文献摘要翻译
文献翻译中英文对照 (2)
Low Voltage Flyback DC-DC Converter ForPower Supply ApplicationsHangzhou Liu1, John Elmes2, Kejiu Zhang1, Thomas X. Wu1, Issa Batarseh1 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USAAdvanced Power Electronics Corporation, Orlando, FL 32826, USA Abstract —In this paper, we design a low voltage DC-DC converter with a flyback transformer. The converter will be used as a biased power supply to drive IGBTs. The flyback transformer using planar EI-core is designed and simulated using ANSYS PExprt software. Besides, anLT3574 IC chip from Linear Technology has been chosen for converter control. Finally, the converter modeling and simulation are presented and PCB layout is designed. Keywords：Flyback, anLT3574IC, PCBI.INTRODUCTIONThe goal of this project is to develop and build a prototype of a high-efficiency, high-temperature isolated DC-DC converter to be used as a biased power supply for driving a complementary IGBT pair. It is important that the converter can deliver the required power at an ambient temperature of up to 100℃; therefore it has to be efficient so that its components do not exceed their maximum temperature ratings. The final converter will be completely sealed and potted in a metal case. The input voltage range for this converter is from 9V to 36V. The output sides have two terminals, one is﹢16V and the other one is﹣6V. In order to get the desired performance, anLT3574 IC chip from Linear Technology is used. The key to this design is the flyback transformer. The transformer using planar EI-core is designed and simulated using ANSYS PExprt software. Finally, the PCB layout of the converter will be presented.II.KEY DESIGN OUTLINEFor this flyback topology, the output voltage can be determined by both the transformer turns ratio and the flyback loop resistor pairs. Therefore, at the initial design stage, we can choose a convenient turn’s ratio for the transformer, and modify it later on if necessary to make sure the output performance is desirable and the transformer will not saturate [1].The relationship between transformers turns ratio and duty cycle can be found asWhere n is the transformer turns ratio, D is the duty cycle, V O` is the sum of the output voltage plus the rectifier drop voltage, V IN is the input voltage of the transformer.The value of feedback resistor can be calculated asWhere R REF is the reference resistor, whose value is typically 6.04kΩ; αis a constant of 0.986;V BG is the internal band gap reference voltage, 1.23V; and V TC is normally 0.55V [1].With a specific IC chosen, the converter circuit can be designed based on a demo circuit and some parameters may need to be modified if necessary to optimize the performance. Furthermore, in LT Spice, a large number of simulations need to be done with different conditions such as load resistor values and input voltage levels. It is important to make sure that the output voltage can be regulated well with all these different conditions.The most critical part of the design is the flyback transformer. With high switching frequency, the AC resistance can only be estimated based on some traditional methods such as Dowell’s curve rule [2].In order to get more accurate values of AC resistance values; we propose to use finite element electromagnetic software ANSYS PExprt to do the design [3]. At the initial design stage, key parameters such as the worst-case input voltage, frequency, material, inductance values willbe decided. After that, these data will be imported to the software, from which an optimized solution will be generated.III.CONVERTER SIMULATION RESULTSWe choose LT3574 chip in this design. From the simulation results in Figure 1 and Table 1, it clearly shows that the output voltages which are﹢16V and -6V respectively can be regulated pretty well with the input voltage range from 9V to 36V. The voltage tolerance ranges are from ﹢15V to ﹢19V and -12V to - 5V, respectively. In addition, the current is also under control, which is around 100mA in this designFigure 1 . Output voltage and current simulation resultsTable 1 . LT Spice simulation resuitsIV.TRANSFORMER SIMULATION RESULTSWith the initial design parameters of the transformer, we use ANSYS PExprt to simulate and further optimize the transformer [4].Figure 2 shows the primary winding voltage. In order to make the transformer work correctly in all cases, it is important to make sure that it can work at the worst case, which is the minimum input voltage in the range. Figure 3 shows the current through the primary winding.Figure 2 . Voltage of the primary windingFigure 3 . Current of the primary windingSince it is a low power converter in this design, it is critical to minimize the power losses. We choose to use the planar type transformer structure. After doing the winding interleaving, the power loss can be reduced by approximately 25% and the temperature rise can be reduced byapproximately 15% [5].The structure can be found in Figure 4. The primary winding is marked in yellow, which has 6 turns in series. The first secondary winding is marked in red, which has 3 turns in parallel. The second secondary winding is marked in blue, which has 1 turn. It will be totally 6 layers in the multi-layer transformer structure [6].Figure 4 . Winding geometry by interleaving methodBased on the computer simulation, the 6-layer planar transformer winding structure can be drawn in Figures 5 -10. The primary side winding has 6 turns in series. In Figures 6 and 9, it clearly shows that the turns in different layers are connecting through via hole. In one of the secondary winding which is the +16V one, it has 3 turns in parallel as shown in Figures 5, 8 and 10. The one turn secondary winding (6V) is shown in Figure 7.Figure 5 . Top layer winding structure (secondary 1)Figure 6 . Inner Layer 1 winding structure (primary)Figure 7 . Inner Layer 2 winding structure (secondary 2)Figure 8 . Inner Layer 3 winding structure (secondary 1)Figure 9 . Inner Layer 4 winding structure (primary)Figure 10 . Bottom layer winding structure (secondary 1)The core loss of the transformer is approximately 47mW, comparing to the winding loss of 154mW, it i s about 30%, as shown in Figure 11 [7].Figure 11. Power loss of transformerThe E-I core transformer PCB in this design will be integrated into the converter’s PCB, rather than a separate board being added to the whole circuit [8], which will reduce the cost of the PCB fabrication since multi-layer PCB layout is expensive.V.CONVERTER CIRCUIT PCB LAYOUTIn this project, we make the transformer part layout as one component; it will be integrated into the whole circuit PCB layout. It has 6 layers totally. The isolation requirement is 1500V, so the layout takes a little more space than the one without any isolation rules. In Figure 12, we make the primary side components all in the right hand side of the board, the secondary sides all in the left hand side of the board, and the transformer in between them. The wire traces have been marked with different colors in order to show the specific layer that the traces are on The board area is about 1.4×07, It can always reduce the size of the board by adding more layers. However, the cost will be more expensive. It is important to balance these factors. The size of the PCB board meets the specs of the project.Figure 12. PCB layout of the flyback converterVI.CONCLUSIONIn this paper, a flyback DC - DC converter for low voltage power supply application has been designed. The modeling and simulation results are presented. Based on the design specifications, a suitable IC from Linear Technology is chosen. A large amount of circuit simulations with different conditions such as load resistor values and input voltage levels are presented to get the desirable output voltage and current performance. The transformer has been designed including electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. With all the specific components decided, the PCB layout of the converter has been designed as well.REFERENCE[1] Linear Technology Application Notes , Datasheet of Isolated Flyback Converter Without anOpto-Coupler, /docs /Datasheet/3574f.pdf.[2] P.L.Dowell, “Effect of eddy currents in transformer windings” Proceedings of the IEE, NO.8PP.1387-1394, Aug 1966.[3] S.Xiao, “Plana r Magnetics Design for Low- Voltage DC-DC Converters” MS, 2004.[4] ANSYS Application Notes, PEmag Getting Started: A Transformer Design Example,/download/ EDA/Maxwell9/planarGS0601.pdf.[5] K. Zhang; T. X.Wu; H.Hu; Z. Qian; F.Chen.; K.Rustom; N.Kutkut; J.Shen; I.Batarseh;"Analysis and design of distributed transformers for solar power conversion" 2011 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), v l., no., pp.1692-1697, 6-11 March 2011.[6] Zhang.; T.X.Wu.; N.Kutkut; J.Shen; D.Woodburn; L.Chow; W.Wu; H.Mustain; I.Batarseh; ,"Modeling and design optimization of planar power transformer for aerospace applic ation," Proceedings of the IEEE 2009 National, Aerospace & Electronics Conference (NAECON) , vol., no., pp.116-120, 21-23 July 2009.[7] Ferroxcube Application Notes, Design of Planar Power Transformer,低电压反激式DC-DC转换器的在电源中的应用Hangzhou Liu1, John Elmes2, Kejiu Zhang1, Thomas X. Wu1, Issa Batarseh1 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USAAdvanced Power Electronics Corporation, Orlando, FL 32826, USA摘要：在本文中，我们设计了一个低电压反激式DC-DC转换器。
论文摘要翻译
本文对社会主义市场经济条件下施工企业管理目前面临的主要问题及问题产生的原因并联系实际地进行了深入的分析。
并论述了施工企业管理的意义和基本原则。
本文结合全国和绵阳的具体实际情况，通过查阅大量的实例和真实的数据对施工企业的管理作了论证性的阐述。
为提高经济效益，加强施工企业管理，推动经济发展，提出了具体看法。
本文对施工企业目前管理的现状进行了分析，肯定了成绩是主流，问题是支流，指出了今后发展的方向。
This article analyzed the problem and reason of the problem of The Construction Company’s project management under the socialist market economy system. And it also discoursed the meaning and the basic policy of the construction company’s management. This article is based on the actual situation of Mianyang, discoursed the construction company’s management by collecting many instance and actual data. For improving the economy benefit and the management of the construction company, to promote economy, this article give the It’s own frondose idea. This article analyzed the situation of the construction company’s management for now, the main is good, but still has some problem, and it also point out the developing direction for the future.。
毕业论文摘要英文翻译
毕业论文摘要英文翻译Abstract:This paper examines the effects of exercise on mental health and well-being. As individuals continue to face increasing levels of stress and anxiety, it is important to explore alternative methods of managing and improving mental well-being. Exercise has been widely recognized as a potential solution, and numerous studies have investigated the relationship between physical activity and mental health. This research aims to synthesize and evaluate existing literature to determine the impact of exercise on mental health outcomes. The study also investigates the mechanisms through which exercise influences mental well-being.The literature review confirms the positive relationship between exercise and mental health. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, exercise is associated with improved cognitive function and increased self-esteem. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the beneficial effects of exercise, including the release of endorphins, increased blood flow to the brain, and social interaction.Despite the evidence supporting the positive effects of exercise on mental health, barriers exist that prevent individuals from engaging in regular physical activity. These barriers include lack of time, motivation, and access to exercise facilities. Strategies to overcome these barriers are discussed, such as incorporating exercise intodaily routines, setting realistic goals, and utilizing community resources.In conclusion, exercise has a significant positive impact on mental health and well-being. This research highlights the importance of integrating physical activity into daily life, especially in the face of increasing levels of stress and anxiety. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for individuals, healthcare providers, and policymakers. By promoting the benefits of exercise and addressing the barriers to physical activity, society can strive towards improved mental well-being for all.。
机械工程专业外文文献及翻译
机械工程专业外文文献及翻译文献一（外文标题）
摘要：
该文献研究了机械工程领域中的某个具体问题。
通过实验方法和数学模型的分析，作者得出了一些有意义的结论。
本文介绍了作者的研究方法和结果，并讨论了其在机械工程领域的应用前景。
翻译：
（将文献的主要内容用简洁准确的语言翻译成中文）
文献二（外文标题）
摘要：
该文献探讨了机械工程领域中的另一个重要问题。
通过实证分析和理论推导，作者提出了解决方案，并对其进行了验证。
本文阐述了作者的方法和实验结果，并探讨了其在实践中的应用潜力。
翻译：
（将文献的主要内容用简洁准确的语言翻译成中文）
文献三（外文标题）
摘要：
该文献研究了机械工程领域中的另一个新颖课题。
作者通过数
值模拟和实验验证，得出了一些有趣的发现。
本文介绍了作者的研
究过程和结果，并讨论了其对机械工程领域的影响。
翻译：
（将文献的主要内容用简洁准确的语言翻译成中文）
总结
本文档介绍了三篇机械工程专业的外文文献，包括摘要和翻译。
这些文献都对机械工程领域中的不同问题进行了研究，并提出了相
关的解决方案和发现。
希望这些文献能为机械工程专业的学生和研
究人员提供有价值的参考和启发。
论文英文摘要翻译
论文英文摘要翻译AbstractThe rapid development of technology has greatly affected various industries, including the education sector. E-learning, as a form of remote education, has gained popularity in recent years. This paper aims to investigate the impact of e-learning on students' learning outcomes and motivation.To achieve this objective, a literature review was conducted to identify the relevant research on e-learning and its effects. The findings show that e-learning has positive effects on students' learning outcomes, such as increased knowledge acquisition and self-directed learning skills. E-learning provides a flexible learning environment, allowing students to access educational resources anytime and anywhere. This convenience enhances students' motivation and engagement in learning activities.However, the effectiveness of e-learning depends on various factors. The quality of the e-learning platform and instructional design plays a crucial role in engaging students and promoting effective learning. In addition, the role of teachers in facilitating e-learning is also important. Teachers' guidance and support are essential in helping students navigate the online learning platform and clarify any doubts.Moreover, the digital divide is a significant challenge in implementing e-learning. Not all students have access to reliable internet connection and necessary technological devices. Therefore, it is crucial to bridge the digital divide to ensure equalopportunities in e-learning.Furthermore, challenges such as limited social interaction and a lack of personalized feedback in e-learning need to be addressed. Efforts should be made to incorporate interactive features and provide timely feedback to promote effective learning and address students' individual needs.In conclusion, e-learning has the potential to positively impact students' learning outcomes and motivation. However, it is crucial to address challenges related to technological infrastructure, instructional design, and teacher support to maximize the benefits of e-learning. Future research should focus on exploring effective strategies for integrating e-learning into traditional educational settings to create a blended learning approach.Keywords: e-learning, learning outcomes, motivation, instructional design, teacher support。
医学文献摘要翻译版
医学文献摘要翻译版Prognostic and Predictive Value of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transitionassociated Markers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma 口腔鳞状细胞癌从上皮到间叶组织转化过程中标志物的预后和预测的价值Authors: J. Slootweg, Pieter; Zurac, SabinaSource: Current Proteomics, Volume 10, Number 3, October 2013 , pp. 218-227(10)Publisher: Bentham Science PublishersAbstract:摘要Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most frequent malignancy of the oral cavity, highly invasive with unfavourable prognosis and unimproved 5-year survival rate for at least two decades. 近20年中，口腔鳞状细胞癌(OSCC)成为了一种有高侵袭性并且预后及5年存活率都不尽人意的口腔高发性恶性肿瘤。
Comprehensive analysis of the proteome in OSCC patients (tissue tumor, blood and saliva) was extensively performed in the last years in order to identify reliable biomarkers for early detection, prognosis or treatment efficacy.为了找到使早期诊断、预后或治疗效力更成功的标记物，在近几年人们已经广泛开展了OSCC病人(肿瘤组织、血液、唾液)的综合分析。
论文外文文献翻译
论文外文文献翻译以下是一篇700字左右的论文外文文献翻译：原文题目：The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnostics: A Review原文摘要：In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical diagnostics. AI has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnoses, and can assist clinicians in making treatment decisions. This review aims to examine the current state of AI in medical diagnostics, and discuss its advantages and limitations. Several AI techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, are discussed. The review also examines the ethical and legal considerations associated with the use of AI in medical diagnostics. Overall, AI has shown great promise in improving medical diagnostics, but further research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and limitations.AI在医学诊断中发挥的作用：一项综述近年来，人工智能（AI）在医学诊断领域的应用引起了越来越多的关注。
外文文献翻译译文
环境管理会计（EMA）是管理会计发展的趋势Christine Jasch摘要：组织机构和会计师们为什么应该关心环境问题？来自供应链、资金提供商、监管机构以及其他利益相关者对于环境绩效及其信息披露的压力，导致组织机构的与环境相关的成本不断增加。
但同时提高环境绩效能够带来潜在的货币利益这一观点也逐渐得到人们的认同，传统的会计实务不能充分提供对于环境管理和与之相关的战略决策所需要的信息。
由于联合国可持续发展事务署下的环境管理会计工作组的成立，以及由它主办的出版物的发行，环境管理会计得到了促进和提升。
最近，国际会计师联合会发行了一份关于环境管理会计的指导性文件，这将进一步推动环境管理会计在会计师中的应用。
这期《清洁生产》杂志的关于环境管理会计的这个特别问题，侧重于它的方法论背景，以及来自澳大利亚、奥地利、阿根廷、加拿大、日本和立陶宛的案例研究经验。
正文：环境问题伴随者相关费用,收入和利益,正被世界上大多数国家的公民,政府组织,合作型领导人给予越来越多的关注.但是,有一个越来越广泛的共识,那就是,传统的会计不能为合理的支持在环境管理责任方面的决策制定提供准确的信息.为了填补这个差距,目前,EMA的新兴领域已经受到持续增加的关注.在19世纪九十年代早期,美国环保署是第一个成立了正式的项目去促进EMA的采纳的国家机构.从那时起,在30个国家的组织已经开始推动和落实EMA的许多不同类型的与环保相关的管理措施. 对于EMA的广泛关注是由于联合国可持续发展事务司对EMA的提倡以及其对EMA书籍的委托出版。
国际会计师联合会决定授权在由联合国科学发展司EMA工作组发表的最早的关于EMA 两本出版物的基础上发展一个关于EMA的指导性文件以整合关于EMA的最好的信息并与此同时进行必要的更新和添加.这个文件既不是有规定的要求的标准,也不是个描述性研究报告.它意在成为一个提供指导性信息的文件,作为监管要求,标准和纯粹信息的中间地带.这样, 它的目标是提供了一个总体框架和EMA的定义是相当全面，这是一致的可能与其他现有的，广泛应用于环境会计框架与EMA必须通力合作，以减少一些就这一重要议题的国际混乱功能。
毕业设计文献翻译完美版
《毕业设计》文献翻译院系：电子电气工程学院学号：021309208姓名：吴骁奕指导教师：曾国辉完成时间：2013/2/15文献翻译021309208 吴骁奕A Flexible LED Driver for Automotive Lighting Applications: IC Design and E xperimental Characterization一个灵活的LED驱动汽车照明应用:集成电路设计和实验特征Abstract—This letter presents a smart driver for LEDs, particularly摘要：这文章提出了一个智能驱动发光二极管，for automotive lighting applications, which avoid ringing尤其是用于避免振荡和超调现象的汽车照明应用上，and overshoot phenomena. To this aim, advanced Soft Start and为了这个目的，在芯片上集成了优化软启动和电流升降控制技术。
Current Slope Control techniques are integrated on-chip. This letter这篇文章讨论了设计于集合于高电压的互补金属氧化半导体上的驱动技术，discusses the driver design integrating in high voltage CMOStechnology, the digital circuitry for programming and electronic用于编程和电子控制单元连接的数字电路以及功率元件提高到10瓦特。
control units interfacing, and the power devices up to 10W. Experimental同时也展示了不同功率等级使用的发光二极管和与不同类型的连接时的实验特征。
英文摘要及翻译
布线方案的选择是本文需要解决的问题之一，为此在文中着重分析了目前常用的3种网络技术，并以这3种网络技术为基础结合综合布线的特点提出3种相应的综合布线方案。
在经过分析比较之后，决定出最佳的布线方案。
由于需要布线的楼距不同，如何选择单模与多模光纤的选择便成了此次需要解决得另一个问题。
文中通过详细的解释两种光纤的特点与适用范围，使这一问题得以解决。
我不要机器翻译的，麻烦了最佳答案B4 机器翻译的This paper provides a complete cabling system solution for (校名)'s campus network construction.Making choice between different cabling solutions is one of the major topics covered in this dissertation. Three dominant network technologies are discussed and three corresponding cabling system solutions are purposed based on these technologies. Optimized choice has been made after comparison.Different fibre type shall be used according to cable length requirement determined by transmission distance for backbone cable. Therefore another question to be discussed in this essay is making decision of using singlemode or multimode system. This problem is solved by detail analysis of the features and usages of these two fibre types.本文依据相关的国际标准和国家标准，坚持有关的设计目标和设计原则，针对远大公司办公楼的网络建设需求提供综合布线解决方案。
材料科学专业毕业设计外文文献及翻译
材料科学专业毕业设计外文文献及翻译文献摘要为了适应不断发展的材料科学领域，毕业设计需要参考一些权威的外文文献。
在这里，我们提供了一些与材料科学专业相关的外文文献，并附带简要翻译。
---文献1: "石墨烯在材料科学中的应用"作者: John Smith, Mary Johnson: John Smith, Mary Johnson摘要::本文综述了石墨烯在材料科学中的应用。
石墨烯是一种单层碳原子结构，具有独特的物理和化学性质。
我们讨论了石墨烯的制备方法、其在电子学、能源存储和生物医学领域中的应用。
石墨烯在材料科学中具有巨大的潜力，可以为未来的材料研究和应用开辟新的道路。
---文献2: "纳米材料的合成与性能研究"作者: David Brown, Emma Lee: David Brown, Emma Lee摘要::本文讨论了纳米材料的合成方法及其性能研究。
纳米材料是具有纳米尺度结构的材料，具有与宏观材料不同的性质。
我们介绍了几种常见的纳米材料合成方法，例如溶液法和气相法，并讨论了纳米材料的晶体结构、表面性质和力学性能。
研究纳米材料的性能对材料科学的发展和应用具有重要意义。
---文献3: "高温合金的热稳定性研究"作者: Jennifer Zhang, Michael Wang: Jennifer Zhang, Michael Wang摘要::本文研究了高温合金的热稳定性。
高温合金是一种用于高温环境的特殊材料，具有优异的耐热性能。
我们通过实验研究了高温合金的热膨胀性、热导率和高温力学性能。
通过了解高温合金的热稳定性，我们可以提高材料的耐高温性能，从而推动高温环境下的应用和工程技术发展。
---以上是几篇关于材料科学的外文文献摘要及简要翻译，希望对毕业设计的参考有所助益。
知云文献翻译使用教程
知云文献翻译使用教程知云文献翻译是一款在线文献翻译工具，它可以帮助用户快速准确地翻译各种学术文献和研究论文。
下面是知云文献翻译的使用教程，包含了一些常用的用法和中英文对照例句。
1. 打开知云文献翻译的网页：在浏览器中输入“知云文献翻译”，进入官方网站。
2. 选择翻译语种：在网页上方的语种选择框中，选择您要翻译的语种。
例如，如果您想将中文翻译成英文，选择“中文”为源语言，选择“英文”为目标语言。
3. 输入文本：在输入框中输入您要翻译的文本。
可以是整篇论文的摘要、段落或者句子。
4. 点击翻译按钮：点击页面上的“翻译”按钮，开始进行翻译。
5. 查看翻译结果：在下方的输出框中，您将看到翻译后的文本。
可以一次性翻译整篇论文，也可以逐句进行翻译。
以下是一些中英文对照例句，以帮助您更好地理解知云文献翻译的使用方法：中文原文：这项研究旨在探讨人工智能在医学领域的应用。
英文翻译：This study aims to explore the application ofartificial intelligence in the field of medicine.中文原文：实验结果表明，新药对癌症患者的治疗效果显著提高。
英文翻译：The experimental results indicate that the new drug significantly improves the treatment efficacy for cancer patients.中文原文：本研究采用随机对照试验设计，对两组受试者进行了比较。
英文翻译：This study employed a randomized controlled trial design to compare two groups of subjects.中文原文：研究结果表明，环境因素对人体健康有着重要的影响。
英文翻译：The research findings indicate that environmental factors have a significant impact on human health.中文原文：本文综述了当前研究的进展情况及未来的研究方向。
论文标题翻译
论文标题翻译翻译论文标题是一个关键的工作，它需要准确地传达研究内容和目的。
下面是一个700字的论文标题翻译示例：原文标题：The Impact of Social Media on Youth Mental Health: A Literature Review翻译后标题：社交媒体对青少年心理健康的影响：文献综述翻译解释：这个标题准确地传达了论文的主题和目的。
"The Impact of Social Media on Youth Mental Health" 表明研究的重点是社交媒体对青少年心理健康的影响，"A Literature Review" 表示该论文是一篇文献综述。
继续翻译论文摘要、介绍、方法、结果和讨论等部分的标题：摘要：原文标题：Abstract翻译后标题：摘要翻译解释：翻译保留了原文的简洁性，清晰地传达了这部分内容的目的。
介绍：原文标题：Introduction翻译后标题：介绍翻译解释：同样保留原文的简洁性，准确地描述了部分内容的目的。
方法：原文标题：Methodology翻译后标题：方法翻译解释：将 "Methodology"翻译为 "方法" 可以清楚地表明本部分内容讨论了研究的方法和过程。
结果：原文标题：Results翻译后标题：结果翻译解释：将 "Results" 翻译为 "结果" 在标题中明确了该部分内容的主题。
讨论：原文标题：Discussion翻译后标题：讨论翻译解释：与前面的标题类似，将 "Discussion" 翻译为 "讨论" 在标题中清楚地表明了该部分内容的主题。
总结：原文标题：Conclusion翻译后标题：总结翻译解释：将 "Conclusion" 翻译为 "总结" 强调了该部分内容的目的和重要性。
20外文文献翻译原文及译文参考样式
20外⽂⽂献翻译原⽂及译⽂参考样式华北电⼒⼤学科技学院毕业设计（论⽂）附件外⽂⽂献翻译学号： 0819******** 姓名：宗鹏程所在系别：机械⼯程及⾃动化专业班级：机械08K1指导教师：张超原⽂标题：Development of a High-PerformanceMagnetic Gear年⽉⽇⾼性能磁齿轮的发展1摘要：本⽂提出了⼀个⾼性能永磁齿轮的计算和测量结果。
上述分析的永磁齿轮有5.5的传动⽐，并能够提供27 Nm的⼒矩。
分析表明，由于它的弹簧扭转常数很⼩，因此需要特别重视安装了这种⾼性能永磁齿轮的系统。
上述分析的齿轮也已经被应⽤在实际中，以验证、预测其效率。
经测量，由于较⼤端齿轮传动引起的磁⼒齿轮的扭矩只有16 Nm。
⼀项关于磁齿轮效率损失的系统研究也展⽰了为什么实际⼯作效率只有81％。
⼀⼤部分磁损耗起源于轴承，因为机械故障的存在，此轴承的备⽤轴承在此时是必要的。
如果没有源于轴的少量磁泄漏，我们估计能得到⾼达96％的效率。
与传统的机械齿轮的⽐较表明，磁性齿轮具有更好的效率和单位体积较⼤扭矩。
最后，可以得出结论，本⽂的研究结果可能有助于促进传统机械齿轮向磁性齿轮发展。
关键词：有限元分析（FEA）、变速箱，⾼转矩密度，磁性齿轮。
⼀、导⾔由于永久磁铁能产⽣磁通和磁⼒，虽然⼏个世纪过去了，许多⼈仍然着迷于永久磁铁。
，在过去20年的复兴阶段，正是这些优点已经使得永久磁铁在很多实际中⼴泛的应⽤，包括在起重机，扬声器，接头领域，尤其是在永久磁铁电机⽅⾯。
其中对永磁铁的复兴最常见于效率和转矩密度由于永磁铁的应⽤显著提⾼的⼩型机器的领域。
在永久磁铁没有获取⾼度重视的⼀个领域是传动装置的领域，也就是说，磁⼒联轴器不被⼴泛⽤于传动装置。
磁性联轴器基本上可以被视为以传动⽐为1：1磁⼒齿轮。
相⽐标准电⽓机器有约10kN m/m的扭矩，装有⾼能量永久磁铁的磁耦有⾮常⾼的单位体积密度的扭矩，变化范围⼤约300–400 kN 。
秸秆还田英文文献翻译-摘要
秸秆还⽥英⽂⽂献翻译-摘要1.Utilization of crop straw resources in Anhui Province, Eastern China.Yang YiRu Wang XingXiang Zhang TaoLin Li DeChengBulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science; 2014. 20(6):1302-1310. 22 ref.中国东部安徽省作物秸秆资源的利⽤秸秆还⽥是维持和提⾼⼟壤肥⼒的最有效途径之⼀。
然⽽，中国秸秆燃烧是再次出现的问题。
为了更好理解安徽省秸秆利⽤⾯临的⽬前形势，2011年在全省范围内沿着国道、省道和县道，共计调查731个典型的⼟地和农民。
⽽且，在三个典型县：蒙城县、定远县和宣州区，调查344个典型的⼟地和农民。
安徽省秸秆还⽥率总体较低，作物秸秆还⽥率分别为：单季稻 30.2%，早稻16.1% ，⼩麦14.3% ，油菜2.9%，晚稻1.8%，⽟⽶1.8%。
三个县的⼩麦秸秆还⽥率为13.2%，低于全省⽔平。
但是，三个县的其他作物秸秆还⽥率⾼去全省⽔平。
然⽽，燃烧秸秆现象仍⼗分普遍。
全省⼩麦、油菜和⽟⽶的秸秆燃烧率达到65.5%, 75.8% 和57.3%，三个乡的秸秆燃烧率分别达到86.0%, 64.0% 和51.3%。
只有⼀⼩部分的秸秆以传统⽅式加以利⽤，按以下顺序：家庭燃料〉草料〉⼯业原料。
因此，需有必要加强秸秆燃烧的禁⽌政策，加强秸秆还⽥以及秸秆资源的综合利⽤。
2.Effects of ditch-buried straw return on soil organic carbon and rice yields in a rice-wheat rotation system.Wang XiaoHua Yang HaiShui Liu Jian Wu JunSong Chen WeiPing Wu Jie Zhu LiQun Bian XinMin Catena; 2015. 127:56-63.⽔稻-⼩麦轮作体系中秸秆还⽥沟埋对⼟壤有机碳和⽔稻产量的影响在⽔稻-⼩麦轮作体系中开展秸秆还⽥的新⽅法(沟埋秸秆还⽥)的四年试验, ,调查在各种不同掩埋深度和不同量条件下碳吸收的效果。
文献进展摘要及翻译-麻醉学文献进展分享平台
文献进展摘要及翻译贵州医科大学麻醉学系研究生（心电生理及记忆课题组）文献名：（中文）全麻药具有特异的抑制星形胶质细胞和神经元缝隙链接通道和半通道的功能（英文）General Anesthetics Have Differential Inhibitory Effectson Gap Junction Channels and Hemichannels in Astrocytes and Neurons译者：佘玉琦原文摘要：Astrocytes represent a major non-neuronal cell population actively involved in brain functions and pathologies. They express a large amount of gap junction proteins that allow communication between adjacent glial cells and the formation of glial networks.In addition, these membrane proteins can also operate as hemichannels, through which “gliotransmitters” are released, and thus contribute to neuroglial interaction. There are now reports demonstrating that alterations of astroglial gap junction communication and/or hemichannel activity impact neuronal and synaptic activity. Two decades ago we reported that several general anesthetics inhibited gap junctions in primary cultures of astrocytes (Mantz et al., (1993) Anesthesiology 78(5):892-901). As there are increasing studies investigating neuroglial interactions in anesthetized mice, we here updated this previous study by employing acute cortical slices and by characterizing the effects of general anesthetics on both astroglial gap junctions and hemichannels. As hemichannel activity is not detected in cortical astrocytes under basal conditions, we treated acute slices with the endotoxin LPS or proinflammatory cytokines to induce hemichannel activity in astrocytes, which in turn activated neuronal hemichannels. We studied two extensively used anesthetics, propofol and ketamine, and the more recently developed dexmedetomidine. We report that these drugs have differential inhibitory effects on gap junctional communication and hemichannel activity in astrocytes when used in their respective, clinically relevant concentrations, and that dexmedetomidine appears to be the least effective on both channel functions. In addition, the three anesthetics have similareffects on neuronal hemichannels. Altogether, our observations may contribute to optimizing the selection of anesthetics for in vivo animal studies. GLIA摘要翻译：星形胶质细胞是主要的非神经元细胞群，积极的参与了大脑的功能和病理学。
zotero文献翻译
zotero文献翻译（最新版）目录1.Zotero 文献翻译概述2.Zotero 的功能与特点3.Zotero 的文献翻译方法4.Zotero 的文献翻译实例5.Zotero 的文献翻译的优缺点与建议正文【Zotero 文献翻译概述】Zotero 是一个免费的文献管理工具，可以帮助用户收集、组织、引用和共享各种类型的文献。
其中，Zotero 的文献翻译功能是一个重要的组成部分，可以帮助用户快速地将外文文献翻译成中文。
【Zotero 的功能与特点】Zotero 的功能主要包括：收集、组织、引用和共享文献。
其中，收集文献可以通过搜索网络、导入文件夹等方式实现；组织文献可以通过分类、标签等方式实现；引用文献可以通过自动生成引用格式实现；共享文献可以通过导出为 PDF、Word 等方式实现。
Zotero 的特点主要包括：免费、开源、跨平台、易用、功能强大等。
【Zotero 的文献翻译方法】Zotero 的文献翻译方法主要包括：直接翻译、间接翻译和手动翻译。
直接翻译是指 Zotero 直接将外文文献翻译成中文。
这种方法的优点是速度快，缺点是翻译质量可能不高。
间接翻译是指 Zotero 将外文文献的摘要或关键词翻译成中文。
这种方法的优点是翻译质量较高，缺点是翻译的信息可能不全。
手动翻译是指用户手动将外文文献翻译成中文。
这种方法的优点是翻译质量高，缺点是费时费力。
【Zotero 的文献翻译实例】例如，如果我们想要翻译一篇英文文献的标题和摘要，可以使用Zotero 的间接翻译功能。
具体操作步骤是：首先，在 Zotero 中打开该篇英文文献；其次，点击该篇文献的摘要或关键词；最后，Zotero 会自动将摘要或关键词翻译成中文。
【Zotero 的文献翻译的优缺点与建议】Zotero 的文献翻译功能具有速度快、翻译质量较高、易用性强等优点。
但是，也存在翻译质量不稳定、翻译信息可能不全等缺点。
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Central nitric oxide inhibition modifies metabolic
adjustments induced by exercise in rats
Abstract
The influence of the central nervous system on metabolic function is of interest in situations deviating from basal states,such as during exercise.Our previous study in rats demonstrated that central nitric oxide(NO)blockade increases metabolic rate,reducing mechanical efficiency during exercise.To assess the role of brain nitric oxide in the plasma glucose,lactate and free fatty acids(FFAs)concentrations of rats submitted to an incremental exercise protocol on a treadmill until fatigue, 1.43µ mol (2µl)of Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME,n=6),a NO synthase inhibitor,or 2µl of 0.15 M NaCl(SAL,n=6)was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle(icv)of ma le Wistar rats immediately before exercise(starting at 10 m/min,with increments of 1 m/min every 3 min until fatigue,10%inclination).Blood samples were collected through a chronic jugular catheter at rest and during exercise until fatigue.During exercise,theL-NAME-treated animals had the following metabolic response compared to controls:(1)an increased hyperglycemic response during the first 60%of time to fatigue;(2)higher plasma lactate levels;and(3)a significant transitory increase in plasma free fatty acids during the dynamic phase of exercise that returned to basal levels earlier than controls during the steady state phase of exercise.In addition L-NAME-treated rats fatigued earlier than controls.The data indicate that the inhibition of the brain nitrergic system induced by icv L-NAME treatment disrupted the accuracy of the neural mechanism that regulates plasma glucose and free fatty acids mobilization during exercise in rats.
＠2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.All rights reserved.
Keywords:Exercise;Glucose;Lactate;Free fatty acids;Fatigue 中枢一氧化氮的抑制性作用改变被训练老鼠的新陈代谢速率
在身体偏离正常状态下（如在运动中），中枢神经系统在调节代谢功能方面是值得引起注意的。
我们以前的研究表明中枢一氧化氮阻塞提高代谢速率，同时降低运动中的代谢效率。
为了评价大脑一氧化氮对递增负荷跑台训练直至力竭的老鼠的血糖、血乳酸、和血浆游离脂肪酸聚集物的意义，给即将运动（开始以10 m/min运动后以 1 m/min的增量每3分钟增加一次负荷直到力竭，10%的坡度）的雄性Wistar大鼠从侧脑室(icv)注射：一组（n=6）注射1.43µ mol(2µl)左旋N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）:一氧化氮合酶抑制剂。
一组（n=6）注射者2µl的0.15 mol/L NaCl溶液。
通过常用的静脉导管分别在静止和直至力竭条件下收集血液样品。
在运动中经过L-NAME处理过的动物相对于试验对照组有如下代谢方面的反应：（1）在达到疲劳的前60%时间里出现了递增的高血糖反应（2）高血乳酸水平（3）血浆游离脂肪酸在运动中的动态阶段出现的一个有意义的短暂增加，它恢复到基本水平所用时间要比处于运动的稳定状态的实验对照组要早一些。
另外经L-NAME处理过的老鼠要比试验对照组提前出现疲劳。
数据表明由icv L-NAME治疗诱导的大脑硝基系统的抑制会破坏神经系统的精确性，这个系统调节大鼠在运动中血糖和血浆游离脂肪酸的动员。