动词

动词（I）
重点知识归纳及讲解
一、概述
动词是表示动作或状态的词。

句子中的谓语成分是由动词充当的，谓语通常是句中不可缺少的成分，因此动词是英语词类中最重要的一种。

动词可以通过本身的变化来表示动作发生的时间以及说话人的语气、态度等。

1．动词的种类
动词按其词义和在句中的作用可以分为：行为动词（或称实义动词）、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。

详见下表：
注意：
1）行为动词又可分为及物动词（vt.）和不及物动词（vi.）两种。

及物动词作谓语，后面必须跟宾语意思才完整。

不及物动词作谓语，后面不能跟宾语，只有加上介词后才可接宾语。

2）英语中有些动词常常是既作及物动词又作不及物动词；既作连系动词工作及物动词。

例如：
He speaks English very well. (vt.)
他英语讲得好。

He spoke at the meeting. （vi.）
另外，动词按其在句中能否作谓语，又可分为谓语动词（finite verb）和非谓语动词（non-finite verb）两大类。

说明：
谓语动词又称限定动词，非谓语动词又称非限定动词。

非谓语动词初中阶段主要学习动词不定式的用法。

2．动词的基本形式
英语动词有五种基本形式，即动词原形、过去式、过去分词、现在分词和第三人称单数形式。

如：
说明：
1）词尾-ed
在清辅音后读[t]；在浊辅音和元音后读[d]；在[t]和[d]后读[id]。

2）词尾-es 或-s 在[s ]、[z]、[t ]、[d ]后面读[iz]；在清辅音后读[s]；在浊辅音及元音后读[z]；在[t]，[d]后读[ts]、[dz]。

3）不规则动词的过去式与过去分词则要根据不规则动词表逐渐记住。

二、动词的时态
在英语中，由于谓语动作发生的时间不同，或表达不同时间存在的状态，谓语动词都要发生相应的变化。

这些动词的变化形式就叫做动词的时态。

初中阶段主要学习，掌握以下八种时态。

1．一般现在时 1）构成
动词一般现在时，除主语为单数第三人称以外，谓语动词一律用原形，若主语为第三人称单数，则谓语动词的词尾应发生变化（加-s 或-es ）。

另外be 和have 有特殊的人称变化形式。

2）用法
a ．表示经常发生的动作、行为或存在的状态。

常用的时间状语有：often, usually, always, every day 等。

I go to school every day except Sunday. 除了星期日，我每天上学。

There are fifty students in our class. 我们班上有五十个学生。

b ．表示主语的身份或特征。

His father is a doctor. 他的父亲是医生。

Tom is tall. 汤姆个子高。

c ．表示一种客观事实或普遍真理 The earth is round.
地球是圆的.
The sun is bigger than the moon.
太阳比月亮大。

d．在条件状态从句和时间状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。

If you don't go soon, you'll be late.
如果你不快去的话，你就要迟到了。

I will wait for you until you come back.
我将一直等到你回来。

2．一般过去时
1）构成
一般过去时其谓语动词使用动词过去式形式。

2）用法
a．表示在过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, just now, upon a time, in 1989, in the old days, when I was at middle school等。

He left for Beijing yesterday morning.
他昨天上午到北京去了。

She wasn't at home last night.
她昨晚上在家。

Did you finish your work at four yesterday afternoon?
你昨天下午四点完成工作了吗？
b．表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。

I got up very early at that time.
我那时总是起得很早。

Mary always got up too late and never had enough time for breakfast when she was at middle school.
玛丽上中学时总是起得很晚，从来都没有足够时间吃早饭。

3．一般将来时
1）构成
动词一般将来时由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成。

shall用于第一人称作主语，will用于第二、三人称作主语。

除英国以外的说英语的国家，在陈述句中，即使在第一人称作主语时一般也使用助动词will，在英国现在也有这种趋势。

在口语中，shall，will常缩写成I…ll You'll, We'll等。

在否定句中，will not缩写成won't shall not
a．表示将要发生的动作行为或存在的状态。

常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow, next time, next year, in a few days等。

I'll go and see her next Friday.
我下周五去看她。

He won't go there tomorrow morning.
他明天上午不到那儿去。

Will you do it again?
你再做一遍好吗？
b．有时没有时间状语，根据上下文判断其谓语动作是将要发生的。

I don't know who will do it.
我不知道谁将做这件事。

Don't worry, he will be there on time.
别着急，他会准时在那儿。

c．表示将来经常发生的动作。

From now on I'll get up early every morning.
从今以后，我每天早晨早起。

注意：
1）表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，除了用上述的一般将来时外，还可以用be going to 来表示。

be going to这个结构表示：a．即将发生的动作；b．主语打算或准备要做的事；c．说话人根据已有的迹象判断即将发生的事。

be going to 结构中的be随着句子中主语的人称而变化。

例如：
We are going to learn English.
我们将学习英语。

How are you going to spend your holidays?
你们打算怎样度过假期？
Look at these black clouds. I think it's going to rain.
看这些黑云，我想天要下雨了。

2）在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，一般将来时要用一般现在时代替。

例如：
He will come to see you when he has time.
他有空时会来看你的。

They will ring you up as soon as they get back.
他们一回来就打电话给你。

4．现在进行时
1）构成
现在进行时由助动词be的人称形式加动词的现在分词构成。

它的肯定式，否定式及疑问式的结构如下：
2）用法
a．现在进行时表示说话时谓语的动作正在进行。

Who are you waiting for?
你在等谁？
He knows that we are helping him now.
他知道我们现在正在帮助他。

b．在现阶段正在进行的动作，但不一定说话时动作正在进行。

The students are working on the farm there days.
这些天学生们正在农场劳动。

c．有些动词的进行时态还可用来表示将来时。

这类动词有go, come, leave, arrive, move, die等。

He is coming soon.
他不久就要来了。

Mary is arriving here at 4 o/clock this afternoon.
玛丽今天下午四点到达这里。

注意：
1）表示状态或感觉的动词，如：know, love, like, want, hear, see, think等，一般没有进行时态，因为它们不能表示正在进行的动作。

但是，如果词义发生变化，能表示一个正在进行的动作，也可使用进行时态。

例如：
Stop, I am thinking.
停下来，我正在想问题呢。

2）无法延续动作的动词，如：jump, begin, start, stop等一般不宜用于进行时态。

但是，若想表示动作反复或即将发生，也可使用进行时态。

例如：
He is jumping up and down.
他一下一下地跳个不停。

5．现在完成时
1）构成
现在完成时由have的人称形式加动词的过去分词构成。

它的肯定式、否定式及疑问式如下：
2）用法
a．表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态，对现在仍有影响。

She has been ill for three days.
她病了三天了。

He has already left.
他已经走了。

b．表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。

We've known each other since we were children.
我们从小就认识。

注意：
在用already, always, yet, just, ever, never等副词作状语时，或者由for, since引起的短语作状语或状语从句时，句子的谓语动词常用现在完成时。

区别：
1）have (has) been to 与have (has) gone to
have (has) been to +某地，表示到过某地，说明去过某地，说话时已经回来了。

have (has) gone to +某地，说明去某地了，说话时还没有回来。

例如：
He has been to Beijing three times.
他去过北京三次。

He has gone to Shanghai.
他去上海了。

2）have (has) been to do sth. 还可以表示做过某事。

have (has) gone to do sth.则表示去做某事了。

例如：
He has been to see Tom in the hospital.
他去医院看过汤姆。

He has gone to see Tom in the hospital.
他到医院看汤姆去了。

3）have got虽然在形式上是现在完成时，却和have是相同的意思。

例如：
Have you got any book?=Do you have any book?
你有书吗？
6．过去进行时
1）构成
过去进行时由be动词的过去式加动词的现在分词构成。

2）用法
过去进行时主要表示过去某个时刻或过去一段时间正在进行的动作。

过去进行时常与表示过去的时间状语如：then at that time, once, a moment ago等连用，或者用另一动作表示过去的时间。

例如：
I was writing a letter at home at seven yesterday evening.
我昨晚七点在家写信。

He was watching TV when I came home yesterday evening.
昨天晚上回家时，他在家看电视。

7．过去完成时
1）构成
过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成。

2）用法
过去完成时表示过去某一时间以前或过去某一动作以前已完成的动作，即过去的过去。

为了更容易理解过去完成时的时间概念，使之与过去时有明显的区别，可见下面的时间示意图。

例如：
I had learned eight hundred English words by the end of last year. （在过去某一时间之前）
到去年年底之前，我已经学会了八百个英语单词。

He had finished his work before I came here.（在过去另一动作之前）
在我来这儿以前，他已经完成了工作。

说明：
1）在包含when, as soon as, before, after, until等连词的复合句中，若主句谓语和从句谓语所表示的过去的动作是在不同时间发生的，那么，先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。

例如：
I told them after you had left.
你走后我就告诉了他们。

I had been at the bus stop for twenty minutes when a bus finally came.
我在公共汽车站等了二十分钟，汽车终于来了。

2）如果主句动作和从句动作紧接着发生，特别是连词为after或before时，由于连词本身很清楚地表明了动作发生的先后，两个动作此时都可使用一般过去时来表示。

例如：
After we said good-bye to them, we left the village.
在和他们告别后，我们就离开了村庄。

8．过去将来时
1）构成
过去将来时由助动词should或would加动词原形构成。

第一人称用should，其他人称用would。

但目前在美、英等国也有第一人称用would的情况。

2）用法
a．过去将来时是个相对的时态，主要用于从过去某一时间来看将要发生的事情。

常用在宾语从句中表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之后。

They said they would go to visit the second factory.
他们说他们将要去参观第二个工厂。

The teacher told us that there would be a concert the next Tuesday.
老师告诉我们下周二将要有场音乐会。

b．过去将来时也可由“was / were going to + 动词原形”来表示。

She said she was going to see her uncle.
她说她要去看望她的叔叔。

c．有些动词的过去进行时也可表示过去将来时。

这一用法与某些动词的现在进行时表示一般将来时的用法相同。

I didn't have much time to talk with you became I was leaving for Shanghai in two hours.
我没有多少时间跟你谈话了，因为再过两个小时我就要动身去上海。

注意：
“would+动词原形”有时并不表示过去将来时，而表示一种客气的请求。

例如：
Would you please open the window?
请把窗子打开好吗？
三、随堂监测A组
单项选择：
1. Look! There _________ some apples in that tree.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were
2．We'll have to clean the plates before Mother _________ home.
A. will come
B. is coming
C. come
D. comes
3．—Will your mother _________ you if you _________ the English exam?
—Of course not. Because I am trying my best.
A. be angry with; don't pass
B. be angry with; won't pass
C. be angry to; don't pass
D. be angry to; won't pass
4．I'm sorry you've missed the train, it _________ 10 minutes ago.
A. left
B. has left
C. had left
D. has been left
5. I don't think I _________ you in that dress before.
A. have seen
B. was seeing
C. saw
D. see
6. _________ you _________ to the radio? —No, you can turn it off.
A. Did; listen
B. Have; listened
C. Do; listen
D. Are; listening
7. —Where's Mr Lee? I have something unusual to tell him.
—You _________ find him. He _________ Japan.
A. may not; has gone to
B. may not; has been to
C. can't; has gone to
D. can't; has been to
8. —I won't come to the party unless Sue _________, too.
—You mean if Sue comes you'll come?
A. will invite
B. invites
C. invited
D. is invited
9. The world _________. Things never stay the same.
A. changes
B. is changing
C. was changing
D. will change
10. —Excuse me, does Mr Smith's son live here?
—He _________ live here, but he has moved.
A. has to
B. used to
C. tried to
D. happened to
11. The children planted more threes and flowers after they _________ Greener China.
A. joined
B. took part in
C. became
D. were
12. —Where's Mr Zhang? —He _________ London.
A. has been to
B. has been
C. has gone
D. has gone to
13. —Do you know if he _________ to play basketball with us?
—I think he will come if he _________ free tomorrow.
A. comes; is
B. comes; will be
C. will come; is
D. will come; will be
14. —May I speak to Mabel, please? —Sorry. She's _________ Pairs.
A. gone in
B. been in
C. gone to
D. been to
15. My pen friend Phillip _________ to see me from Australia. He will be here soon.
A. comes
B. came
C. has come
D. is coming
16. I won't go to the concert because I _________ my ticket.
A. lost
B. don't lose
C. have lost
D. is coming
17. —Do you know Jack well? —Certainly, we _________ friends since ten years ago.
A. were
B. have made
C. have become
D. have been
18. —Where is Jim? —He ______ to the shop. He'll back in an hour.
A. goes
B. go
C. has gone
D. will go
19. —Excuse me, look at the sign NO PHOTOS! —Sorry, I ________ it.
A. don't see
B. didn't see
C. haven't seen
D. won't see
20. Jim's father said to him, "I hope you ________ what I ________ you to buy."
A. didn't forget; told
B. not to forget; have told
C. won't forget; have told
D. haven't forgotten; will tell
21. I like my new bike. It ________ very well.
A. rides
B. is riding
C. is ridden
D. has ridden
22. A lot of trees ________ along the river last year.
A. planted
B. are planted
C. were planted
23. These books ________ out of the reading room. You have to read them here.
A. must be taken
B. can't take
C. can take
D. mustn't be taken
24. — Whose CD player is this? —It's mine. It ________ me 800 yuan.
A. took
B. spent
C. paid
D. cost
25. —May I ________ you Chinese-English dictionary? —Sorry, I ________ it at home?
A. borrow; forgot
B. lend; left
C. lend; forgot
D. borrow; left
26. Can you ________ a little French?
A. say
B. talk
C. speak
D. tell
27. The internet ________ it easy go get much new information in a short time.
A. finds
B. makes
C. feels
D. takes
28. —Do you like the music The Moonlight Sonata? —Yes, it ________ really beautiful.
A. feels
B. sounds
C. listens
D. hears
29. Alice, we are going to spend our holiday in Canada，if you ________, we can go to China instead.
A. hope
B. wish
C. prefer
D. agree
30. —Hello! Would you like to go to the concert with me tonight?
—I'm sorry I can't Mother won't ________ me to go out in the evening.
A. let
B. allow
C. offer
D. ask
31. It's too dark here. Please ________ the light.
A. turn back
B. turn down
C. turn on
D. turn off
32. After finishing your paper, look it over to ________ there are no mistakes.
A. find out
B. try out
C. make sure
D. think about
33. The baby is sleeping. Please ________ the radio a little.
A. turn down
B. turn up
C. turn on
D. turn off
34. —Look! The bus is coming.
—But there are too many people. We can't ________ it.
A. get off
B. get down
C. get on
D. get up
35. Don't ________ your coat, Tom! It's easy to catch a cold in spring.
A. take away
B. take off
C. take down
D. take out
36. The trees must ________ three times a week.
A. water
B. is watering
C. be watered
D. waters
四、随堂监测B组
II．用所给词的适当形式填空：
1 They ________ (visit) the museum last week.
2. Zhang Hong ________ (make) many friends since she came to Paris.
3. She ________ (go)to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening.
4. John is always busy. He ________ (sleep) only six hours very night.
5. Stay here; boy; don't go out. It ________ (rain) now.
6. She often ________ (do) her lessons after supper.
7. Hurry up! The train ________ (leave) in five minutes.
8. They ________ (arrive) in London on the night of April 30, 1989.
9. While we ________ (talk) in the room, the light suddenly went out
10. They ________ (learn) about 200 English words since this term.
11. The meeting ________ already ________ (start) when we got there.
12. He ________ (work) hard at English every day.
13. Put on your coat. The wind ________ (blow) hard outside now.
14. I ________ (not finish) my homework yet.
15. He ________ (must send) to the hospital at once.
16. By the end of last year we ________ (plant) 1,500 trees.
17. She ________ (play) the piano when I went to see her last night.
18. I'll tell him about i8t as soon as I ________ (see) him.
19. She isn't at home, she ________ (go) to Shanghai.
20. ________ you ________ (get) up early every morning this year?
21. The film ________ (be) on for five minutes when I got to the cinema.
22. He said that light ________ (ravel) much faster than sound.
23. How many Chinese words ________ Mike ________ (learn) since he got to Beijing?
24. The earth ________ (move) around the sun.
25. The teacher said he ________ (give) us a talk on history soon.
26. All the students ________ (plant) trees tomorrow.
27. Please ________ (not shout) here, the baby is sleeping.
28. We were sure that he ________ (can work) out the problem.
29. The singer said she ________ (not sing) twice in one evening.
30. We are sure he will come to see us before he ________ (leave) Tianjin.
31. Look! The Yong Pioneers ________ (pant) trees on the hill.
32. Mr Wang ________ (not give) us a talk last Monday.
33. They ________ (play) basketball this time yesterday.
34. He said that they ________ (clean) the classroom the next day.
35. We often ________ (have) an English party on Saturday evenings.
36. He ________ (joint) the army a few years ago.
37. I'll tell him the news as soon as he ________ (come) back.
38. Tom always ________ (think) much of others, but little of himself.
39. Mr Black, together with his students, ________ (visit) the Science Museum now.
40. There ________ (be) a League meeting the day after tomorrow.
41. My brother ________ (be) away form home for three years.
42. When Black got to the classroom, the first class ________ (begin).
43. I don't know if he ________ (come). If he ________ (come), please let me know.
44. Tom said, "This pair of trousers ________ (be) mine!"
45. The story ________ (take) place in 1985.
46. —Where is your uncle?
—He________ (go) to the bank.
47. I usually ________ (do) my homework in the evening.
48. If it ________ (not rain) tomorrow, the League members of class ________ (plant) trees around the lake?
49. I ________ (finish) my homework by half past eight last night.
50. —What's in the lake?
—Some boys ________ (swim) in the lake.
51. The USA ________ (attack) Iraq (伊拉克) in March, 2003.
52. My brother likes English very much, and he ________ (practice) reading every morning.
A组
I．1-5C D A A A 6-10D C D B B
11-15A D C C D 16-20 C D C B C
21-25 C C D D D 26-30 C B B C B
31-36C C A C B C
B组
II．1. visited 2. has made 3. is going 4. sleeps
5. in raining
6. does
7. is leaving
8. arrived
9. were talking 10. have learned 11. had, started 12. works
13. is blowing 14. haven't finished 158. must be sent
16. had planted 17. was playing 18. see 19. has gone
20. Do, get 21. had been on 22. travels 23. has, learned
24. moves 25. would give 26. will plant/are going to plant
27. don't shout 28. could work 29. wouldn't sing
30. leaves 31. are planting 32. didn't give
33. were playing 34. would clean 35. have
36. joined 37. comes 38. thinks 39. is visiting
40. will be 41. has been 42. had begun
43. will come 44. is 45. took 46. has gone
47. do 48. doesn't rain, will plant
49. had finished 50. are swimming 51. attacked 52. practices
动词II
典型应用剖析
一、动词的被动语态
1．主动语态和被动语态
英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。

主语是动作的执行者，叫做主动语态；主语是动作的承受者，叫做被动语态。

例如：
We swept the floor.
我们打扫了地板。

（主动语态）
The floor was swept.
地板被打扫过。

（被动语态）
2．被动语态的构成
1）被动语态是由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。

助动词be有人称，数和时态的变化，其变化规则与其作为连系动词的be的变化完全一样。

被动语态的肯定式的结构是：主语+be+过去分词（vt.）+（by+宾语）。

例如：
Apple trees aren't planted in the south.
苹果树不种在南方。

The building hasn't been completed.
这座建筑物没有竣工。

3）被动语态的一般疑问句
被动语态的一般疑问句的结构是：Be+主语+过去分词（vt）+（by+宾语）？其答语用yes或no作简单回答。

例如：
Are they made in China? Yes, they are.
它们是中国制造的吗？是的，是中国制造的。

Was the museum built in 1993?
这座博物馆是在1993年建成的吗？
No, it was built in 1986.
不，它是在1986年建成的。

4）被动语态的特殊疑问句
被动语态的特殊疑问句的结构是：疑问词+be+主语+过去分词（vt），其答语要作具体回答。

例如：
What is the machine used for?
这台机器用来作什么？
It is used for making paper.
它是用来造纸的。

Where were the car made?
这些小汽车是哪里制造的？
They were made in China.
它们是中国制造的。

5）被动语态的八种时态形式
被动语态的八种时态（以动词ask为例）：
注意：
被动语态没有完成进行时态和将来进行时态。

初中阶段主要应掌握的被动语态的时态有：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在进行时，过去进行时和现在完成时。

3．什么时候使用被动语态
1）在没有指明动作的执行者的情况下。

例如：
The meeting was held last week.
会议上周召开了。

English is taught in all middle schools.
所有中学都开设英语课。

2）要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时。

例如：
Teapots are used for drinking.
茶壶是饮水用的。

Where's cotton produced?
棉花产于何地？
The bike was stolen yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午自行车被偷了。

4．主动语态变为被动语态的方法
1）将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句里的主语成分。

把主动句里的宾格人称代词改为主格形式。

2）把主动结构的谓语动词改为be+过去分词形式。

3）将主动句的主语变为介词by的宾语。

例如：
People use radios for listening to the news.（主动）
→Radios are use for listening to the news by people.（被动）
I posted a letter last week.（主动）
→A letter was posted by me last week.（被动）
注意：
在make, let, see, hear, notice, watch, feel等动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但这种句子如果变为被动语态时，则应加上to。

例如：We heard her sing an English song.（主动）
→She was heard to sing an English song by us.（被动）
5．主动语态变为被动语态的主要类型
1）谓语动词只有一个宾语的。

例如：The workers are building a ship.（主动语态）
→The ship is being built by the workers.（被动语态）
I have finished the exercises.（主动语态）
→The exercises have been finished by me.（被动语态）
2）谓语动词有两个宾语的，其中一个变为被动句的主语，另一个仍作为宾语，称为保留宾语。

例如：
I sent him a present. （主动语态）
→He was sent a present by me.（被动语态）
A present was sent to him by me.（被动语态）
注意：
a）在主动句中有些动词，如ask, answer, teach等变成被动句时，一般将间接宾语（指人的）改成被动句的主语。

例如：
He asked us a lot of questions.（主动语态）
→We were asked a lot of questions by him.
b)在主动句中有些动词，如build, buy, choose等变成被动句时，将直接宾语（指物的）改成被动句的主语。

例如：
My father bought me a new bike.（主动语态）
→The new bike was bought for me by my father.（被动语态）
3）谓语动词后跟复合宾语，只把宾语改为被动句的主语，宾语补足语不变。

例如：
宾语宾补
He left the door open.（主动语态）
他让门开着。

→The door was left open by him.（被动语态）
门由他打开着。

4）许多由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词，相当于一个及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以有被动语态。

但应注意：短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。

例如：
We must take good care of our books.（主动语态）
→Our books must be taken good care of.（被动语态）
我们应该保管好我们的书本。

我们的书本应保管好。

（被动）
5）谓语动词含有情态动词时，只变及物动词为被动语态，构成为：情态动词+be+过去分词（vt.）
例如：
We must finish it at once. （主动语态）
我们必须马上做完这件事。

→It must be finished at once（被动语态）
这件事必须马上做完。

6）带有be going to结构的被动语态，被动结构表现在不定式上。

结构为：sth be going to be done。

例如：
I am going to close the door.（主动语态）
我将去关门。

→The door is going to be closed.（被动语态）
门将要关上。

6．被动语态中应注意的几个问题
1）在被动语态句子中要注意主语与谓语在人称和数方面要保持一致。

2）主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况：
a．have（有）以及和have构成的短语动词不能用于被动语态
b．不及物动词没有动作的承受者，不能用被动语态。

c．主动句的宾语是each other或反身代词时，不能变成被动句的主语。

d．主动句的宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时，不能变成被动句的主语。

3）注意有时用主动语态表示被动意义的情况。

例如：
This kind of cloth washes very well.
这种布很禁洗。

The machine made in China sell well abroad.
宾语从句
重点知识归纳及讲解
<一>概述
1．在复合句中作主句及物动词的宾语的句子叫宾语从句。

它一般是由从属连词，连接代词或连接副词来引导。

它可以作动词，介词或某些形容词的宾语。

例如：
He said that he knew you.
他说他认识你。

He asked me why I had come here.
他问我为什么来这里。

I asked him what he wanted.
我问他要什么。

Could you tell me if/whether they are all League members?
你是否能告诉我他们都是团员吗？
I‟m interested in what he has said.
我对他说的话很感兴趣。

2．宾语从句中的谓语动词的时态常受到主句中谓语动词时态的影响。

因此，要注意保持主句和从句间时态的一致。

当主句的谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句的谓语动词可用所需要的任何时态。

例如：
He says that Lily is(will be/ was) a doctor.
他说莉莉是（将要成为/过去是）医生。

I‟ll tell you what I am doing (did/shall do).
或将要告诉你我正在做（过去做/将要做）什么。

如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，宾语从句的时态就比较复杂。

在这种复合句中，宾语从句的时态可以有：1）从句的谓语动词表示与主句同时发生的动作，则用过去时或过去进行时。

例如：
I thought he was old.
我认为他老了。

He wanted to know who she was waiting for.
他想知道她在等谁。

2）从句的谓语动词表示在主句动作之前完成的动作，则用过去完成时。

例如：
He said that he finished reading the book.
他说他看完了这本书。

3）从句谓语动词表示在主句动作之后发生的动作，则用过去将来时。

例如：
She said that she was going to buy a new bike next week.
她说她下个星期要去买一辆新自行车。

I wasn‟t sure if it would rain.
我没有把握是否会下雨。

4）从句表示普通真理时，其谓语动词用一般现在时。

例如：
The teacher told us the moon travels round the earth.
老师告诉我们，月亮绕地球转。

<二>初中阶段学习的宾语从句
在带宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句前面一般要有连词（有的可省略）引导。

由that引出的宾语从句相当于
陈述句；由whether/if引出的宾语从句相当于一般疑问句；由连接代词或连接副词引出的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句。

但应该注意的是它们的语序都是陈述句语序。

主句是陈述句时，句末不用问号。

1．由从属述连词that 引导的宾语从句。

在口语和新正式文体中常省略that。

例如：
He said(that) he would be back.
他说他将回来。

We knew (that) he had made a mistake.
我们知道他犯了一个错误。

在某些be+形容词的结构后面也可以跟that引导的宾语从句。

例如：
I am sure that I have posted the letter.
我的确把那封信寄了。

I am afraid that you are right.
恐怕你是对的。

2．由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句，
例如：
Did you ask the teacher when we would have a test?
你问老师我们什么时候进行测验了吗？
Do you know whose child he is?
你知道他是谁的孩子吗？
I can‟t find out why the machine doesn‟t work well.
我不能找出这台机器为什么动转不灵。

Do you remember what the teacher said at the class meeting yesterday.
你记得老师昨天在班会上说的话吗？
Could you tell me how long it will take me to get to the hospital from here?
你能告诉我从这里到医院需要多长时间吗？
I want to know which medicine he has taken.
我要知道他服了哪种药。

Please tell me who called me just now.
请告诉我刚才谁打电话给我。

I don‟t know whom they are speaking to.
我不知道他的在跟谁讲话。

He asked me where they were born.
他问我他们出生在哪里。

Do you remember how much you paid for the coat?
你记得你买这件外衣付了多少钱吗？
3．由从属连词whether 或if引导的宾语从句，在口语中常用if。

例如：
I don‟t know whether/ if this bike is h ers.
我不知道这辆自行车是否是她的。

Can you tell me whether/ if your father joined the Party in 1990?
你能告诉我你父亲是不是1990年入党的？
<三>宾语从句应掌握的要点
1．在三种类型的宾语从句中必须用陈述句的语序，即主语+谓语动词+其它成分，句末用句号；但主句为疑问句时，句末用问号。

2．在带有宾语从句的复合句中，要注意主句和从句的时态的呼应。

1）当主句的谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句的谓语动词可用任何需要的时态。

2）当主句的谓语动词是过去时态时，从句的谓语动词只能用过去时态范围内的某一种形式。

3）从句表示普遍真理时，即使主句的谓语动词是过去时，从句的谓语动词也须用一般现在时。