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HP HP-UX 说明书

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SDIO spec

f in eo nIn fio nI n fTechnical Committee SD Card Associationf in eo nIn fi ne o n I nf in eo nIRevision HistoryDate Version Changes compared to previous issueApril 3, 2006 1.10 Simplified Version Initial ReleaseFebruary 8, 20072.00(1) Added method to change bus speed (Normal Speed up to 25MHzand High Speed up to 50 MHz)(2) Operational Voltage Requirement is extended to 2.7-3.6V(3) Combine sections 12 (Physical Properties) and 13 (MechanicalExtensions) and add miniSDIO to the new section 13 (Physical Properties)(4) Add Embedded SDIO ATA Standard Function Interface Code (5) Reference of Physical Ver2.00 supports SDHC combo card. (6) Some typos in Ver1.10 are fixed.f in eo nIn fi ne o n I nf in eo nI Release of SD Simplified SpecificationThe following conditions apply to the release of the SD simplified specification ("Simplified Specification") by the SD Card Association. The Simplified Specification is a subset of the complete SD Specification which is owned by the SD Card Association.Publisher:SD Association2400 Camino Ramon, Suite 375 San Ramon, CA 94583 USA Telephone: +1 (925) 275-6615 Fax: +1 (925) 886-4870 E-mail: office@Copyright Holder: The SD Card AssociationNotes:This Simplified Specification is provided on a non-confidential basis subject to the disclaimers below. Any implementation of the Simplified Specification may require a license from the SD Card Association or other third parties.Disclaimers:The information contained in the Simplified Specification is presented only as a standard specification for SD Cards and SD Host/Ancillary products and is provided "AS-IS" without any representations or warranties of any kind. No responsibility is assumed by the SD Card Association for any damages, any infringements of patents or other right of the SD Card Association or any third parties, which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication, estoppel or otherwise under any patent or other rights of the SD Card Association or any third party. Nothing herein shall be construed as an obligation by the SD Card Association to disclose or distribute any technical information, know-how or other confidential information to any third party.f in eo nIn fi ne o n I nf in eo nConventions Used in This DocumentNaming ConventionsSome terms are capitalized to distinguish their definition from their common English meaning. Words not capitalized have their common English meaning.Numbers and Number BasesHexadecimal numbers are written with a lower case “h” suffix, e.g., FFFFh and 80h. Binary numbers are written with a lower case “b” suffix (e.g., 10b).Binary numbers larger than four digits are written with a space dividing each group of four digits, as in 1000 0101 0010b.All other numbers are decimal.Key WordsMay: Indicates flexibility of choice with no implied recommendation or requirement.Shall: Indicates a mandatory requirement. Designers shall implement such mandatory requirements to ensure interchangeability and to claim conformance with the specification.Should: Indicates a strong recommendation but not a mandatory requirement. Designers should give strong consideration to such recommendations, but there is still a choice in implementation.Application NotesSome sections of this document provide guidance to the host implementers as follows: Application Note:This is an example of an application note.f in eo nIn fi ne o n I nf in eo nTable of Contents1. General Description.................................................................................................................................1 1.1 SDIO Features....................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Primary Reference Document.............................................................................................................1 1.3 Standard SDIO Functions....................................................................................................................1 2. SDIO Signaling Definition........................................................................................................................2 2.1 SDIO Card Types................................................................................................................................2 2.2 SDIO Card modes...............................................................................................................................2 2.2.1 SPI (Card mandatory support).....................................................................................................2 2.2.2 1-bit SD Data Transfer Mode (Card Mandatory Support).............................................................2 2.2.3 4-bit SD Data Transfer Mode (Mandatory for High-Speed Cards, Optional for Low-Speed).........2 2.3 SDIO Host Modes...............................................................................................................................2 2.4 Signal Pins..........................................................................................................................................3 3. SDIO Card Initialization............................................................................................................................4 3.1 Differences in I/O card Initialization.....................................................................................................4 3.2 The IO_SEND_OP_COND Command (CMD5).................................................................................10 3.3 The IO_SEND_OP_COND Response (R4)........................................................................................11 3.4 Special Initialization considerations for Combo Cards.......................................................................12 3.4.1 Re-initialize both I/O and Memory..............................................................................................12 3.4.2 Using a Combo Card as SDIO only or SD Memory only after Combo Initialization....................12 3.4.3 Acceptable Commands after Initialization..................................................................................12 3.4.4 Recommendations for RCA after Reset.....................................................................................12 3.4.5 Enabling CRC in SPI Combo Card.............................................................................................14 4. Differences with SD Memory Specification..........................................................................................15 4.1 SDIO Command List.........................................................................................................................15 4.2 Unsupported SD Memory Commands...............................................................................................15 4.3 Modified R6 Response......................................................................................................................16 4.4 Reset for SDIO..................................................................................................................................16 4.5 Bus Width..........................................................................................................................................16 4.6 Card Detect Resistor.........................................................................................................................17 4.7 Timings..............................................................................................................................................17 4.8 Data Transfer Block Sizes.................................................................................................................18 4.9 Data Transfer Abort...........................................................................................................................18 4.9.1 Read Abort.................................................................................................................................18 4.9.2 Write Abort.................................................................................................................................18 4.10 Changes to SD Memory Fixed Registers..........................................................................................18 4.10.1 OCR Register.............................................................................................................................19 4.10.2 CID Register...............................................................................................................................19 4.10.3 CSD Register.............................................................................................................................19 4.10.4 RCA Register.............................................................................................................................19 4.10.5 DSR Register.............................................................................................................................19 4.10.6 SCR Register.............................................................................................................................19 4.10.7 SD Status...................................................................................................................................19 4.10.8 Card Status Register..................................................................................................................19 5. New I/O Read/Write Commands............................................................................................................21 5.1 IO_RW_DIRECT Command (CMD52)..............................................................................................21 5.2 IO_RW_DIRECT Response (R5)......................................................................................................22 5.2.1 CMD52 Response (SD modes)..................................................................................................22 5.2.2 R5, IO_RW_DIRECT Response (SPI mode).............................................................................23 5.3 IO_RW_EXTENDED Command (CMD53). (24)f in eo nIn fi ne o n I nf in eo nI 5.3.2 Special Timing for CMD53 Multi-Block Read..............................................................................25 6. SDIO Card Internal Operation................................................................................................................26 6.1 Overview...........................................................................................................................................26 6.2 Register Access Time........................................................................................................................26 6.3 Interrupts...........................................................................................................................................26 6.4 Suspend/Resume..............................................................................................................................27 6.5 Read Wait..........................................................................................................................................27 6.6 CMD52 During Data Transfer............................................................................................................27 6.7 SDIO Fixed Internal Map...................................................................................................................27 6.8 Common I/O Area (CIA)....................................................................................................................28 6.9 Card Common Control Registers (CCCR).........................................................................................28 6.10 Function Basic Registers (FBR)........................................................................................................35 6.11 Card Information Structure (CIS).......................................................................................................37 6.12 Multiple Function SDIO Cards...........................................................................................................37 6.13 Setting Block Size with CMD53.........................................................................................................37 6.14 Bus State Diagram............................................................................................................................38 7. Embedded I/O Code Storage Area (CSA).............................................................................................39 7.1 CSA Access.......................................................................................................................................39 7.2 CSA Data Format..............................................................................................................................39 8. SDIO Interrupts.......................................................................................................................................40 8.1 Interrupt Timing.................................................................................................................................40 8.1.1 SPI and SD 1-bit Mode Interrupts ..............................................................................................40 8.1.2 SD 4-bit Mode............................................................................................................................40 8.1.3 Interrupt Period Definition ..........................................................................................................40 8.1.4 Interrupt Period at the Data Block Gap in 4-bit SD Mode (Optional)..........................................40 8.1.5 Inhibited Interrupts (Removed Section)......................................................................................40 8.1.6 End of Interrupt Cycles...............................................................................................................40 8.1.7 Terminated Data Transfer Interrupt Cycle ..................................................................................41 8.1.8 Interrupt Clear Timing.................................................................................................................41 9. SDIO Suspend/Resume Operation........................................................................................................42 10. SDIO Read Wait Operation.....................................................................................................................43 11. Power Control.........................................................................................................................................44 11.1 Power Control Overview....................................................................................................................44 11.2 Power Control support for SDIO Cards.............................................................................................44 11.2.1 Master Power Control ................................................................................................................44 11.2.2 Power Selection.........................................................................................................................45 11.2.3 High-Power Tuples.....................................................................................................................45 11.3 Power Control Support for the SDIO Host.........................................................................................45 11.3.1 Version 1.10 Host.......................................................................................................................45 11.3.2 Power Control Operation............................................................................................................46 12. High-Speed Mode...................................................................................................................................47 12.1 SDIO High-Speed Mode....................................................................................................................47 12.2 Switching Bus Speed Mode in a Combo Card...................................................................................47 13. SDIO Physical Properties......................................................................................................................48 13.1 SDIO Form Factors...........................................................................................................................48 13.2 Full-Size SDIO ..................................................................................................................................48 13.3 miniSDIO...........................................................................................................................................48 14. SDIO Power.............................................................................................................................................48 14.1 SDIO Card Initialization Voltages......................................................................................................48 14.2 SDIO Power Consumption................................................................................................................48 15. Inrush Current Limiting..........................................................................................................................50 16. CIS Formats.. (51)f in eo nIn fi ne o n I nf in eo nI 16.2 Basic Tuple Format and Tuple Chain Structure.................................................................................51 16.3 Byte Order Within Tuples ..................................................................................................................51 16.4 Tuple Version ....................................................................................................................................52 16.5 SDIO Card Metaformat......................................................................................................................52 16.6 CISTPL_MANFID: Manufacturer Identification String Tuple..............................................................53 16.7 SDIO Specific Extensions..................................................................................................................53 16.7.1 CISTPL_FUNCID: Function Identification Tuple.........................................................................53 16.7.2 CISTPL_FUNCE: Function Extension Tuple..............................................................................54 16.7.3 CISTPL_FUNCE Tuple for Function 0 (common).......................................................................54 16.7.4 CISTPL_FUNCE Tuple for Function 1-7....................................................................................55 16.7.5 CISTPL_SDIO_STD: Function is a Standard SDIO Function.....................................................58 16.7.6 CISTPL_SDIO_EXT: Tuple Reserved for SDIO Cards...............................................................58 Appendix A.....................................................................................................................................................59 A.1 SD and SPI Command List....................................................................................................................59 Appendix B.....................................................................................................................................................61 B.1 Normative References...........................................................................................................................61 Appendix C.....................................................................................................................................................62 C.1 Abbreviations and Terms...................................................................................................................62 Appendix D.. (64)f in eo nIn fi ne o n I nf in eo nI Table of TablesTable 3-1 OCR Values for CMD5.....................................................................................................................10 Table 4-1 Unsupported SD Memory Commands.............................................................................................16 Table 4-2 R6 response to CMD3.....................................................................................................................16 Table 4-3 SDIO R6 Status Bits.........................................................................................................................16 Table 4-4 Combo Card 4-bit Control................................................................................................................17 Table 4-5 Card Detect Resistor States.............................................................................................................17 Table 4-6 is blanked.........................................................................................................................................17 Table 4-7 SDIO Status Register Structure .......................................................................................................20 Table 5-1 Flag data for IO_RW_DIRECT SD Response..................................................................................23 Table 5-2 IO_RW_ EXTENDED command Op Code Definition.......................................................................24 Table 5-3 Byte Count Values ...........................................................................................................................25 Table 6-1 Card Common Control Registers (CCCR).......................................................................................29 Table 6-2 CCCR bit Definitions........................................................................................................................34 Table 6-3 Function Basic Information Registers (FBR)....................................................................................35 Table 6-4 FBR bit and field definitions.............................................................................................................36 Table 6-5 Card Information Structure (CIS) and reserved area of CIA.............................................................37 Table 11-1 Reference Tuples by Master Power Control and Power Select......................................................45 Table 16-1 Basic Tuple Format........................................................................................................................51 Table 16-2 Tuples Supported by SDIO Cards..................................................................................................52 Table 16-3 CISTPL_MANFID: Manufacturer Identification Tuple.....................................................................53 Table 16-4 CISTPL_FUNCID Tuple.................................................................................................................53 Table 16-5 CISTPL_FUNCE Tuple General Structure.....................................................................................54 Table 16-6 TPLFID_FUNCTION Tuple for Function 0 (common)....................................................................54 Table 16-7 TPLFID_FUNCTION Field Descriptions for Function 0 (common).................................................54 Table 16-8 TPLFID_FUNCTION Tuple for Function 1-7..................................................................................55 Table 16-9 TPLFID_FUNCTION Field Descriptions for Functions 1-7.............................................................57 Table 16-10 TPLFE_FUNCTION_INFO Definition...........................................................................................57 Table 16-11 TPLFE_CSA_PROPERTY Definition...........................................................................................57 Table 16-12 CISTPL_SDIO_STD: Tuple Reserved for SDIO Cards................................................................58 Table 16-13 CISTPL_SDIO_EXT: Tuple Reserved for SDIO Cards.................................................................58 Table A-14 SD Mode Command List................................................................................................................59 Table A-15 SPI Mode Command List (60)f in eo nIn fi ne o n I nf in eo nI Table of FiguresFigure 2-1 Signal connection to two 4-bit SDIO cards.......................................................................................3 Figure 3-1 SDIO response to non-I/O aware initialization..................................................................................4 Figure 3-2 Card initialization flow in SD mode (SDIO aware host)....................................................................7 Figure 3-3 Card initialization flow in SPI mode (SDIO aware host)....................................................................9 Figure 3-4 IO_SEND_OP_COND Command (CMD5).....................................................................................10 Figure 3-5 Response R4 in SD mode...............................................................................................................11 Figure 3-6 Response R4 in SPI mode..............................................................................................................11 Figure 3-7 Modified R1 Response....................................................................................................................11 Figure 3-8 Re-Initialization Flow for I/O Controller...........................................................................................13 Figure 3-9 Re-Initialization Flow for Memory controller ...................................................................................13 Figure 5-1 IO_RW_DIRECT Command...........................................................................................................21 Figure 5-2 R5 IO_RW_DIRECT Response (SD modes)..................................................................................22 Figure 5-3 IO_RW_DIRECT Response in SPI Mode.......................................................................................23 Figure 5-4 IO_RW_EXTENDED Command.....................................................................................................24 Figure 6-1 SDIO Internal Map..........................................................................................................................28 Figure 6-2 State Diagram for Bus State Machine (38)f in eo nIn fi ne o n I nf in eo nI 1. General DescriptionThe SDIO (SD Input/Output) card is based on and compatible with the SD memory card. This compatibility includes mechanical, electrical, power, signaling and software. The intent of the SDIO card is to provide high-speed data I/O with low power consumption for mobile electronic devices. A primary goal is that an SDIO card inserted into a non-SDIO aware host shall cause no physical damage or disruption of that host or it’s software. In this case, the SDIO card should simply be ignored. Once inserted into an SDIO aware host, the detection of the card proceeds via the normal means described in this specification with some extensions. In this state, the SDIO card is idle and draws a small amount of power (15 mA averaged over 1 second). During the normal initialization and interrogation of the card by the host, the card identifies itself as an SDIO card. The host software then obtains the card information in a tuple (linked list) format and determines if that card’s I/O function(s) are acceptable to activate. This decision is based on such parameters as power requirements or the availability of appropriate software drivers. If the card is acceptable, it is allowed to power up fully and start the I/O function(s) built into it.1.1 SDIO Features• Targeted for portable and stationary applications• Minimal or no modification to SD Physical bus is required • Minimal change to memory driver software• Extended physical form factor available for specialized applications • Plug and play (PnP) support• Multi-function support including multiple I/O and combined I/O and memory • Up to 7 I/O functions plus one memory supported on one card. • Allows card to interrupt host• Operational Voltage range: 2.7-3.6V (Operational Voltage is used for Initialization) • Application Specifications for Standard SDIO Functions. • Multiple Form Factors:• Full-Size SDIO • miniSDIO1.2 Primary Reference DocumentThis specification is based on and refers extensively to the SDA document:SD Memory Card SpecificationsPart 1 PHYSICAL LAYER SPECIFICATION Version 2.00 May 9, 2006The reader is directed to this document for more information on the basic operation of SD cards. In addition, other documents are referenced in this specification. A complete list can be found in appendix B.1.This specification can apply to any released versions of Physical Layer Specification after Version 2.00.1.3 Standard SDIO FunctionsAssociated with the base SDIO specification, there are several Application Specifications for Standard SDIO Functions. These common functions such as cameras, Bluetooth cards and GPS receivers have a standard register interface, a common operation method and a standard CIS extension. Implementation of the standard interfaces are optional for any card vendor, but compliance with the standard allows the use of standard drivers and applications which will increase the appeal of these cards to the consumer. Full information on these standard interfaces can be found in the Application Specifications for Standard SDIO Functions maintained by the SDA.。

北京市社会保险系统企业管理子系统——普通单位版使用培训(1)

北京市社会保险系统企业管理子系统——普通单位版使用培训1、下载2、安装3、登录4、数据导入5、业务操作（一）单位信息登记（二）新参保人员登记（三）人员增加（四）人员减少（五）单位信息变更（六）个人信息变更（七）社会保险缴费工资申报6、缴费工资申报7、邮寄对账单地址和个人信息采集8、业务报表要求1、下载地址:北京市人力资源和社会保障局网站（）—〉网上办事—〉网上下载—〉北京市社会保险系统企业管理子系统——普通单位版4.2.1（最新版本4.2.1）2、软件安装：要进行北京市社会保险信息系统企业管理子系统—普通单位版软件的安装，首先双击图标，系统进行系统环境检测，对于未安装【SQL Server 2005 Compact Edition】的计算机，系统会打开【SQL Server 2005 Compact Edition】安装界面如下：点击【接受】按钮，开始安装【SQL Server 2005 Compact Edition】，如下图：安装完后，系统会直接打开软件安装界面：直接点击【下一步】按钮，系统进入选择安装文件夹页面：您可以通过点击【浏览】按钮，修改软件安装路径，或直接点击【下一步】按钮进入确认安装页面：直接点击【下一步】按钮进入正在安装页面：在该界面会有进度条显示安装进度，等待进度条完成后，系统进入完成页面：点击【关闭】按钮，即完成系统的安装操作。

同时系统会在操作系统的桌面上添加一个图标。

3、登录双击桌面的图标，即可进入该系统的登录界面（如下图所示）。

只要在登录界面中的用户名和口令后面的文本框中输入登录名和密码（默认用户名为admin，默认密码为1。

），并点击【确定】按钮，即可进入系统的主界面（如下图）。

参保单位在企业管理子系统录入信息前，应对社会保险的政策参数进行设置。

通过企业管理子系统中的【上年社会平均工资】模块，完成上年社会平均工资维护操作；通过企业管理子系统中的【农村劳动力和农民工四险上下限基数】模块，完成农村劳动力和农民工养老、工伤、失业、生育险的上下限基数维护操作；通过企业管理子系统中的【养老保险缴纳比例】模块，完成养老保险保底封顶，单位个人缴费比例维护操作；通过企业管理子系统中的【失业保险缴纳比例】模块，完成失业保险保底封顶，单位个人缴费比例维护操作；通过企业管理子系统中的【工伤保险缴纳比例】模块，完成工伤保险保底封顶，单位个人缴费比例维护操作；通过企业管理子系统中的【生育保险缴纳比例】模块，完成生育保险保底封顶，单位个人缴费比例维护操作；4、基础数据导入京内单位：先导入医保参保人员信息（拿U盘到医保中心下卸），后导入四险参保人员信息。

SD卡命令格式解析

CMD38: 擦除所选择的块.
Class6(写保护命令集):
CMD28:设置写保护块的地址.
CMD29:擦除写保护块的地址.
CMD30: Ask the card for the status of the write protection bits
class7：卡的锁定，解锁功能命令集
Class0 :(卡的识别、初始化等基本命令集)
CMD0:复位SD 卡.
CMD1:读OCR寄存器.
CMD9:读CSD寄存器.
CMD10:读CID寄存器.
CMD12:停止读多块时的数据传输
CMD13:读 Card_Status 寄存器
Class2 (读卡命令集):
CMD16:设置块的长度
在整个过程中遇到了很多问题，现在列举如下：
1）sd卡初始化问题
Hale Waihona Puke 配置gpio有关sd的功能：SDCMD, SDDAT[3:0]。
使能CLKCON中的SDI位。
时钟以及计算公式：SDIPRE = PCLK/(CLK)-1;INICLK=300000；SDCLK=24000000； MMCCLK= 15000000
SDIDCON这个数据控制寄存器也很重要，一些对数据的操作形式就是在这里设置的。
3）fat文件系统问题
根据MBR找到分区表，根据分区表找到该分区MBR[446B+4个分区表（每个16B）+2B结束符）
分区表中的第9-12字节为该分区的启始地址（单位没sector），第13-16字节为分区的长度（单位也是sector）
用cmd17来读取单个block的数据，该命令要带地址参数（该参数通过cmd3命令来获取），然后根据SDIDSTA和SDIFSTA状态值来从sd控制器的SDIDAT寄存器中读出要读的数据。该命令与cmd9相反，在执行它之前要选中卡。读完一个block之后要做一些善后工作，为下次读取做好准备，不然的话checkcmdend就要一直循环了。因为用的是每次都读一个block，并地址要以block对齐，这样就要考虑要读取的地址是否是block对齐的，长度是否够一个block。

The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development An Empirical Investigation

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Countries with better“institutions”,more secure property rights,and less distortionary policies will invest more in physical and human capital,and will use these factors more eﬃciently to achieve a greater level of income(e.g.,North and Thomas,1976,North, 1981,Jones,1981).This view receives some support from cross-country correlations between measures of property rights and economic development(e.g.,Knack and Keefer, 1995,Mauro,1995,Barro,1998,Hall and Jones,1999,Rodrik,1999),and from a few micro-studies that investigate the relationship between property rights and investment or output(e.g.,Besley,1995,Mazingo,1999,Johnson,McMillan and Woodruﬀ,1999).At some level,it is obvious that institutions matter.Witness,for example,the di-vergent paths of North and South Korea,or East and West Germany,where one part of the country stagnated under central planning and collective ownership,while the other prospered with private property and a market economy.Nevertheless,we still lack con-clusive evidence that institutional diﬀerences can have a large enough eﬀect to explain the phenomenal diﬀerences in output per capita across countries.It is quite likely that economies that are rich choose or can aﬀord better institutions.Perhaps more important, economies that are diﬀerent for a variety of reasons will diﬀer both in their institutions and in their income per capita.To estimate the impact of institutions on performance,we need a source of exogenous variation in institutions.In this paper,we propose diﬀerences in mortality rates faced by European settlers at the time of colonization as a possible source of such exogenous variation.1We focus on societies that were colonized by European countries.These provide us with a set of economies that had relatively similar income levels400years ago and still exhibit large diﬀerences in per capita income today.Moreover,institutions in these countries were shaped,at least in part,by their colonization experience.2 1We do not argue that diﬀerences in mortality rates are the only,or even the main,cause of variation in institutions.For our empirical approach to work,all we need is that they are a source of exogenous variation.2Young(1994)and Chazan et al.(1993)argue that the colonization policies of European powers hadOur argument rests on three premises:1.There were diﬀerent types of colonization policies which created diﬀerent sets of in-stitutions.At one extreme,European powers set up“extractive states”,exempliﬁed by the Belgian colonization of the Congo.These institutions did not introduce much protection for private property,nor did they provide checks and balances against government expropriation.In fact,the main purpose of the extractive state was to transfer as much of the resources of the colony to the colonizer,with the minimum amount of investment possible.At the other extreme,many Europeans went and settled in a number of colonies, creating what the historian Alfred Crosby(1986)calls“Neo-Europes”.The settlers tried to replicate European institutions,with great emphasis on private property, and checks against government power.Primary examples of this include Australia, New Zealand,Canada,and the United States.2.The colonization strategy was inﬂuenced by the feasibility of settlements.In par-ticular,in places where the disease environment was not favorable to European settlement,the cards were stacked against the creation of Neo-Europes,and the formation of the extractive state was more likely.3.The colonial state and institutions persisted even after independence.Based on these three premises,we use the mortality rates expected by theﬁrst settlers in the colonies as an instrument for institutions.More speciﬁcally,our theory can be schematically summarized as(potential)settlermortality⇒settlements⇒earlyinstitutions⇒currentinstitutions⇒currentperformanceWe use data on the mortality rates of soldiers,bishops,and sailors stationed in the colonies between the17th and19th centuries,largely based on the work of the historian Philip Curtin.These give a good indication of the mortality rates faced by settlers.Eu-ropeans were well informed about these mortality rates at the time,though they did not a long-lasting eﬀect on Africa.In contrast,Chabal(1986)and Herbst(2000)maintain that the current African state is a continuation of the precolonial state.Although our assessment agrees with that of Young,since we are not comparing ex-colonies to non-colonized countries,our empirical approach does not take a position on this.know how to control the diseases that caused these high mortality rates.Furthermore, since these mortality rates refer to fairly homogeneous groups,they are comparable across countries.We document empirically that(potential)settler mortality rates were a major determinant of settlements;that settlements were a major determinant of early institu-tions(in practice,institutions in1900);that there is a strong correlation between early institutions and institutions today;andﬁnally that current institutions have aﬁrst-order eﬀect on current performance.Our most parsimonious speciﬁcation is to regress current performance on current in-stitutions,and instrument the latter by settler mortality rates.Since our focus is on property rights and checks against government power,we use the“risk of expropriation”index from Political Risk Services as the proxy for institutions.This measures diﬀerences in institutions originating from diﬀerent types of states and state policies.3Theﬁrst-stage relationship between this measure of institutions and settler mortality is strong.For ex-ample,settler mortality alone explains over25percent of the variation in this index of ing this speciﬁcation,weﬁnd that institutions are a major determinant of per capita income.The estimates are quite precise,and in fact larger than the OLS estimates.They suggest that approximately three-quarters of the cross-country income diﬀerences we observe can be explained by diﬀerences in institutions.We document that this relationship is not driven by outliers.For example,excluding Australia,New Zealand,Canada,and the United States does not change the results, nor does excluding Africa.Interestingly,we show that once the eﬀect of institutions on economic performance is controlled for,neither distance from the equator(latitude)nor the dummy for Africa is signiﬁcant.These results suggest that Africa is poorer than the rest of the world not because of pure geographic or cultural factors,but because of worse institutions.The validity of our approach is threatened if other factors correlated with the esti-3We do not mean to imply that government expropriation is the only institutional feature that matters. Our view is that there is a variety of institutional guarantees,including constraints on government expropriation,independent judiciary,property rights enforcement,equal access to education,and respect for civil liberties,that are important to encourage investment and growth.Expropriation risk is related to all these institutional features.In the Appendix,we report results using a variety of other measures of institutions that have been used in the literature,including the extent of the constraints on the executive coded from the Polity III dataset,an index of law and order tradition from Political Risk Services,a measure of property rights from the Heritage Foundation,a measure of rule of law from the Fraser Institute,and the eﬃciency of the judiciary from Business International.We obtain very similar results with all of these measures.mates of the mortality rates faced by the settlers aﬀect income per capita.We adopt two strategies to substantiate that our results are not driven by omitted factors.First, we investigate whether institutions have an important eﬀect once we control for a num-ber of variables potentially correlated with settler mortality and economic outcomes.We ﬁnd that none of these overturn our results;the estimates change remarkably little when we include controls for climate,geography,religion,legal origin,main colonizer,natural resources,and soil quality.Furthermore,the results are also robust to the inclusion of controls for the current disease environment(e.g.,the prevalence of malaria),the current fraction of the population of European descent,and measures of ethnolinguistic fragmen-tation.Naturally,it is impossible to control for all possible variables that might be corre-lated with settler mortality and economic outcomes.Furthermore,our empirical ap-proach might capture the eﬀect of settler mortality on economic performance,but work-ing through other factors.For example,early European settlers might have brought a “culture”conducive to economic progress,which could still have an eﬀect on income per capita today.Our instrumental variables strategy would then incorrectly assign this ef-fect to institutions.We deal with this problem by using a simple overidentiﬁcation test. Since our hypothesis is that settler mortality aﬀected settlements;settlements aﬀected early institutions;and early institutions persisted and formed the basis of current day institutions,we can test the validity of our approach by using measures of European migration to the colonies and of early institutions as additional instruments.We then use overidentiﬁcation tests to detect whether settler mortality,or any of the other instru-ments,has a direct eﬀect on current performance.The results are encouraging for our approach;they generate no evidence for a direct eﬀect of settler mortality on economic outcomes.We are not aware of others who have pointed out the link between settler mortality rates and institutions,though scholars such as McNeill(1976),Crosby(1986)and Dia-mond(1997)have discussed the inﬂuence of diseases on human history.Diamond(1997) emphasizes comparative development,but his theory is based on the geographical deter-minants of the incidence of the neolithic revolution.He ignores both the importance of institutions and the potential causes of divergence in more recent development,which are the main focus of our paper.Work by Gann and Duignan(1962),Robinson and Gallagher(1961),Denoon(1983),and Cain and Hopkins(1993)emphasizes that settlercolonies such as the U.S.and New Zealand are diﬀerent from other colonies,and point out that these diﬀerences were important for their economic success.Nevertheless,this literature does not develop the link between mortality,settlements and institutions.Our argument is most closely related to work on the inﬂuence of colonial experience on institutions.Hayek(1960)argued that the British common law tradition was superior to the French civil law,which was developed during the Napoleonic era to restrain judges’interference with state policies(see also Lipset,1994).More recently,La Porta,Lopez-de-Silanes,Shleifer and Vishny(1998,1999)document empirically the importance of colonial origin(the identity of the colonizer)and legal origin on current institutions.For example, they show that common law countries have better property rights and more developed ﬁnancial markets.Similarly,North,Summerhill and Weingast(1998)argue that former British colonies prospered relative to former French,Spanish and Portuguese colonies because of the good economic and political institutions they inherited from Britain,and Landes(1998,chapters19and20)stresses the importance of the culture inherited from Britain in these colonies.In contrast to this approach,which focuses on the identity of the colonizer,we emphasize the conditions in the colonies.Speciﬁcally,in our theory–and in the data–it is not the identity of the colonizer that matters,but whether European colonialists could safely settle in a particular location:where they could not settle,they brought worse institutions.In this respect,our argument is related to that of Engerman and Sokoloﬀ(1997)who also emphasize institutions,but link them to factor endowments.Empirically,our work is related to a number of other attempts to uncover the link be-tween institutions and development,as well as to Bertocchi and Canova(1996)and Grier (1999)who investigate the eﬀect of being a colony on postwar growth.Two papers deal with the endogeneity of institutions by using an instrumental variables approach as we do here.Mauro(1995)instruments for corruption using ethnolinguistic fragmentation.Hall and Jones(1999),in turn,who use distance from the equator as an instrument for social infrastructure because they argue that the distance from the equator is correlated with ‘Western inﬂuence’,which leads to good institutions.The theoretical reasoning for these instruments is not entirely convincing.It is not easy to argue that the Belgian inﬂuence in the Congo,or Western inﬂuence in the Gold Coast during the era of slavery promoted good institutions or governance.Ethnolinguistic fragmentation,on the other hand,seems endogenous,especially since such fragmentation almost completely disappeared in Eu-rope during the era of growth when a centralized state and market emerged(see,e.g.,Weber,1976,Anderson,1983).Econometrically,the problem with both studies is that their instruments can plausibly have a direct eﬀect on performance.For example,East-erly and Levine(1997)argue that ethnolinguistic fragmentation can aﬀect performance by creating political instability,while Bloom and Sachs(1998)and Gallup,Mellinger,and Sachs(1998)argue for a direct eﬀect of climate on performance.This climate theory of development has a long pedigree;it goes back at least to Montesquieu[1748](1989),who suggested that low income and despotism are more likely in warmer climates.If,indeed, these variables have a direct eﬀect,they are invalid instruments and do not establish that it is institutions that matter.The advantage of our approach is that conditional on the variables we already control for,settler-mortality more than100years ago should have no eﬀect on output today,other than through its eﬀect on institutions.Interestingly, our results show that distance from the equator does not have an independent eﬀect on economic performance,so it validates the use of this variable as an instrument in the work by Hall and Jones(1999).The next section outlines our hypothesis and provides supporting historical evidence. Section3presents OLS regressions of GDP per capita on our index of institutions.Section 4describes our key instrument for institutions,the mortality rates faced by potential set-tlers at the time of colonization.Section5presents our main results.Section6investigates the robustness of our results,and Section7concludes.2The Hypothesis and Historical BackgroundWe hypothesize that settler mortality aﬀected settlements;settlements aﬀected early in-stitutions;and early institutions persisted and formed the basis of current institutions.In this section,we discuss and substantiate this hypothesis.The next subsection discusses the link between mortality rates of settlers and settlement decisions,then we discuss diﬀerences in colonization policies,andﬁnally,we turn to the causes of institutional per-sistence.2.1Mortality and settlementsThere is little doubt that mortality rates were a key determinant of European settlements. Curtin(1964and1998)documents how both the British and French press informed the public of the mortality rates in the colonies.For example,early European attempts to settle in West Africa foundered due to high mortality from disease.In the“Province ofFreedom”European mortality in theﬁrst year was46percent,in Bulama(April1792-April1793)there was61percent mortality among Europeans,and in theﬁrst year of the Sierra Leone Company(1792-1793)72percent of the European settlers died.On Mungo Park’s Second Expedition(May-November1805),87percent of Europeans died during the overland trip from Gambia to the Niger,and all the Europeans died before completing the expedition.Such rates of mortality were shockingly high for Europeans at the time.4 An interesting example of the awareness of the disease environment comes from the Pilgrim fathers.They decided to migrate to the U.S.rather than Guyana because of the very high mortality rates in Guyana(see Crosby,1986,pp.143-144).Another example comes from the Beauchamp Committee in1795which was set up to decide where to send British convicts,who had previously been sent to the U.S..One of the leading proposals was the island of Lemane,400miles up Gambia river.The committee rejected this possibility precisely because they decided mortality rates would be too high even for the convicts.South-West Africa was also rejected for health reasons.Theﬁnal decision was to send convicts to Australia.The eventual expansion of many of the colonies was also related to the living conditions there.In places where the early settlers faced high mortality rates,there would be less incentive for new settlers to come.Curtin(1964),for example,documents how early British expectations for settlement in West Africa were dashed by very high mortality among attempted settlers,about half of whom could be expected to die in theﬁrst year.2.2Types of colonization and settlementsThe historical evidence supports both the notion that there was a wide range of diﬀer-ent types of colonization and that the presence or absence of European settlers was a key determinant of the form colonialism took.Historians,including Gann and Duignan (1962),Robinson and Gallagher(1961),Denoon(1983),and Cain and Hopkins(1993), have documented the development of“settler colonies”,where Europeans settled in large 4Most mortality in the tropics was from(1)malaria(particularly Plasmodium Falciporum),and(2) yellow fever(with devastating periodic epidemics).In theﬁrst half of the nineteenth century there was almost a complete misunderstanding of the nature of malaria–“miasma”from swamps was the prevailing view.Quinine was available but not understood nor used widely.The role of hygiene was also not properly understood.In the second half of the nineteenth century,there developed improved heuristic rules about how to control disease–e.g.,an understanding that mortality from malaria is often less at higher altitudes.Low mortality for Europeans in areas with tropical diseases only arrived in the early twentieth century.Throughout the whole nineteenth century,areas without malaria,such as New Zealand or Mauritius,were more healthy than Europe.numbers,and life was modeled after the home country.Denoon(1983)emphasizes that settler colonies had representative institutions which promoted what the settlers wanted, and what they wanted was freedom and the ability to get rich by engaging in trade.He argues that“there was undeniably something capitalist in the structure of these colonies. Private ownership of land and livestock was well established very early...”(p.35).5 In many cases,when the establishment of European-like institutions did not arise naturally,the settlers were ready toﬁght for them against the wishes of the home coun-try.Australia is an interesting example here.Most of the early settlers in Australia were ex-convicts,but the land was owned largely by ex-jailors.Initial property rights were therefore unequal,and there was no legal protection against the arbitrary power of landowners.But,the majority of settlers wanted institutions and political rights like those prevailing in England at the time.They demanded jury trials,freedom from arbi-trary arrest,and electoral representation.Although the British government resisted at ﬁrst,the settlers argued that they were British and deserved the same rights as in the home country(see Hughes,1987).Cain and Hopkins agree with this conclusion and write (1993,p.237)“from the late1840’s the British bowed to local pressures and,in line with observed constitutional changes taking place in Britain herself,accepted the idea that,in mature colonies,governors should in future form ministries from the majority elements in elected legislatures.”They also suggest that“the enormous boom in public investment after1870[in New Zealand]...was an attempt to build up an infrastructure...to maintain high living standards in a country where voters expected politicians actively to promote their economic welfare.”(p.225).This is in sharp contrast to the colonial experience in Latin America during the17th and18th centuries,and in Asia and Africa during the19th and early20th centuries.The main objective of the Spanish and the Portuguese colonization was to obtain gold and other valuables from America.For example,soon after the conquest the Spanish crown granted rights to land and labor(the encomienda)and set up a complex mercantilist system of monopolies and trade regulations to extract resources from the colonies(see Lockhart and Schwartz,1983,and Lang,1975).6Other European powers were attracted 5Bates(1983,ch.3)gives a nice example of the inﬂuence of settlers on policy.The British colonial government pursued many policies that depressed the price of cocoa,the main produce of the farmers in Ghana.In contrast,the British government supported the prices faced by the commercial cereal farmers in Kenya.Bates shows that this was mainly because in Kenya,but not in Ghana,there were many settler farmers,who exerted considerable pressure on policy.6Migration to Spanish America was limited by the Spanish Crown,in part because of a desire to keepto colonialism because of the success of this strategy(see for example,Young,1994,p.64).European powers developed the slave trade in Africa for the same reasons.Before the mid-nineteenth century,colonial powers were mostly restricted to the African coast and concentrated on monopolizing trade in slaves,gold and other valuable commodities–witness the names used to descibe West African countries:the Gold Coast,the Ivory Coast.Thereafter,colonial policy was driven in part by an element of superpower rivalry, but mostly by economic motives.Crowder(1968,p.50),for example,notes“it is signif-icant that Britain’s largest colony on the West Coast[Nigeria]should have been the one where her traders were most active and bears out the contention that,for Britain....ﬂag followed trade.”7Davis and Huttenback(1986,p.307)conclude that“the colonial Empire provides strong evidence for the belief that government was attuned to the interests of business and willing to divert resources to ends that the business community would have found proﬁtable.”Theyﬁnd that before1885investment in the British empire had a return25 percent higher than that on domestic investment,though afterwards the two converged. Roberts(1976,p.193)summarizes the extent of resource extraction by Britain from Northern Rhodesia by writing“[from]..1930to1940Britain had kept for itself2,400,000 pounds in taxes from the Copperbelt,while Northern Rhodesia received from Britain only136,000pounds in grants for development.”Patrick Manning(1982)estimates that between1905and1914,50percent of GDP in Dahomey was extracted by the French, and Young(1994,p.125)notes that taxation rates in Tunisia were four times as high as those in metropolitan France.Probably the most extreme case of extraction was that of King Leopold of Belgium in the Congo.Gann and Duignan(1979,p.30)argue that following the example of the Dutch in Indonesia,Leopold’s philosophy was that“the colonies should be exploited,not by the operation of a market economy,but by state intervention and compulsory cultivation of cash crops to be sold to and distributed by the state at controlled prices.”Peemans(1975) control of the colonists and limit their independence(for example Coatsworth,1982).This gives further support to our notion that settlers were able to inﬂuence the type of institutions set up in the colonies, even against the wishes of the home country government.7Although in almost all cases the main aim was to cement trading privileges,protect economic interests, and obtain proﬁts,the recipients of these proﬁts varied.In the Portuguese case,it was the state,in the Belgian case,it was King Leopold,and in the British case,it was often private enterprises who obtained concessions or monopoly trading rights in Africa(Crowder,1968,Part III).documents the amount of resources extracted from the Belgian Congo and calculates that tax rates on Africans approached60percent of their income during the1920’s and1930’s. Jewsiewicki(1983)writes that during the period when Leopold was directly in charge, policy was“based on the violent exploitation of natural and human resources,”with a consequent“destruction of economic and social life...[and]..dismemberment of political structures.”In non-settler colonies,there were also few constraints on state power.The colonial powers set-up authoritarian and absolutist states,with the purpose of solidifying their control and facilitating the extraction of resources.Young(1994,p.101)quotes a French oﬃcial in Africa as“the European commandant is not posted to observe nature,...He has a mission...to impose regulations,to limit individual liberties....,to collect taxes.”Manning(1988,p.84)summarizes this as:“In Europe the theories of representative democracy won out over the theorists of absolutism...But in Africa,the European conquerors set up absolutist governments,based on reasoning similar to that of Louis XIV.”With a strategy of exploitation in mind,European powers had little incentive to invest in institutions or in infrastructure in Africa.In fact,despite apparently very high rates of return,almost no investment went to Africa(except from South Africa,see Freiden, 1994).The Indian textile industry was similarly rundown heavily,with no investment (e.g.,Fieldhouse,1999).Young writes“[the Belgian companies]brought little capital–a mere8000pounds...[to the Congo basin]–and instituted a reign of terror suﬃcient to provoke an embarrassing public-protest campaign in Britain and the United States at a time when the threshold of toleration for colonial brutality was high.”(1994,p.104).2.3Institutional persistenceThere is a variety of evidence suggesting that the control structures set up in the non-settler colonies during the colonial era persisted,while there is little doubt that the in-stitutions of law and order and private property established during the early phases of colonialism in Australia,Canada,New Zealand,and the U.S.have been the basis of the current day institutions of these countries.8Young emphasizes that the institutions set up 8The thesis that institutions persist for a long time goes back at least to Wittfogel(1957),who argued that the control structures set up by the large“hydraulic”empires such as China,Russia,and the Ottoman Empire persisted for more than500years to the20th century.Engerman and Sokoloﬀ(1997), North,Summerhill and Weingast(1998),Coatsworth(1999)and La Porta,Lopez-de-Silanes,Shleifer。

NetApp磁盘阵列安装手册

NetApp磁盘阵列安装手册目录目录 (1)一、磁盘阵列的系统安装 (2)1.1初始化磁盘阵列 (2)1.2输入license序列号 (8)1.3配置CIFS (9)1.4在机头中安装阵列操作系统 (11)二、磁盘阵列的SSL安全认证配置 (13)2.1通过浏览器来管理磁盘阵列 (13)2.2配置SSL安全认证 (15)三、磁盘阵列的空间配置和分配 (18)3.1在aggr0中添加新的磁盘 (18)3.2消除磁盘Aggregate的快照预留空间 (22)3.3缩小卷vol0的磁盘空间 (22)3.4创建新的Volume (27)3.5消除Volume的快照预留空间 (31)3.6在新建卷上的参数修改 (33)3.7在IBM主机上安装NetApp磁盘路径管理软件 (34)3.8创建LUN存储单元 (36)3.8.1开启FCP功能 (36)3.8.2创建一个Qtree (38)3.8.3创建一个Lun存储单元 (39)3.8.4在主机上使用LUN来存储数据 (44)一、磁盘阵列的系统安装1.1初始化磁盘阵列NetApp FAS3020C是NetApp产品中一款有双机头的磁盘阵列，需要先在每个机头中安装好操作系统，才能正常使用。

安装步骤如下：1，通过笔记本电脑或其它Windows平台PC机的串口，连接到机头上的串口上；2，通过超级终端，以默认值连接来进行操作；操作过程如下：CFE version 3.0.0 based on Broadcom CFE: 1.0.40Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002,2003 Broadcom Corporation.Portions Copyright (c) 2002-2005 Network Appliance, Inc.CPU type 0xF29: 2800MHzTotal memory: 0x80000000 bytes (2048MB)CFE> bye输入bye 后，开始启动；CFE version 3.0.0 based on Broadcom CFE: 1.0.40Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002,2003 Broadcom Corporation.Portions Copyright (c) 2002-2005 Network Appliance, Inc.CPU type 0xF29: 2800MHzTotal memory: 0x80000000 bytes (2048MB)Starting AUTOBOOT press any key to abort...Loading: 0x200000/24732624 0x19963d0/33360796 0x3966f70/1995456 Entry at 0x00200000 Starting program at 0x00200000Press CTRL-C for special boot menu提示按CTRL-C后弹出启动菜单；Special boot options menu will be available.Mon Mar 20 07:54:25 GMT [cf.nm.nicTransitionUp:info]: Interconnect link 0 is UPNetApp Release 7.0.3: Fri Dec 2 06:00:21 PST 2005Copyright (c) 1992-2005 Network Appliance, Inc.Starting boot on Mon Mar 20 07:54:14 GMT 2006(1) Normal boot.(2) Boot without /etc/rc.(3) Change password.(4) Initialize all disks.(4a) Same as option 4, but create a flexible root volume.(5) Maintenance mode boot.Selection (1-5)?4a这里选择4a，初始化所有的磁盘，并且创建一个root卷，此卷将用于操作系统的安装；Zero disks and install a new file system? y选择y，确认将所有的磁盘零化，并且安装新的文件系统；This will erase all the data on the disks, are you sure? Y选择y，确认将删除磁盘上的所有数据；Zeroing disks takes about 80 minutes. .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................Mon Mar 20 09:15:30 GMT [raid.disk.zero.done:notice]: Disk 0a.23 Shelf ? Bay ? [NETAPP X276_S10K7288F10 NA01] S/N [3KR16HQC00007617E7VE] : disk zeroing complete...............Mon Mar 20 09:15:34 GMT [raid.disk.zero.done:notice]: Disk 0a.18 Shelf ? Bay ? [NETAPP X276_S10K7288F10 NA01] S/N [3KR18YGC000076187JGK] : disk zeroing complete ....................Mon Mar 20 09:15:40 GMT [raid.disk.zero.done:notice]: Disk 0a.20 Shelf ? Bay ? [NETAPP X276_S10K7288F10 NA01] S/N [3KR18MYR0000761769S1] : disk zeroing complete .............Mon Mar 20 09:15:43 GMT [raid.disk.zero.done:notice]: Disk 0a.22 Shelf ? Bay ? [NETAPP X276_S10K7288F10 NA01] S/N [3KR18QV900007617LZY3] : disk zeroing complete ..................Mon Mar 20 09:15:48 GMT [raid.disk.zero.done:notice]: Disk 0a.16 Shelf ? Bay ? [NETAPP X276_S10K7288F10 NA01] S/N [3KR18PE1000076187KXZ] : disk zeroing complete ...............Mon Mar 20 09:15:52 GMT [raid.disk.zero.done:notice]: Disk 0a.21 Shelf ? Bay ? [NETAPP X276_S10K7288F10 NA01] S/N [3KR17PT300007617M1P2] : disk zeroing complete .................................................................................................................................................................... ...............Mon Mar 20 09:16:42 GMT [raid.disk.zero.done:notice]: Disk 0a.17 Shelf ? Bay ? [NETAPP X276_S10K7288F10 NA01] S/N [3KR18Y6700007617695Y] : disk zeroing complete .................................................................................................................................................................... .............Mon Mar 20 09:18:44 GMT [raid.disk.zero.done:notice]: Disk 0a.19 Shelf ? Bay ? [NETAPP X276_S10K7288F10 NA01] S/N [3KR1911Z0000761769R8] : disk zeroing completeMon Mar 20 09:18:45 GMT [raid.vol.disk.add.done:notice]: Addition of Disk /aggr0/plex0/rg0/0a.18 Shelf 1 Bay 2 [NETAPP X276_S10K7288F10 NA01] S/N [3KR18YGC000076187JGK] to aggregate aggr0 has completed successfullyMon Mar 20 09:18:45 GMT [raid.vol.disk.add.done:notice]: Addition of Disk /aggr0/plex0/rg0/0a.17 Shelf 1 Bay 1 [NETAPP X276_S10K7288F10 NA01] S/N [3KR18Y6700007617695Y] to aggregate aggr0 has completed successfullyMon Mar 20 09:18:45 GMT [raid.vol.disk.add.done:notice]: Addition of Disk /aggr0/plex0/rg0/0a.16 Shelf 1 Bay 0 [NETAPP X276_S10K7288F10 NA01] S/N [3KR18PE1000076187KXZ] to aggregate aggr0 has completed successfullyMon Mar 20 09:18:45 GMT [wafl.vol.add:notice]: Aggregate aggr0 has been added to the system. Mon Mar 20 09:18:46 GMT [fmmbx_instanceWorke:info]: no mailbox instance on primary sideMon Mar 20 09:18:47 GMT [fmmbx_instanceWorke:info]: Disk 0a.18 is a primary mailbox disk Mon Mar 20 09:18:47 GMT [fmmbx_instanceWorke:info]: Disk 0a.17 is a primary mailbox disk Mon Mar 20 09:18:47 GMT [fmmbx_instanceWorke:info]: normal mailbox instance on primary side Mon Mar 20 09:18:47 GMT [fmmbx_instanceWorke:info]: Disk 0b.18 is a backup mailbox diskMon Mar 20 09:18:47 GMT [fmmbx_instanceWorke:info]: Disk 0b.17 is a backup mailbox diskMon Mar 20 09:18:47 GMT [fmmbx_instanceWorke:info]: normal mailbox instance on backup sideMon Mar 20 09:18:48 GMT [lun.metafile.dirCreateFailed:error]: Couldn't create vdisk metafile directory /vol/vol0/vdisk.DBG: Set filer.serialnum to: 1071155ifconfig e0a mediatype autoConfiguring onboard ethernet e0a.Contacting DHCP server.Ctrl-C to skip DHCP search ...Mon Mar 20 09:18:48 GMT [rc:info]: Contacting DHCP serverMon Mar 20 09:18:52 GMT [rc:info]: DHCP config failedConfiguring e0a using DHCP failed.NetApp Release 7.0.3: Fri Dec 2 06:00:21 PST 2005System ID: 010******* (); partner ID: <unknown> ()System Serial Number: 1071155 ()System Rev: E0slot 0: System BoardProcessors: 1Memory Size: 2048 MBslot 0: Dual 10/100/1000 Ethernet Controller VIe0a MAC Address: 00:a0:98:03:88:13 (auto-unknown-cfg_down)e0c MAC Address: 00:a0:98:03:88:10 (auto-unknown-cfg_down)e0d MAC Address: 00:a0:98:03:88:11 (auto-unknown-cfg_down) slot 0: FC Host Adapter 0a8 Disks: 2176.0GB1 shelf with ESH2slot 0: FC Host Adapter 0b8 Disks: 2176.0GB1 shelf with ESH2slot 0: Fibre Channel Target Host Adapter 0cslot 0: Fibre Channel Target Host Adapter 0dslot 0: SCSI Host Adapter 0eslot 0: NetApp ATA/IDE Adapter 0f (0x000001f0)0f.0 245MBslot 3: NVRAMMemory Size: 512 MBPlease enter the new hostname []: headb输入这个机头的主机名，这里举例为headb；Do you want to configure virtual network interfaces? [n]: y问是否要配置虚拟网卡，如果要创建的话，输入y；Number of virtual interfaces to configure? [0] 1输入要配置几块虚拟网卡，如配置1块虚拟网卡，就输入1；Name of virtual interface #1 []: vif1输入虚拟网卡的名称，这里举例为vif1；Is vif1 a single [s] or multi [m] virtual interface? [m] s选择虚拟网卡的类型是single还是multi，这里选择s；Number of links for vif1? [0] 2虚拟网卡所包含真实网卡的数量，如果用两块网卡绑定成一块虚拟网卡就输入2；Name of link #1 for vif1 []: e0a输入用于绑定的真实网卡的设备名，可以从阵列设备后面的网络接口上看到；Name of link #2 for vif1 []: e0b输入用于绑定的真实网卡的设备名，可以从阵列设备后面的网络接口上看到；Please enter the IP address for Network Interface vif1 []: 192.168.0.88输入虚拟网卡的IP地址；Please enter the netmask for Network Interface vif1 [255.255.255.0]:输入虚拟网卡的掩码，默认就直接回车；Should virtual interface vif1 take over a partner virtual interface during failover? [n]: y是否允许虚拟网卡在故障时切换到另一个机头上，输入y；The clustered failover software is not yet licensed. To enablenetwork failover, you should run the 'license' command forclustered failover.会提示说没有输入Clustered failover功能的license，需要输入才能实现网络切换功能；Please enter the partner virtual interface name to be taken over by vif1 []: vif1输入另一个机头上的会被切换过来的虚拟网卡的名字；Please enter media type for vif1 {100tx-fd, tp-fd, 100tx, tp, auto (10/100/1000)} [auto]:输入虚拟网卡的类型，一般是自适应，选默认auto；Please enter the IP address for Network Interface e0c []:输入网卡e0c的IP地址，不设置就直接回车；Should interface e0c take over a partner IP address during failover? [n]: n是否允许网卡e0c在故障时切换到另一个机头上，这里不配置就输入n；Please enter the IP address for Network Interface e0d []:输入网卡e0d的IP地址，不设置就直接回车；Should interface e0d take over a partner IP address during failover? [n]: n是否允许网卡e0d在故障时切换到另一个机头上，这里不配置就输入n；Would you like to continue setup through the web interface? [n]: n问是否通过web方式来进行继续的安装，输入n，不需要；Please enter the name or IP address of the default gateway:输入默认网关的名字和IP地址，无须输入就直接回车；The administration host is given root access to the filer's/etc files for system administration. To allow /etc root accessto all NFS clients enter RETURN below.Please enter the name or IP address of the administration host:输入超级管理主机的主机名或IP地址，没有就直接回车；Where is the filer located? []: nanjing问磁盘阵列设备的位置，可以随便写，比如南京，就输入nanjing；Do you want to run DNS resolver? [n]:是否配置DNS，输入n，不配置；Do you want to run NIS client? [n]:是否配置NIS，输入n，不配置；This system will send event messages and weekly reports to Network Appliance Technical Support. To disable this feature, enter "options autosupport.support.enable off" within 24 hours. Enabling Autosupport can significantly speed problem determination and resolution should a problem occur on your system. For further information on Autosupport, please see: /autosupport/ Press the return key to continue.提示说，阵列系统默认的自动发送事件日志和周报告功能是打开的，如果需要关闭，请输入options autosupport.support.enable off。

信息采集系统操作使用指南

山东省领导干部信息库信息采集系统操作指南目录系统安装 (2)一、“MSDE数据库引擎”安装 (3)二、“信息采集系统”安装 (3)三、数据库安装 (3)信息采集系统使用 (6)第一章单位管理 (6)1.1建立单位树 (6)1.2录入单位编制情况信息 (7)1.3撤消单位 (8)1.4单位调整 (8)第二章人员管理 (9)模式一. 新建库单位 (10)2.1录入人员信息 (10)2.2调入任免管理 (17)2.3任免管理 (18)2.4删除记录 (19)2.5排序 (19)模式二、使用中组部任免编辑器管理人员信息的建库单位 (20)2.9干部任免表编辑器数据导入 (20)第三章信息校核 (24)第四章数据发送 (26)第五章数据接收 (27)第六章信息查询 (28)第七章数据备份恢复 (30)系统安装从网站上下载“ldgbxxk.zip”压缩包包，解压开后请详细阅读“全省干部信息库指标项录入标准定稿”一、“MSDE数据库引擎”安装1、安装软件之前，请先确认计算机上是否存在MS SQL Server或MSDE软件，如果存在上述软件请确认其版本，若不是MS SQL Server2000或MSDE2000版本，请将其卸载后安装MS SQL Server2000或MSDE2000。

2、安装“MSDE数据库引擎”。

打开MSDE数据库引擎文件夹，双击运行“setup.exe”文件，开始安装MSDE数据库引擎，此过程为静默安装，数据库引擎将自动安装到系统C盘下，进度条结束后，引擎成功安装。

安装完成后需启动“SQL Server”服务，服务启动方法：一是重启操作系统，重启后”SQL Server”服务自动启动；二是单击“开始”“程序”“启动”下“Service manager”后，双击桌面右下角图标，单击“开始/继续”按钮，服务启动的标志为桌面右下角出现图标。

提示：如果安装过程中弹出对话框：“指定的实例名称无效”，则这一步不用安装，直接安装第二步。

达梦数据库 indexof方法

达梦数据库indexof方法达梦数据库是我国自主研发的数据库产品，为开发者提供了丰富的功能和方法。

本文将详细介绍达梦数据库中的indexof方法，帮助读者更好地理解并运用这一方法。

一、达梦数据库简介达梦数据库（DMDB）是一款具有完全自主知识产权的数据库产品，由我国达梦公司研发。

它支持标准SQL语言，具备高可用性、高性能、可扩展性等特点，广泛应用于金融、电信、政府等领域。

二、indexof方法概述indexof方法在达梦数据库中用于在字符串中查找指定子串的位置。

如果找到子串，返回子串第一次出现的索引；如果没有找到，返回0。

三、语法以下是indexof方法的语法：```indexof(str, subStr)```参数说明：- str：源字符串，可以是任意字符串。

- subStr：要查找的子串。

四、示例以下是一个使用indexof方法的示例：```SELECT indexof("达梦数据库", "数据库") FROM dual;```执行结果为：```4```说明子串“数据库”在源字符串“达梦数据库”中第一次出现在索引位置4。

五、注意事项在使用indexof方法时，需要注意以下几点：1.indexof方法区分大小写，即大小写不同的字符被视为不同的字符。

2.如果源字符串或子串为空，indexof方法返回0。

3.indexof方法可以在SQL语句的WHERE、SELECT等子句中使用。

六、总结通过本文的介绍，相信读者已经对达梦数据库的indexof方法有了深入的了解。

在实际开发过程中，灵活运用indexof方法，可以方便地在字符串中进行查找操作，提高数据处理效率。

c语言indexof的用法有哪些

c语言indexof的用法有哪些小编整理了c语言 indexof的用法。

希望对你有帮助哦!IndexOf()查找字串中指定字符或字串首次出现的位置,返首索引值，如：str1.IndexOf("字"); //查找“字”在str1中的索引值(位置) str1.IndexOf("字串");//查找“字串”的第一个字符在str1中的索引值(位置) str1.IndexOf("字",start,end);//从str1第start+1个字符起，查找end个字符，查找“字”在字符串STR1中的位置[从第一个字符算起]注意:start+end不能大于str1的长度indexof参数为string,在字符串中寻找参数字符串第一次出现的位置并返回该位置。

如string s="0123dfdfdf";int i=s.indexof("df");这时i==4。

如果需要更强大的字符串解析功能应该用Regex类，使用正则表达式对字符串进行匹配。

indexof() ：在字符串中从前向后定位字符和字符串;所有的返回值都是指在字符串的绝对位置，如为空则为- 1string test="asdfjsdfjgkfasdsfsgfhgjgfjgdddd";test.indexof(’d’) =2 //从前向后定位 d 第一次出现的位置test.indexof(’d’,5,2) =6 //从前向后定位 d 从第5 位开始查，查2位，即从第5位到第7位;lastindexof() ：在字符串中从后向前定位字符和字符串; 用法和indexof() 完全相同。

下面介绍 IndexOfAny ||lastindexofany他们接受字符数组做为变元，其他方法同上，返回数组中任何一个字符最早出现的下标位置如下char[] bbv={’s’,’c’,’b’};string abc = "acsdfgdfgchacscdsad";Response.Write(abc.IndexOfAny(bbv))=1Response.Write(abc.IndexOfAny(bbv, 5))=9Response.Write(abc.IndexOfAny(bbv, 5, 3))=9 lastindexofany 同上。

indexof函数用法

indexof函数用法`index()` 函数是 Python 中用于返回指定列表或元组在另一个列表或元组中的起点或终点的函数。

它通常用于解决列表或元组中的重复项或缺失项。

以下是 `index()` 函数的一些用法示例:1. 返回指定列表在另一个列表中的起点:```pythonmy_list = [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6]other_list = [3, 5, 7]index_of_other_list = my_list.index(other_list)print(index_of_other_list) # 输出 2```这个示例中，我们创建了两个列表 `my_list` 和 `other_list`,然后使用 `index()` 函数查找 `other_list` 在 `my_list` 中的起点，结果是 `2`。

2. 返回指定列表在另一个列表中的起点和终点:```pythonmy_list = [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6]other_list = [3, 5, 7]start_end = my_list.index(other_list)print(start_end) # 输出 2 3```这个示例中，我们使用了 `index()` 函数查找 `other_list` 在 `my_list` 中的起点和终点 (起点是 `2`,终点是 `3`),然后将它们存储在 `start_end` 变量中。

3. 返回指定元组在另一个元组中的起点和终点:```pythonmy_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6)other_tuple = (3, 5, 7)start_end = my_tuple.index(other_tuple)print(start_end) # 输出 3 4```这个示例中，我们创建了两个元组 `my_tuple` 和`other_tuple`,然后使用 `index()` 函数查找 `other_tuple` 在`my_tuple` 中的起点和终点 (起点是 `3`,终点是 `4`),然后将它们存储在 `start_end` 变量中。

sd indexerror list index out of range

sd indexerror list index out of range
摘要：
1.错误概述
2.错误原因
3.解决方法
4.示例
正文：
一、错误概述
"sd indexerror list index out of range" 是一个Python 中常见的错误信息，它表示在尝试访问列表（list）的索引时，索引超出了列表的长度范围。

这个错误通常发生在使用`[]`操作符来获取列表中的元素时，如果索引值大于等于列表的长度，程序就会抛出这个错误。

二、错误原因
这个错误的主要原因是程序试图访问一个不存在的列表元素。

在Python 中，列表的索引从0 开始，到列表长度减1 结束。

如果程序试图访问一个超出这个范围的索引，就会出现这个错误。

三、解决方法
为了避免这个错误，程序员需要确保在访问列表元素时使用的索引值在合理的范围内。

如果需要在列表中访问特定的元素，可以使用`len()`函数来获取列表的长度，然后确保索引值小于等于长度。

四、示例
下面是一个引发"sd indexerror list index out of range"错误的示例代码：
```python
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
print(my_list[5])
```
在这个例子中，列表`my_list`的长度是5，但是程序试图访问索引为5 的元素，这超出了列表的长度范围，所以会抛出错误。

c++中的indexof的用法

在C++标准库中，并没有直接提供名为indexOf 的函数。

但是，你可能在使用某些特定的库或者类时遇到了这个名称。

另外，一些编程环境（例如Qt）确实提供了类似的函数。

但是，对于标准的C++ STL（标准模板库）来说，如果你想要找到一个元素在容器（例如std::vector, std::list, std::string等）中的位置，你可以使用以下方法：对于std::vector和std::list：使用std::find函数配合迭代器。

cpp#include <iostream>#include <vector>#include <algorithm>int main() {std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};auto it = std::find(v.begin(), v.end(), 3);if (it != v.end()) {std::cout << "Index of 3: " << std::distance(v.begin(), it) << std::endl;} else {std::cout << "Element not found" << std::endl;}return 0;}对于std::string：使用std::string::find成员函数。

cpp#include <iostream>#include <string>int main() {std::string s = "Hello, World!";size_t pos = s.find("World");if (pos != std::string::npos) {std::cout << "Index of 'World': " << pos << std::endl;} else {std::cout << "Substring not found" << std::endl;}return 0;}注意：在上述例子中，std::string::find返回的是size_t类型，它是一个无符号整数类型。

Qt中indexOf（）和lastIndexOf（）查找字符串位置

Qt中indexOf（）和lastIndexOf（）查找字符串位置⾸页 » JavaScript » indexOf()和lastIndexOf()查找字符串位置 indexOf()和lastIndexOf()查找字符串位置发表于 2011-10-05 由 admin有两个可以从字符串中查找⼦字符串的⽅法：indexOf()和lastIndexOf()。

这两个⽅法都是从⼀个字符串中搜索给定的字符串，然后返回⼦字符串的位置（如果没有⼦字符串的位置，则返回-1）。

这两种的⽅法的区别在于：indexOf()⽅法从字符串的开头向后搜索字符串，⽽lastIndexOf()⽅法是从字符串的末尾向前搜索⼦字符串。

var stringValue = "hello world" ; alert ( stringValue . indexOf ( "o" )); //4 alert ( stringValue . lastIndexOf ( "o" )); //7⼦字符串“o”第⼀次出现的位置是4，即“hello”中的“o”；最后⼀次出现的位置是7，即“world”中的“o”。

如果“o”在这个字符串中只出现了⼀次，那么indexOf()和lastIndexOf()会返回相同的位置值。

这两种⽅法都可以接受可选的第⼆个参数，表⽰从字符串中的哪个位置开始搜索。

换句话说，indexOf()会从该参数指定的位置向后搜索，忽略该位置之前的所有字符；⽽lastIndexOf()则会从指定的位置向前搜索，忽略该位置之后的所有字符。

看下⾯的例⼦：var stringValue = "hello world" ; alert ( stringValue . indexOf ( "o" , 6 )); //7 alert ( stringValue . lastIndexOf ( "o" , 6 )) //4在将第⼆个参数6传递给这两个⽅法之后，得到了与前⾯例⼦相反的结果。

index函数的用法示例

index函数的用法示例在编程语言中，index函数是一种常用的字符串操作函数，它用于查找子字符串在父字符串中的位置。

本文将通过示例代码详细介绍index函数的使用方法，并说明其在实际编程中的应用场景。

首先，让我们了解一下index函数的基本语法。

大多数编程语言都会提供类似的字符串操作函数，语法可能稍有不同，但核心思想是一致的。

以Python为例，index函数的基本语法如下：```index(str, sub[, start[, end]])```其中，str是父字符串，sub是要查找的子字符串，start和end是可选参数，用于指定查找的起始位置和结束位置。

返回值是子字符串在父字符串中的位置索引。

下面我们来看几个例子，以帮助理解index函数的使用方法。

示例1：查找子字符串的位置```pythontext = "Hello, World!"index = text.index("World")print(index) # 输出：7```在这个例子中，我们定义了一个字符串text，使用index函数查找子字符串"World"在text中的位置。

由于"World"在text中的起始位置是7，所以输出的index 值为7。

示例2：指定起始位置和结束位置进行查找```pythontext = "Hello, World!"index1 = text.index("o", 5)index2 = text.index("o", 5, 10)print(index1) # 输出：7print(index2) # 输出：7```在这个例子中，我们使用index函数在text中查找第一个"o"字符的位置。

我们可以指定起始位置为5，这样index函数将从第6个字符开始进行查找。

indexof 使用方法

indexof 使用方法indexOf 是许多编程语言中常见的字符串方法，用于查找一个字符串在另一个字符串中第一次出现的位置。

以下是一些编程语言中indexOf 的使用方法的例子：1. JavaScript:let str = "Hello, World!";let index = str.indexOf("World");console.log(index); // 输出：72. Java:String str = "Hello, World!";int index = str.indexOf("World");System.out.println(index); // 输出：73. Python:在Python中，可以使用 find 方法来实现类似的功能：str = "Hello, World!"index = str.find("World")print(index) # 输出：74. C#:string str = "Hello, World!";int index = str.IndexOf("World");Console.WriteLine(index); // 输出：75. PHP:$str = "Hello, World!";$index = strpos($str, "World");echo $index; // 输出：76. Ruby:str = "Hello, World!"index = str.index("World")puts index # 输出：77. Swift:let str = "Hello, World!"if let index = str.range(of: "World")?.lowerBound {print(index) // 输出：7}在这些例子中，indexOf 或类似的方法返回目标字符串在源字符串中的位置索引。

sdcms帮助教程(有文档结构图,适合做查找词典)

SDCMS介绍时代网站信息管理系统，简称：SDCMS。

SDCMS以信息为主题，通过以文字和图片标题为起点，以无限栏目分类为支撑，配合多项插件的灵活使用，以达到信息门户的远景！SDCMS总结各类信息门户的现状，充分考虑符合站长需求的前提下。

设计了灵活多变的标签调用方式，满足了不同层次的需求。

SDCMS以安全第一为原则，解决了ASP程序的常见漏洞问题。

程序自身无任何后门，严格的代码过滤功能为网站的安全运行提供了可靠的保障。

SDCMS以DIV+CSS为框架，在主流的IE和FF浏览器上测试均能正常运行。

系统全自动生成Html文件，无需独自生成任何文件。

SDCMS做了很大程度上的优化，在同类系统中能尽快被搜索引擎收录，为网站带来流量，甚至收入！SDCMS的发展离不开大家的支持，欢迎有志于参与SDCMS基础建设和发展的各位朋友！安装配置运行环境环境需求○ Internet 信息服务(简称：IIS)5.0以上版本○组件：Scripting.FileSystemObject(简称：FSO)○组件：Adodb.Stream○组件：Persits.Jpeg○浏览器：IE5.5以上版本，开启Cookies备注：为必须为非必须推荐环境○ Internet 信息服务6.0○ Scripting.FileSystemObject○ Adodb.Stream○ Persits.Jpeg○ IE7.0注意事项○建议在IIS环境下安装SDCMS，不推荐使用其他绿色集成软件，容易造成语法不支持的错误；○网站所在目录必须具备读写权限。

系统安装准备工作○为保证程序完整性和安全性请至官网()下载最新版本，并选择好网站要使用的版本(如Gb2312或Utf-8)；○准备好符合SDCMS正常使用的运行环境。

目录说明○ SDCMS默认安装包内有11个文件夹，现作说明如下：○作用：存放系统管理文件，可以随意更改文件夹名称Admin○作用：存放系统数据库文件，不可删除Data○作用：存放系统编辑器文件，不可更改删除Editor○作用：存放系统函数文件，不可更改删除Inc○作用：存放系统安装文件，安装后可删除Install○作用：存放系统插件文件，不可更改删除Plug○作用：存放系统搜索文件，不可更改删除Search○作用：存放系统模板文件，不可更改删除Skins○作用：存放系统标签程序文件，不可更改删除Tags○作用：存放系统升级文件，可删除Update○作用：存放系统上传的附件，可通过后台更改Upfile安装系统○第一步：将程序包放入相应目录后通过浏览器运行网站，如：http://127.0.0.1(初次运行时，系统会自动转入到安装目录)；○第二步：同意安装协议，并点“下一步”按钮；○第三步：根据自己的需要设置系统运行所需数据库，设置后点“下一步”按钮，如果要安装于系统提示的目录点确定，否则请取消；○第四步：如无错误提示(否则请检查系统所需安装环境)，请点“下一步”按钮；○第五步：根据自己需要设置各项系统数据(请记住管理员资料)，设置完成后请点“下一步”按钮；○第六步：安装完成。

faiss read_index addindex

faiss read_index addindex
`faiss`是一个用于相似性搜索的库，常用于大规模向量检索任务。

在`faiss`中，`read_index`和`add_index`是两个与索引相关的操作。

下面是它们的简要说明：
1.read_index（读取索引）：
-`read_index`是用于从磁盘或其他存储介质中读取已经保存的索引结构的操作。

-当你需要重新加载之前构建和保存的索引时，可以使用`read_index`函数。

示例：
```python
import faiss
#从磁盘读取索引
index=faiss.read_index("path/to/your/index_file")
```
2.add_index（添加索引）：
-`add_index`用于向现有的索引中添加新的向量集合，扩展索引的能力。

-这对于在线更新索引或者在索引构建完成后添加新的数据点是有用的。

示例：
```python
import faiss
#创建一个索引
index=faiss.IndexFlatL2(d)#使用L2距离的Flat索引作为示例
#向索引中添加向量
new_vectors=[...]#你的新向量数据
index.add(new_vectors)
```
请注意，具体的使用方式可能会根据你的实际应用场景和数据集而有所不同。

确保在使用这些函数之前，你已经安装并正确配置了`faiss`库。

index函数如何使用方法

index函数如何使用方法index函数是一种在字符串中查找特定子字符串的方法。

它可以帮助我们找到子字符串在原字符串中的位置。

在Python中，我们可以使用index函数来查找子字符串，并返回该子字符串在原字符串中的索引值。

该函数的语法如下：pythonstr.index(sub[, start[, end]])其中，str是指定的字符串；sub是要查找的子字符串；start和end是可选参数，表示要进行搜索的起始位置和结束位置，默认是从整个字符串的开头到结尾进行搜索。

使用index函数的过程如下：1. 首先，我们需要定义一个字符串，并赋值给变量str。

pythonstr = "Hello, World!"2. 接下来，我们可以使用index函数来查找子字符串在原字符串中的位置。

下面是一个示例：pythonindex = str.index("World")print(index)此时，程序会输出子字符串"World"在原字符串中的位置，即7。

总的来说，index函数能够帮助我们快速定位字符串中的子字符串，并返回其位置。

它在字符串处理和搜索方面非常有用。

以下是该函数的一些应用场景：1. 查找关键字：在文本分析和搜索引擎中，我们可以利用index函数查找关键字在文本中的位置。

这有助于我们判断关键字是否存在，以及了解其在文本中的上下文。

pythontext = "Python 是一种流行的编程语言。

"keyword = "流行"if keyword in text:index = text.index(keyword)print(f"关键字'{keyword}'在文本中的位置是{index}。

")2. 切分字符串：有时候，我们需要将字符串按照特定的分隔符切分成子字符串。

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