorithm.C. Single-phase grid-connected PLLFig. 7 shows the block diagram of the single-phase gird-connected PLL. In order to ensure that the converter outputvoltage is in the same phase with the output current, the PLLis used to achieve unity power factor control. At the sametime, the converter also provides the angle of the referencecurrent transformation [5].Fig. 7. The block diagram of the single-phase PLLThe transformation between orthogonal a-b and D-Q reference frames can be described by trigonometric relations, which are given in (5) and (6), and the rotating reference frame is shown in Fig. 8.Fig. 8. Definition of rotating reference frame⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡−=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡b a q d f f f f θθθθcos sin sin cos (5) ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡−=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡q d b a f f f f θθθθcos sin sin cos (6)Active power and reactive power equations can beexpressed as:⎩⎨⎧−=+=d q q d qq d d i v i v Q i v i v P (7) If the phase voltage and q-axis coincide, then 0=d v andv v q =, active power and reactive power equations can besimplified as:||||q dP v i Q v i =⎧⎪⎨=−⎪⎩ (8) D. The vector control strategy of the grid-side inverterFor a three phase converter, simple PI compensators designed in a D-Q synchronous frame can achieve zero steady state error at the fundamental frequency, but this method is not applicable to single-phase power converter because there is only one phase variable available in a single-phase power converter, while the D-Q transformation needs at least two orthogonal variables.In order to construct the additional orthogonal phaseinformation from the original single-phase power converter,the imaginary orthogonal circuit is developed, as shown inFig. 9. The imaginary orthogonal circuit has exactly the samecircuit components and parameters, but the current b i and the voltage b e , maintain 90D phase shift with respect to their counterparts in the real circuit- a i and a e [6].Fig. 9. Real circuit and its imaginary orthogonal circuitFrom Fig. 9, the voltage equation can be expressed as:⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡−−+⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡−=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡b b a a b a b a v e v e L i i L R i i p 11001 (9) Transforming the voltage equations into the synchronousreference frame using (5) and (6), and considering 0=d v and v v q =, we have: ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡−+⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡−−−=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡||1//v e e L i i L R L R i i p qd q d q d ωω (10) To achieve decoupled control of active power and reactive power, the output voltage of the inverter in the synchronousreference frame can be expressed as:||)(1v i x L e d q +−=ω (11))(2q d i x L e ω+= (12)Substituting (11) and (12) into (10), system equations canbe rewritten as follows:⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡−=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡211001x x i i L R i i p q d q d (13) The active power and reactive power could be controlled by d i and q i respectively. Therefore, system control can be completed by current feedback loops as follows:))((211q q i i s k k x −+=∗(14)))((212d d i i sk k x −+=∗(15) Fig. 10 shows the control block diagram of the grid-sideinverter. It should be noted that the given active and reactive power should be set at two times of the desired values, because the imaginary circuit will not deliver any active andreactive power to the grid.θωFig. 10. The vector control block diagram of the grid-side inverterIV. S IMULATION RESULTSA simulation model in Matlab/Simulink is developed based on above theoretical analysis, and the system simulation block diagram is shown in Fig. 11.Fig. 11. The system simulation block diagramA. The simulation results of the machine-side converterIn the simulation model, the Reference speed represents the wind speed. At the beginning of the simulation (i.e. 0s), the generator speed is 4rpm and its input torque is -50Nm. At the time of 0.5s, the generator speed is 17 rpm and the input torque maintains at the value of -50Nm. At 1s, the generator speed maintains at 17 rpm and the input torque is -80Nm. The simulated waveforms are shown in Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15, respectively.It can be seen from Fig. 12 and Fig. 13, the error between the estimated rotor position angle and the actual measurement of the rotor position angle is very small in the steady state, there are some fluctuations in the dynamic response, but the rotor position angle is stabilized quickly.It can be seen from Fig. 14 and Fig. 15, there is a small error between the estimated and measured generator rotor speed at low speed. At high speed, however, the error is very small and can be ignored, and the transient response is very short. At the time 1s, the input torque increase affects thegenerator rotor speed slightly, and soon the transientdisappears.ˆ,(d e g )θθ()t sFig. 12. The estimated and measured rotor position angle(rad/s)θθ∧−(s)tFig. 13. The error of estimated and measured rotor position anglet(s)()nrpmFig. 14. The measured generator rotor speedt(s)t()esirpmnFig. 15. The estimated generator rotor speedThe simulation waveforms of the machine-side converterdemonstrate that the sensorless vector control algorithm canestimate the rotor angular position accurately, and the vectorcontrol strategy of the machine-side converter can realizegenerator speed control for the wind turbine to follow theoptimized power curve, i.e. MPPT when the wind speed isbelow rated wind speed.B. The simulation results of the grid-side inverterThe simulation results of the grid-side inverter is shown inFig. 16, Fig. 17 and Fig. 18 respectively.It can be seen from Fig. 16, when the generator outputtorque increases, the DC bus voltage is maintained constant.Fig. 17 shows that θu followsavvery well, and Fig. 18shows thatai followsavvery well.Fig. 16. The simulated DC voltageavuθuθFig. 17. The generator output A phase voltage and the grid voltage vectorangleFig. 18. The output voltage and current of the grid-side inverterFrom the simulation results of the grid-side inverter, it canbe seen that the single-phase PLL algorithm can accuratelytrack the grid-side voltage, and the vector control strategy ofthe grid-side inverter can stabilize the DC bus voltage, andcontrol the grid power factor.V. C ONCLUSIONThis research developed a power electronic converter for asmall direct-driven PMSG wind turbine using the back-to-back pulse-width modulation (PWM) topology. Thesimulation results demonstrate that1) The machine-side converter can control the generatorspeed and torque for the wind turbine to follow the optimizedpower curve, i.e. maximum power point tracking (MPPT)when the wind speed is below rated wind speed.2) The sensorless phase-locked loop (PLL) controlalgorithm can realize the vector control of the generator.3) The grid-side inverter control algorithm based on single-phase PLL can stabilize the DC bus voltage of the converter and control the grid power factor.VI. R EFERENCESPeriodicals:[1]De Tian, “The wind power technology status and development trend inthe world,” New Energy Industry, in press.[2]Ruzhen Dou, Lingyun Gu, Baotao Ning, “Sensorless control of thePMSM based on the PLL,” Electric Machines & Control Application, vol. 32, pp. 53-57, 2005.Books:[3]Qingding Guo, Yibiao Sun, Limei Wang, Modern permanent magnet ACservo motor system. China Electric Power Press, Beijing. In press.Papers from Conference Proceedings (Published):[4]S. Song, S. Kang, and N. Hahm, “Implementation and control of gridconnected AC-DC-AC power converter for variable speed wind energy conversion system,” in Proc. 2003 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, vol.1, pp.154 – 158.[5]M. Ciobotaru, R. Teodorescu and F. Blaabjerg, “A new single-phasePLL structure based on second order generalized integrator,” Record of IEEE PESC 2006, Korea, pp.1511-1516.[6]R. Zhang, M. Cardinal, P. Szczesny, M. Dame, “A grid simulator withcontrol of single-phase power converters in D-Q rotating frame,” Power Electronics Specialists Conference, vol.3, pp.1431 – 1436, 23-27 June 2002.[7]R. Esmail, L. Xu, D.K. Nichols, “A new control method of permanentmagnet generator for maximum power tracking in wind turbine application,” IEEE Power Engineering Society Meeting, vol.3, pp. 2090-2095, August 2005.[8]Yang Zhenkun, Liang Hui, “A DSP control system for the gridconnected inverter in wind energy conversion system,” IEEE ICEMS 2005 Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 2, 2005, pp. 1050-1053, June 2005.[9]N V Suresh Kumar Srighakollapu, Partha Sarathi Sensarma, “Sensorlessmaximum power point tracking control in wind energy generation using permanent magnet synchronous generator,” Industrial Electronics 2008, 34th Annual Conference Of IEEE, Iecon , pp.2225-2230.Dissertations:[10]Cheng Lu, “The coordination control of dual PWM converter for VSCFwind power generation system,” MSc thesis, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 2004.[11]Shenbing Wu, “Research on CSC-based small-scale grid-connectedwind power generation system”, MSc thesis, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 2009.VII. B IOGRAPHIESChunxue Wen received his BSc degree from Inner Mongolia University of Technology in 2001, MSc degree from Wuhan University in 2006, and PhD degree from the Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2009. In 2010 he joined the Wind Energy Engineering Research Group at the University of Central Lancashire as a visiting researcher. He is currently working as a Lecturer at the Power Electronics and Motor Drivers Engineering Research Center, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China. His research interests include power electronics, wind turbine control system, converters for wind turbines.Guojie Lu received his BSc degree from North China Electric Power University in 2006. He worked in Beijing Xinhuadu Special Transformer Company from 2007 to 2009, and was responsible for the technical service transformer. At present, he is registered as a postgraduate research student at the Power Electronics and Motor Drivers Engineering Research Center, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China. His research area is wind turbine control system.The project aims to develop maximum power point tracking control algorithm for grid-connected small wind turbines.Peng Wang received his BSc degree from Taiyuan University of Technology in 2003, MSc degree from North China University of Technology in 2011. Since 2008, he has been working as a research assistant in Electrical Engineering at the Power Electronics and Motor Drivers Engineering Research Center, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China. In 2010 he joined the Wind Energy Engineering Research Group at the University of Central Lancashire as a visiting student. His research areas are permanent-magnet synchronous generator control and wind energy engineering.Zhengxi Li received his PhD degree from the University of Science and Technology, Beijing. He is the Chair Professor in Power Electronics and Motor Drivers and Head of the Power Electronics and Motor Drivers Engineering Research Center, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China. He is also Vice President of North China University of Technology. His research interests include power electronics, high voltage power transmission and distribution, intelligent transportation and renewable energy. Xiongwei Liu was born in Xiangtan, China, in 1965. He received his BEng (Hons) degree from National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, in 1985, and his MSc (Distinction) and PhD degrees from Harbin Institute of Technology in 1988 and 1991 respectively.His employment experience included Northwestern Polytechnical University, Huaqiao University, Leeds Met University, University of Hertforshire and University of Central Lancashire. His research interests include wind energy engineering, renewable energy technologies, smart grid and microgrid, and intelligent energy management system.He received a research fellowship from Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation of Germany, which allowed him to visit Ruhr University Bochum, as a research fellow for 18 months from 1993. In 1999 he was awarded a Bronze Medal by Huo Yingdong Education Funding Council and a Model Worker Medal by the Mayor of Quanzhou, China, due to his excellent contributions in higher education when he served as a professor at Huaqiao University. He received a research fellowship from Chinese Scholarship Council, which allowed him to visit Technical University Berlin as a senior research fellow for 6 months in 2000.Xiongwei Liu is currently working as Chair Professor of Energy and Power Management and Head of Wind Energy Engineering Research Group at the University of Central Lancashire.。
电动机随动变速运行技术实践与认识
游梁式抽油机由于具有结构简单、可靠耐用、操作及维修方便等特点，具有100多年的发展历史，如今仍作为油田最常用的机械采油设备，其应用数量在各种人工举升方式中占比90%左右，因电动机随动变速运行技术实践与认识常瑞清1，2戚兴1，2王翠1，2殷雷3李春红1，2周录方1，2巩宏亮1，2郭振超1，2（1.大庆油田有限责任公司采油工程研究院；2.黑龙江省油气藏增产增注重点实验室；3.大庆油田有限责任公司第二采油厂）摘要：为解决游梁式抽油机井载荷冲击大、振动大，导致能耗高、系统效率低等问题，开展了电动机随动变速运行技术研究。
根据抽油机系统载荷需求实时调整电动机驱动速度，做到载荷增大电动机减速，载荷减小电动机提速，实现电动机功率平稳输出。
标准模拟井试验结果表明：应用该技术后电动机功率曲线平稳，功率峰值降幅最高可达70.4%，减速箱输出扭矩峰值降幅达16.2%，减速箱振动最大振幅降低76.1%；现场累计应用462口井，高沉没度井功率峰值降幅37.4%；低沉没度井节电率17%以上；合理沉没度井系统效率提高3.3个百分点。
该技术超宽调频范围能实现游梁式抽油机全生命周期动态柔性运行，具有广泛的应用空间和较好的应用前景。
关键词：游梁式抽油机；电动机；随动变速；功率DOI :10.3969/j.issn.2095-1493.2022.12.012The practice and understanding of motor with variable speed operation technology CHANG Ruiqing 1，2，QI Xing 1，2，WANG Cui 1，2，YIN Lei 3，LI Chunhong 1，2，ZHOU Lufang 1，2，GONG Hongliang 1，2，GUO Zhenchao 1，21Production Technology Institute of Daqing Oilfield Co ．，Ltd．2Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Stimulation 3No.2Oil Production Plant of Daqing Oilfield Co ．，Ltd ．Abstract：In order to solve the problems of high load impact，high vibration，high energy consump-tion and low system efficiency of beam pumping wells，the research that is about variable speed opera-tion technology of motor is carried out．According to the demand of the pumping unit system，the motor driving speed is adjusted in real time so that the motor decelerates when the load increases and the motor accelerates when the load decreases，which realizes the stationary output of motor power．The testing results of standard simulated well show that the motor power curve is stable after applying the technology．Especially，the peak power is reduced by up to 70.4%．The peak output torque of the gearbox is reduced by 16.2%，making the maximum amplitude of the gearbox vibration be reduced by 76.1%．Furthermore，a total of 462Wells have been used this technology in the field．We can see that the peak power of high submergence wells has decreased 37.4%while the power saving rate of low submergence well is more than 17%．The system efficiency of reasonable submergence well is increased by 3.3%.Hence，this technology can realize dynamic flexible operation of beam pumping unit in its whole life cycle with its ultra-wide frequency range，and have a wide application space and a good ap-plication prospect.Keywords：beam pumping unit；motor；variable speed；power 第一作者简介：常瑞清，高级工程师，1990年毕业于大庆石油学院（采油工程专业），从事油田人工举升技术研究工作，133****6316，***************************.cn，黑龙江省大庆市让胡路区西宾路9号采油工程研究院，163453。
仪表自动化英语
美国伦布科技 Agilent 16800 Series Portable Logic Analyze
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Please specify probes when ordering to ensure the correct connection between your logic analyzer, pattern generator, and the device under test.Agilent 16800 Series portable logic analyzers offer the performance, applications, and usability your digital development team needs to quickly debug, validate, and optimize your digital system – at a price that fits your budget.The logic analyzer’s timing and state acquisition gives you the power to:•Accurately measure precise timing relationships using4GHz (250ps) timing zoomwith 64K depth•Find anomalies separated in time with memory depthsupgradeable to 32M•Buy what you need today and upgrade in the future. 16800Series logic analyzers comewith independent upgrades for memory depth and state speed •Sample synchronous buses accurately and confidentlyusing eye finder. Eye finderautomatically adjuststhreshold and setup andhold to give you the highestconfidence in measurementson high-speed buses•Track problems from symptom to root cause across severalmeasurement modes byviewing time-correlated datain waveform/chart, listing,inverse assembly, source code, or compare display •Set up triggers quickly andconfidently with intuitive,simple, quick, and advancedtriggering. This capabilitycombines new triggerfunctionality with an intuitiveuser interface•Access the signals that holdthe key to your system’sproblems with the industry’swidest range of probingaccessories with capacitiveloading down to 0.7 pF•Monitor and correlate multiplebuses with split analyzercapability, which providessingle and multi-bus support(timing, state, timing/state orstate/state configurations)Accurately measure precisetiming relationships16800 Series logic analyzers letyou make accurate high-speedtiming measurements with 4GHz(250ps) high-speed timing zoom. Aparallel acquisition architectureprovides high-speed timingmeasurements simultaneouslythrough the same probe used forstate or timing measurements.Timing zoom stays active all thetime with no tradeoffs. View dataat high resolution over longerperiods of time with 64-K-deeptiming zoom.Figure 1. With eight models to choose from, you can get alogic analyzer with measurement capabilities that meetyour needs.3Automate measurement setup and quickly gain diagnostic clues16800 Series logic analyzers make it easy for you to get up and running quickly by automating your measurement setup process. In addition, the logic analyzer’s setup/hold window (or sampling position) and threshold voltage settings are automatically determined so you can capture data on high-speed buses with the highest accuracy. Auto Threshold and Sample Position mode allow you to...•Obtain accurate and reliable measurements•Save time during measurement setup•Gain diagnostic clues and identify problem signalsquickly•Scan all signals and buses simultaneously or just a few•View results as a composite display or as individual signals•See skew between signals and buses•Find and fix inappropriate clock thresholds•Measure data valid windows•Identify signal integrityproblems related to rise times,fall times, data valid windowwidths Identify problem signals overhundreds of channels simultaneouslyAs timing and voltage marginscontinue to shrink, confidencein signal integrity becomes anincreasingly vital requirementin the design validation process.Eye scan lets you acquire signalintegrity information on allthe buses in your design, undera wide variety of operatingconditions, in a matter ofminutes. Identify problem signalsquickly for further investigationwith an oscilloscope. Results canbe viewed for each individualsignal or as a composite ofmultiple signals or buses.Extend the life of your equipmentEasily upgrade your 16800 Serieslogic analyzer. “Turn on”additional memory depth andstate speed when you need more.Purchase the capability youneed now, then upgrade as yourneeds evolve.Figure 2. Identify problem signals quickly by viewing eye diagrams across all buses and signals simultaneously.4578910A Built-in Pattern Generator Gives You Digital Stimulus and Responsein a Single InstrumentSelected 16800 Series models (16821A, 16822A and 16823A)also include a 48-channel pattern generator to drive down risk early in product development. With a pattern generator you can:•Substitute for missing boards,integrated circuits (ICs) or buses instead of waiting for missing pieces •Write software to createinfrequently encountered test conditions and verify that the code works – before complete hardware is available •Generate patterns necessary to put a circuit in a desired state,operate the circuit at full speed or step the circuit through a series of states •Create a circuit initialization sequence Agilent 16800 Series portable logic analyzers with a pattern generator offer a variety offeatures that make it easier for you to create digital stimulus tests.Vectors up to 48 bits wideVectors are defined as a “row” of labeled data values, with each data value from one to 48 bits wide. Each vector is output on the rising edge of the clock.Create stimulus patterns for the widest buses in your system.Depth up to 16 M vectorsWith the pattern generator, you can load and run up to 16Mvectors of stimulus. Depth on this scale is most useful when coupled with powerful stimulus generated by electronic design automation tools, such as SynaptiCAD’sWaveFormer and VeriLogger.These tools create stimulus using a combination of graphicallydrawn signals, timing parameters that constrain edges, clock signals,and timing and Boolean equations for describing complex signal behavior. The stimulus also can be created from design simulation waveforms. The SynaptiCAD tools allow you to convert .VCD files into .PGB files directly, offering you an integrated solution that saves you time.Synchronized clock outputYou can output data synchronized to either an internal or external clock. The external clock is input via a clock pod, and has nominimum frequency (other than a 2ns minimum high time).The internal clock is selectable between 1MHz and 300MHz in 1-MHz steps. A Clock Out signal is available from the clock pod and can be used as an edge strobe with a variable delay of up to 8ns.Initialize (INIT) block for repetitive runsWhen running repetitively, the vectors in the initialize (init)sequence are output only once,while the main sequence isoutput as a continually repeating sequence. This “init” sequence is very useful when the circuit or subsystem needs to be initialized.The repetitive run capability is especially helpful whenoperating the pattern generator independent of the logic analyzer.“Send Arm out to…” coordinates activity with the logic analyzerVerify how your system responds to a specific stimulus sequence by arming the logic analyzer from the pattern generator. A “Send Arm out to…” instruction acts as a trigger arming event for the logic analyzer or other test equipment to begin measurements. Arm setup and trigger setup of the logic analyzer determines the action initiated by “Send Arm out to…”.Figure 3. Models with a built-in pattern generator give you more measurement flexibility.“Wait for External Event…” forinput patternThe clock pod also accepts a 3-bit input pattern. These inputs are level-sensed so that any number of “Wait for External Event”instructions can be inserted into a stimulus program. Up to four pattern conditions can be defined from the OR-ing of the eight possible 3-bit input patterns. A “Wait for External Event” also can be defined to wait for an Arm. This Arm signal can come from the logic analyzer. “Wait for External Event…” allows you to executea specific stimulus sequence only when the defined external event occurs.Simplify creation of stimulus programs with user-defined macros and loops User macros permit you to define a pattern sequence once, then insert the macro by name wherever it is needed. Passing parameters to the macro will allow you to create a more generic macro. For each call to the macro you can specify unique values for the parameters.Loops enable you to repeat a defined block of vectors for a specified number of times. Loops and macros can be nested, except that a macro cannot be nested within another macro. At compile time, loops and macros are expanded in memory to alinear sequence.Convenient data entry andediting featureYou can conveniently enterpatterns in hex, octal, binary,decimal, and signed decimal(two’s complement) bases. Tosimplify data entry, you can viewthe data associated with anindividual label with multipleradixes. Delete, Insert, and Copycommands are provided for easyediting. Fast and convenientPattern Fills give the programmeruseful test patterns with a fewkey strokes. Fixed, Count, Rotate,Toggle, and Random patterns areavailable to help you quicklycreate a test pattern, suchas “walking ones.” Patternparameters, such as step size andrepeat frequency, can be specifiedin the pattern setup.ASCII input file format: your designtool connectionThe pattern generator supportsan ASCII file format to facilitateconnectivity to other tools in yourdesign environment. Because theASCII format does not support theinstructions listed earlier, theycannot be edited into the ASCIIfile. User macros and loops alsoare not supported, so the vectorsneed to be fully expanded in theASCII file. Many design tools willgenerate ASCII files and outputthe vectors in this linear sequence.Data must be in hex format, andeach label must represent a set ofcontiguous output channels.ConfigurationThe pattern generator operateswith the clock pods, data pods,and lead sets described later inthis document. At least one clockpod and one data pod must beselected to configure a functionalsystem. You can select from avariety of pods to provide thesignal source needed for your logicdevices. The data pods, clock podsand data cables use standardconnectors. The electricalcharacteristics of the data cablesare described for users withspecialized applications who wantto avoid the use of a data pod.Direct connection to yourtarget systemYou can connect the patterngenerator pods directly to astandard connector on your targetsystem. Use a 3M brand #2520Series or similar connector. Theclock or data pods will plug rightin. Short, flat cable jumpers canbe used if the clearance aroundthe connector is limited. Use a 3M#3365/20, or equivalent, ribboncable; a 3M #4620 Series orequivalent connector on thepattern generator pod end of thecable, and a 3M #3421 Series orequivalent connector at yourtarget system end of the cable.Probing accessoriesThe probe tips of theAgilent10474A, 10347A, 10498A,and E8142A lead sets plugdirectly into any 0.1-inch gridwith 0.026-inch to 0.033-inchdiameter round pins or 0.025-inchsquare pins. These probe tipswork with the Agilent5090-4356surface mount grabbers andwith the Agilent5959-0288through-hole grabbers, providingcompatibility with industrystandard pins.A Built-in Pattern Generator Gives You Digital Stimulus and Response in a Single Instrument3-STATE IN TTLPattern generator cable pin outsData cable (Pod end)Clock cable (Pod end)2122Unleash the Complementary Power of a Logic Analyzer and an Oscilloscope Seamless scope integrationwith View ScopeEasily make time-correlatedmeasurements between Agilentlogic analyzers and oscilloscopes.The time-correlated logic analyzerand oscilloscope waveforms areintegrated into a single logicanalyzer waveform display foreasy viewing and analysis. Youcan also trigger the oscilloscopefrom the logic analyzer (or viceversa), automatically de-skew thewaveforms and maintain markertracking between the twoinstruments. Perform thefollowing more effectively:•Validate signal integrity•Track down problems caused by signal integrity•Validate correct operation of A/D and D/A converters •Validate correct logical and timing relationships betweenthe analog and digital portions of a designConnectionThe Agilent logic analyzer and oscilloscope can be physically connected with standard BNC and LAN connections. Two BNC cables are connected for cross triggering, and the LAN connection is used to transfer data between the instruments. The View Scope correlation software is standard in the logic analyzer’s application software version 3.50 or higher. The View Scope software includes:•Ability to import some or all of the captured oscilloscopewaveforms•Auto scaling of the scopewaveforms for the best fit inthe logic analyzer displayFigure 4. View Scope seamlessly integrates your scopeand logic analyzer waveforms into a single display.2324Acquisition and analysis tools provide rapid insight into your toughest debug problemsYou have unique measurement and analysis needs. When you want to understand what your target is doing and why, you need acquisition and analysis tools that rapidly consolidate data into displays that provide insight into your system’s behavior.Figure 5. Perform in-depth time, frequency and modulation domain analysis on your digital baseband and IF signals with Agilent’s 89600 Vector Signal Analysis software.Save time analyzing your unique design with a turnkey setup Agilent Technologies and our partners provide an extensive range of bus and processor analysis probes. They provide non-intrusive, full-speed,real-time analysis to accelerate your debugging process.•Save time making bus-and processor-specificmeasurements withapplication specific analysisprobes that quickly andreliably connect to yourdevice under test•Display processor mnemonicsor bus cycle decode•Get support for acomprehensive list ofindustry-standard processorsand buses252627ProgrammabilityYou can write programs to control the logic analyzer application from remote computers on the local area network using COM or ASCII. The COM automation serveris part of the logic analyzer application. This software allows you to write programs to control the logic analyzer. All measurement functionality is controllable via the COM interface.The B4608A Remote ProgrammingInterface (RPI) lets you remotelycontrol a 16800 Series logicanalyzer by issuing ASCIIcommands to the TCP socketon port 6500. This interface isdesigned to be as similar aspossible to the RPI on 16700Series logic analysis systems,so that you can reuse existingprograms.The remote programminginterface works through the COMautomation objects, methods,and properties provided forcontrolling the logic analyzerapplication. RPI commands areimplemented as Visual Basicmodules that execute COMautomation commands, translatetheir results, and return propervalues for the RPI. You can use theB4606A advanced customizationenvironment to customize andadd RPI commands.Figure 6. 16800 Series programming overview2816800 Series Interfaces2930Figure 9. 16800 Series back panelFull profile PCI card expansion slotExternal display portParallel portSerial port10/100 Base T LAN 2.0 USB ports (4)Clock inTrigger out Trigger in Keyboard Mouse AC power Figure 8. 16800 Series front panelOn/Off power switch 15 inch built-in color LCD display, Touch Screen available General purpose knob Run/stop keys Touch screen on/off (if ordered)16800 Series Physical CharacteristicsDimensionsPower 16801A 115/230 V, 48-66 Hz, 605 W max 16802A 115/230 V, 48-66 Hz, 605 W max 16803A 115/230 V, 48-66 Hz, 605 W max 16804A 115/230 V, 48-66 Hz, 775 W max 16806A 115/230 V, 48-66 Hz, 775 W max 16821A 115/230 V, 48-66 Hz, 775 W max 16822A 115/230 V, 48-66 Hz, 775 W max 16823A 115/230 V, 48-66 Hz, 775 W max Weight Max net Max shipping 16801A 12.9 kg 19.7 kg (28.5 lbs)(43.5 lbs)16802A 13.2 kg 19.9 kg (28.9 lbs)(43.9 lbs)16803A 13.7 kg 20.5 kg (30.3 lbs)(45.3 lbs)16804A 14.2 kg 21.0 kg (31.3 lbs)(46.3 lbs)16806A 14.6 kg 21.4 kg (32.1 lbs)(47.1 lbs)16821A 14.2 kg 20.9 kg (31.2 lbs)(46.2 lbs)16822A 14.2 kg 21.1 kg (31.6 lbs)(46.6 lbs)16823A14.5 kg 21.3 kg (32.0 lbs)(47.0 lbs)Instrument operating environment Temperature 0˚ C to 50˚ C (32˚ F to 122˚ F)Altitude To 3000 m (10,000 ft)Humidity8 to 80% relative humidity at 40˚ C (104˚ F)Figure 7. 16800 Series exterior dimensionsFigure 10. 16800 Series side view330.32(13.005)Dimensions: mm (inches)28.822(11.347)443.23(17.450)Agilent 1184A TestmobileThe Agilent 1184A testmobile gives you a convenient means of organizing and transporting your logic analyzer and accessories.The testmobile includes the following:•Drawer for accessories(probes, cables, power cords)•Keyboard tray with adjustable tilt and height•Mouse extension on keyboard tray for either right or lefthand operation•on uneven surfaces••Load limits:Total: 136.4 kg (300.0 lb.)Figure 11. Agilent 1184A testmobile cartFigure 12. Agilent 1184A testmobile cart dimensions3132Stationary shelfThis light-duty fixed shelf isdesigned to support 16800 Series logic analyzers. The shelf can be used in all standard Agilent racks. The stationary shelf is mounted securely into placeusing the supplied hardware and is designed to sit at the bottom of the EIA increment. Features of the stationary shelf include:•Snap-in design for easy installation •Smooth edgesRack accessoriesSliding shelfThe sliding shelf provides a flat surface with full product accessibility. It can be used in all Agilent racks to support 16800Series logic analyzers. The shelf and slides are preassembled for easy installation. Features of the sliding shelf include:•Snap-in design for easy installation •Smooth edgesConsider purchasing the steel ballast (C2790AC) to use with the sliding shelf. The ballast provides anti-tip capability when the shelf is extended.Figure 15. Sliding shelf (J1526AC)Figure 14. Stationary shelf (J1520AC)Figure 13. Sliding shelf installed in rackEach 16800 Series portable logicanalyzer comes with one PS/2keyboard, one PS/2 mouse,accessory pouch, power cord and1-year warranty standard.Selecting a logic analyzer to meet your application and budget is as easy as 1, 2, 3333435。
汽车变速器外文翻译
外文翻译Auto TransmissionFirst, an overview of automotive transmission and the development trendAutomobile available more than a century, especially from the mass production of motor vehicles and the automotive industry since the development of large, Car has been the economic development of the world for mankind to enter the modern life and have had a tremendous impact on the immeasurable, The progress of human society has made indelible contributions to the great, epoch-making set off arevolution. From From the vehicle as a power plant using internal combustion engine to start, auto transmission has become an important component. Is Generation is widely used in automotive reciprocating piston internal combustion engine with a small size, light weight, reliable operation and the use of The advantages of convenience, but its torque and speed range of smaller changes, and complex condition requires the use of motor vehicles Traction and the speed can be considerable changes in the scope. Therefore, its performance and vehicle dynamics and economy of There are large inter-contradictions, which contradictions of modern automotive internal combustion engine by itself is insoluble. Because Here, in the automotive power train set up the transmission and main reducer in order to achieve the purpose of deceleration by moment. Speed The main function of performance: ⑴ change gear ratio of motor vehicles, and expand the wheel drive torque and rotational speed of the Fan Wai, in order to adapt to constantly changing driving cycle, while the engine in the most favorable conditions within the scope of work; ⑵no change in the direction of engine rotation, under the premise of the realization of cars driving back; ⑶the realization of the free, temporary Interruption of power transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idling, etc.. V ariable-speed drive transmission by the manipulation of institutions and agencies. Change the transmission ratio by way of transmission is divided into There are class-type, non-stage and multi-purpose three. Have class most widely used transmission. It uses gear drive, with a number of transmission ratio setting. Stepless transmission Continuously V ariable Transmission (CVT) transmission ratio of a certain The framework of multi-level changes may be unlimited, there is a common type of power and torque (dynamic fluid-type) and so on. Continuously V ariable Transmission Transmission development is the ultimate goal, because only it can make the most economical engine in working condition Can provide the best vehicle fuel economy and optimal power in order to provide the most comfortable By the feeling. Today's CVT is a typical representative of the CVTand IVT, however as a result of the reliability of Poor, non-durable materials and high cost issues, development is not very good. Comprehensive refers to transmission torque converter and the mechanical components have the level of transmission variable hydraulic mechanical Speed, the transmission ratio can be between the maximum and minimum range of a few discontinuous change for no class, but its Significantly lower transmission efficiency than the efficiency of gear drives. 2 By manipulation, transmission control type can be divided into mandatory, automatic and semi-automatic control to manipulate three - Species . Mandatory on the driver to manipulate the direct transmission gear shift control for the majority of motor vehicles used Also known as Manual Transmission Manual Transmission (MT). Automatic transmission control selection of the transmission ratio (transmission) is carried out automatically. Just add the driver to manipulate Speed pedal, you can control the speed, also known as Automatic Transmission Automatic Transmission (A T). It is According to the speed and load (throttle pedal travel) for two-parameter control, stall in accordance with the above two Parameters to automatically take-off and landing.A T and MT in common is that they are level transmission, but A T According to the speed of the speed shift automatically, you can eliminate the manual transmission "setback" of the shift feel. However, A T also have many drawbacks, such as body complex, mechanical efficiency is not high, high cost, reliability and control Sensitivity remains to be increasing . AMT (Automated Mechanical Transmission) is in the traditional dry clutch and manual transmission gear based on the transformation of form, mainly to change the part of the manual gearshift control. That is, the overall structure of the MT cases the same switch to electronically controlled automatic transmission to achieve. Semi-automatic control, there are two forms of transmission. A number of stalls is a common automatic control, and the remaining stalls manipulated by the driver; the other is pre-style, that is, pre-selected pilot stalls, the clutch pedal in the down or release the accelerator pedal, the for retirement or an electromagnetic device to shift the hydraulic device. In recent years, with advances in vehicle technology and road traffic density increased, the performance requirements of the transmission is also getting higher and higher. A large number of automotive engineers in improving the performance of automobile transmission study a great deal of effort devoted to the rapid transmission of technology development, such as A T, AMT, DCT, CVT and the emergence of IVT.2003 Hyundai A T, AMT, DCT, CVT forum reached a consensus on the following:in the next Development, MT will continue to be the most widely used automotive transmission, AMT will increase the proportion of the application, A T also Will occupy a large market share, CVT's use of certain limitations, can only be due to a number of small displacement Car, DCT (dual clutch transmission) will also be the budding growth. From 2003 to now, vehicle speed Thedevelopment of devices and the forum basically the consensus reached by consensus. By comparing the analysis, the traditional mechanical transmission is still the most widely used vehicle change Speed. Although it has many shortcomings, such as shifting the impact of large, bulky, cumbersome to manipulate and so on; however, it also There are many advantages, such as high transmission efficiency, reliable operation, long life, manufacturing processes mature and low cost. Therefore, if we can improve the mechanical transmission of the above-mentioned shortcomings, it still has great room for development.Second, Manual Transmission Fault DiagnosisManual transmission at the beginning of the fault diagnosis prior toFailure to confirm from other parts is not: to check the tire And wheels, to confirm the normal tire pressure, and the wheel is flat V alue of; to confirm instead of noise and vibration from the engine. Clutch , And steering and suspension, etc..(A), skip file1. PhenomenonV ehicle acceleration, deceleration, climbing or severe vehicle vibration, the gear lever neutral position automatically jump.2. Reasons① self-locking device of the ball did not enter the grooves or linked file does not meet the full-gear tooth meshing long;② self-locking device worn groove ball or serious, self-locking spring is too soft or broken fatigue;③ gear along the direction of tooth wear as a long cone-shaped;④ one or two too松旷shaft bearing, so that one or two three-axis and the crankshaft axis of the heart or different transmission and clutch shell shell bonding plane of the vertical axis the relative change in the crankshaft;⑤ Second Gear axis often axial or radial gap is too large;⑥ the axis of axial or radial gap is too large.3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshootingJump to file stalls Unascertained: After taking heat the entire vehicle, increase the use of continuous, slow approach to road test each file is determined.Will jump to the gear lever hanging file stalls the engine off, transmission cover removed carefully to observe the mating dance gear case file.① engagement does not meet the length, then the resulting fault;② to reach a total length of engagement, should continue to check;③ check mating wear parts: wear into a cone, then failure may be caused by;④ check b-axis of the gear profile and the axis of the axial and radial clearance, clearance is too large, then failure may be caused by;⑤ check self-locking devices, locking devices, if only a very small dynamic resistance, and even feel the ball is not plugged groove (the transmission cover caught in the vice, the hand-shaking shift stroke), the fault for the bad performance of self-locking ; Otherwise, the fault for the clutch and gearbox shell bonding plane and the vertical axis of the crankshaft caused by changes.(B), arbitrary files1. PhenomenonTechnical condition in the clutch normal circumstances, transmission at the same time put up or two files linked to the need to stall, the results linked to other stalls.2. Reasons① interlocking device failure: if the fork shaft, pin or interlocking interlocking ball too much wear and tear, etc.;② the bottom of the arc gear face wear and tear is too large or fork axis of the allocated blocks wear groove is too large;③ball pin gear lever broken or the ball-hole, ball松旷wear too. In short arbitrary file transmission is mainly due to institutional failure manipulation.3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshooting① linked to the need to stall, the results linked to the other stalls: rocking gear lever, to check their point of view before, if in excess of the normal range, while the lower end of failure by the gear lever ball pin and the positioning groove ball with or松旷, the ball is too large holes caused by wear and tear. Swung shift 360 °, compared with a broken pin.② If the pendulum angle to normal, still not on, or linked to more than picking file, then the lower end of failure by the gear lever away from the limitations arising from the groove in (due to break away from the bottom of the arc-shaped guide groove face wear and tear or wear).③ At the same time linked to the two files: the fault caused by the interlocking device failure.(C), the difficulties linked to files1. PhenomenonClutch technical condition, but can not be linked smoothly linked file into the stalls, often percussive sound gear.2. Reasons① synchronizer failure;② Bending fork shaft, locking the spring strong, ball injury, etc.;③ a shaft or a spline shaft bending injury;④ inadequate or excessive gear oil, gear oil does not meet the specifications.3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshooting①Synchronizer check whether the fall to pieces, cone ring is conical spiral groove wear, whether worn slider, spring is too soft, such as elastic.② If the Synchronizer normal, check whether the bending of a shaft, spline wear is severe.③ check whether the mobile axis normal fork.(D), abnormal sound transmission1. PhenomenonTransmission refers to transmission work abnormal sound when the sound is not normal.2. Reasons1) abnormal sound gearGear wear off very thin gap is too large, the impact of running in; bad tooth meshing, such as the repair did not replace the gear pairs. New and old gear with the gear mesh can not be correct; tooth metal fatigue spalling or damage to individual teeth broken; gear and the spline shaft with松旷, or the axial gear clearance is too large; axis caused by bending or bearing松旷space to change gears.2) Bearing ringSerious bearing wear; Bearing (outer) ring with the journal blocks (holes) with the loose; Ball Bearing Ma break-up or a point of ablation.3) ring made for other reasonsSuch as the transmission within缺油, lubricants have been thin, too thick or quality deterioration; transmission into the foreign body inside; some loose bolts fastening; odometer or the odometer shaft ring gear, such as fat.3. Troubleshooting①transmission issued metal dry friction sound, which is缺油and the poor quality of oil. Refueling and inspection should be the quality of oil, if necessary, replacement.② for moving into a file if the sound obvious, namely, the profile of gear tooth wear; If the occurrence of cyclical noise, while damage to individual teeth.③when the ring gap, and riding the clutch pedal under the noise disappeared after the general axis is a before and after the bearing or regular engagement ring gear; if any files are changed into the ring, after more than two-axis bearing ring.④transmission occurs when a sudden impact the work of sound, most of the tooth was broken and should be removed timely transmission inspection cover to prevent mechanicaldamage.⑤moving, only for transmission of a file into the ring gear made in the above-mentioned good premise, it should check with improper gear mesh, if necessary, should be re-assembling a pair of new gear. In addition, it may be synchronizer gear wear or damage should be repaired or replaced depending on the circumstances.⑥ when shifting gear ring made of impact, it may be the clutch or the clutch pedal can not be separated from stroke is incorrect, damaged synchronizer, excessive idling, gear improperly adjusted or tight-oriented, such as Bush. In such cases, to check whether the separation of the clutch, and then adjust the idle speed or the gear lever, respectively, the location, inspection-oriented with the bearing bushing and separation tightness.If excluded from the above examinations, the transmission is still made ring, should check the shaft bearings and shaft hole with the situation, bearing the state of their own technology, etc.; as well, and then view the odometer shaft and ring gear is made and, if necessary, be repaired or replacement.(E), transmission oil1. PhenomenonAround the transmission gear lubricants, transmission gear box to reduce the fuel can be judged as lubricant leakage.2. Reasons and troubleshooting① improper oil selection, resulting in excessive foam, or the volume too much oil, when in need of replacement or adjust the lubricant oil;② side cover is too loose, damaged gaskets, oil seal damage, damage to seals and oil seals should be replaced with new items;③ release and transmission oil tank and side cover fixed bolts loosening, tightening torque should be required;④ broken gear-housing shell or extended wear and tear caused by oil spills, must be replaced;⑤ odometer broken loose gear limit device must be locked or replaced; gear oil seal oil seal oil should be replaced.Third, the maintenance manual gearboxSantana is now as an example:Santana used to manually synchronize the entire, multi-stage gear transmission, there are four forward one block and reverse gear. Block are forward-lock synchronizer ring inertial, body-wide shift synchronizer nested engagement with a reasonable structure, the layout of a compact, reliable, long life and so on. However, if the use and maintenance is not the right way to do so, failure mayoccur at any time.The proper use of Synchronizer:1, the use of addition and subtraction block off both feet. Block addition and subtraction, if the clutch with one foot, then the speed at the time of addition and subtraction block must be correct, the timing should be appropriate and, if necessary, to addition and subtraction can be blocked off both feet, so that addition and subtraction method can reduce the block with Gear speed difference between the circumference, thereby reducing wear and tear Synchronizer to extend the life of Synchronizer.2, prohibited the use of tap-shift gear lever when the method (that is, a push of the operation of a song). Hand should always hold down the shift, this can greatly reduce the synchronizer sliding lock Moreton Central time and reduce wear and tear.3, no state in the gap off the use of force挂挡synchronizer start the engine. Moment of inertia as a great engine, the friction torque Synchronizer also small, so the time synchronization process is very long, so that lock ring temperature increased sharply, it is easy to burn synchronizer.4, is strictly prohibited by synchronizer clutch instead of the initial (that is, the use of non-use of the clutch friction synchronizer start挂挡role), control speed and braking.The correct use of lubricants:Santana at the factory, the transmission has been added to the quality of lubricating oil, under normal circumstances, the level of the transmission lubrication need to be checked. However, when normal travel 100,000 kilometers 10,000 kilometers -20 after the first lubricating oil must be replaced. Santana grade lubricants used in transmission as follows: Gear Oil API-GLA (MIL-L2105), SAE80 or SAE80W-90 grade汽车变速器一、汽车变速器概述及发展趋势汽车问世百余年来，特别是从汽车的大批量生产及汽车工业的大发展以来，汽车己为世界经济的发展、为人类进入现代生活，产生了无法估量的巨大影响，为人类社会的进步作出了不可磨灭的巨大贡献，掀起了一场划时代的革命。
整车开发过程中的英文缩写-汽车行业的你一定要知道的
整车开发过程中的英⽂缩写-汽车⾏业的你⼀定要知道的⼩编整理的⼀份超级全⾯的整车开发过程中⽤到的英语，供⼤家参考整车开发通⽤英⽂缩写（按⾸字母排序）英⽂缩写英⽂全称中⽂含义（按⾸字母排序）100% Cal100% Calibration100%标定100% IVER 100% Integration Vehicle EngineeringRelease100%集成车⼯程发布100% PPAP All parts at full PPAP for Vehicle program为了整车项⽬，所有零件须完全通过PPAP100% SVER100% Structure Vehicle Engineering Release100%结构车⼯程发布65% Cal65% Calibration65%的动⼒总成标定80% Cal80% Calibration80%的动⼒总成标定8D8 Disciplines问题解决8步法A Alpha Alpha阶段（动⼒总成产品开发的⼀个阶段）A MRD Alpha Material Required Date Alpha样件需求⽇期A/T Automatic Transmission⾃动变速器A/T Automatic Transmission⾃动变速器AA Architecture Approval架构批准AAM Alliance of Automobile Manufactures汽车制造商联盟ABS Anti-lock Brake System or Anti-BlockSteering防抱死制动系统AC Architecture Confirmation架构确认ACE Assistant Chief Engineer总⼯助理ACT Activity⼯艺路线ACT BOM Assembly Component Tree BOM总成件树形BOMAD Alternatives Development主题开发ADV Analysis / Development / Validation分析/开发/验证ADV Analysis, Development and Validation分析，开发和认证AE Application Engineer应⽤⼯程师AE Application Engineer应⽤⼯程师AEM Assimilability evaluation method可装配性评估⽅法AFI Architecture Framing Initiation架构框架启动AIAC Automotive Industry Action Group美国汽车⼯业⾏动集团ALY Alloy铝合⾦AMT Automatic Machincal Transmission机械式⾃动变速器ANSI American National Standards Institute美国国家标准协会AP Advanced Purchasing提前采购AP Assembly Plant总装⼚APB Automotive Product Board汽车产品委员会APD Approved Product Description批准的产品描述APE Annual Program Execution年度项⽬执⾏APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation亚太经济联盟APQP/CP Advanced Product Quality Planning andControl Plan先期产品质量规划和控制计划APSB Asia Pacific Strategy Board亚太战略委员会（通⽤汽车的⾼层管理组织）AR Appropriation Request项⽬预算ARC Architecture Refinement Complete架构优化完成ASB Automotive Strategy Board汽车战略委员会（通⽤汽车的⾼层管理组织）ASC经销商售后管理系统ASE Automotive Safety Engineering汽车安全⼯程ASE Aftersales Engineering售后⼯程ASN Advanced shipping notice发货通知单ASSI Architecture Statement of Strategic Intent战略意向的架构陈述Assy Check-in Assembly Line Check-in装配线进场启动现场安调Assy PPAP Assembly Line PPAP装配线通过PPAP Assy PPAP Assembly Line PPAP装配线通过PPAPAssy PPV Assembly Line Products and ProcessValidation装配线交付后的产品⼯艺验证Assy PPV Assembly Line Production and ProcessValidation装配线交付后产品⼯艺验证Assy Run-Off Assembly Line Run-Off装配线试装交样⽇期Assy Run-off Assembly Line RUN-Off装配线整线打通，启动试装，允许⼿⼯装配Assy Run-off MRD Assembly Line RUN-Off Material RequiedDate装配线ATC Auto Temperature Controller⾃动空调控制器ATF Automatic Transmission Fluid⾃动变速箱油ATT Attachment附件ATT Actual takt time实际单件⼯时AVD Advanced Vehicle Development先期车辆开发AVDC Advance Vehicle Development Center先期车辆开发中⼼AVD-LT Advanced Vehicle Development-LeadershipTeam前期整车开发-领导⼩组AVDP Advanced Vehicle Development Process(Time between DSI and VPI)先期车辆开发流程（在DSI与VPI之间）AVPM Advanced Vehicle Planning Manager先期车辆计划经理B Beta Beta阶段（动⼒总成产品开发的⼀个阶段）B Build制造B MRD Beta Material Required Date Beta样件需求⽇期B+U Building and Utility⼟建公⽤BAD Build Authorization Document试制授权⽂档BC Business Case业务计划BCM Body Control Module车⾝控制器BDC Body Distributon Central车辆调配中⼼BESC Base Engine Steering Committee发动机总成战略转向委员会BIQ Building in Quality制造质量BIR Prototype Build Issue Report试制问题报告BIR Build Issues Resolution试制问题BIR Build Incident Report装车问题报告BIR Bulding issue report造车问题报告BIW Body-In-White⽩车⾝BIW Body in White⽩车⾝BOD Bill of Design设计清单BOE Bill of Equipment设备清单BOM Bill of Material物料清单BOM Bill of Material物料清单BOM Bill of Material物料清单BOM Bill Of Material物料清单BOM Bill Of Material物料清单BOM Bill of Material物料清单BOP Bill of Process⼯艺清单BOP Bill Of Process⼯艺清单BP Break Point断点BPD Business Plant Deployment业务计划实施BPP Best people practices最佳⼈员准则BPR Business plan recompose业务流程重组BS Body Shop车⾝车间BSD Build Site Direction试制现场指导书BUFFER Buffer线边缓存区C/CAP Construction/Conversion and AccelerationPlan⼟建/改造和⽣产提速计划CAB Change Approval Board更改审批会CAC服务热线专员CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy公司平均油耗Cal Calibration动⼒总成标定CARE Customer acceptance review evaluation整车报交检查CARE Customer Acceptance & Review Evaluation⽤户接受度和审查评估CC Concept Confirmation验证概念CC Consolidation Center集散中⼼CC Confirmation Clinic确认临床Cert LSO Certification Lift Stop Order通过排放认证通知CET Cold Environment Test寒区试验CH Chassis Department底盘部CI Concept Initiation提出项⽬概念CIM Customer Interface Manager客户服务经理CIP Continue Improve Process持续改进CIP Continue Improve Process持续改进CIT Continuous Improvement Team不断改进⼩组CIT Compartment Integration Team车厢集成⼩组CMC Container Management Center空箱管理中⼼CME Change Management Engineer更改管理⼯程师Cmk N/A临界机器能⼒指数Cmk Capability Machine Index机器设备能⼒CMM三坐标测量C-NCAP China New CAR Assessment Process中国标准新车评估体系COC Centre of Competence能⼒中⼼COE Center of Expertise经验总结中⼼CP Control Plan控制计划CPIT Current Product Improvement Team现有产品改进⼩组Cpk Complex Process Capability过程能⼒指数Cpk Process Capability Index稳定过程的能⼒指数CPQE Current Product Quality Engineer现有产品质量⼯程师CPV Cost per Vehicle单车成本CR/DN Change Request / Decision Notice更改决议CR/DN Change Request/Decision Notice变更申请/决议通知CRB Change Review Board更改评审⼩组CS Contract Signing动⼒总成签署项⽬合同CS Contract Signing合同签订CS1Controled Shipping 1⼀级受控发运CS2Controled Shipping 2⼆级受控发运CSC Controls Steering Committee控制模块战略转向委员会CSI Customer Satisfaction Index⽤户满意度指标CSI Customer Satisfaction Index售后满意度CSN Current Sequence Number流⽔号CSO Contract Sign-Off合同签署CSO Contract Sign-Off (VDP)整车签署项⽬合同（VDP术语）CSO HC Contract Sign-Off Health Check合同签署健康检查CSO HC Contract Sign-Off Health Check合同签署健康检查CT Cycle Time制程周期CT Cycle time周期时间CT Creativity Teams创造性⼯作⼩组CT Critical Test关键试验CTS Component Technical Specification零部件技术标准CTT Common Timing Template标准2级进度模板CVER Concept Vehicle Engineering Release概念车⼯程发布CVER LL Concept Vehicle Engineering Release LongLead概念车⼯程发布－－长周期CVIS Completed Vehicle Inspection Standards整车检验标准CVQC Completed vehicle quality ceter整车质量中⼼CVQCB Completed vehicle quality ceter board整车质量⽬视板CVT Continuously Variable Transmission⽆级变速器D.Q.R合格率概况DAS Design & Analysis Section设计分析科DC Deliver Charter递交项⽬章程DCN Design Change Notice设计更改通知DCN Design Change Notice设计更改通知DCP Dimension Control Plan尺⼨控制计划DCS Design Concept Sheet概念设计表DCT Double Clutch Transmission双离合器变速箱DD Direct Delivery直接投线DDSP Driver Door Switch Pack驾驶席门控开关DEI Die Engineering Integration模具⼯程集成DFA Design for Assembly装配⼯艺性设计DFM Design for Manufacturability制造⼯艺性设计DFMEA Design failure mode and effects analysis设计失效模式和效果分析DFMEA Design FMEA设计失效模式分析DIFF Differential差速器DL 3b Design Level 3b设计阶段3bDMS Dealer Manage System经销商管理系统DOL Dealer On Line经销商在线系统DP Demand Plan需求计划DPV Defects per vehicle单车缺陷数DPV Defect per Vehicle单车缺陷数DQ&V Design Quality & Validation设计质量和验证DR Direct run直接通过率DRC Design Review Committee设计评审委员会DRE Design Responsible Engineer设计和发布⼯程师DRE Design Release Engineer设计发布⼯程师DRE Design release engineer设计发布⼯程师DRL Direct run loss直接通过损失率Drop Off Drop Off停产DS44HIGH SPEED DURABILITY TEST⾼速耐久试验（MGRES 标准）DSG Direct shift gearbox双离合器变速箱DSI Document of Strategic Intent战略意向书DSM Driver Seat Module驾驶席座椅控制模块DSO Design Sign Off设计签署DTA Design Theme Alternatives设计主题选项DTC Diagnostic Trouble Code诊断故障码DV Design Validation设计验证DV Design Validation产品设计验证DVP Design Validation Plan设计验证计划DVT Dynamic vehicle test整车综合动态测试E/T/C Engine/Transmission/Controller发动机/变速器/控制模块EBA Emergency Brake Assistant紧急制动辅助系统EBD Electronical Brake Distribute电⼦制动⼒分配系统EBOM Engineering BOM⼯程BOMEC Embedded Controller控制模块ECC ERP Central Component ERP核⼼组建ECR Engineering Change Request⼯程更改请求ECR Engineering Change Request⼯程更改请求ECR Engineering Change Request⼯程更改申请ECR Engineering Change Request⼯程项⽬变更申请ECS Engineering Change Summary⼯程变更摘要ECT Emission Control System电⼦控制⾃动变速器EDS Electronic Data Systems电⼦数据系统EEVC European Enhanced Vehicle-SafetyCommittee欧洲提⾼车辆安全性委员会EFEO Emissions & Fuel Economy排放和燃料经济EGM Engineering Group Manager产品⼯程⼩组经理EI&S Electronics Integration & Software电器零件集成和软件ELV End of life vehicle整车寿命结束EMlS Emission排放EMS Engine Management System发动机管理系统ENB Build-Test Section试制试验科E-NCAP Euro New Car Assessment Process欧洲标准新车评估体系ENG Engineer⼯程师EOA End of Acceleration⽣产提速的完成EOLT End of Line Test⽣产线试验结束EP Engineering Prototype⼯程样车（件）EPA Environmental Protection Agency环境保护厅EPC Engineering Program Committee⼯程项⽬委员会EPN Engineering Project Number⼯程项⽬数⽬ERD Early Requirement Document早期的要求⽂件ESB European Strategy Board欧洲战略委员会（通⽤汽车的⾼层管理组织）ESO Engineering Sign Off发动机整机⼯程签署ESO Engineering Sign Off⼯程签署ESO Engineering Sign-off⼯程签署ET Engineering Technology⼯程技术EV Engineering Vehicle⼯程样车EWO Engineering Work Order⼯程⼯作指令EWO Engineering Work Order⼯程更改号EWO Engineering workorder⼯程更改流程Exp Cal Experimental Calibration尝试性标定FA Final Approval批准正式⽣产FAC集团销售经理FATG Final Approval to Grain⽣产最终批准FBIW First Body in White Complete第⼀轮⽩车⾝完成FE Functional Evaluation功能评估FE LSO Fuel Economy Label Lift Stop Order通过油耗认证的通知FIVC First Integration Vehicle Complete第1辆集成车制造完毕FIVC First Integration Vehicle Complete第⼀轮集成车完成FLO Factory Layout⼯⼚布局FM功能尺⼨FM Finance Manager财务经理FMC First Mule Complete第⼀轮骡⼦车完成FMC区域售后⽀持FMEA Failure model effectiveness analysis失效模式分析FMEA Failure model effectiveness analysis失效模式分析FMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis潜在失效模式及后果分析FMEA Failure mode and effects analysis失效模式和后果分析FMEA Failure Mode and Effect Analysis失效模式和影响分析FMS Flexible manufacturing systems柔性制造系统FMVSS Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards联邦汽车安全标准FPPV BIW First Product/Process Body in WhiteComplete第⼀轮产品/⼯艺⽩车⾝完成FPPVC First Product/Process Validation VehicleComplete第⼀轮产品/⼯艺验证车辆完成FPS Fixed Point Stop固定停⽌位置FTC First Time Capability⾸次能⼒FTP/FTQ First time pass/quality⼀次通过合格率FTQ First time quality下线合格率FWD Four Wheel Drive四轮驱动G Gamma Gamma阶段（动⼒总成产品开发的⼀个阶段）G MRD Gamma Material Required Date Gamma样件需求⽇期G/L Group leader⼯段长GA General Assembly总装GA General Assembly总装GADT Global Architecture Development Team全球架构开发⼩组GBOM Global Bill of Material全球物料清单GMNA General Motors North America通⽤汽车北美分部GMPT General Motors Powertrain通⽤汽车动⼒总成分部GPDC Global Product Development Council全球产品开发理事会GPDP Global Powertrain Development Process全球动⼒总成开发流程GPDS Global Product Description System全球产品管理系统GSD Global Segment Director全球细分主管GSS Global Sales and Service全球销售和服务GVDP Global Vehicle Development Process全球整车开发流程GVDP Global Vehicle Development Process整车开发流程GVDP Global Vehicle Development Process整车开发流程GVDP Global Vehicle Development Process全球汽车开发流程GVDP Global Vehicle Development Process全球整车开发流程GVDP Global Vehicle Development Process整车开发流程GVLE Global Vehicle Line Executive整车平台执⾏GVW Gross Vehicle Weight车辆总重GW Gateway⽹关HET Hot Environment Test热带试验HRC Hardware Release Center硬件发布中⼼ICD Interface Control Document接⼝控制⽂件IDR Initial Data Release初始数据发布IDSR Integration Driven Subsystem Requirement集成驱动⼦系统要求ILP Inbound Logistic Planning⼊⼚物流规划IMES Integration Manufacturing Executive System⽣产执⾏系统Initial Cal Initial Calibration初始标定IOM Inspection operator method检验操作⽅法IOS Inspection operator summary检验操作概要IPPE integrated Product and Process Engineering集成产品与⼯艺⼯程IPTV Incident per Thousand Vehicles每千辆车的故障率IPTV Incidents Per Thousand Vehicles每⼀千台车事故率IPTV Incidents Per Thousand Vehicles每千辆车的故障率IPTV Incidents Per Thousand Vehicles千辆车故障率IR Incident Report事故报告IRP Issue Resolution Process问题解决流程IRR Internal Rate of Return内含报酬率ISO International Standard Organization国际标准化组织IV Integration Vehicle集成车IV MRD Integration Vehicle Material Required Date集成车的物料需求⽇期IVBR Integration Vehicle Build Readiness Review集成车制造准备评审IVER Integration Vehicle Engineering Release集成车⼯程发布JIS Just In Sequence排序供货JIS Just In Sort供应商排序供货⽅式JIS Job Instruction Sheet岗位指导书JIT Just In Time及时供货JIT Just In Time供应商及时供货⽅式JPH Job per Hour⽣产节拍JRS Joint Ride Session联合评审JSC⽣产采购委员会JSC-GP Joint Sourcing Committee - General purchase联合采购委员会-⼀般采购Kcc Key Control Characteristic关键过程控制特性KCC Key Control Character关键控制特性KCDS Key Characteristic Designation System产品关键特性定义系统KO Kick-Off启动Kpc Key Product Characteristic关键产品特性KPC Key Product Characteristic关键产品特性KPC Key product characteristic主要产品特性KPC Key product characteristic主要产品特性KPC Key process control关键过程控制KPC Key process control关键过程控制LAAMSB Latin America, Africa, Middle East StrategyBoard通⽤的拉美，⾮洲，中东战略委员会LCL Lower Control Limit管制下限LCS Logistic Confirmation Sheet物流确认单LL Learning Loop学习周期LL Long Lead长周期LLPR Long Lead Production Release长周期的产品发布LM Launch Manager启动经理LOU Line of Usage BOM整车BOM⾏LSL Lower Specification Limit规格下限LSP Lean sales and marketing prograne精宜营销LTR Launch Team Release启动⼩组释放LWO Logistic Work Order物流属性更改号M+E Machine & Equipment机器设备MAC区域经理MBOM Manufacturing BOM制造BOMMDS Materiel Data Sheet物料数据单ME Manufacture Engineer样车试制⼯程师或⽣产线制造⼯程师ME Machine and Electronic电器设备ME Manufacturing Engineering制造⼯程ME Manufacturing Engineering制造⼯程MEC区域市场⽀持MEIS Manufacturing Engineering Info System制造⼯程信息系统MES Manufacturing Execution System制造执⾏系统MES Manufacturing Execution System制造执⾏系统MFG Site Dec Manufacturing Site Decision确定⽣产⼚址MIC Marketing Information Center市场信息中⼼MILKRUN Milkrun循环取货MKT Marketing营销MMR Manufacturable Math Release制造数模发布MO Manufacturing Operations⽣产管理部门MP OTS 100%100% Made Parts in OTS100%⾃制件达到OTS状态MP OTS 100％100％ Made Parts in OTS100%⾃制件达到OTS状态MP PPAP Made Parts PPAP⾃制件通过PPAPMP PPAP Made Parts PPAP⾃制件通过PPAPMP PPV Made Parts Production and ProcessValidation⾃制件⽣产线交付后的产品⼯艺验证MP PPV Made Parts Production and ProcessValidation⾃制件⽣产线交付后的产品⼯艺验证MPS Master Planning System主计划系统MPV Multi-Purpose Vehicle多⽤途轿车MR Manufacturing Requirements制造要求MRD Material Required Date交样⽇期MRD Material Requirement Date物料需求⽇期MRD Material Required Date (for physical builds)物料需求⽇期（⽤于制造样机）MRD Math Required Date (for virtual builds)数模需求⽇期（⽤于虚拟制造）MRE Manufacturing Responsible Engineer制造⼯程师MS Manufacturing Studies制造车间MSA Measurement System Analysis测量系统分析⼿册MSA Measurement System Analysis测量系统分析MSA Measure System Analyse测量系统分析MSA Measurement system analysis测量系统分析MSS Market Segment Specification市场细分规范MSS区域销售⽀持MSS Market Segment Specification市场分割规范MT Manual Transmission⼿动变速箱MT&E Machines, Tools and Equipment机床，⼯装和设备MTS Manufacturing Technical Specification制造技术标准MVB Manufacturing Validation Build⽤于认证制造⼯艺的整车制造MVB Manufacturing Validation Build制造验证造车MVB (ns)Manufacturing Validation Build (nonsaleable)⽤于认证制造⼯艺的整车制造（不可销售的）MVB (s)Manufacturing Validation Build (saleable)⽤于认证制造⼯艺的整车制造（可销售的）MVBns Manufacturing Validation Build Non-Salable⾮销售制造验证造车MVBs Manufacturing Validation Build Salable销售制造验证造车MVSS Motor Vehicle Safety Standards汽车安全标准MWO Manufacture Work Order制造属性更改号MY Model Year年度款MYM Model Year Manager车型年经理NAO North American Operations通⽤的北美分部NEO New Employee Orientation新员⼯培训NOA Notice of Authorization授权书NOD Notice of Decision决议NOD Notice of Decision决议通知NPV Net Present Value净现值NRD Normal Road⼀般公路NSB North American Strategy Board通⽤的北美传略委员会（通⽤的⾼层管理组织）OBD On Board Diagnostics车载诊断系统OEM Original Equipment manufacturers原始设备制造商（主机⼚）OEM Run-Off Original Equipment Manufacturer Run-Off零件供应商⼯装设备具备试⽣产条件OEM Run-off Original Equipment Manufacturer Run-off零件供应商⼯装设备具备试⽣产条件OJT On Job Training在岗培训OPO Office of Product Operations产品⾼层管理组织ORS Occupant Restraint System乘员约束系统OT Overtime加班OTD Order to Delivery订单到货时间OTP On Time Performance及时性能OTS装车评审OTS Off-tool Sample⼯装样件OTS Off-tool Sample⼯装样件OTS Off-tool Sample⼯装样件OTS OFF-TOOL-SAMPLE⼯装样件OTS QV OTS Quality Valve OTS质量阀OTS交付状态满⾜质保的开阀要求OTS QV OTS Quality Valve OTS质量阀，OTS交付状态满⾜质保的开阀要求OTS TG2Off Tooling Samples Tooling Go Level 2OTS设计达到TG2阶段，发布图纸⽤于供应商启动⼯装和设备投⼊OTS TGL2Off Tooling Samples Tooling Go Level 2OTS设计达到TG2阶段P Pilot批量试⽣产P Pilot⼩批量⽣产PA Production Approval批准正式⽣产PA Program Administrator项⽬管理专员PaC Physical Alpha for Customer提交客户的Alpha样机PACK Packaging包装规划PAD Product Assembly Documentation产品装配⽂件PAM Product Assemble Manual样车装配指南PAM Product Assemble Manual产品装配⼿册PAPIR Product and Process Integration Review产品和⼯艺集成会议PAS Packaging Approval Sheet包装确认单PAS Parking Aid System泊车辅助系统PAS Parking Aid System泊车辅助系统PbC Physical Beta for Customer提交客户的Beta样机PBS Painted Body Store油漆车⾝存储区PC Deliver Pilot to Customer向客户提交Pilot产品PC Pullcord拉环PC Problem Communication问题信息PC&L Production Control and Logistics PC&L部门（GM的⼀个部门）PCL Production Control Manager⽣产控制与⽀持PCM Powertrain Control Module动⼒总成控制模块PCM Process Control Manager⼯艺控制负责⼈PCN Project Cost Change Notice项⽬更改通知单PCN Project Costbook Change Notice项⽬Costbook更改通知单PCR Problem communication report问题交流报告PCR Problem communication report问题交流报告PCR Problem Communication Report问题交流报告PCR Problem Communication Report问题交流报告PDC Parking Distance Control泊车距离控制PDC Parking Distance Control泊车距离控制PDCA Plan、Do、Check、Action计划、实施、检查、⾏动PDCA Plan-Do-Check-Action计划,实施,检查,⾏动PDI Product delivery inspection产品交付检查PDI Preliminary Data Indicator初步数据指⽰器PDI Pre-delivery Inspection车辆⾏运“零公⾥”检查报告PDS Product Data Structure 产品数据结构，在SCM中⽤到的数据对象，集成了BOM、⼯艺和⼯⼚布局信息PDT Product Development Team产品开发组PDT Product Development Team产品开发⼩组PDT Product Development Team产品开发⼩组PDT Product Development Team产品开发⼩组PDT Product Development Team产品开发⼩组PE Product Engineering产品⼯程PET Program Executive Team项⽬执⾏⼩组PET Program Execution Team项⽬组PET Program Execution Team项⽬执⾏⼩组PFI Program Framing Initiated项⽬框架启动PFMEA Process failure mode and effectsanalysis过程失效模式和后果分析PFMEA Process FMEA⼯艺失效模式分析PFMEA Process failure mode & effects analysis过程失效模式分析PFSE Product Focus Systems Engineer产品系统⼯程师PG3Powertrain Gateway关键⾥程碑节点PgC Physical Gamma for Customer向客户发运Gamma样机PGM Program Management / Project Management项⽬管理PGM Program Management项⽬管理PGM Program Management项⽬管理Pilot Pilot试⽣产Pilot Pilot试⽣产Pilot QV Pilot Quality Valve试⽣产质量阀满⾜启动试⽣产的开阀要球Pilot MRD Pilot Material Requied Date Pilot交样⽇期Pilot MRD Pilot Material Required Date Pilot的物料需求⽇期Pilot QV Pilot Quality Valve试⽣产质量阀满⾜启动试⽣产的开阀要求PIM Powertrain Interface Manager动⼒总成接⼝经理PLM Production Launch Manager⽣产启动经理PLP单车利润表PM Programme Manager项⽬⼯程经理PM Program Manager项⽬经理PM Program Manager项⽬经理PM Plan maintain计划维护PM Prevention Maintenance预防性维护PM Program Manager项⽬经理PMO Program Management Office项⽬管理办公室（通⽤的⼀个部门）PMP常规尺⼨PMT Product Management Team产品管理⼩组PN Part NO.零件号PP Pre-pilot前期试⽣产PP Pre-Pilot预试⽣产PP Pre-pilot试⽣产P-P Pre-Pilot试⽣产PP PPAP Purchased Parts Production Parts ApprovalProcess外购件完成⽣产件批准程序PP Appr.Purchased Parts Approved外购件批准SQE开具⼊库许可单PP ESO Purchased Parts Engineering Sign Off外购件⼯程签署，完成OTS认可/阶段认可PP OTS 100％100％ Purchased Parts in OTS外购件的OTS交样率达到100％PP OTS 80%80% Purchased Parts in OTS外购件的OTS交样率达到80%PP OTS 80％80％ Purchased Parts in OTS外购件的OTS交样率达到80％PP PPAP Purchased Parts PPAP外购件完成PPAPPPA Product Planning Approval产品规划批准PPAP Production Parts Approval Process⽣产件批准程序PPAP Production Part Approval Process⽣产零部件批准程序PPAP Production Part Approval Process⽣产件批准程序PPAP Production Part Approval Process⽣产件批准程序PPAP Production Parts Approval Process⽣产件批准程序PPAP Production Part Approval Process⽣产件批准流程PPAP PPAP Production Part Approval Process产品零部件批准流程PPAP Production Part Approval Process⽣产零部件批准程序PPC Deliver Pre-Pilot to Customer向客户发运Pre-pilot动⼒总成PPC Product Program Content项⽬任务书。
流体力学中英文术语
流体力学中英文术语Index 翻译（Fluid Mechanics）Absolute pressure,绝对压力（压强）Absolute temperature scales, 绝对温标Absolute viscosity, 绝对粘度Acceleration加速度centripetal, 向心的convective, 对流的Coriolis, 科氏的field of a fluid, 流场force and，作用力与……local, 局部的Uniform linear, 均一线性的Acceleration field加速度场Ackeret theory, 阿克莱特定理Active flow control, 主动流动控制Actuator disk, 促动盘Added mass, 附加质量Adiabatic flow绝热流with friction,考虑摩擦的isentropic,等熵的air, 气体with area changes, 伴有空间转换Bemoullii’s equation and, 伯努利方程Mach number relations,马赫数关系式，pressure and density relations, 压力-速度关系式sonic point，critical values, 音速点，临界值，stagnation enthalpy, 滞止焓Adiabatic processes, 绝热过程Adiabatic relations, 绝热关系Adverse pressure gradient, 逆压力梯度Aerodynamic forces, on road vehicles, 交通工具,空气动力Aerodynamics, 空气动力学Aeronautics, new trends in, 航空学，新趋势Air空气testing/modeling in, 对……实验/建模useful numbers for, 关于……的有用数字Airbus Industrie, 空中客车产业Aircraft航行器airfoils机翼new designs, 新型设计Airfoils, 翼型aspect ratio (AR), 展弦比cambered, 弧形的drag coefficient of , 阻力系数early, 早期的Kline-Fogleman, 克莱恩-佛莱曼lift coefficient, 升力系数NACA,(美国) 国家航空咨询委员会separation bubble, 分离泡stalls and, 失速stall speed, 失速速度starting vortex, 起动涡stopping vortex, 终止涡Airfoil theory, 翼型理论flat-plate vortex sheet theory, 平板面涡理论Kutta condition, 库塔条件Kutta-Joukowski theorem, 库塔-儒科夫斯基定理1thick cambered airfoils, 厚弧面翼型thin-airfoils, 薄翼型wings of finite span, 有限展宽的翼型A-380 jumbo jet, 大型喷气式客机Alternate states, 交替状态American multiblade farm HA WT, 美式农庄多叶水平轴风机Angle of attack, 攻角Angle valve, 角阀Angular momentum角动量differential equation of , 关于…的微分方程relation/theorem, 联系/理论Annular strips, 环形带Applied forces, linear momentum, 外加力，线性冲力Apron,of a dam, 大坝的护坦Arbitrarily moving/deformable control volume, 任意运动/可变形控制体Arbitrary fixed control volume, 任意固定控制体Arbitrary viscous motion, 随机粘性运动Archimedes, 阿基米德Area changes, isentropic flow. 域变换，等熵流Aspect ratio (AR), 展弦比Automobiles, aerodynamic forces on, 汽车，气动力A verage velocity, 平均速度Axial-flow pumps. 轴流泵Axisymmetric flow, stream function 轴对称流，流函数Axisymmetric Potential flow, 轴对称有势流hydrodynamic mass, 水力学质量Point doublet, 点偶极子point source or sink, 点源与点汇spherical Polar coordinates and, 球极坐标uniform stream in the x direction, x方向的均匀流uniform stream plus a point doublet, 均匀流附加点偶极子uniform stream plus a point source, 均匀流附加点源BBackward-curved impeller blades, 后向曲叶轮片,Backwater curves, 回水曲线Basic equations, non dimensional, 基本方程，无量纲的Bernoulli obstruction theory, 伯努利障碍理论Bernoulli's equation, 伯努利方程with adiabatic and isentropic steady flow, as绝热、等熵稳态流frictionless flow, 无摩擦流assumptions/restrictions for, 假想/约束HGLs and EGLs, 水力坡度线和能量梯度线steady flow energy and, 定常流动能量in rotating coordinates. 在旋转坐标下，Best efficiency point (BEP), pumps, 最佳效率点，Betz number, 贝兹数Bingham plastic idealization, 宾汉塑性理想化，Biological drag reduction, 生物学阻力衰减Blade angle effects, on pump head, 叶片安装角效率，泵头处Blasius equation, 布拉修斯方程Body drag, at high Mach numbers, 机体阻力，在高马赫数下Body forces, 体力Boeing Corp., 波音公司Boundaries, of systems, 边界，系统Boundary conditions. 边界条件，differential relations for fluid flow, 流体的微分关系nondimensionalizalion and, 无量纲化Boundary element method (BEM), 边界元方法2Boundary layer (BL) analysis, 边界层分析boundary layer flows, 边界层流动boundary layer separation on a half body, 边界层半体分离displacement thickness, 位移厚度drag force and, 阻力equations, 方程flat-plate. 平板，Karman's analysis, 卡门分析momentum integral estimates, 动量积分估计momentum integral relation. 动量积分关系momentum integral theory, 动量积分理论pressure gradient 压力梯度separation on a half body, 半模分离skin friction coefficient, 表面摩擦系数two-dimensional flow derivation, 二维流推导Boundary layers with Pressure gradient, 边界层压力梯度adverse gradient, 反梯度favorable gradient, 正梯度laminar integral theory, 层流积分理论，nozzle-diffuser example,喷口扩散算例Bourdon tube, 波登管Bow shock wave, 弓形激波Brake horsepower,制动马力Broad-crested weirs, 宽顶堰Buckingham Pi Theorem, 白金汉定理Bulb Protrusion, 球形突出物（船头）Bulk modulus. 体积模量Buoyancy, 浮力Buoyant particles, local velocity and, 悬浮颗粒，局部速度Buoyant rising light spheres, 浮力作用下自由上升的球体Butterfly valve, 蝶形阀CCambered airfoils, 弓型翼Cauchy-Riemann equations, 柯西-黎曼方程Cavitation/Cavitation number, 气穴/气蚀数Celsius temperature scales, 摄氏温标Center of buoyancy, 浮心Center of Pressure (CP),压力中心，压强中心Centrifugal pumps, 离心泵backward-curved impeller blades, 后曲叶轮片blade angle effects on pump head, 泵头处叶片安装角效率brake horsepower, 制动马力circulation losses, 环量损失closed blades, 闭叶片efficiency of, 效率的elementary pump theory. 基泵理论Euler turbomachine equations, 欧拉涡轮机方程eye of the casing, 泵体通风口friction losses, 摩擦损失hydraulic efficiency, 水力[液压]效率mechanical efficiency.机械效率open blades, 开放式叶片output parameters, 输出参数power, delivered, 功率，传递pump surge, 泵涌，scroll section of casing, 卷形截面，泵体，shock losses, 激波损失vaneless, 无叶片的3volumetric efficiency, 容积效率[系数]water horsepower, 水马力Centripetal acceleration, 向心加速度Channel control Point, 传送控制点Characteristic area. external flows, 特征区域，外流Chezy coefficient, 薛齐系数Chezy formula, 薛齐公式Chezy coefficient,薛齐系数flow in a Partly full circular pipe, 流体非充满的圆管流Manning roughness correlation. 曼宁粗糙度关系，normal depth estimates, 法向深度估计Choking, 壅塞；堵塞of compressors, 压缩机的due to friction, compressible duct and, 由于摩擦，可压缩管的isentropic flow with area changes, 变横截面积等熵流simple heating and, 单纯加热Circular cylinder, flow with circulation. 圆柱体，Circulation环量and flow past circular cylinder, 流体经过圆柱体losses, in centrifugal pumps, 损失，离心泵potential flow and, 有势流Circumferential pumps, 环型泵Classical venturi, 标准文氏管Closed blades, centrifugal pumps. 闭叶片，离心泵Closed-body shapes, 闭体外形，circular cylinder, with circulation, 圆柱体，环量Kelvin oval, 开尔文椭圆，Kutta-Joukowski lift theorem,库塔－儒科夫斯基升力定理，Potential flow analogs, 有势流模拟Rankine oval, 兰金椭圆rotating cylinders. lift and drag, 旋转柱体，升力与阻力Coanda effect, 柯恩达效应( 沿物体表面的高速气流在Cobra P-530 supersonic interceptor, 眼镜蛇超音速拦截机Coefficient matrix. 系数矩阵Coefficient of surface tension, 表面张力系数Coefficient of viscosity, 粘滞系数Commercial CFD codes, viscous flow, 商业的计算流体力学代码，粘流Commercial ducts, roughness values for, 商业管道Composite-flow, open channels, 合成流，开槽道Compressibility, non dimensional. 压缩性，无量纲Compressibility effects, 压缩效果Compressible duct flow with friction, 伴有摩擦的可压缩管流adiabatic, 绝热的, 隔热的choking and, 壅塞；堵塞isothermal flow in long pipelines, 管线中的等温流动，long pipelines, isothermal flow in, 管线，等温流动，mass flow for a given pressure drop, 给定压降下质量流动minor losses in, 最小损失subsonic inlet, choking due to friction, 亚音速进口，摩擦引发阻塞，supersonic inlet, choking due to friction, 超音速进口，摩擦引发阻塞，Compressible flow, 可压缩流flow with friction摩擦流choking and, 壅塞；堵塞converging-diverging nozzles, 拉瓦尔喷管converging nozzles, 收缩喷嘴Fanno flow, 法诺流动，gas flow correction factor, 气流校正参数hypersonic flow, 高超音速气流4incompressible flow, 不可压缩流isentropic.等熵的isentropic Process, 等熵过程，Mach number, 马赫数normal shock wave. 正激波the perfect gas, 理想气体Prandtl-Meyer waves. 普朗特－麦耶膨胀波shock waves. 激波specific-heat ratio, 比热比speed of sound and,声速subsonic, 亚音速的supersonic,超音速的transonic, 跨音速的two-dimensional supersonic, 二维超音速的Compressible gas flow correction factor, 可压缩气流校正因数Compressors, 压缩机Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 计算流体力学pump simulations, 泵模拟viscous flow. 粘流Concentric annulus, viscous flows in, 同心环Cone flows, 锥体绕流Conformal mapping, 保角映射[变换] Conservation of energy, 能量守恒定律Conservation of mass. 质量守恒定律Consistent units, 相容单元Constants, 常量dimensional, 空间的pure, 纯粹的Constant velocity, fluid flow at, 常速度, 等速度Constructs, 结构Contact angle, 交会角Continuity, 连续性，equation of ,方程nondimensionalization and, 无量纲的Continuum, fluid as, 连续流体Contraction flow, 收缩流动Control Point, channel, 控制点，管道Control volume analysis,控制体分析angular momentum theorem. 角动量定理，arbitrarily moving/deformable CV,任意运动/可变形控制体arbitrarily fixed control volume, 任意固定控制体conservation of mass, 质量守恒定律control volume moving at constant velocity, 控制体以等速运动control volume of constant shape but variable velocity作变速运动的刚性控制体energy equation. 能量方程introductory definitions, 介绍性定义linear momentum equation. 线性动量方程，one-dimensional fixed control volume, 一维固定控制体，one-dimensional flux term approximations, 一维通量项近似Physical laws. 物理定律。
重型车辆主动转向智能控制策略仿真及硬件在环实验研究
摘要随着重型车辆在道路上事故发生率的不断升高，提高重型车辆的行驶稳定性和安全性成为当前人们广泛关注的问题。
主动前轮转向系统（Active Front Steering System，简称AFS系统）能够根据驾驶员输入的车轮转角，经过算法计算得出一个修正转角施加给转向轮，以此优化车辆的转向过程，保证车辆行驶轨迹和稳定性，是当今汽车智能化领域的研究热点。
滑模控制、模型预测控制等智能控制算法，由于适用于非线性系统，对参数的变化表现出了很强的适应性，得到了越来越多的关注。
因此，对重型车辆主动转向智能控制策略的研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。
本文首先基于某三轴商用车在TruckSim中建立整车动力学模型以及B级路面双移线工况，利用实车实验数据验证了所建模型的准确性。
然后设计了车辆转向系统的变传动比曲线，提出了改进指数趋近率的滑模变结构控制策略，建立了基于滑模变结构控制的主动转向控制系统，对多种车速和路面下的控制效果进行了仿真分析。
另外，提出了线性时变模型预测控制策略，建立了基于模型预测的车辆主动转向控制系统，通过TruckSim与Simulink联合仿真分析了主动转向系统在多种车速和路面下的控制效果。
最后，利用三轴汽车底盘电控综合测试平台，对建立的滑模变结构主动转向控制系统进行硬件在环实验，并对影响主动转向控制效果的车速和路面附着系数进行了敏感性分析。
研究表明，（1）本文所设计的主动转向智能控制策略能够有效改善重型车辆在转向时的稳定性和安全性，车辆的侧向加速度、质心侧偏角、簧上质量侧倾角和横摆角速度的峰值都得到明显下降，滑模变结构控制下可达10%至20%左右；线性时变模型预测控制下可达25%至40%左右。
（2）通过硬件在环实验验证了滑模变结构主动转向系统的有效性，并且控制策略对车速和路面附着系数两个敏感因素的适应性较好。
因此，基于重型商用车搭建的主动转向控制器能够保证车辆转向时的稳定性且具有良好的工况适应性。
统计学专业名词·中英对照
统计学专业名词·中英对照Lansexyhttp：//hi。
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com/new/lansexy我大学毕业已经多年,这些年来,越发感到外刊的重要性.读懂外刊要有不错的英语功底，同时,还需要掌握一定的专业词汇。
掌握足够的专业词汇，在国内外期刊的阅读和写作中会游刃有余。
在此小结，按首字母顺序排列。
这些词汇的来源，一是专业书籍，二是网上查找，再一个是比较重要的期刊。
当然,这些仅是常用专业词汇的一部分，并且由于个人精力、文献查阅的限制，难免有不足和错误之处，希望读者批评指出.Aabscissa 横坐标absence rate 缺勤率Absolute deviation 绝对离差Absolute number 绝对数absolute value 绝对值Absolute residuals 绝对残差accident error 偶然误差Acceleration array 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential 切向加速度Acceleration vector 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis 可接受假设Accumulation 累积Accumulated frequency 累积频数Accuracy 准确度Actual frequency 实际频数Adaptive estimator 自适应估计量Addition 相加Addition theorem 加法定理Additive Noise 加性噪声Additivity 可加性Adjusted rate 调整率Adjusted value 校正值Admissible error 容许误差Aggregation 聚集性Alpha factoring α因子法Alternative hypothesis 备择假设Among groups 组间Amounts 总量Analysis of correlation 相关分析Analysis of covariance 协方差分析Analysis of data 分析资料Analysis Of Effects 效应分析Analysis Of Variance 方差分析Analysis of regression 回归分析Analysis of time series 时间序列分析Analysis of variance 方差分析Angular transformation 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）方差分析ANOVA Models 方差分析模型ANOVA table and eta 分组计算方差分析Arcing 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation 反正弦变换Area 区域图Area under the curve 曲线面积AREG 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper 算术格纸Arithmetic mean 算术平均数Arithmetic weighted mean 加权算术均数Arrhenius relation 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit 拟合的评估Associative laws 结合律Assumed mean 假定均数Asymmetric distribution 非对称分布Asymmetry coefficient 偏度系数Asymptotic bias 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency 渐近效率Asymptotic variance 渐近方差Attributable risk 归因危险度Attribute data 属性资料Attribution 属性Autocorrelation 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals 残差的自相关Average 平均数Average confidence interval length 平均置信区间长度average deviation 平均差Average growth rate 平均增长率BBar chart/graph 条形图Base period 基期Bayes’ theorem Bayes 定理Bell—shaped curve 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution 伯努力分布Best—trim estimator 最好切尾估计量Bias 偏性Biometrics 生物统计学Binary logistic regression 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution 二项分布Bisquare 双平方Bivariate Correlate 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population 双变量正态总体Biweight interval 双权区间Biweight M-estimator 双权M 估计量Block 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs) BMDP 统计软件包Box plot 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound 崩溃界/崩溃点CCanonical correlation 典型相关Caption 纵标目Cartogram 统计图Case fatality rate 病死率Case—control study 病例对照研究Categorical variable 分类变量Catenary 悬链线Cauchy distribution 柯西分布Cause-and—effect relationship 因果关系Cell 单元Censoring 终检census 普查Center of symmetry 对称中心Centering and scaling 中心化和定标Central tendency 集中趋势Central value 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector 卡方自动交互检测Chance 机遇Chance error 随机误差Chance variable 随机变量Characteristic equation 特征方程Characteristic root 特征根Characteristic vector 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces 切尔诺夫脸谱图chi—sguare(X2) test 卡方检验卡方检验/χ2 检验Choleskey decomposition 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart 圆图Class interval 组距Classification 分组、分类Class mid-value 组中值Class upper limit 组上限Classified variable 分类变量Cluster analysis 聚类分析Cluster sampling 整群抽样Code 代码Coded data 编码数据Coding 编码Coefficient of contingency 列联系数Coefficient of correlation 相关系数Coefficient of determination 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression 回归系数Coefficient of skewness 偏度系数Coefficient of variation 变异系数Cohort study 队列研究Collection of data 资料收集Collinearity 共线性Column 列Column effect 列效应Column factor 列因素Combination pool 合并Combinative table 组合表Combined standard deviation 合并标准差Combined variance 合并方差Common factor 共性因子Common regression coefficient 公共回归系数Common value 共同值Common variance 公共方差Common variation 公共变异Communality variance 共性方差Comparability 可比性Comparison of bathes 批比较Comparison value 比较值Compartment model 分部模型Compassion 伸缩Complement of an event 补事件Complete association 完全正相关Complete dissociation 完全不相关Complete statistics 完备统计量Complete survey 全面调查Completely randomized design 完全随机化设计Composite event 联合事件Composite events 复合事件Concavity 凹性Conditional expectation 条件期望Conditional likelihood 条件似然Conditional probability 条件概率Conditionally linear 依条件线性Confidence interval 置信区间Confidence level 可信水平，置信水平Confidence limit 置信限Confidence lower limit 置信下限Confidence upper limit 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research 证实性实验研究Confounding factor 混杂因素Conjoint 联合分析Consistency 相合性Consistency check 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate 相合估计Constituent ratio 构成比，结构相对数Constrained nonlinear regression 受约束非线性回归Constraint 约束Contaminated distribution 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution 污染正态分布Contamination 污染Contamination model 污染模型Continuity 连续性Contingency table 列联表Contour 边界线Contribution rate 贡献率Control 对照质量控制图Control group 对照组Controlled experiments 对照实验Conventional depth 常规深度Convolution 卷积Coordinate 坐标Corrected factor 校正因子Corrected mean 校正均值Correction coefficient 校正系数Correction for continuity 连续性校正Correction for grouping 归组校正Correction number 校正数Correction value 校正值Correctness 正确性Correlation 相关，联系Correlation analysis 相关分析Correlation coefficient 相关系数Correlation 相关性Correlation index 相关指数Correspondence 对应Counting 计数Counts 计数/频数Covariance 协方差Covariant 共变Cox Regression Cox 回归Criteria for fitting 拟合准则Criteria of least squares 最小二乘准则Critical ratio 临界比Critical region 拒绝域Critical value 临界值Cross—over design 交叉设计Cross-section analysis 横断面分析Cross—section survey 横断面调查Crosstabs 交叉表Crosstabs 列联表分析Cross—tabulation table 复合表Cube root 立方根Cumulative distribution function 分布函数Cumulative frequency 累积频率Cumulative probability 累计概率Curvature 曲率/弯曲Curvature 曲率Curve Estimation 曲线拟合Curve fit 曲线拟和Curve fitting 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression 曲线回归Curvilinear relation 曲线关系Cut—and—try method 尝试法Cycle 周期Cyclist 周期性DD test D 检验data 资料Data acquisition 资料收集Data bank 数据库Data capacity 数据容量Data deficiencies 数据缺乏Data handling 数据处理Data manipulation 数据处理Data processing 数据处理Data reduction 数据缩减Data set 数据集Data sources 数据来源Data transformation 数据变换Data validity 数据有效性Data—in 数据输入Data—out 数据输出Dead time 停滞期Degree of freedom 自由度degree of confidence 可信度，置信度degree of dispersion 离散程度Degree of precision 精密度Degree of reliability 可靠性程度degree of variation 变异度Degression 递减Density function 密度函数Density of data points 数据点的密度Dependent variableDepth 深度Derivative matrix 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods 无导数方法Design 设计design of experiment 实验设计Determinacy 确定性Determinant 行列式Determinant 决定因素Deviation 离差Deviation from average 离均差diagnose accordance rate 诊断符合率Diagnostic plot 诊断图Dichotomous variable 二分变量Differential equation 微分方程Direct standardization 直接标准化法Direct Oblimin 斜交旋转Discrete variable 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT 判断Discriminant analysis 判别分析Discriminant coefficient 判别系数Discriminant function 判别值Dispersion 散布/分散度Disproportional 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape 分布形状Distribution—free method 任意分布法Distributive laws 分配律Disturbance 随机扰动项Dose response curve 剂量反应曲线Double blind method 双盲法Double blind trial 双盲试验Double exponential distribution 双指数分布Double logarithmic 双对数Downward rank 降秩Dual-space plot 对偶空间图DUD 无导数方法Duncan’s new multiple range method 新复极差法/Duncan 新法EError Bar 均值相关区间图Effect 实验效应Effective rate 有效率Eigenvalue 特征值Eigenvector 特征向量Ellipse 椭圆Empirical distribution 经验分布Empirical probability 经验概率单位Enumeration data 计数资料Equal sun-class number 相等次级组含量Equally likely 等可能Equation of linear regression 线性回归方程Equivariance 同变性Error 误差/错误Error of estimate 估计误差Error of replication 重复误差Error type I 第一类错误Error type II 第二类错误Estimand 被估量Estimated error mean squares 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance 欧式距离Event 事件Exceptional data point 异常数据点Expectation plane 期望平面Expectation surface 期望曲面Expected values 期望值Experiment 实验Experiment design 实验设计Experiment error 实验误差Experimental group 实验组Experimental sampling 试验抽样Experimental unit 试验单位Explained variance （已说明方差) Explanatory variable 说明变量Exploratory data analysis 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize 探索-摘要Exponential curve 指数曲线Exponential growth 指数式增长EXSMOOTH 指数平滑方法Extended fit 扩充拟合Extra parameter 附加参数Extrapolation 外推法Extreme observation 末端观测值Extremes 极端值/极值FF distribution F 分布F test F 检验Factor 因素/因子Factor analysis 因子分析Factor Analysis 因子分析Factor score 因子得分Factorial 阶乘Factorial design 析因试验设计False negative 假阴性False negative error 假阴性错误Family of distributions 分布族Family of estimators 估计量族Fanning 扇面Fatality rate 病死率Field investigation 现场调查Field survey 现场调查Finite population 有限总体Finite—sample 有限样本First derivative 一阶导数First principal component 第一主成分First quartile 第一四分位数Fisher information 费雪信息量Fitted value 拟合值Fitting a curve 曲线拟合Fixed base 定基Fluctuation 随机起伏Forecast 预测Four fold table 四格表Fourth 四分点Fraction blow 左侧比率Fractional error 相对误差Frequency 频率Freguency distribution 频数分布Frequency polygon 频数多边图Frontier point 界限点Function relationship 泛函关系GGamma distribution 伽玛分布Gauss increment 高斯增量Gaussian distribution 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment 高斯-牛顿增量General census 全面普查Generalized least squares 综合最小平方法GENLOG (Generalized liner models) 广义线性模型Geometric mean 几何平均数Gini’s mean difference 基尼均差GLM （General liner models）通用线性模型Goodness of fit 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square 希腊拉丁方Grand mean 总均值Gross errors 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity 大错敏感度Group averages 分组平均Grouped data 分组资料Guessed mean 假定平均数HHalf—life 半衰期Hampel M-estimators 汉佩尔M 估计量Happenstance 偶然事件Harmonic mean 调和均数Hazard function 风险均数Hazard rate 风险率Heading 标目Heavy-tailed distribution 重尾分布Hessian array 海森立体阵Heterogeneity 不同质Heterogeneity of variance 方差不齐Hierarchical classification 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method 系统聚类法High—leverage point 高杠杆率点High-Low 低区域图Higher Order Interaction Effects，高阶交互作用HILOGLINEAR 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge 折叶点Histogram 直方图Historical cohort study 历史性队列研究Holes 空洞HOMALS 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance 方差齐性Homogeneity test 齐性检验Huber M-estimators 休伯M 估计量Hyperbola 双曲线Hypothesis testing 假设检验Hypothetical universe 假设总体IImage factoring 多元回归法Impossible event 不可能事件Independence 独立性Independent variable 自变量Index 指标/指数Indirect standardization 间接标准化法Individual 个体Inference band 推断带Infinite population 无限总体Infinitely great 无穷大Infinitely small 无穷小Influence curve 影响曲线Information capacity 信息容量Initial condition 初始条件Initial estimate 初始估计值Initial level 最初水平Interaction 交互作用Interaction terms 交互作用项Intercept 截距Interpolation 内插法Interquartile range 四分位距Interval estimation 区间估计Intervals of equal probability 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature 固有曲率Invariance 不变性Inverse matrix 逆矩阵Inverse probability 逆概率Inverse sine transformation 反正弦变换Iteration 迭代JJacobian determinant 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function 分布函数Joint probability 联合概率Joint probability distribution 联合概率分布KK-Means Cluster 逐步聚类分析K means method 逐步聚类法Kaplan—Meier 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart Kaplan-Merier 图Kendall's rank correlation Kendall 等级相关Kinetic 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test 柯尔莫哥洛夫—斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test Kruskal 及Wallis 检验/多样本的秩和检验/H 检验Kurtosis 峰度LLack of fit 失拟Ladder of powers 幂阶梯Lag 滞后Large sample 大样本Large sample test 大样本检验Latin square 拉丁方Latin square design 拉丁方设计Leakage 泄漏Least favorable configuration 最不利构形Least favorable distribution 最不利分布Least significant difference 最小显著差法Least square method 最小二乘法Least Squared Criterion，最小二乘方准则Least-absolute—residuals estimates 最小绝对残差估计Least—absolute—residuals fit 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute—residuals line 最小绝对残差线Legend 图例L—estimator L 估计量L—estimator of location 位置L 估计量L—estimator of scale 尺度L 估计量Level 水平Leveage Correction，杠杆率校正Life expectance 预期期望寿命Life table 寿命表Life table method 生命表法Light—tailed distribution 轻尾分布Likelihood function 似然函数Likelihood ratio 似然比line graph 线图Linear correlation 直线相关Linear equation 线性方程Linear programming 线性规划Linear regression 直线回归Linear Regression 线性回归Linear trend 线性趋势Loading 载荷Location and scale equivariance 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance 位置同变性Location invariance 位置不变性Location scale family 位置尺度族Log rank test 时序检验Logarithmic curve 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation 对数变换Logic check 逻辑检查Logistic distribution 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation Logit 转换LOGLINEAR 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution 对数正态分布Lost function 损失函数Low correlation 低度相关Lower limit 下限Lowest—attained variance 最小可达方差LSD 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable 潜在变量MMain effect 主效应Major heading 主辞标目Marginal density function 边缘密度函数Marginal probability 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution 边缘概率分布Matched data 配对资料Matched distribution 匹配过分布Matching of distribution 分布的匹配Matching of transformation 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation 数学期望Mathematical model 数学模型Maximum L—estimator 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method 最大似然法Mean 均数Mean squares between groups 组间均方Mean squares within group 组内均方Means (Compare means）均值-均值比较Median 中位数Median effective dose 半数效量Median lethal dose 半数致死量Median polish 中位数平滑Median test 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator 最小方差估计量MINITAB 统计软件包Minor heading 宾词标目Missing data 缺失值Model specification 模型的确定Modeling Statistics 模型统计Models for outliers 离群值模型Modifying the model 模型的修正Modulus of continuity 连续性模Morbidity 发病率Most favorable configuration 最有利构形MSC(多元散射校正）Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL）多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison 多重比较Multiple correlation 复相关Multiple covariance 多元协方差Multiple linear regression 多元线性回归Multiple response 多重选项Multiple solutions 多解Multiplication theorem 乘法定理Multiresponse 多元响应Multi—stage sampling 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution 多元T 分布Mutual exclusive 互不相容Mutual independence 互相独立NNatural boundary 自然边界Natural dead 自然死亡Natural zero 自然零Negative correlation 负相关Negative linear correlation 负线性相关Negatively skewed 负偏Newman—Keuls method q 检验NK method q 检验No statistical significance 无统计意义Nominal variable 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics 非参数统计Nonparametric test 非参数检验Nonparametric tests 非参数检验Normal deviate 正态离差Normal distribution 正态分布Normal equation 正规方程组Normal P-P 正态概率分布图Normal Q—Q 正态概率单位分布图Normal ranges 正常范围Normal value 正常值Normalization 归一化Nuisance parameter 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis 无效假设Numerical variable 数值变量OObjective function 目标函数Observation unit 观察单位Observed value 观察值One sided test 单侧检验One—way analysis of variance 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial 开放型序贯设计Optrim 优切尾Optrim efficiency 优切尾效率Order statistics 顺序统计量Ordered categories 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable 有序变量Orthogonal basis 正交基Orthogonal design 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions 正交条件ORTHOPLAN 正交设计Outlier cutoffs 离群值截断点Outliers 极端值OVERALS 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot 迭代过度PPaired design 配对设计Paired sample 配对样本Pairwise slopes 成对斜率Parabola 抛物线Parallel tests 平行试验Parameter 参数Parametric statistics 参数统计Parametric test 参数检验Pareto 直条构成线图（佩尔托图）Partial correlation 偏相关Partial regression 偏回归Partial sorting 偏排序Partials residuals 偏残差Pattern 模式PCA（主成分分析)Pearson curves 皮尔逊曲线Peeling 退层Percent bar graph 百分条形图Percentage 百分比Percentile 百分位数Percentile curves 百分位曲线Periodicity 周期性Permutation 排列P—estimator P 估计量Pie graph 构成图饼图Pitman estimator 皮特曼估计量Pivot 枢轴量Planar 平坦Planar assumption 平面的假设PLANCARDS 生成试验的计划卡PLS(偏最小二乘法）Point estimation 点估计Poisson distribution 泊松分布Polishing 平滑Polled standard deviation 合并标准差Polled variance 合并方差Polygon 多边图Polynomial 多项式Polynomial curve 多项式曲线Population 总体Population attributable risk 人群归因危险度Positive correlation 正相关Positively skewed 正偏Posterior distribution 后验分布Power of a test 检验效能Precision 精密度Predicted value 预测值Preliminary analysis 预备性分析Principal axis factoring 主轴因子法Principal component analysis 主成分分析Prior distribution 先验分布Prior probability 先验概率Probabilistic model 概率模型probability 概率Probability density 概率密度Product moment 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace 截面迹图Proportion 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate 成比例Proportionate sub—class numbers 成比例次级组含量Prospective study 前瞻性调查Proximities 亲近性Pseudo F test 近似F 检验Pseudo model 近似模型Pseudosigma 伪标准差Purposive sampling 有目的抽样QQR decomposition QR 分解Quadratic approximation 二次近似Qualitative classification 属性分类Qualitative method 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot 分位数-分位数图/Q—Q 图Quantitative analysis 定量分析Quartile 四分位数Quick Cluster 快速聚类RRadix sort 基数排序Random allocation 随机化分组Random blocks design 随机区组设计Random event 随机事件Randomization 随机化Range 极差/全距Rank correlation 等级相关Rank sum test 秩和检验Rank test 秩检验Ranked data 等级资料Rate 比率Ratio 比例Raw data 原始资料Raw residual 原始残差Rayleigh's test 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z 雷氏Z 值Reciprocal 倒数Reciprocal transformation 倒数变换Recording 记录Redescending estimators 回降估计量Reducing dimensions 降维Re—expression 重新表达Reference set 标准组Region of acceptance 接受域Regression coefficient 回归系数Regression sum of square 回归平方和Rejection point 拒绝点Relative dispersion 相对离散度Relative number 相对数Reliability 可靠性Reparametrization 重新设置参数Replication 重复Report Summaries 报告摘要Residual sum of square 剩余平方和residual variance （剩余方差)Resistance 耐抗性Resistant line 耐抗线Resistant technique 耐抗技术R-estimator of location 位置R 估计量R-estimator of scale 尺度R 估计量Retrospective study 回顾性调查Ridge trace 岭迹Ridit analysis Ridit 分析Rotation 旋转Rounding 舍入Row 行Row effects 行效应Row factor 行因素RXC table RXC 表SSample 样本Sample regression coefficient 样本回归系数Sample size 样本量Sample standard deviation 样本标准差Sampling error 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ) SAS 统计软件包Scale 尺度/量表Scatter diagram 散点图Schematic plot 示意图/简图Score test 计分检验Screening 筛检SEASON 季节分析Second derivative 二阶导数Second principal component 第二主成分SEM （Structural equation modeling) 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph 半对数图Semi—logarithmic paper 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis 贯序分析Sequence 普通序列图Sequential data set 顺序数据集Sequential design 贯序设计Sequential method 贯序法Sequential test 贯序检验法Serial tests 系列试验Short-cut method 简捷法Sigmoid curve S 形曲线Sign function 正负号函数Sign test 符号检验Signed rank 符号秩Significant Level 显著水平Significance test 显著性检验Significant figure 有效数字Simple cluster sampling 简单整群抽样Simple correlation 简单相关Simple random sampling 简单随机抽样Simple regression 简单回归simple table 简单表Sine estimator 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate 单值估计Singular matrix 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution 偏斜分布Skewness 偏度Slash distribution 斜线分布Slope 斜率Smirnov test 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation 变异来源Spearman rank correlation 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor 特殊因子Specific factor variance 特殊因子方差Spectra 频谱Spherical distribution 球型正态分布Spread 展布SPSS（Statistical package for the social science) SPSS 统计软件包Spurious correlation 假性相关Square root transformation 平方根变换Stabilizing variance 稳定方差Standard deviation 标准差Standard error 标准误Standard error of difference 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate 标准估计误差Standard error of rate 率的标准误Standard normal distribution 标准正态分布Standardization 标准化Starting value 起始值Statistic 统计量Statistical control 统计控制Statistical graph 统计图Statistical inference 统计推断Statistical table 统计表Steepest descent 最速下降法Stem and leaf display 茎叶图Step factor 步长因子Stepwise regression 逐步回归Storage 存Strata 层(复数）Stratified sampling 分层抽样Stratified sampling 分层抽样Strength 强度Stringency 严密性Structural relationship 结构关系Studentized residual 学生化残差/t 化残差Sub-class numbers 次级组含量Subdividing 分割Sufficient statistic 充分统计量Sum of products 积和Sum of squares 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression 偏回归平方和Sure event 必然事件Survey 调查Survival 生存分析Survival rate 生存率Suspended root gram 悬吊根图Symmetry 对称Systematic error 系统误差Systematic sampling 系统抽样TTags 标签Tail area 尾部面积Tail length 尾长Tail weight 尾重Tangent line 切线Target distribution 目标分布Taylor series 泰勒级数Test（检验)Test of linearity 线性检验Tendency of dispersion 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses 假设检验Theoretical frequency 理论频数Time series 时间序列Tolerance interval 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit 容忍上限Torsion 扰率Total sum of square 总平方和Total variation 总变异Transformation 转换Treatment 处理Trend 趋势Trend of percentage 百分比趋势Trial 试验Trial and error method 试错法Tuning constant 细调常数Two sided test 双向检验Two—stage least squares 二阶最小平方Two—stage sampling 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test 双侧检验Two—way analysis of variance 双因素方差分析Two—way table 双向表Type I error 一类错误/α错误Type II error 二类错误/β错误UUMVU 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data 不分组资料Uniform coordinate 均匀坐标Uniform distribution 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit 单元Unordered categories 无序分类Unweighted least squares 未加权最小平方法Upper limit 上限Upward rank 升秩VVague concept 模糊概念Validity 有效性V ARCOMP （Variance component estimation）方差元素估计Variability 变异性Variable 变量Variance 方差Variation 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation 方差最大正交旋转V olume of distribution 容积WW test W 检验Weibull distribution 威布尔分布Weight 权数Weighted Chi—square test 加权卡方检验/Cochran 检验Weighted linear regression method 加权直线回归Weighted mean 加权平均数Weighted mean square 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square 加权平方和Weighting coefficient 权重系数Weighting method 加权法W—estimation W 估计量W-estimation of location 位置W 估计量Width 宽度Wilcoxon paired test 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point 野点/狂点Wild value 野值/狂值Winsorized mean 缩尾均值Withdraw 失访X此组的词汇还没找到YYouden's index 尤登指数ZZ test Z 检验Zero correlation 零相关Z—transformation Z 变换。
机械工程专业外语试卷
《机械工程专业英语》测验题(15-17)一、将下列词组译成汉语1. kinematic chain（运动链）2. skeleton diagram（草图，示意图，简图）3. Gear system/Cam system（齿轮传动系统/凸轮系统）4. uniform motion/nonuniform motion（匀速运动/非匀速运动）5. nonlinear motion（非线性运动）6. kinematic analysis（运动分析）7. schematic diagram（运动简图）8. textile machinery（纺织机械）9. Kinematic design/ kinematic syntheses（运动设计/运动合成）10. machine design（机械设计）11. Gear trains/ Cam mechanisms（轮系，齿轮传动链/凸轮机构）12. dynamic force/inertia force/ static force（动力/惯性力/静力）13. relative velocity/ absolute velocity（相对速度/绝对速度）14. angular acceleration/ tangential acceleration/ centripetal acceleration/ velocity vector（角加速度/切向加速度/向心加速度/速度矢量）15. binary link/ ternary link（二杆组/三杆组）二、将下列短语译成汉语1. Plane and spatial linkages（平面和空间连杆）2. constrained kinematic chain/unconstrained kinematic chain（约束运动链/非约束运动链）3. closed-loop linkage（闭环运动链）4. four-bar linkage（四连杆机构）5. slider-crank (or crank and slider) mechanism（曲柄滑块机构）6. internal combustion engine（内燃机）7. the kinematic analysis of mechanisms（机构运动分析）8. degree of freedom of the mechanism（机构自由度）9. kinematic analysis process /kinematic synthesis process（运动分析步骤/运动合成步骤）10. input angular velocity（输入角速度）11. input angular acceleration（输入角加速度）12. automatic packaging machinery（自动包装机）13. cam-contour dimensions/cam-follower diameters（凸轮轮廓尺寸/凸轮从动件直径）14. mechanical analog computer（机构模拟计算机）15. dead-center position（死点位置）16. crank-rocker linkage/double-rocker linkage/double-crank (drag-link) linkage（曲柄摇杆机构/双摇杆机构/双曲柄机构）17. maximum force component/ resulting output force or torque（最大的力量组成/输出的最大力或力矩）18. output motion variables/input motion variable（输出运动变量/输入运动变量）19. absolute angular positions（绝对角位置）20. velocity polygon method（速度的多边形的方法）21. instantaneous center method/instant center method（瞬心法/即时瞬心法）22. inertia-force analysis of mechanisms and machines（机构和机器的惯性力分析）23. one and the same coordinate system /inertia frame of reference（惯性参考系）24. systematic design of mechanisms（机械设计的系统）25. cam-contour dimensions/cam-follower diameters（凸轮轮廓尺寸/凸轮从动件直径）三、将下列单词译成汉语11. Mechanism（机械，机构，机构学）2. configuration（外形，构造，结构）3. displacement（位移）4. velocity（速度）5. acceleration（加速度）6. gear（齿轮）7. sprocket（链轮）8. pulley（带轮）9. kinematician /dynamics（运动/动力学，力学）10. kinematician（运动）四．翻译下列句子1. The simplest closed-loop linkage is the four-bar linkage, which has three moving links (plus one fixed link) and four pin joints.（最简单的封闭式的连杆机构就是四杆机构，四杆机构有三个运动构件（加上一个固定构件）并且有四个销轴。
FAA飞机维护执照常用单词
0001滚动摩擦rolling friction0002双排滚珠轴承锥形滚棒轴承推力轴承滑动轴承double-row ball bearing tapered roller bearing thrust bearingplain bearing0003星型发动机水平对臵发动机radial enginehorizontally opposed engine5reidjElE5pEuz0004零气门间隙zero valve clearance0005减速器，减速齿轮reduction gear0006容积效率volumetric efficiency0007急转弯sharp bend0008摇臂rocker arm0009曲轴crankshaft0010主连杆master rod0011连杆linkage, connected rod, link rod 0012活塞排量piston displacement0013进气，压缩，点火，做功，排气intake, compression, ignition, power,exhausti^5niFEn0014工作温度operating temprature0015提前点火preignition0016可动配重moveable counterweight0017共振v resonate5rezEneit0018气缸筒体，气缸筒气缸头cylinder cylinder barrel cylinder head0019上死点TDC下死点BDC top dead center bottom dead center0020发动机反冲，反转engine kickback0021（发动机）回火继续着火backfiring afterfiring0022轮廓，弧面contour5kCntuE 0023油气混合物fuel/air mixture0024油气比fuel/air ratio0025气门重叠valves overlap0026进气门排气门intake valve exhaust valve0027四冲程发动机four-stroke cycle engine 0028压缩行程compression stroke 0029（气缸）压缩比compression ratio0030火花塞污染点火嘴spark plug fouledigniter, igniter plugfaul0031发动机压力比EPR engine pressure ratio 0032主要目的primary purpose 0033弹簧振荡spring surge0034残留物residues0035铸铁cast iron0036表盘式指示器dial indicator0037工作平滑smoothness of operation0038气门间隙过大excessive valve clearance0039活塞环piston rings0040恒温器thermostat5WE:mEstAt 0041固定桨距螺旋桨fixed-pitch propeller0042点火顺序firing order0043例行检查routine inspection0044大范围波动fluctuate over a wide range0045消除eliminate0046顶臵气门发动机overhead valve engine0047偏心率runout0048稀释dilution dai5lju:FEn0049富油贫油rich lean0050马力horsepower0051汽车发动机automobile engine5C:tEmEubi:l0052指示功率轴功率indicated power shaft power0053高温/转速低温high temprature/RPM low temprature0054磨损的气门导套worn valve guide0055液压挺杆hydraulic lifter0056水蒸汽water vapor0057爆振detonation7detEu5neiFEn0058金属钠metallic-sodium mi 5tAlik5sEudjEm 0059（燃油）雾化atomize5AtEmaiz 0060节气门操纵杆throttle controller0061曲轴箱crankcase0062进气系统，吸气系统induction system0063暖车warmup0064辛烷值octane rating5Cktein0065最大起飞功率最大连续功率maximum takeoff power maximum continuous power0066发动机振动engine vibration0067进气温度intake air temperature0068临界高度critical altitude0069涡轮增压发动机turbo charged engine0070曲率，弯曲curvature5kE:vEtFE 0071渗漏leakage0072双转子轴流压气机双转子a dual axial compressortwo-spool, twin spool5AksiEl0073前臵风扇forward fan0074转速rotational speed0075轴流式涡轮喷气发动机 a axial-flow turbojet engine0076燃烧室combustion chamber, burner kEm5bQstFEn0077叶片打磨blending of blades and vanes0078扩压器diffuser0079总压，总温total pressure/temperature0080机身7号站位fuselage station No.75fju:zilB:V0081速度velocity0082涡轮进口at the entrance of the turbine or at theturbine entrance0083等容constant volume0084上游upstream0085石墨铅笔graphite lead pencil5^rAfait 0086叶轮impeller0087消磁degauss5di:5^aus0088两级单/双面离心式压气机dual-stage single/double entrycentrifugal compressorsen5trifju^El0089强制的mandatory5mAndEtEri 0090迷宫式封严labyrinth seal0091碳封严carbon rubbing seal0092冲击式涡轮反应式涡轮impulse turbine reaction turbine0093效率efficiency0094纵树fir tree fE:0095筒形（单管）燃烧室筒环（联管）环形燃烧室cancan annularannular5AnjulE0096外来物打伤foreign object damage-FOD0097变量variable5vZEriEbl 0098涡轮进口导向叶片turbine inlet guide vane0099冲压效率ram efficiency0100腐蚀erosion, corrosion i5rEuVEnkE5rEuVEn 0101标准大气条件standard atmospheric condition7AtmEs5ferik0102清洗压气机compressor field cleaning0103发动机性能下降engine performance degradation0104低/高压压气机low/high pressre compressor0105涡轮叶片叶冠shrouds on the turbine blades0106起动机starter0107将火吹灭blow out the fire0108尾锥，排气锥进气锥tail cone, exhaust cone inlet cone0109可调静子叶片variable stator vane 0110大的迎风面积high frontal area 0111防冰anti-icing0112亚音速的超音速的subsonic supersonic0113收敛型喷嘴扩张型喷嘴convergent nozzledivergent nozzle kEn5vE:dVEntdai5vE:dVEnt0114净化，清除v purge0115红外线成像infrared photography0116超声波ultrasound5QltrE7saund0117孔探borescope0118紫外光ultraviolet light5QltrE5vaiElit0119回油泵scavenge pump5skAvindV 0120惯性定律the Law of Inertia i5nE:FjE 0121影响v. n.influence0122布雷顿循环（定压加热，涡轮发动机）Brayton cycle`breItEn 0123蠕变creep0124（叶片）外形，叶型profile5prEufail 0125热效率thermal efficiency0126风扇叶片叠压fan blade shingling0127变形deformation7di:fC:5meiFEn0128扭曲distortion0129关车前的冷车阶段cool-off period prior to shutdown5praiE0130失速速度stall speed0131燃油喷嘴部分堵塞 a partially colgged fuel nozzle0132气塞vapor lock0133型号Model No.0134序号serial No.5siEriEl 0135件号part no.0136驱动轴drive shaft0137完整性integrity in5te^riti 0138适航指令AD Airworthiness Directive0139联邦航空条例FAR Federal Aviation Regulations0140检查单checklist0141适用于be applicable for5AplikEbl0142民用航空条例CAR Civil Air Regulations0143交换，对调exchange, interchange, swapinterchangeability, interchangeable,interchangeably0144油脂grease0145线，股，束，绳,索wire, strand, harness, thread, line, string,lead, cable0146初始认证be originally cetrificated 0147型号认证type certificated0148磁电机内部定时internal timing of magneto0149压坑indentation7inden5tei FEn0150补充型号合格证数据单Supplemintal Type Certificate Data Sheet 0151损伤缺陷磨损压痕，凹坑尖锐凹坑圆底凹坑裂纹划伤割伤刻痕碎裂破裂刮磨剥离疤痕，伤疤damage defectwear, galling dentsharp bottomed dent round bottomed dent crack scratch cut nick broken rupture chafing flaking scar0152定位销孔location pin hole 0153准确地accurately5Akjuritli0154滑油耗量oil consumption 0155双发飞机twin-engine aircraft 0156燃油流量传感器fuel flow transmitter 0157压力降pressure drop 0158初次启动initial start-up0159同步马达synchromous motor 5siNkrEnEs0160总管压力表manifold pressure gauge0161直流串励马达直流并励马达direct current series-wound motor direct current shunt-wound motor 0162绝对压力absolute pressure 0163燃油质量流量燃油体积流量fuel mass-flow rate fuel volume-flow rate 0164（星型发动机）液锁hydraulic lock 0165转子/静子rotor/stator 0166镍铬合金chromel0167镍基热电偶合金alumil0168波登管波纹管，膜盒膜片Bourdon-tubebellow, bellowsdiaphragm5belEu5daiEfrAm0169波动，抖动，颤抖，振动，颤振，脉动vibrate, vibriation, fluctuate, fluctuation, flutter, oscillation, impulse0170成分，组成，元素element, agent, component, composition0171废气门waste gate0172启动悬挂hung start0173热启动hot start0174油样分析oil sample analysis0175发动机排气温度EGT exhaust gas temperature0176（度量衡）单位unit0177（灭火瓶）爆炸帽(explosive) cartridge5kB:tridV 0178双金属的bimetallic7baimi5tAlik0179热电偶thermocouple0180温升率rate of temperature rise0181热敏电门（开关）thermoswitch0182窒息smother0183立场standpoint(from the standpoint of)(from a theoretical/political/economicetc standpoint)0184毒性toxicity tCk5sisiti 0185甲烷基methyl[5meWIl 0186干化学品（灭火剂）dry chemical0187二氧化碳carbon dioxide0188烟雾探测器smoke detector0189寿命件 a life-dated unit0190海伦1301灭火剂－一溴三氟甲烷Bromotrifluoromethane7brEumE7trai7flu:ErE5meWein0191陶瓷的，陶瓷制品ceramic si5rAmik] 0192四氯化碳carbon tetrachloride7tetrE5klC:raid0193吹开片breakable disk0194整流器rectifier0195换向器commutator5kCmjuteitE0196静变流机inverter0197反向电动势counter emf(electromotive force)0198电枢armature0199无刷同步发电机brushless alternator0200细砂纸very fine sandpaper0201滑环slip ring0202可变电阻器rheostat5ri:E7stAt 0203螺线管solenoid5sEulinCid 0204振荡型电压调节器vibrator-type voltage regulator0205输入/输出input/output0206磁通密度magnetic flux density0207励磁线圈field coil0208单独的individual0209正极负极positive terminal negative terminal0210电流currentelectron flow(负的电子流方向）conventional flow（正电的流动方向）0211硫酸sulfuric acid sQl5fjuErik0212安培－小时数ampere-hour rating0213电瓶，电池battery0214永久磁铁permanent magnet0215并励磁场shunt field0216剩磁residual magnetism0217极性polarity pEu5lAriti 0218导管，导线管conduit0219降级，降额derate0220搭地线，搭接片bonding jumper0221皂石soapstone0222油石oilstone0223插钉，插座pin, socket0224]云母mica5maIkE0225发电机generator0226线路断路器circuit breaker0227锡tin0228氧化n oxidization9CksIdaI`zeIFEn0229蓖式油滤（叠片转动式）cuno oil filter0230人造的synthetic0231闪点flash point0232比重specific gravity0233粘性viscosity0234粘度指数viscosity index0235副产品by-product0236焦炭coke0237漆，漆器lacquer5lAkE0238挥发性volatility7vClE5tiliti0239泼溅splash0240浸，蘸dip0241垫子，缓冲cushion0242物体substance0243中和n neutralization0244反乳化性demulsibility di:7mQlsi5biliti0245矿物基润滑剂植物基润滑剂mineral base lubricant vegetable base lubricant0246蒸馏水distilled water0247正齿轮spur gear0248磨合break-in0249直馏矿物油straight mineral oil0250恒温的thermostatic7WE:mE5stAtik0251末极油滤last chance oil filter0252冲击联轴器impulse coupling0253耦合couping0254焊剂，熔剂flux0255电极electrode I5lektrEJd0256定期at predetermined periods, at regularintervals0257污染，弄脏v污染，弄脏v contaminatecontaminationkEn5tAmineitkEn7tAmi5neiFEn0258污泥sludge0259封油环oil control ring0260喘振surge0261气穴cavitation7kAvi5teiFEn0262冷却器cooler0263即将来临的imminent5iminEnt 0264沉积物sediment0265夹杂空气的分离seperation of entrained air0266软铁soft iron0267钴cobalt5kEubC:lt 0268铬chrome krEum0269磁力线flux line0270（磁电机的）E间隙E-gap0271高压点火电缆high-tension ignition cable0272分电盘distributor0273高频电磁波high-frequency electromagnetic wave0274（磁电机的）断电器breaker point0275延迟vt提前vt加速v retardadvanceaccelerateEk5selEreit0276初级线圈primary coil0277次级绕组the secondary winding5waindiN 0278跳火n flashover0279漂移drift0280层压叠片lamination7lAmi5neiFEn0281磁场强度magnetic field stress0282屏蔽，护罩n shielding0283短时的momentary0284瞬间的transient5trAnziEnt 0285交错点火staggered ignition i^5niFEn 0286腐蚀性气体corrosive gas0287中止点火cease firing0288高压线high tension lead0289电流强度，安培数amperage5AmpZEridV 0290同时地simultaneously sImEl5teInIEsli0291触发v；触发器trigger0292穿透，刺破pierce piEs0293弧面，凸形，王冠crown0294丙酮acetone5AsitEun0295致命的电击lethal electric shock0296掉转速RPM drops0297防火墙firewall0298定量泵positive displacement pump0299变量泵variable-displacement pump0300增压泵boost pump0301叶轮泵impeller pump0302叶片泵vane pump0303齿轮泵gear pump0304微生物microorganism maIkrEJ5C:^EnIz(E)m0305坡，坡度slope0306最低点the lowest point0307加仑gallon0308双喷嘴duplex nozzle0309大修overhaul0310不完全燃烧incomplete combustion0311恒速constant -speed unit0312飞转booststrap0313喇叭口bellmouth0314齿轮系gear train0315涡流消散器vortex dissipator5vC:teks 0316几何，几何学geometry dVi5Cmitri 0317未经过滤的空气unfiltered air0318进气口，进气道，进气斗airscoop0319肋片，散热片(cooling)fin0320挡板，栅板baffle0321折流板deflector0322锯saw0323驱散，消散v dessipate0324打止裂孔be stop drilled0325完全关闭fully closed0326涡轮盘turbo disk0327驾驶舱cockpit, flight deck0328双向作动筒，作动器double-acting actuator, actuatingcylinder 5Aktjueit E0329平方英寸square inch0330惠斯通电桥wheastone bridge0331附件齿轮箱accessory gearbox Ak5sesEri 0332沟槽groove0333膨胀系数expansion coefficient0334收缩n contraction0335散热v dissipate heat0336静压测试hydrostatical test0337X射线X-ray0338碱alkali5AlkElai 0339去油除脂degreasing0340翘曲warping0341多孔的porous5pC:rEs0342潜在的热能latent heat energy5leitEnt 0343极细的花岗岩粗砂supper fine granite grit5^rAnit0344突出，伸出，探出protrude0345焊缝weld bead0346黑墨汁india ink0347样式pattern0348格栅louver0349背压back pressure0350球头连接ball joint0351煤烟，黑灰soot0352吸气式发动机aspirated engine0353激烈的温度变化drastic temperature change0354反推系统thrust reversing system0355级联cascade kAs5keid 0356电刷brush brQF0357向心力centripetal force sen5tripitl0358离心力centrifugal force sen5trifju^El0359螺旋桨调速器propeller governor0360油门杆throttle lever0361同步n synchronization7siNkrEnai5zeiFEn 0362异丙基酒精isopropyl alcohol7aisEu5prEupil0363乙醇，酒精ethyl alcohol5eWil0364乙烯乙二醇ethylene glycol5eWili:n5^laikCl 0365负载表loadmeter0366安培表ammeter0367刀轴，心轴arbor5B:bE0368持续的persistent0369趋势tendency0370化学稳定性chemical stability stE5biliti 0371素性plasticity plAs5tisiti 0372模子, 铸型mold0373复合结构composite structure5kCmpEzit 0374分层delamination di:9lAmI`neIFEn0375铝锂合金aluminum-lithium alloy5liWiEm0376紧固件fastener0377分离损伤的程度the extent of separation damage0378蜂窝结构honeycomb structure0379夹杂的水entrapped water0380发声（声波发射）acoustic emission E5ku:stIk 0381与…垂直be perpendicular to …7pE:pEn5dikjulE0382玻璃纤维fiberglass0383（一）批，（一）炉batch0384攻丝taper0385材料厚度的两倍two times the thickness of the material0386抑制剂inhibitor In`hIbItE 0387矩阵matrix5meitriks 0388沉闷（迟钝）的砰击声 a dull thud0389微球microballoon0390氯化物chloride5klC:raid 0391热塑性thermoplastic0392坩锅pot0393微黄色的yellowish0394浅的刮伤，擦伤shallow scratch0395表面疤痕superficial scar0396表面磨损surface abrasion E5breiVEn0397聚乙烯polyethylene7pCli5eWili:n0398红外线加热灯infrared heat lamp5infrE5red 0399电阻系数resistivity7ri:zis5tiviti0400催化v catalyze5kAtElaiz 0401定向v；东方n orient5C:riEnt 0402成层铺砌n layup0403聚酯polyester 5 pCliestE 0404切削用润滑液cutting fluid0405可溶解的soluble0406肥皂水soap water0407甲基乙基酮MEK methyl ethyl ketone5meWIl5eWil5ki:tEun 0408永久修理permanent repair0409带子，丝带ribbonaramid fiber(Kevlar)0410芳香族聚酯纤维（凯夫勒）0411脂肪族石脑油aliphatic naphtha7Ali5fAtik5nAfWE0412透明塑料transparent plastic0413网络，网状物network0414客舱内饰材料cabin upholstery material Qp5hEulstEri0415防火的fireproof0416阻燃的flame resistan0417粘合cement0418麻花钻twist drill0419树脂玻璃Plexiglas5pleksi^lB:s0420连接板，加强板gusset (plate)5^Qsit0421加强板reinforcing plate, doubler0422交叉，相交intersect0423肋rib0424梁spar, beam0425长hang，纵梁longeron5lCndVErEn 0426hang条string0427隔框bulkhead0428抛光，磨光polish, burnish0429铆钉间距rivet pitch0430铆接边距edge distance0431铆接行距transverse pitch0432埋头铆钉countersink rivet0433圆锥形的凹窝conical depression5kCnikEl 0434单/双刻纹挫single/double-cut file0435铰刀reamer0436包铝clad aluminum, Alclad0437半硬壳semi-monocoque5mCnEukEuk0438摩擦腐蚀fretting corrosion0439剥层腐蚀exfoliation corrosion eks9fEJlI`eIFEn0440时效硬化age hardening0441标记identifying mark0442标号designation0443冰箱铆钉icebox rivet, refrigerating revet0444变脆，脆化n embrittlement em5britlmEnt0445主要合金成分primary alloy agent0446阳极化处理anodic treatment E5nCdik0447冲孔punchMonel0448蒙乃尔合金（铜-镍合金）0449低碳钢（软钢）mild steel0450中碳钢medium steel0451高碳钢high steel, carbon steel, high-carbonsteel0452弯曲半径bend radius5reidjEs 0453弯曲余量bend allowance0454苛性钠，烧碱caustic soda0455醋酸acetic acid E5si:tik 0456弯曲中轴线neutral axis of the bend0457热处理heat treatment0458惰性气体iner gas0459熔池puddle0460消散，分散，散开n dissipation0461熔焊fusion welding0462氧炔焰oxyacetylene flame CksiE5setili:n0463中性焰neutral flame0464氧化焰oxidizing flame0465银焊silver solding0466钎焊solder0467鱼嘴焊fishmouth weld0468圆花焊rosette weld0469填充棒filler rod0470锡tin0471钼molybdenum mE5libdinEm0472兼容性compatibility kEm7pAti5biliti]0473welding rod0474研磨grind0475焊缝weld bead0476乙炔acetylene E5setili:n 0477焊枪welding torch0478惰性气体电弧焊inert-arc welding i5nE:t0479还原焰reducing flame0480青铜bronze0481槽口，缺口notch0482穿透n penetration peni5treiFEn0483溶剂solvent5sClvEnt0484溶液solution0485氮，氮气nitrogen5naitrEdVEn0486氢，氢气hydrogen5haidrEudVEn0487氦helium5hi:ljEm 0488氩argon5B:^Cn0489旋翼机rotorcraft0490尾桨auxiliary/tail rotor (blade)0491枢轴，支点pivot5pivEt0492总距collective pitch0493周距cyclic pitch5saIklIk 0494锐角acute angle E5kju:t 0495钝角obtuse angle Eb5tju:s 0496作用线line of action0497使倾斜tilt tilt0498悬停的直升机hovering helicopter5hCvE0499向前运动的叶片the advancing blade0500向后运动的叶片the retreating blade0501轨迹track0502绕纵轴运动延纵轴运动movement about/around thelongitudinal axismovement along the longitudinal axislCndVi5tju:dinl0503横轴lateral axis0504立轴vertical axis0505大翼上反角wing dihedral dai5hedrEl0506左大翼安装角the angle of incidence of the left wing0507压力中心the center of pressure0508升力中心the center of lift0509重心the center of gravity0510阻力drag0511单翼机monoplane5mCnEuplein0512改变大翼拱形（拱度）change the wing camber5kAmbE0513富勒式襟翼（后退偏转）fowler flap0514开缝式襟翼slotted flap0515分裂式襟翼（偏转裂开）split flap0516普通襟翼（原地偏转）plain flap0517展弦比aspect ratio5Aspekt0518翼展span0519力矩moment0520颤振fuffeting0521间歇性的，断断续续的intermittent7intE(:)5mitEnt0522紊流，湍流turbulence0523失速带stall strip0524量角器protractor prE5trAktE 0525机头迎风the nose into the wind0526大翼内侧部分inboard potion of the wing0527对称n symmetry5simitri0528上反角dihedral angle dai5hedrEl0529翼根wing root0530前梁front spar0531斜向地obliquely E5bli:kli 0532气泡水平仪bubble levering gauge0533直尺straightedge0534安全装臵（保险装臵）safety device0535开口销cotter pin0536锁垫片lockwasher0537保险丝safety wire0538星型垫片star washer0539灰口铁（piston ring）gray cast iron0540液压气门挺杆hydraulic valve lifter0541共振频率resonant frequency5rezEnEnt 0542气门杆valve stem0543气门导套valve guide0544气缸活塞上的三种活塞环oil control ringsoil wiper ringscompression rings0545蒸汽vapor, steam0546交流电AC alternating current0547直流电DC direct current0548有效电压effectiive voltage0549即时电压instantaneous voltage7instEn5teinjEs0550电压/电流波动voltage/current pulsation pQl`seIFEn 0551阻抗impedance im5pi:dEns0552电抗（含感抗及容抗）reactance ri5AktEns 0553电阻/电阻器(electrical) resistance/resistor0554电容/电容器/容抗capacitance/capacitor/capacitivereactance kE5pAsitEns /kE5pAsitE /kE5pAsitiv0555电感/电感器/感抗inductance/inductor/inductive reactance in5dQktEns]0556互感mutual inductance5mju:tjuEl0557工作电压wording voltage0558与…成正比/反比be directly/inversely proportional to…0559串联/并联 连接be connected in series/parallel5pArElel 0560微法。
索莱宝 repliQa HiFi ToughMix 使用说明书
repliQa HiFi ToughMix ®DescriptionThe repliQa HiFi ToughMix is a unique, next generation 2x master mix that has 90x higher fidelity compared to Taq. The ToughMix has extreme speed, with extension times as fast as 1-10 kb/sec depending on target length. Additionally, the ToughMix has long range amplification properties as it can amplify hgDNA targets up to 24 kb and lambda targets up to 40kb.The ToughMix is formulated with a genetically modified DNA polymerase coupled with hot start antibodies. It has 5’ → 3’ polymerase activity, 3’ → 5’ exonuclease activity, and generates blunt-ended products while providing the ability to amplify through uracils and primers containing inosines/uracils. It is tough tested, and is tolerant to multiple PCR inhibitors.ComponentsrepliQa HiFi ToughMix2x reaction buffer containing optimized concentrations of MgCl 2, dNTP ’s and proprietarily formulated HiFi polymerase, hot start antibodies and ToughMix chemistryStorage and StabilityStore kit components in a constant temperature freezer at -25°C to -15°C protected from light upon receipt. For lot specific expiry date, refer to package label, Certificate of Analysis or Product Specification Form.Guidelines for PCR▪ The design of highly specific primers is a critical parameter for successful PCR. The use of computer aided primer design programs is encouraged in order to minimize the potential for internal secondary structure. For best results, primer size should be limited to 22 - 35 bp with a melting point of at least 63°C. Ideal GC-content of the primers is 45-60%. A final concentration of 300 nM each primer is effective for most applications. Primers with inosine (dI) and uracil (dU) are acceptable.▪ Preparation of a reaction cocktail is recommended to reduce pipetting errors and maximize assay precision. Assemble the reaction cocktail with all required components except sample template and dispense equal aliquots into each reaction tube. Add the DNA template to each reaction as the final step. Addition of samples as 2 to 5 L volumes will improve assay precision.▪ Suggested input quantities of template are: genomic DNA ≤ 200 ng; plasmid DNA ≤ 50 ng ; cDNA ≤ 750 ng.▪ After sealing each reaction, vortex gently to mix contents. Centrifuge briefly to collect components at the bottom of the reaction tube.▪ Longer targets may require a higher primer melting temperature of at least 65°C, and a lower primer concentration of 150 nM.Reaction AssemblyCat No.95200-025 95200-100 95200-500Size: 25 x 25 µL reactions (1 x 0.625 mL)100 x 25 µL reactions (1 x 2.50 mL) 500 x 25 µL reactions (1 x 12.50 mL)Store at -25°C to - 15°CPCR Cycling ProtocolPCR cycling (25 - 45 cycles):*We recommend using 2-step cyclingfirst. If you are have having difficulty,we suggest trying 3-step cycling.Quality ControlKit components are free of contaminating DNase and RNase. 2x repliQa HiFi ToughMix is functionally tested for amplification of a 4-kb fragment from a single-copy gene in a human genomic DNA.Nuclease Assay:DNase: DNase activity must be below the detectable limits of 100 pg DNase I equivalent as assayed using a fluorogenic substrate following a 1 hour incubation at 37°C with each kit component at 1X concentration.RNase: RNase activity must be below the detectable limits of 1 pg RNase A equivalent as assayed using a fluorogenic substrate following a 1 hour incubation at 37°C with each kit component at 1X concentration.4.1 kb PCR Functional Assay: Negative control must be free of visible product with a single band at ~4.1 kb visible from 35 cycles of PCR using 20 ng human genomic DNA.Limited Label LicensesUse of this product signifies the agreement of any purchaser or user of the product to the following terms:1.The product may be used solely in accordance with the protocols provided with the product and this manual and for usewith components contained in the kit only. QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. grants no license under any of its intellectual property to use or incorporate the enclosed components of this kit with any components not included within this kit except as described in the protocols provided with the product, this manual, and additional protocols available at . Some of these additional protocols have been provided by Quantabio product users. These protocols have not been thoroughly tested or optimized by QIAGEN Beverly, Inc.. QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. neither guarantees them nor warrants that they do not infringe the rights of third-parties.2.Other than expressly stated licenses, QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. makes no warranty that this kit and/or its use(s) do not infringethe rights of third-parties.3.This kit and its components are licensed for one-time use and may not be reused, refurbished, or resold.4.QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. specifically disclaims any other licenses, expressed or implied other than those expressly stated.5.The purchaser and user of the kit agree not to take or permit anyone else to take any steps that could lead to or facilitateany acts prohibited above. QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. may enforce the prohibitions of this Limited License Agreement in any Court, and shall recover all its investigative and Court costs, including attorney fees, in any action to enforce this Limited License Agreement or any of its intellectual property rights relating to the kit and/or its components.©2020 QIAGEN Beverly Inc. 100 Cummings Center Suite 407J Beverly, MA 01915Quantabio brand products are manufactured by QIAGEN, Beverly Inc.Intended for molecular biology applications. This product is not intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a disease.TrademarksToughMix is a registered trademark of QIAGEN Beverly, Inc.FEATURES AND BENEFITS:Fidelity of >90x wild type Taq2–3x faster PCR results with extension rates as fast as 1 kb/sec* Tough Tested − tolerant to a wide range of PCR inhibitors Superior yield and sensitivityAmplification of +24 kb gDNA and +40 kb λDNArepliQa HiFi ToughMixSuperior speed and inhibitor tolerance for DNA amplification requiring high fidelity* For fragments less than 1 kb in size.Speed (min)20H S Q P6040Speed (min)DESCRIPTION:The repliQa HiFi ToughMix is a 2x, ready-to-use solution that contains all the components for high fidelity PCR amplification, including a genetically modified DNA polymerase coupled with hot start antibodies.This unique, next generation master mix provides >90x higher fidelity compared to Taq, while reducing time to PCR results by 2–3x. The extreme speed is enabled by extension times as fast as 1–10 kb/sec depending on target length. The enzyme is coupled with the industry leading ToughMix which is tolerant to a wide variety of inhibitors making it suitable for routine PCR, cloning, amplicon sequencing and site directed mutagenesis.Extreme Speed: 2−3x faster resultsrepliQa HiFi ToughMix has very fast extension times, ranging from 1–10 kb/sec depending on the fragment size, which can significantly shorten the time to result.Tough Tested: Tolerant to a wide range of PCR inhibitorsrepliQa HiFi ToughMix is able to tolerate a wide range of common PCR inhibitors, allowing for amplification of crude or difficult PCR sample types.Superior Yield and SensitivityrepliQa HiFi ToughMix provides higher yield and sensitivity, highlighting the enzyme efficiency. Coupled with extreme amplification speed allows PCR products to be amplified earlier and detected at lower levels.H S Q P10510101010Ethanol (%)H S Q P1.00.5 1.0Guanidine (%)H S Q P534215Hematin (μM)H S Q P2.01.02222Hemoglobin (mg/ml)H S Q P15050100Heparin (ng/μl)H S Q P500300400200100Humic acid (pg/μl)H S Q P0.010.005SDS (%)H S Q P010005002507501000Xylan (ng/μl)Figure 2Strong Inhibitor Resistance. A 2 kb λ DNA template was amplified using each manufacturers recommended cycling conditions with different amountsof inhibitors. The experiment was run in duplicate.Figure 3Comparison of yield. A gDNA template was amplified with varyingGC-content and length targets using each manufacturers recommended cycling conditions. 8 different targets were used. The experiment was run in duplicate.Average yield (ng)0200400600800HPSQHPSQrepliQa HiFi ToughMix has the ability to amplify long fragments +24 kb gDNA and +40 kb λ DNA, further proving the versatility of this enzyme.Figure 4Comparison of efficiency. A gDNA template was amplified withvarying GC-content and length targets using each manufacturers recom-mended cycling conditions. 8 different targets were used. Ran in duplicate.Figure 5Long Range capabilities (gDNA). A range of 3.6 kb, 8.5 kb, 17.5 kb, and 24 kb gDNA templates were amplified with varying GC-content and lengthsusing each manufacturers recommended cycling conditions. The experiment was run in duplicate.H H Q Q P P 3.6 kbS SH H Q Q PP 8.5 kbS SH H Q Q P P 17.5 kbS SH H Q Q P P 24 kbS SHHH24 kbEf ciency (%)020604080100HPSQHPSQHHQQPP10 kbSSHHQQPP20 kb SSHHQQPP30 kbSSHHQQPP40 kb SSQuantabio products are intended for molecular biology applications. The products are not intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a disease.MK-SF-0034 REV 01 repliQa HiFi TM 0220duplicate.Consistent GC TolerancerepliQa HiFi ToughMix is able to amplify varying levels of GC-content targets (32%–70% GC-rich), further enabling superiorPCR performance.HHQQPP32% GC (900 bp)SSHHQQPP34% GC (800 bp)SSHHQQPP38% GC (900 bp)SSHHQQPP40% GC (1000 bp)SS。
双馈异步风力发电机并网运行中的几个热点问题
双馈异步风力发电机并网运行中的几个热点问题作者：贺益康， 胡家兵， HE Yikang， HU Jiabing作者单位：贺益康,HE Yikang(浙江大学电气工程学院,浙江省杭州市,310027)， 胡家兵,HU Jiabing(华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院,湖北省武汉市,430074)刊名：中国电机工程学报英文刊名：Proceedings of the Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering年，卷(期)：2012,32(27)1.Hu J;He Y;Wang H Adaptive rotor current control for wind-turbine driven DFIG using resonant controllers in a rotor rotating reference frame 2008(02)2.Kiani M;Lee W Effects of voltage unbalance and system harmonics on the performance of doubly fed induction wind generators 2010(02)icua A;Piasecki S;Bobrowska M Coordinated control for grid connected power electronic converters under the presence of voltage dips and harmonics 20094.Ramos C J;Martins A P;Carvalho A S Rotor current controller with voltage harmonics compensation for a DFIG operating under unbalanced and distorted stator voltage 20075.胡家兵;贺益康;郭晓明不平衡电压下双馈异步风力发电系统的建模与控制 2007(11)6.Wessels C;Gebhardt F;Fuchs F W Dynamic voltage restorer to allow LVRT for a DFIG wind turbine 20107.Zhan C;Barker C D Fault ride-through capability investigation of a doubly-fed induction generator with an additional series-connected voltage source converter 20068.Kelber C;Schumacher W Active damping of flux oscillations in doubly fed AC machines using dynamic variations of the system' s structure 20019.Petersson A Analysis,modeling and control of doubly-fed induction generators for wind turbines 200510.Liao Y;Li H;Yao J Operation and control of a grid-connected DFIG-based wind turbine with series grid-side converter during network unbalance 2011(01)11.Singh B;Emmoji V;Singh S N Performance evaluation of new series connected grid-side converter of doubly-fed induction generator 200812.Flannery P;Venkataramanan G A fault tolerant doubly fed induction generator wind turbine using a parallel grid side rectifier and series grid side converter 2008(03)13.周鹏双馈异步风力发电系统低电压穿越技术研究 201114.向大为;杨顺昌;冉立电网对称故障时双馈感应发电机不脱网运行的励磁控制策略 2006(03)15.Flannery P;Venkataramanan G Evaluation of voltage sag ride-through of a doubly fed induction generator wind turbine with series grid side converter 200716.贺益康;周鹏变速恒频双馈异步风力发电系统低电压穿越技术综述 2009(09)17.Abad G;Rodriguez M A;Iwanski G Direct power control of doubly-fed-induction-generator-based wind turbines under unbalanced grid voltage 2010(02)18.Santos-Martin D;Rodriguez-Amenedo J L;Arnalte S Providing ride-through capability to a doubly fed induction generator under unbalanced voltage dips 2009(07)19.Xiang D;Ran L;Tavner P J Control of a doubly fed induction generator in a wind turbine during grid fault ride-through 2006(03)20.Xu L;Wang Y Dynamic modeling and control of DFIG-based wind turbines under unbalanced network conditions 2007(01)21.Hu Jiabing;He Yikang;Xu Lie Improved control of DFIG systems during network unbalance using PI-R current regulators 2009(02)zero steady-state error for current harmonics of concern under unbalanced and distorted operating conditions 2002(02)23.Zmood D N;Holmes D G Stationary frame current regulation of PWM inverters with zero steady-state error 2003(03)24.Xu Hailiang;Hu Jiabing;He Yikang Operation of wind-turbine-driven DFIG systems under distorted grid voltage conditions:analysisand experimental validations 2012(05)25.Hu Jiabing;Nian Heng;Xu Hailiang Dynamic modeling and improved control of DFIG Under Distorted Grid Voltage Conditions 2011(01)26.Lopez J;Gubia E;Sanchis P Wind turbines based on doubly fed induction generator under asymmetrical voltage dips 2008(01)27.Hu Jiabing;He Yikang Reinforced control and operation of DFIG-based wind generation system under unbalanced grid voltage conditions 2009(04)28.Hu Jiabing;He Yikang;Nian Heng Enhanced control of dfig used back-to-back PWM voltage-source converter under unbalanced grid voltage conditions 2007(08)29.Santos-Martin D;Rodriguez-Amenedo J L;Arnalte S Direct power control applied to doubly fed induction generator under unbalanced grid voltage conditions 2008(05)30.Yan X;Venkataramanan G;Flannery P S Voltage-sag tolerance of DFIG wind turbine with a series grid side passive-impedance network 2010(04)31.Rajda J;Galbraith A W;Schauder C D Device,system,and method for providing a low-voltage fault ride-through for a wind generator farm 200632.胡家兵;孙丹;贺益康电网电压骤降故障下双馈风力发电机建模与控制 2006(08)33.向大为;杨顺昌;冉立电网对称故障时双馈感应发电机不脱网运行的系统仿真研究 2006(10)34.AMEC National Electricity Rules,Version 39 201035.Ted K A Brekken;Mohan N Control of a doubly fed induction generator under unbalanced grid voltage conditions2007(01)36.Xu L Coordinated control of DFIG's rotor and grid side converters during network unbalance 2008(03)37.Teodorescu R;Blaabjerg F;Liserre M Proportional-resonant controllers and filters for gridconnected voltage-source converters 2006(05)38.Hu J;He Y Modeling and enhanced control of DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage conditions 2009(02)39.贺益康;胡家兵;徐烈并网双馈异步风力发电机运行控制 201240.Seman S;Niiranen J;Arkkio A Ride-through analysis of doubly fed induction wind-power generator under unsymmetrical network disturbance 2006(04)41.Zhou P;He Y;Sun D Improved direct power control of a DFIG-based wind turbine during network unbalance 2009(11)42.Hong-Geuk P;Abo-Khalil A G;Dong-Choon L Torque ripple elimination for doubly-fed induction motors under unbalanced source voltage 200743.Kearney J;Conlon M F Performance of a variable speed double-fed induction generator wind turbine during network voltage unbalance conditions 200644.Wangsathitwong S;Sirisumrannukul S;Chatratana S Symmetrical components-based control technique of doubly fed induction generators under unbalanced voltages for reduction of torque and reactive power pulsations 2007本文链接：/Periodical_zgdjgcxb201227001.aspx。
统计学专业英语词汇完整版
Ｃoｎtｉｎｇenｃytａble,列联表
Conｔｏur，边界线
Ｃｏnｔｒibutionrａte，贡献率
Ｃｏｎtroｌ,对照
Ｃoｎｔｒｏlleｄeｘpｅriｍeｎｔs,对照实验
Cｏｎveｎtionaldepｔh,常规深度ﻫCｏｎｖoｌuｔiｏn，卷积ﻫCorrｅｃｔeｄｆａcｔoｒ，校正因子
Daｔaｄefiｃiｅnciｅs,数据缺乏ﻫDaｔahandling,数据处理ﻫDaｔamａｎiｐｕlatiｏｎ，数据处理
Dataprocｅssｉng,数据处理ﻫDataredｕctｉon,数据缩减ﻫDataset,数据集ﻫDataｓources，数据来源
Dａtatransｆｏrｍation,数据变换
Cｏding,编码
Coｅｆｆicｉｅntofcｏntingency,列联系数
Cｏefficｉenｔofdeｔermiｎation,决定系数
Coｅffiｃieｎtofmｕltipｌecorｒｅｌａtiｏn，多重相关系数
Cｏｅfficientofpartialcorrelation,偏相关系数
Coefficieｎtofpｒoductiｏｎ—mｏmentcorrelation,积差相关系数ﻫＣoefficｉentofraｎｋcorrelａtion,等级相关系数ﻫＣoefｆｉｃientofregｒessｉon,回归系数
Ｂ
Barcｈａrt,条形图ﻫBarｇrａph,条形图ﻫBaseperiｏｄ,基期
Baｙestｈeｏrem,贝叶斯定理ﻫBelｌ－sｈａpedｃurｖｅ，钟形曲线ﻫBerｎoullｉdｉｓｔｒibutｉon，伯努力分布
Best-ｔrｉmeｓtimatoｒ,最好切尾估计量ﻫBｉａs,偏性
SPSS单词
SPSS词汇(中英文对照)Absolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Effect, 实验效应Eigenvalue, 特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance, 欧式距离Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane, 期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值 F distribution, F分布F test, F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因试验设计False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查GENLOG (Generalized liner models), 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 一般线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点HILOGLINEAR, ***列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge, 折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M估计量Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least signif icant difference, 最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换OGLINEAR, ***列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal suff icient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), ***尺度/***标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型mic grSemi-logarithaph, 半对数图Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequential test, 贯序检验法Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字simple table, 简单表Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling, 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error, 二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate, 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data, 不分组资料Uniform coordinate, 均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories, 无序分类Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept, 模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation), 方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable, 变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation, 方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution, 容积W test, W检验Weibull distribution, 威布尔分布Weight, 权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square, 加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location, 位置W估计量Width, 宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean, 缩尾均值Withdraw, 失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation, 零相关Z-transformation, Z变换。
线控转向系统控制英文
2004-21-0073 Concept and Functionality of the Active Front Steering SystemWilly Klier, Gerd Reimann and Wolfgang ReineltZF Lenksysteme GmbH, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany Copyright © 2003 SAE InternationalABSTRACTActive Front Steering (AFS) provides an electronically controlled superposition of an angle to the steering wheel angle. This additional degree of freedom enables a continuous and driving-situation dependent adaptation of the steering characteristics. Features like steering comfort, effort and steering dynamics are optimized and stabilizing steering interventions can be performed. After the successful introduction of AFS (or active steering) together with the new BMW 5-series into the international market, ZF Lenksysteme focuses on aspects like system modularization and integration. For that reason the system bounds, its functionality, and the required system interface are defined to provide a compatibility to several overall chassis control concepts. This paper focuses on a modular system concept and its respective advantages and requirements.1. INTRODUCTIONThis steering system developed by ZF Lenksysteme and BMW AG enables driver dependent as well as automatic steering interventions without loss of the mechanical connection between steering wheel and road wheels [1,2,3] (see Figure 1).This fact together with current definitions for steering systems imply that AFS is not a steer by wire system. The AFS system provides (compare [3,4,5,6]):•an improved steering comfort (reduced steering effort),•an enhanced dynamic behavior of the steering system (quick response to driver’s input) and •vehicle stabilization (active safety).After a short description of the steering system and respective components in Section 2, the modular concept, its functionality and the required system interface will be illustrated in Section 3. Some conclusions and an outlook will be presented in Section 4.2. COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONALITYThe electrical and mechanical components as well as the functionality of the AFS system will be briefly described in this section. Figure 2 shows the following AFS components and subsystems:•Rack and pinion power steering system including (see Figure 2) the main gear (1), a Servotronic valve(2), a steering pump (9), an oil reservoir with filter(10) and the respective hoses (11),•AFS actuator including the synchronous motor (3) with its respective electrical connections, the superposition gear system (4) and theelectromagnetic locking unit (7),Figure 1: Principle of the angle superposition Figure 2 : Schematic representation of the AFS-system components•AFS electronic control system with the AFS ECU (5),the pinion angle sensor (8), the motor angle sensor (6), the respective electrical connections of the ECU and the required software modules.COMPONENTSThe electric motor (see Figure 3) generates the required electrical torque for the desired motion of the AFS actuator. This synchronous motor has a wound stator, a permanent magnet rotor assembly and a sensor to determine the rotor position. The motor torque is controlled by a field oriented control. This control strategy transform the stator currents into the torque-and rotor-flux-producing components. These current components can be controlled separately and do not depend on the rotor angle. The motor angle sensor is based on a magneto-resistive principle and includes a signal amplification and a temperature compensation.This sensor signal is used for control and monitoring purposes.In analogy to the motor angle sensor, the pinion angle sensor is also based on a magneto-resistive principle and includes a signal amplification and a temperature compensation. This sensor also includes a CAN-interface which enables other control systems like ESP to directly use the raw signal. The pinion angle is used as an input to the steering assistance functions and for monitoring purposes.The metal stud of the electromagnetic locking unit (ELU)is pressed towards the worm-locking gear by a spring.This mechanism is unlocked by a specific current supplied by the ECU. The ELU locks the worm (Figure 3) if the system is shut down and in case of a safety relevant malfunction (compare [7,8,9]). In this case the driver is able to further steer with a constant steering ratio (i.e. the mechanical ratio).The electronic control unit developed for the AFS system establishes the connection between the electrical system of the vehicle, the vehicle CAN – bus, the AFSsensors and the electric motor.Figure 3 : Electric Motor and Electromagnetic Locking UnitThe core components of the ECU are two microprocessors. They perform the computations required for control, monitoring and safety purposes. Via the integrated power output stages, the electric motor,the ELU, the ECO–pump and the Servotronic subsystem are controlled. The microprocessors also perform redundant computations and monitoring.The basis of the AFS system is the well-tried and reliable rack and pinion power steering system of ZF Lenksysteme.The core subsystem of AFS is the mechatronic actuator which is placed between the steering valve and the steering gear (see Figure 4). The actuator includes the planetary gear set with two mechanical inputs and a single mechanical output. The servo-valve connects the input shaft of the planetary gear with the steering column and the steering wheel. The second input shaft is driven by the electric motor and is connected to the planetary gear by the worm and worm wheel. The pinion angle sensor is mounted on the output shaft, which is the mechanical input for the steering gear. The relation between the input of the steering gear (pinion) and the road wheel angle is a nonlinear kinematic relation.FUNCTIONALITYThe functionality of AFS is defined by the so-called hardware oriented (low level) and the user oriented (high level) functions. These functions can also be classifiedinto application and safety functions (see Figure 5).Figure 4 : AFS actuatorApplication functions are those functions, that are required for the normal operation of the system. All other functions are part of the safety system. High level application functions can be classified into kinematic and kinetic functions (see Figure 6).Figure 7 shows the signal flow of the AFS system in the vehicle-driver overall closed loop. With the vehicle signals as input, the stabilization (e.g. yaw rate control)and the assistance functions (e.g. variable steering ratio)compute a desired superposition angle. This angle serves as command input signal to the controlled actuator. A safety system monitors the function and the components of the steering system (compare [7] and [8]). Every failure or error, that may lead to a safety relevant situation, is identified and suitable actions are initiated in order to keep the system in a well definedstate.Figure 5 : Structure of the AFS FunctionalityFigure 6 : Structure of high level functionsFigure 7 : Block diagram including the overall signal flow in the AFS systemThese actions reach from partial deactivations of single functions to shutting off the AFS system (fail silent behavior).In the next subsections, some high level functions of the AFS system will be described.KINEMATIC STEERING ASSISTANCE FUNCTIONS Kinematic steering assistance functions are feedforward controllers which adapt the static and dynamic steering characteristics to the current driving/vehicle situation as functions of the steering activity. This functionality is restricted by the actuator dynamics and the steering feel.These functions are part of the steering system (see Section 3). They are developed and implemented by ZF Lenksysteme.Currently, the variable steering ratio (VSR) provides the most noticeable benefit for the driver. This kinematic function adapts the steering ratio i V (1), between the steering wheel angle and an average road wheel angle,to the driving situation as a function of e.g. the vehicle velocity (see Figure 8). Under normal road conditions at low and medium speeds, the steering becomes more direct, requiring less steering effort (see Figure 9) of the driver which increases the agility of the vehicle in city traffic or when parking. At high speeds the steering becomes less direct, offering improved directional stability. Additional to the velocity dependency, the variable steering ratio developed by ZF Lenksysteme includes a dependency of the pinion angle i.e. rack displacement. This feature provides a reduced steering effort for large steering angles and a more precise steering for small steering angles.The principle of this function is based on the definition of the steering ratioFmSV :i δδ=.(1)Figure 8 : Example of the variable steering ratio as function of vehicle velocityInserting the nonlinear kinematic relation ()()G sk Fm f δ=δ between pinion angle δG , average roadwheel angle δFm and the linear kinematic relation ()S S M M G k k δ⋅+δ⋅=δ between pinion angle,steering wheel angle δS and motor angle δM into (1)yields the relation()S S M M sk SV k k f i δ⋅+δ⋅δ=.(2)The core algorithm of the VSR function computes a motor angle VSRd M δthat fulfils (2) for a predefined desired steering ratio i V and a measured steering wheel angle δS .Another steering assistance function that is evident for the driver in usual driving conditions is the so-called steering lead function (SLD). This kinematic function adapts the steer response to the driving/vehicle situation as a function of suitable vehicle and steering measured signals. The ZF Lenksysteme approach includes a differentiating prefilter for the steering wheel angle (see Figure 10). The weighted steering wheel angular velocitySSLD T δ⋅& defines then the desired motor angle (outputof the SLD function) for the controlled AFS actuator.Figure 9 : Slalom ride (cones distance: 16m andvehicle velocity approx. 50 kph) with AFS/VSR andwith a conventional mechanical ratioFigure 10 : Overall block diagram of the steering lead functionThis algorithm represents an insertion of a zero 1 in the transfer function between steering wheel angle and average front wheel angle. This additional zero is placed so that the delay due to the dynamic of the steering system is reduced, partially compensated or if desired increased. Figure 11 shows the results of a double lane change manouver on asphalt at a vehicle speed of approx. 85 [km/h]. The increased steering dynamic reduces the required steering interventions in order to perform the driving task.KINETIC STEERING ASSISTANCE FUNCTIONS Kinetic steering assistance functions also include feedforward controllers. Besides the primary task of providing the usual steering torque assistance like in conventional steering systems, these functions the additional task is providing a reduction/compensation of the reaction torque caused by the AFS actuator motion.These functions are restricted by the steering feel and the dynamics of the steering system. They are part of the steering system (see Section 3) and are developed and implemented by ZF Lenksysteme.The first kinetic function is the servotronic control function (SVT). The function algorithms include the computation of the desired current for the electro-hydraulic converter of the Sercotronic 2 component. The torque assistance is adapted to the driving/vehicle situation as a function of the vehicle velocity and the pinion angle velocity (actuator activity) (see Figure 12).The first dependency is the well-known vehicle-velocity dependent assistance torque, that provides the highest assistance torques for low velocities (i.e. steer comfort)and low assistance torques at high velocities in order toimprove the lateral stability of the vehicle.Figure 11 : Double lane change with and without the SLD function1in terms of control engineeringThe second dependency is AFS specific and sets a reduction/compensation of the reaction torque.Due to the possible high rack-displacement velocities, a higher 2 flow rate is required in order to take fully advantage of the AFS functionality. On the other hand thermal strains and a high fuel consumption have to be avoided. For that reason an electronic controlled orifice pump that modifies the flow rate in the hydraulic system has been included into the steering system. Another important kinetic function includes the control of the electronic controlled orifice pump (ECO). The main task of this function is to compute a desired current for the ECO-pump as a function of the vehicle velocity and the pinion angle velocity (actuator activity). These dependencies have been chosen in analogy to dependencies for the Servotronic control.KINEMATIC STABILIZATION FUNCTIONSThe stabilization functions represent another kind of consumer value increment. These functions include closed loop control algorithms that generate automatic 3steering interventions to stabilize the vehicle (see Figure13).Figure 12 : Example of the dependencies of thedesired current for the servotronic controlFigure 13 : Lane change / ABS-braking with different steering functions (µ≈0.2)2higher than the required flow rate for similar vehicles with conventional steering systems 3Automatic in a sense of an explicit independency from the steering wheel angle defined by the driverThey are not part of the steering system (see Section 3),they are developed and implemented by the car manufacturer. Some examples of this kind of functions are (see [4,6]):• yaw rate control,• yaw torque control and• disturbance rejection function.SAFETY AND MONITORING FUNCTIONSThe above described functions imply high requirements for the safety integrity of the system [8,9]. For this reason ZF Lenksysteme has developed a suitable safety concept for the steering system that includes several safety and monitoring functions on high and low level (see [7]).3. MODULAR CONCEPTIn the first phase of the market introduction of AFS, ZF Lenksysteme developed the rack and pinion steering components, the mechatronic actuator as well as the electronic control unit which includes the low level software (see Figure 14). BMW developed the safety concept, the application and associated safety high level functions and also took the system responsibility [4,9](see Figure 14). In the second phase of the AFS development ZF Lenksysteme focuses on a modular concept that simplify the combination and integration of the AFS system with other chassis control systems and in different vehicle platforms [10]. The modular concept implies a clear distribution of responsibilities and the associated functionality and safety distribution (see Figure 15). Hereby, the steering system has to be autonomous and keep the complete steer functionality even in case of failure or absence of several vehicle dynamic control systems (including the kinematic stability functions). The simplest approach to achieve this autonomy is a separation of vehicle and steeringfunctionality and safety in a hardware level.Figure 14 : Overall block diagram of the first system conceptThis implies running the kinematic stabilization function on a separated ECU, e.g. the ESP control unit taking into account that several required vehicle motion signals are available and even parts of the required algorithms are already implemented.An essential requirement for the modular concept is a new system interface that allows an external intervention for stabilization purposes. Such a system interface has been developed together with involved car manufacturers and component suppliers based on well-known principles like the Cartronic approach. This provides a compatibility with current and future system concepts and development organization structures (e.g.integration of the system by a third party). Moreover, the modular concept with the mentioned interface allows a parallel development of the stabilization and steering assistance functions and reduces the required testing activities for the integrated steering system.SYSTEM INTERFACEIn order to simplify the description of the interface for the modular AFS system, it will be defined in three phases (see Figure 16)• assistance,• assistance and stabilization and• assistance, stabilization, manual configuration anddiagnosis.The pure assistance interface exclusively includes input signals (I 1):• signed road wheel speeds: input signals of safetyand steering assistance functions,• status of the road wheel speeds: requirement forutilization of the road wheel speeds,• steering wheel angle: input signal of a single safetyfunction and several kinematic assistance functions,Figure 15 : Overall block diagram of the modular system concept• ESP and ABS intervention flags: binary signal foreach road wheel including a brake intervention flag used in safety functions,• engine revolutions: input signal of the systemdynamic monitoring function,• current gear: this signal is required only if the sign ofthe road wheel velocities is not available,The interface required for assistance and stabilization interventions includes besides I1 additional input signals (I2):• desired superposition angle for vehicle dynamicstabilization: input signal which includes a relative superposition angle, represented as an average road wheel angle or pinion angle. This angle is relative to the current absolute assistance superposition angle,• execute flag of the stabilization intervention:condition for performing the stabilization intervention. This signal also includes the associated safety information about the intervention command.This interface also includes an output (O2) required by the overall vehicle dynamics controller and defined by the following signals:• current average front wheel angle: this signal iscomputed from the measured pinion angle and the known nonlinear steering kinematics,• requested steering angle: this angle is computedfrom the measured steering wheel angle and the current desired steering ratio, represented as an average road wheel angle or pinion angle,• desired superposition assistance angle: output fromthe kinematic steering assistance functions,represented as an average road wheel angle or pinion angle,• dynamic capacity: estimated maximal additionalangular speed that can be demanded by an external vehicle controller,• system status: this signal includes information aboutthe current system mode (e.g. initialization, on, etc.),Figure 16 : Interface for the modular AFS concept•raw pinion angle: raw signal of the pinion angle sensor. The receiver of this signal has to perform own plausibility checks.Finally the complete system interface includes the inputs I1 and I2 as well as I3 with the signals:•VSR flag: signal for switching the mode of the VSR(e.g. sport, comfort),•SVT/ECO flag: signal for switching the mode of the kinetic steering assistance functions (e.g. sport, comfort).The complete interface also includes besides the outputs O1 and O2, the output O3 with the signals:•current superposition angle: this signal provides a redundant information that can be used by the overall vehicle dynamics controller for diagnosis/monitoring purposes,•failure code: this signal includes information about all failures/errors that are relevant for diagnostics. 4. CONCLUSIONThe market introduction of the Active Front Steering system represents an important step towards an entire chassis control in a series vehicle. The high equipment rate of AFS in the new BMW 5-series shows the enormous interest of the customers in the system due to the evident and continuous benefit experienced. Consequently, ZF Lenksysteme had to focus on a modular system concept that allows an independent development of assistance and stabilization (vehicle control) functions.Moreover, the enclosure and autonomy of the steering system improves the availability and allows reuse of functions and components for several vehicle platforms. The defined system interface minimizes the application and testing time and costs. The protection of the OEM and supplier know-how is also supported by the modular concept, allowing an overall system integration by a third party.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe would like to thank our colleagues Reinhard Grossheim, Wolfgang Schuster, Ralf Redemann and Christian Lundquist for their excellent work developing the assistance and safety functions as well as the failure strategy for the modular concept of ZF Lenksysteme. We also would like to thank Peter Brenner and Gerd Mueller for making possible the software development of the high level functions. REFERENCES1. Klier, W., Reinelt, W., Active Front Steering (Part 1)– Mathematical Modeling and Parameter Estimation, SAE technical paper 2004-01-1102, SAE World Congress, Steering & Suspension Technology Symposium. Detroit, USA, March 2004.2. Klier, W., Reimann, G., Reinelt, W., Active FrontSteering – Systemvernetzung und Funktionsumfang, Steuerung und Regelung von Fahrzeugen und Motoren – AUTOREG 2004, March 2004, pp. 569 –583, 2004.3. Reinelt, W., Klier, W., Lundquist, Ch., Reimann, G.,Schuster, W., Großheim, R., Active Front Steering for Passenger Cars – System Modelling and Functions, IFAC Symposium – Advances in Automotive Control. Italy, April 2004, pp. 697 – 702, 2004.4. Knoop, M., Leimbach, K.-D. und Verhagen, A.,Fahrwerksysteme im Reglerverbund, Tagung Fahrwerktechnik, Haus der Technik, Essen, 1999. 5. Köhn, P., Baumgarten, G., Richter, T., Schuster, M.und Fleck, R., Die Aktivlenkung - Das neue Fahrdynamische Lenksystem von BMW, Tagungsband Aachener Kolloquium Fahrzeug- und Motorentechnik 2002, pp. 1093 – 1109, 2002.6. Fleck, R., Aktiv-Lenkung – Ein wichtiger ersterSchritt zum Steer-by-Wire, Tagung PKW-Lenksysteme – Vorbereitung auf die Technik von morgen, Haus der Technik e.V., Essen, 2003.7. Reinelt, W., Klier, W., Reimann, G., Active FrontSteering (Part 2) – Safety and Functionality, SAE technical paper 2004-01-1101, SAE World Congress, Steering & Suspension Technology Symposium. Detroit, USA, March 2004.8. Reinelt, W., Klier, W., Reimann, G.,Systemsicherheit des Active Front Steering, Steuerung und Regelung von Fahrzeugen und Motoren – AUTOREG 2004, March 2004, pp. 49 –58, 2004.9. Eckrich, M., Pischinger, M., Krenn, M., Bartz, R. undMunnix, P., Aktivlenkung – Anforderungen an Sicherheitstechnik und Entwicklungsprozess, Tagungsband Aachener Kolloquium Fahrzeug- und Motorentechnik 2002, pp. 1169 – 1183, 200210. Kirchner, A., Schwitters, F., Vernetzte und modulareAuslegung von Fahrerassistenzfunktionen, VDI –Tagung Elektronik im Kraftfahrzeug 25. Und 26.September, Baden-Baden, 2004.CONTACTDr. Willy Klier, ZF Lenksysteme GmbH, Dept. ZEMF Active Front Steering – (Team Leader) Safety and Algorithms, Richard-Bullingerstr. 77, 73527 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany, Tel.: +49/7171312589, Email: Willy.Klier@。
el标签用法
el标签用法一、EL表达式基本用法1. 在JSP页面中输出变量值- 在JSP中，如果有一个JavaBean，例如一个名为 `User` 的类，里面有一个属性 `name`，在JSP页面中设置了这个JavaBean。
在JSP页面中就可以这样使用EL表达式来获取这个属性的值：- 假设在JSP中有 `<% User user = new User();user.setName("John"); pageContext.setAttribute("user", user); %>`，那么在页面中可以用 `${}`，这就像是打开了一个魔法盒子，直接就能看到里面的宝贝（变量的值），多么方便呀！就像你知道有个宝藏藏在某个地方，用EL表达式就能轻松找到它。
- 再比如，如果有一个List类型的变量 `fruits`，里面存放着各种水果的名字，在JSP页面中设置了这个变量。
如果想获取列表中的第一个元素，可以用 `${fruits[0]}`。
这就好比从一篮子水果中，你可以轻松地用手（EL表达式）拿出最上面的那个水果（第一个元素）。
2. 进行简单的运算- EL表达式可以进行数学运算。
例如，如果有两个变量 `num1` 和`num2`，在JSP页面中分别被设置为5和3。
那么 `${num1 + num2}` 就会得到8。
这就像你有5个苹果和3个苹果，用EL表达式一下子就能算出总共有多少个苹果，是不是很神奇呢？- 也可以进行比较运算。
如果有一个变量 `age`，在JSP页面中被设置为18。
那么 `${age >= 18? '成年人' : '未成年人'}`，就像一个智能的判断器，根据年龄的值来判断是成年人还是未成年人。
这可比我们自己在JSP中写一堆Java代码来判断要简洁得多呀！3. 访问对象的属性和方法（有限制的方法调用）- 对于对象的属性访问，如前面提到的JavaBean的属性访问。
一种新的单相-三相矩阵变换器调制策略
一种新的单相-三相矩阵变换器调制策略邢毅川;牟宪民;齐琛【摘要】针对直接型单相-三相矩阵变换器,提出一种基于正弦脉宽调制(Sine Pulse Width Modulation,SPWM)的调制方法.假定单相输入电压为余弦函数,通过构造含有输出电流频率和一族输入频率奇数倍频率的余弦函数,进行简单的加减运算作为调制波,可以获得对称的三相输出电压,并且输出电压的谐波次数、频率和幅值可控.对于感性负载,输出电流近似为正弦波形,获得了单相-三相矩阵变换器的输入电流计算公式.建立Matlab/Simulink的仿真模型,构造相应的调制函数,进行了阻感负载的仿真实验.使用DSP芯片和双向开关搭建了单相-三相矩阵变换器的实验平台,实验结果表明提出的调制策略扩大了矩阵变换器输出频率的调节范围,减小了输出电流的总谐波失真度(Total Harmonic Distortion,THD),并能保持输入功率因数为1,具有良好的性能.【期刊名称】《电工技术学报》【年(卷),期】2015(030)008【总页数】7页(P90-96)【关键词】单相-三相矩阵变换器;SPWM;变频范围;THD;功率因数【作者】邢毅川;牟宪民;齐琛【作者单位】大连理工大学电气工程学院大连 116024;大连理工大学电气工程学院大连 116024;大连理工大学电气工程学院大连 116024【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM461对于单相电动机、三相电动机无论力能指标、调速性能还是经济效益上都具有良好的优越性。
但是，在某些场合只能提供单相电源[1]，限制三相电动机的使用范围。
特别是随着电气化铁路的飞速发展，单相-三相变流技术受到了越来越多研究人员的关注。
传统的单相-三相变换技术，为了抑制整流环节的直流输出电压波动和功率脉动，在直流侧并联大容量的滤波电容，导致变换器体积变大、质量增加。
而且由于电容发热，变换器的效率下降，寿命降低，不易维护。
1976年，L. Gyugi和B. Pelly提出了矩阵式变换器和双向开关的概念[2]，特别是高频链理论的出现，矩阵变换器因其具有能够消除直流环节，实现功率双向流动、有功功率和无功功率的独立控制，可以获得理想的输出电压和输入电流波形，能够大大减小变换器体积和重量等优点[3-4]，吸引了大量研究人员进行研究[5-7]。
歼20发动机长度变短或换上新型国产“心脏”
歼20发动机长度变短或换上新型国产“心脏”日前，国内军事论坛出现了歼-20隐形战斗机2011号机进行地面高速滑行测试的照片，引发各种讨论和猜测。
杜文龙大校在接受央视《环球视线》采访时表示，歼-20或换装新型动力系统，可能换用国产“心脏”，全面实现国产化。
自从歼-20战机在2011年1月首次试飞以来，这种先进战机的动向就一直受到外界的持续关注。
有分析称，在数次的低速滑行测试之后，2011号歼-20有望在近日进行首飞。
杜文龙推测，歼-20或进入原型机状态，现正进行地面高速滑行测试。
“如果发动机不坏，这种测试是重复测试，没有必要。
”他指出，歼-20的2001号和2002号的低速和高速测试已经完成，没有必要再进行测试。
他表示，歼-20可能换装了新型动力系统，有可能进行国产“心脏”的完善。
-而这一工程一旦打造完毕，歼-20将使用国产发动机。
这意味着歼-20从外形设计、隐身性能，到动力系统、火控系统全部实现国产化。
杜文龙表示，一架飞机的动力系统至关重要，正因如此，在航空工业中一直把它作为龙头项目。
他分析称，从此次披露的相关照片发现，目前测试中的这架歼-20尾喷口距后端的距离明显远得多，即尾喷口向里收缩，这意味着发动机的长度可能变短，这次使用的发动机和之前使用的发动机可能完全不一样，是新发动机的一个重要标志和信号。
Recent ly, the domest ic milita ry BBS appear ed fighte rs - 20, 2011 stealt h fighte r machin e pictur es of ground high-speedtaxi tests, causevariou s discus sions and specul ation. Featur es senior col. du wenlon g said www.xzymy.com in an interv iew with CCTV "worldview", annihi lates - 20 or change new motiva tionsystem, may switch to a domest ic "heart", fullyimplem ent locali zatio n.Sincethe fighte rs - 20 aircra ft flight in Januar y 2011 for the firsttime sincethe trendof advanc ed fighte r jets has been in contin uousattent ion from the outsid e. Have, accord ing to the analys is aftersevera l timesof low-speedtaxiin g test, 2011 fighte rs - 20 is expect ed to launch its maiden flight in recent ly.Du Wenlon g specul ate that annihi lates - 20 or entera stateof the protot ype, is now the ground high-speedtaxi tests. "If the engine is not bad, the test was repeat ed tests, it is not necess ary." He pointe d out that www.yzxyj annihi lates - 20 of 2001 and 2002 at low speedand high speedtest has been comple ted, no need to test. Annihi lates - 20, he said, couldchange the new type of powersystem, may to the improv ement of the domest ic "heart".-But once built, the www.xzymy.com projec t fighte rs - 20 domest ic engine will be used. This meansthat annihi lates - 20 from the appear ancedesign, stealt h perfor mance, to all realiz e locali zatio n of powersystem, fire contro l system.Du Wenlon g said that a planeis very import ant for the powersystem, becaus e of this, in the aviati on indust ry has been put it as a leadin g projec t. , accord ing to his analys is from the disclo sureof releva nt photos, foundthat the test of the fighte rs - 20 jet nozzle is apartfrom the backen d is obviou sly far more, namely the jet nozzle to shrink, this meansthat couldshorte n the length of the engine, the use of the engine and before use may be comple telydiffer ent, is an import ant sign of the new engine and the signal.。
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Figure 2 Stator Current Although the voltage unbalance factor is approximately 9%, the accompanying negative sequence current unbalance factor is about 30%, as shown in Fig 3. As described in [4], this is because the negative sequence impedance of an induction generator is considerably lower than the positive sequence impedance at normal operating slip speeds.
UPEC 2007 - 1060
unbalance. Clearly, the current is significantly unbalanced after this time.
network voltage unbalance conditions a negative phase sequence occurs, which can result in power and torque oscillations.
ABSTRACT
The behaviour of Double-Fed Induction Generators to supply network voltage unbalance is investigated. The paper shows the effects that voltage unbalance can have on a DFIG, using Matlab/Simulink. The results from simulations show that voltage unbalance affects both the induction generator and the rotor converter, due to the high unbalanced currents generated. The ability to modify the control strategy of a DFIG to compensate for voltage unbalance is outlined and simulations show the improvements to the performance of the DFIG. Keywords: Power Quality, Wind Power, Voltage Unbalance, DFIG INTRODUCTION Usually the most productive sites for the development of wind turbines and wind farms are in remote rural areas where distribution networks can be weak and voltage unbalance can be a common feature. This is certainly the case in Ireland where the majority of the wind energy developments have been on the north and west coast of the island [1]. This is also the region in which the transmission and distribution network is weakest. Problems of power quality can arise with regard to the connection of embedded generation, including wind generation. On weak networks, the connection of wind generation can give rise to voltage fluctuations, including flicker and voltage control [2]. At the same time, power quality problems inherent to the network can cause difficulties with regard to the connection of wind generation. In the event of voltage depressions in the vicinity of system faults, wind generators can experience difficulties in remaining connected; the voltage ridethrough problem [2]. Voltage unbalance can also give rise to excessive unbalanced stator currents in wind generators, causing generators to trip out. The authors have monitored the voltage unbalance at a small wind farm in County Cavan in the Republic of Ireland over an extended period and have gained an insight into the extent and variability of voltage unbalance experienced by wind generation. This paper looks specifically at the behaviour of a doublefed induction generator (DFIG) in response to a voltage unbalance introduced into the network to which it is connected. Matlab/Simulink is used to model and simulate a DFIG and the behaviour of the induction generator and the grid/rotor converters is investigated. SIMULATION STUDY Induction generators subjected to network voltage unbalance can overheat due to the excessive currents, and mechanical stress can occur due to torque pulsations. The rotor converter in a DFIG is also susceptible to high currents during periods of voltage unbalance. The DFIG wind turbine in this study is modelled in Matlab/Simulink [3] to analyse the behaviour of both the induction generator and rotor converter to grid network voltage unbalance. The rotor converter in particular is analysed during network voltage unbalance conditions. The system under investigation is shown in Fig. 1. The network to which the DFIG is connected is represented by a constant voltage and a distribution line with a length of 30 km. The line series resistance is 0.115 Ω/km and the reactance is 0.33 Ω/km. The distribution line is operated at a voltage of 25kV. The fault level at Bus A in Figure 1 is 10 MVA. The DFIG is connected via a 25kV/690V three-phase transformer. The generator rotor is connected to the grid side via a rotor converter, a dc bus [1.2 kV] and a grid side converter. The DFIG has a total rating of 1.5MVA, and for a speed variation of 30% the rotor converter has a rating 30% of the induction generator.
ANALYSIS OF A VARIABLE SPEED DOUBLE-FED INDUCTION GENERATOR WIND TURBINE DURING NETWORK VOLTAGE UNBALANCE CONDITIONS.
Joseph Kearney and Michael F Conlon Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland
Figure 1 DFIG and Network Model As shown in Fig. 1, a single-phase load of 6 MVA is supplied at bus B. This single-phase load introduces a voltage unbalance of 9 % at Bus B. The voltage unbalance is expressed as the ratio of the negative sequence voltage to the positive sequence voltage [4]. SIMULATION OF VOLTAGE UNBALANCE Initially the effect of the voltage unbalance on the stator of the generator is considered. Under network voltage unbalance conditions a negative phase sequence component occurs. Fig. 2 shows the instantaneous voltage and generated current at Bus C (Fig. 1) predicted by the Matlab/Simulink simulation. The single-phase load is switched-in at 0.35 seconds and introduces a voltage