6. Romanticists 1
Unit 6-Romantic Poets (1)
Pre-Romanticism in Poetry
--- arose in the latter half of the 18th century marked by a strong protest against bondage of classicism and by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion. It was ushered in by Percy (“Reliques of Ancient English Poetry”), Macpherson (“Ossian”) and Chatterton (Rowley Papers), represented by Blake and Burns.
Representative Writers and Their Works
William Wordsworth(威廉 华兹华斯 威廉·华兹华斯 威廉 华兹华斯) Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》； I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud 《独行徐徐如浮云》； The Solitary Reaper《孤独的收割者》； Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abby 《亭台诗赋》； Ode: Intimations of Immortality《不朽颂》；The Prelude《序曲》
The Age of Romanticism (17981832)
Historical Background --- On July 14, 1789, the Parisian people stormed the Bastille, which marked the outbreak of the French Revolution. --- In 1798, Wordsworth and Coleridge jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads”, Which marked the break with the poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e., with classicism and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England. Romanticism (a period of poetical revival) --- Romanticism rose and grew under the impetus of the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832, and the general feature of romanticism is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society. Owing to difference in political attitudes romanticists split into two schools: passive romanticists, represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey (Unit 6), and active romanticists, represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.(Unit 8)
(完整word版)英国文学期末考试题目(英语专业必备)
一．中古英语时期♦Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language.♦The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.♦Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature.♦Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism.二．文艺复兴Renaissance♦Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world.♦It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe.♦Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ♦This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare.♦The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe.♦Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies”is themost popular of Bacon’s 58 essays.♦Thomas More ——Utopia♦Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene相关练习♦ 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language?♦ A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene♦ C. Beowulf D. Hamlet♦ 2. _____ is the father of English poetry.♦ A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare♦ C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer♦ 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England.♦ A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer♦ C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare♦“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare♦William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have meaning beyond the time and place of his plays. His four tragedies are Hamlet(《哈姆雷特》), Othello(《奥赛罗》), King Lear(《李尔王》) and Macbeth(《麦克白》).♦Shakespeare’s sonnets, 154 in number, are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings; Sonnet 18 deserves its fame because it is one of the mostbeautifully written verses in the English language♦诗选♦Sonnet 18♦Shall I compare thee to a Summer’s day?♦Thou art more lovely and more temperate.♦Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,♦And Summer’s lease hath all too short a date.♦（我怎能将你与夏日相比? /你比它更温和可爱：/动人的花蕾在五月咆哮的风中颤抖，/夏日的美好时光也绝不长久：）♦Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,♦And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;♦And every fair from fair sometime declines,♦By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimm’d;♦（太阳的金色光芒虽然耀眼，/却常常以灰暗的面貌出现；/再美貌的物什都逃不过凋谢，/命运流转或无意间将其拆解；）♦But thy eternal Summer shall not fade,♦Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st♦Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade,♦When in eternal line to time thou grow’st.♦So long as men can breath or eyes can see,♦So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.♦（可你如夏日般不会褪色, /你的美貌也将永存; /死神无法夸耀你曾在它的阴影中游荡, /伴随永恒的诗篇你将留存。
Romanticism浪漫主义1790-1910（romanticize）1、浪漫主义的词源浪漫
Romanticism浪漫主义1790-1910(romanticize)1、浪漫主义的词源浪漫主义时期是许多事物非常容易被人理解和容易被人喜爱的一段时期，人们在一百多年的时间内融洽的互动于这个充满矛盾的环境中，但在各种因素相互冲突的缝隙间，浪漫主义带给人们精神上的慰籍，追求自由的思想给予了艺术极大的发展空间。
浪漫主义的性质和风格最早体现于文学上（诠释于音乐上，音乐是一种最好的诉说浪漫主义语言的媒介），可以从Romance这个词说起(Romanticism, romantic)，意为罗曼语，是方言拉丁语的一种，由此词派生出romantic, romaunt是指用罗曼语写成的传奇和诗歌，是一种文学形式，而它的最大的特点就在于冒险和放纵的想像，也就是从主观出发的人对世界的理想化，因此浪漫主义时期是一个最具“艺术”味道的时代。
2、社会环境，思想社会——>人——>艺术——>音乐∧－――――――――――――∧当然在大的社会背景下，浪漫主义只能作为这段时期的笼统描述，浪漫主义所带领出的文化思潮、艺术思想和风格流派，在不同国家和不同阶段都有不同的表现，（在19世纪中由民族解放和独立运动所掀起的民族主义（Nationalism）运动，就可以解释为把主观的东西从个人扩大到整个社会的结果），这就是浪漫主义所追求的反抗、自由、个性的体现。
在这样的环境下，作为个体的人有了比以往要多的自我体现的渴望，主动的思考，自由的表达感情，不断的创新，这些都最终导致了20世纪那“光怪陆离”（褒义）现代主义。
所以说每一个历史时期的变革都是一个逐渐过渡的过程，每一个时期都包含着不只一个倾向，之所以只以一个为督导，因为它的离心力大于其它倾向而占用主要地位，不能说古典主义时期没有浪漫因素，浪漫主义也是在包含着古典主义的核心外继续发展，并在与其共生的其它反动势力逐渐突出并强盛起来。
纵观整个浪漫主义时期，从这个不算长也不算短的时间跨度中产生的辉煌成就中，可以看到它发展和消亡的过程，这是必要的也是积极而有建设性的过程，就如每个历史时期的发展一样。
英国文学史及选读Chapter1
英国文学史及选读Chapter1英国文学史及选读Chapter1发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:32 共270人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Anglo-Saxon PeriodI. Fill in the blanks.1.After the fall of the Roman Empire and athe withdrawl of Roman troops from Albion，the aboriginal __ population of the larger part of the island was soon conquerered and almost totally exterminated by the Teutonic tribes of ____，_____ ，and _____ who came from the continent and settled in the island，naming its central part a，or England.2.For nearly ______ years prior to the coming of the English，British had been a Roman province. In _____，the Rome withdrew their legions from Britain to protect herself against swarms of Teutonic invaders.3.The literature of early period falls naturally into teo divisions，and ____.The former represents the poetry which ____the Anglso-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of _____ ，the crude material out of which literature was slowly developed on English soil；the later represents the writings developed under the teaching of ______ .4._____can be justly termed England’s national epic and its hero _____---one of the national heros of the English people.5.The Song of Beowulf reflects events which took place on the ______ approximately at the beginning of the_____century，when the forefathers of the Jutes lived in the southern part of the _____ and maintained close relations with kindred tribes，e.g.with the ______ who lived on the other side of the straits.6.Among the early Anglo-Saxon poets we may mention______ who lived in the latter half of the ______ century and who wrote a poetic Paraphase of the Blible.7.____ is the first known religious poets of England. He is known as the father of English song.8.The didac tic poem “The Christ” was produced by ________.II. Choose the best answer for each blank.9.The most important work of _______ is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles，which is regarded as the best monument of the old English prose.a. Alfred the Greatb. Caedmonc. Cynewulfd. Venerable Bede2. Who is the monster half-huamn who had mingled thirty warriors in The Song of Beowulf？a. Hrothgat.b. Heorot.c. Grendel.d. Beowulf.3. _____ is the first important religious poet in English Literature.a. Cynewulfb.Caedmonc. Shakepeare.d. Adam Bede4. The epic，The Song of Beowulf，represents the spirit of ______.a. monksb. romanticistsc. sentimentalistd. paganIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write your answers in the brackets.1. （）The author of The Song of Beowulf is Cynewulf.2. （）The setting of The Song of Beowulf is in Scotland.3. （）Alfred the Great compiles The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.4. （）Venerable Bede wrote The Ecclesiastical History of the English People.5. （）The author of Paraphase is Caedmon.IV. Define the liretary terms listed below.Alliteration Epic.V. Answer the following questions.1.What do you know about the Teutors.2.Please give a brief description of The Song of Boewulf.英国文学史及选读Chapter2发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:31 共93人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Anglo-Norman PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1.In the year___，at the battle of ___，the ____ headed by William，Duke of Normandy，defeated the Anglo-Saxons.2.The literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright，____ tales of _______ and _______，in marked contrast with the ___ and ______ of Anglo-Saxon poetry.3.English literature is also a combination of ____and _____ elements.4.In the 14th century，the two most important writers are ___ and Chaucer.5.In the 15th century，there is only one important prose writer whose name is _____. He wrote an important work called Morte d’ Arthur.II. Define the leterature terms listed below.1.Canto2.legend3.Arthurian Legend.III. Read the excerpt of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight carefully，and then make a brief comment on it.IV. Answer the following questions.1.What is the consequence of the Norman Conquest？2.Make a brief survey of the middle English literature.英国文学史及选读Chapter3发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:31 共68人浏览[大] [中] [小]Geoffrey ChaucerI. Fill in the following blanks.1.Chaucer’s masterpiece is _____，one of the most famous works in all literature.2.Chaucer created in The Canterbury Tales a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of _______.3.There are various kinds of ballads _______，______，______，_____，and ______.4.Bishop ____ was among the first to take a literary interest in ballads.5.The name of the “jolly innkeeper” in The CanterburyTales is ______，who proposes that each pilgrim of the ____ should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back.6.In contradistinction to the ______ verse of Anglo-Saxon poetry，Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English _____ verse.II. Choose the best answer.1.Who is the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England？a. Christopher Marlowb. Geoffrey Chaucerc. W. Shakespeared. Alfred the Great2. Chaucer’s earlist work of any length is his “______” a transl ation of the French “Roman de la Rose” by Gaillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung，which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries not only in France but throught Europe.a. Troilus and Criseydeb. A Red，Red Rosec. Romance of the Rosed. Piers the Plowman3. In his literary development，Chaucer was influenced by three literatures，which one is not true？a. French literature.b. Italian literaturec. English literatured. American literatureIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write your answers in the brackets.1. （）The 32 pilgrims，according to Chaucer’s plan，was to exceed that of Baccoccio’s Decameron.2. （）The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of Romantic portray，the first of its kind in the history of English literature.3. （）The Canterbury Tales is a vivid and brilliant reflection of 15th century in England.4. （）Chaucer’s poetry traces out a path to the literature of English Renaissance.IV. Define the leterary terms listed below.1.Romance.2.Fable.3.BalladV. Anwer the following question.1.What is the social significance of The Canterbury Tales ？英国文学史及选读Chapter4发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:30 共66人浏览[大] [中] [小]The RenaissanceI. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase according to the textbook.1.Shakespeare’s first priginal play written in about 1590 was _________.2.Hamlet，Othello，King Lear，and _______ are generally regarded as Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.3.The Tragical History of Doct or Faustus is one of _______’s best known sonnets.4.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of ______.5.Bacon’s works may be divided into three classes，the ______，the _______，the _______ works.6.Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the_________.7.Edmund Spenser was the author of the greatest epic poem of _______.II. Find out the author and his works.⑴The author and their works1. （）Thomas More a. Gorge Green2. （）Enmund Spenser b. Eupheus3. （）John Lyly c.The Fairy Queen4. （）Marlowe d. Utopia5. （）Robert Greene e. The Jew of Malta⑵The characters in the play1. （）Desdemona a. The Merchant of Venice2. （）Cordelia b. As you like it3. （）Juliet c.Hamlet4. （）Ophelia d. King Lear5. （）Portia e. Othello6. （）Rosalind f. Romeo and JulietIII. Define the leterary terms listed below.1.Renaissance2.sonnet3.Spenserian Stanza4.Humanism5.dramatic irony6.tragedy7.allusionIV. Answer the following questions.1.Give a summary about the English literature during the Renaissance period.2.What is the main idea of Hamlet？3.Give a brief introduction to Thomas More’s Utopia.4.Wh en were Shakespeare’s main tragedies written？what did he write about in his tragedies？英国文学史及选读Chapter5发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:29 共40人浏览[大] [中] [小]Chapter Five The Period of Revolution and RestorationI. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase according to th etextbook.1.The 17th century was a period when ______ impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the ______ could no longer bear the sway of _______.2.England became a commomwealth under the leadership of _______.3.The Glorious Revolution in _____ meant three things the supremacy of ________，the beginning of _______，and the final truiumph of the principle of _______.4.Restoration created a literature of its own，that was often ______ and _______，but on the whole _______ and _______.5.The first thing to strik e the reader is Donne’s extraordinary _____ and penetrating_______. The next is the ______ which marks certain of the lighter poems and which represents a conscious reation from the extreme _______ of woman encouraged by the Petrachan tradition.6.Parad ise Lost presents the author’s view in an ______，_______ form. It is based on the _______legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race-______，and _______，and involves God and his eternal adversary _____in its plot.7.Bunyan’s most important wo rk is _________，written in the old-fashioned，medieval form of ________ and _________.8.Christia has two objects，---to get rid of his ______，which holds the sins and fears of his life，and to make his way.II. Find out the work from column A and its content from column B.1. （）II Penseroso a. defense of the Revolution2. （）Lycidas b. Satan against God3. （）Comas c. about dear friend4. （）Areopagitica d. happiness5. （）Eikonolastes e. meditation6. （）Defense for the English People f. masque7. （）Paradise Lost g. attack on the censorship8. （）L’Allegro h. justifying the excutionIII.Define the leterature terms listed below.1 .Blank Verse2. Three Unities3. Conceit4. Stanza5. Elegy6 .Allegory7. GenreLiterary CriticismIV. Answer the following questions.1.What are the different aspects between the literature of Elizabeth period and that of the Revolution period？2.Give a brief analysis of Satan，the central figure in ParadiseLost.3.Why do people say Samson is Milton？4.In your opinion，why is “The Pilgrim’s P rogress” successful？英国文学史及选读Chapter6发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:29 共34人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Age of Enlightenment EnglandI. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase according to th etextbook.1.The Revolution of 1688，which banished the last of the _____ kings，marks the end of the long struggle for political freedom in England.2.Another feature of the age was the rapid development of _________.3.It is simply for convenience that we study 18th century writings in three main divisions：the reign of so-called _____，the revival of _______ poetry，and the beginnings of the _______.4.The philosophy of the nlighteners，though ________ ________ and _________ in its essence，did not exclude senses，or sentiments，as a means of perception and learning.5.The most outstanding figure of English sentimentalism was ________.6.The Tarler and _______ _________ were Steele and Addison’s chief contribution to English literature.7.Robinson Crusoe is largely an ______ ________ ________ story，rather than the study of ______ _______ which Defoe probably intended it to be.8.Gulliver’s adventures begins with ______________，who are so small that Gulliver isa giant among them.9.The poem，which Addison named ______ _______，was hailed throughout England as a great work.10.In the essays of the 16th century，French writer ____ set the model for more familiar，personal and discursive discussion.11.Fielding’s laternovels are _______________，was inspired by the success of Ri chardson’s novel Pamela.12.As________，Goldsmith is among the best of the century.13. The greatest of _______ poets is Robert Burns.II. Match the theirs works in column A writers/genres with in column B.⑴1. （）The Deserted Village a. Thomas Gary2. （）The Village b. George Crabble3. （）Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard c. Oliver Goldsmith4. （）The Seasons d. James Thomson5. （）The Rape of the Lock e. William Blake6. （）The Chimney Sweeper f. Alexander Pope7. （） A Red，Red Rose g. Robert Burns⑵1. （）A Sentimental Journey a. Daniel Defoe2. （）The Vicar of Wakefield b. Jonathan Swift3. （）The School for Scandal c.John Bunyan4. （）The History of a Young Lady d. Horace Walpole5. （）Tom Jones e. Laurence Sterne6. （）The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle f. Oliver Goldsmith7. （）Robinson Crusoe g. Richard B. Sheridam8. （）Gulliver’s Tra vels h. Samuel Richardson9. （）The Castle of Otranto i. T. G. Smollet10.（）The Pilgrim’s Progress j. Fielding.⑶1. （）The Vicar of Wakefield a. essay2. （）She Stoops to Conquerb. poem3. （）The Citizen of the world c. novel4. （）The Deserted Village d. comedyIII.Define the leterature terms listed below.1.Enlightenment Movement2.Realistic Novel3.Gothic novel4.Heroic Couplet5.Mock Epic6.Bildungsroman7.Epitaph8.Farce9.Imagism10.RhymeIV. Answer the following questions.1.What is Pope’s position in English literature？2.What are the features of Sterne’s novels？3.What are the narrative festures of Gulliver’s Travel？4.What is Dr. Johnson’s comment on Addison’s prose？5.What is Fielding’s style？6.Why is Burn’s poetry important？英国文学史及选读Chapter7发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:28 共27人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Romantic PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1.With the publication of William Wordworth’s _____ in Collaboration with S. T. Coleridge，________ began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.2.The most important and decisive factor in the develoment of literature is _____，English Romanticism was greatly influenced by the _______ and _______.3.The greatest historical novelist _____ was produced in the Romantic Age.4.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems，one is Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage，the other is ________.5.Shelley’s poem _______ （1816），is vaguely autobiographical acount of a youn g poet’s unsuccessful attempt to recapture his envisional ideal.6.Ode to a Nightingale was written by _______.II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The Romantics emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2.The brilliant literary criticiam Biographis literaria is written by Samuel Johnson.III. Write the author of the following literary works.1. Song of Innocence2. The Prelude3. Kubla Khan4. Don Juan5. Prometheus Unbound6. Ode to the West Wind7. Ode on a Greciam Urn8. Pride and Prejudice9. Poor RelationsIV. Match the authors in column A with the works in columnB.1. Dante a. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud2.Byron b. Ode to a Nightingale3. Wordsworth c. Gain4. Keats d. Prometheus Unbound5. Shelley e. Divine ComedyV. Define the following terms.1.Romanticism/doc/a410999246.htmlke poetsVI. Answer the following questions.1.How does Wordsworth define the poet？2.What kinds of stylistic devices are used in Ode to the West Wind？3.Co mment on Austen’s writing festures.英国文学史及选读Chapter7发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:28 共27人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Romantic PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1.With the publication of William Wordworth’s _____ in Collaboration with S. T. Coleridge，________ began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.2.The most important and decisive factor in the develomentof literature is _____，English Romanticism was greatly influenced by the _______ and _______.3.The greatest historical novelist _____ was produced in the Romantic Age.4.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems，one is Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage，the other is ________.5.Shelley’s poem _______ （1816），is vaguely autobiographical acount of a young poet’s unsuccessful attempt to recapture his envisional ideal.6.Ode to a Nightingale was written by _______.II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The Romantics emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2.The brilliant literary criticiam Biographis literaria is written by Samuel Johnson.III. Write the author of the following literary works.1. Song of Innocence2. The Prelude3. Kubla Khan4. Don Juan5. Prometheus Unbound6. Ode to the West Wind7. Ode on a Greciam Urn8. Pride and Prejudice9. Poor RelationsIV. Match the authors in column A with the works in columnB.1. Dante a. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud2.Byron b. Ode to a Nightingale3. Wordsworth c. Gain4. Keats d. Prometheus Unbound5. Shelley e. Divine ComedyV. Define the following terms.1.Romanticism/doc/a410999246.htmlke poetsVI. Answer the following questions.1.How does Wordsworth define the poet？2.What kinds of stylistic devices are used in Ode to the West Wind？/doc/a410999246.htmlment on Austen’s writing festures.英国文学史及选读Chapter9发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:26 共37人浏览[大] [中] [小]The 20TH Century LiteratureI. Fill in the following blanks.1.Those “novels of character and enviorement” by T homas Hardy are the most representative of him as both a _______ and a critical realist writer.2.The trilogy “The Forsyte Saga” consists of The Man of Propert y，In Chancery and_________./doc/a410999246.htmlwrence first novel，_________________，was received with respect.4.Virginia Woolf’s novel ________________，published in 1925，made her reputation as an important psychological writer.5._________is the m ost outstanding stream of consciousnessnovelist.II. Define the literary terms.1.Imagism2.ModernismIII. Find the relevant match from column B for each item in column A.1. James Joyce a. Neo-classicism2. Ezra Pound b. An active romantic3. William Wordsworth c. Humanism4. Oscar Wilde d. Transcendantalism5. Walter Scott e. A radical enlightenner6. Alezander Pope f. Imagism7. Johanthan Swift g. Aestheticism8. Percy Bysshe Shelley h. A lake Poet9. William Shakespeare i. Stream of consciousness10. Henry，David Thoreau j. A historical novelistIV. Give a brief comment on the c haracteristic of Hardy’s novels.。
浪漫主义诗人的英语
浪漫主义诗人的英语The Essence of Romanticism in Poetry.The Romantic poets, a vibrant and innovative movementin literature, marked a significant departure from the preceding neoclassical period. These poets rejected the rigid constraints of classical rules and embraced a more自由, emotional, and individualistic approach to poetry. Their works were deeply influenced by the natural world, emphasizing the beauty and grandeur of nature as a source of inspiration and solace.The Romantic period, often associated with the late18th and early 19th centuries, saw the emergence of writers who were determined to reimagine poetry and give voice to their deeply felt emotions. These poets believed that true poetry came from within, reflecting the unique experiences and passions of the individual. They rejected theartificiality and impersonality of neoclassical poetry, preferring instead to write about topics that resonateddeeply with their own hearts and minds.One of the defining characteristics of Romantic poetry is its emphasis on emotion and subjectivity. These poems are not just descriptions of landscapes or historical events; they are emotional reactions to these topics, expressed through vivid imagery and passionate language. The poet's feelings and thoughts are central to the poem, often conveyed through the use of first-person narration and autobiographical elements.Nature plays a pivotal role in Romantic poetry. The poets of this period saw nature as a source of inspiration and solace, a place where they could find peace and tranquility amidst the turmoil of their lives. They celebrated the beauty and grandeur of nature, writing about its vast landscapes, powerful storms, and delicate flowers with a sense of awe and wonder. Nature became a symbol of freedom and spontaneity, contrasting sharply with the constraints of society and tradition.Another key aspect of Romantic poetry is its focus onthe individual and the importance of personal expression. The Romantic poets believed that each individual was unique and had a distinct voice that should be heard. They rejected the idea of a universal language or style, preferring instead to experiment with language and form to express their unique vision and feelings. This emphasis on individuality and personal expression led to aproliferation of new poetic forms and techniques, such as the use of free verse, which broke away from traditional rhyme and meter.The Romantic poets also had a strong sense of social and political awareness. While their works were often deeply personal, they also commented on the issues and events of their time, often through the use of symbolism and allegory. They criticized the industrialization and urbanization of society, seeing it as a threat to the natural world and the individual's sense of self. They advocated for a return to a more rural, agrarian lifestyle, seeing it as a way to reconnect with nature and rediscover the true essence of humanity.In conclusion, the Romantic poets marked a significant turning point in the history of literature. Their emphasis on emotion, subjectivity, nature, and individuality revolutionized poetry, giving voice to the deeply felt experiences and passions of the individual. Their works are not just beautiful expressions of art; they are also powerful commentaries on the issues and events of their time, calling for a reimagining of society and a reconnection with our natural selves.。
西方艺术思想家观点总结
西方艺术思想家观点总结西方艺术思想家观点涵盖了广泛的主题，从艺术的定义和目的，到艺术家的角色和责任，再到对艺术作品的解释和观赏方式等。
以下是对一些西方艺术思想家观点的总结。
1. 亚里士多德（Aristotle）：亚里士多德将艺术视为模仿现实的手段，并认为艺术的目的是通过模仿和表现揭示生活的真相和道德价值。
2. 笛卡尔（Descartes）：笛卡尔关注主观经验和感知，认为艺术有助于反思人类意识和思维的本质，揭示真实与幻觉之间的边界。
3. 康德（Kant）：康德强调艺术的独立性和自由性，认为艺术不受传统道德规范的约束，因此艺术作品可以提供纯粹的审美享受。
4. 浪漫主义者（Romanticists）：浪漫主义者强调情感、个人体验和想象力的重要性。
他们认为艺术是表达自我和追求精神自由的媒介，通过独特的感受和情感传达出真实的人性。
5. 霍尔德林（Hölderlin）：霍尔德林将艺术与宗教和神圣联系在一起，认为艺术是超越日常现实的一种方式，通过各种形式和表达方式，艺术使人们与神性发生关联。
6. 维特根斯坦（Wittgenstein）：维特根斯坦关注语言和其对现实的表达方式，他认为艺术是一种以独特的方式传达思想和情感的语言形式，艺术作品可以通过自身的形式和结构来表达意义。
7. 福柯（Foucault）：福柯以权力和知识关系为基础，探讨了艺术对社会和个体的影响。
他认为艺术作品不仅反映社会现象，还能推动社会变革。
8. 达布（Danto）：达布强调艺术的概念和定义的变化。
他认为在当代艺术中，观念和观看的过程对于艺术作品的意义和价值至关重要。
9. 德里达（Derrida）：德里达探讨了艺术作品的解释和观赏方式。
他认为观众的主观和文化背景会影响对艺术作品的理解，因此解读是一个不断演变的过程。
10. 布尔迪厄（Bourdieu）：布尔迪厄关注艺术与社会的关系，他认为艺术作品的价值是由社会机构和权威赋予的，这导致了艺术的贵族化和不平等。
Romanticism
George Sand(乔治桑)
Romanticism in Russia
Aleksander Pushkin
Aleksander Pushkin普希金
important poet ： Ruslan and Liudmila《鲁斯兰和柳德米拉》. Best play ： Boris Godunov 《鲍 里斯 戈都诺夫》. Masterpiece ：Eugene Onegin 《叶 甫盖尼 奥涅金》.
Victor Hugo(维克多雨果)
Les Feuilles d’automne秋叶集 La Legende des siecles世纪传说 Les Miserables悲惨世界
George Sand(乔治桑)
She led a hard but eventful life, battling her way through social prejudice and misunderstanding. Two things caused the most bitter experience in her life: conventional marriage and her gender of a woman.
《卡洛斯四世一家》 法国 戈雅
马德里普拉多博物馆藏
浪漫主义建筑
浪漫主义在建筑上表现为追求超尘脱俗的趣味和 异国情调 。18世纪60年代～19 世纪30年代是浪 漫主义建筑发展的第一阶段，又称先浪漫主义。 出现了中世纪城堡式的府邸，甚至东方式的建筑 小品 。 19 世纪30～70年代是浪漫主义建筑的第 二阶段，它已发展成为一种建筑创作潮流。由于 追求中世纪的哥特式建筑风格，故又称哥特复兴 建筑。浪漫主义建筑主要限于教堂、大学、市政 厅等中世纪就有的建筑类型。它在各个国家的发 展不尽相同。英国是浪漫主义建筑的发源地，最 有名的建筑作品是伦敦的英国议会大厦、圣吉尔 斯教堂、曼彻斯特市政厅等。
13-Romanticism
Romanticism in Literature (cont.)
• There is pleasure in beauty, Wordsworth writes. And in this sense, poetry should gratify the senses. • In striving to capture the eternal beauty, the poet gives rise to romantic expression in all human beings.
Romanticism in Literature (cont.)
• Wordsworth defends the romantic poet’s reliance on personal feelings and, like Rousseau, claims that human beings have become too distant from their nature. • Civilization has stolen their insight into nature away. In other words, the over-stimulation of the senses (even in an age without video games) keeps men and women from appreciating the quiet beauty of nature, and with it the opportunity for meditative thought and introspection.
4 Romanticism emphasized the importance of the subjective experience:
The Romantic Period 浪漫时期的英国文学
The Romantic Period. Historical Background1.Economy: Industrial Revolution (end of the 18th century)-----great wealth to the rich and worsen the working and living condition of the poor2.Politics: French Revolution(1789,Bastille)American Independence War(1776-1783)----- revolution enthusiasm swept nearly all European countries.3.Culture: The Romantic MovementII. Age of Romanticism1. Time: 1798 (publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge) to 1832 (death of Sir Walter Scott)2. Essence: shift from reason to emotion3. definition: A term applicable to philosophy, politics and the arts in general. Reacting against neoclassicism, romantic writers.1) emphasized emotion over intellect; inspiration over logic. 2) felt that nature is the source of sublime feeling, divine inspiration, and even moral action.3)stress the individual over society, discipline and order; the natural over the tamed.4. Features1) The general feature is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.2) Their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic pictures.3) The romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man.4) Most of them had strong desire to escape from the reality.5) They are all concerned much about the influence of nature.6) Their writings are free from any rules, they fight against the rules of new classicism: order, harmony, balance, reason. They ask for the freedom of expression.7) Most works are supernatural and full of imagination.8) Creation is the centre of English Romanticism.9) Romanticism is characterized by the 5 ―I‖s: a) Imagination; b) Intuition; c) Idealism; d) Inspiration; e) Individuality.5. classification:(1) passive/escapist romanticists. e.g. Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey.(2) active/Satanic romanticists. e.g. Byron, Shelly, Keats.I. titleThe representative poet and chief spokesman of the Romantic poetry . II. lifeborn in April 7th 1770, in EnglandAfter the death of their mother, he and Dorothy were separated by their fatherWordsworth began attending St John‘s College, Cambridge in 1787In November 1791, Wordsworth visited to France. He fell in love with a French woman, Annette VallonLack of money and Britain‘s tensions with France made him return alone to England the next yearThrough this period, many of his poems revolve around themes of death, endurance, separation, and grief.starting in 1810, Wordsworth and Coleridge were estranged over the latter‘s opium addictionWith the death in 1843 of Robert Southey, Wordsworth became the Poet LaureateIII. Major WorksLyrical BalladsLucy PoemsThe Prelude (1850, posthumous, W‘s autobio- graphical poem, in 14 books ).Famous Poems:—―Lines Composed A Few Miles above TinternAbbey‖—―I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud‖—―My Heart Leaps Up‖—―Ode: Intimations of Immortality‖—―The Solitary Reaper‖IV. Wordsworth‘s Principles of Poetry1. ―all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling‖2. ―poetry takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility‖3. Wordsworth ―endeavored to bring language near to the real language of man‖, ―by fitting to the metrical arrangement a selection of the real language of men‖.4. Wordsworth is regarded as a ― worshipper of nature.‖ It is nature that gives him ―strength & knowledge full of peace.‖5. Common life is Wordsworth‘s only subject of literary interest. The joys & sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.6. Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past. To him, life is a cyclic journey. Its beginning finally turns out to be its end. Wordsworth‘s deliberate simplicity & refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure & profound poetry which no other poets has ever equaled.7. Rejecting the contemporary emphasis on form & intellectual approachthat drained poetic writing of strong emotion, he maintains that the scenes & events of everyday life & the speech of ordinary people are the raw material of which poetry can & should be made.V. I Wandered Lonely as a CloudThe four six-line stanzas of this poem follow a quatrain- couplet rhyme scheme like ABABCC.Each line is metered in iambic tetrameter.Each stanza represents meeting, familiarity, joy and pleasure of sympathy: introduction, development, turn and conclusionThe theme of this poem is ‗The pleasure of sympathy with nature‘.Using metaphors and similes creates imageries of daffodils - the reverse personification.VI. Themes of Wordsworth‘s poems1.natural impressions2.the feelings of the common people3.harmony between humanity and natureVIII. term:Lake Poets---- Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey are mentioned a s the ―Lake Poets‖ or ―negative romantic poets‖ because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England. All had radicalinclinations in their youth but later turned conservative and received pensions and poet laureateships from the aristocracy.Byron and Shelley were hailed as ―positive (revolutionary) Romantic poets‖.I. Life Experienceborn in London on the 22nd of January 1788.On the 13th of March 1809, he took his seat in the House of Lords. Then he published the first two canto s of Childe Harold‘s Pilgrimage, which made him famous overnight.In 1815, he married a solemnly religious woman, Miss Milbank who wanted to ―reform‖ Byron but left him by saying ―he was insane‖. This made Byron fall into a scandal and leave England forever.Then he travelled around the Continent, and met Shelley in Switzerland. The two became close friends.He went to Greece to fight for the Greek people‘s rights after Shelley‘s death, and died of fever in Greece.II. Literary WorksHours of Idleness (1807)English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812): his first important workHebrew Melodies (1815)Manfred (1817)Don Juan (1818-19): his masterpieceCain (1821)III. She Walks in Beauty1. It was inspired by Mrs. Wilmot, Byro n‘s cousin, when he saw her wearing a spangled dress at Lady Sitwell's party in June, 1814. Byron's friend, James W. Webster, had written about the event:‗I did take him to Lady Sitwell‘s party in Seymour Road. He there for the first time saw his cousin, the Beautiful Mrs. Wilmot. When we returned to his rooms in Albany, he said little, but desired Fletcher to give him a tumbler of Brandy, which he drank at once to Mrs. Wilmot's health, then retired to rest, and was, I heard afterwards, in a sad state all night. The next day he wrote those charming lines upon her --She walks in Beauty like the Night....‘2. The Form of the PoemCritics have admired it for its gracefulness, lyricism, and masterful use of internal rhyme: a work of ―peculiar sweetness and beauty.‖The three stanzas of this poem all follow the same rhyme scheme (ababab, cdcdcd, efefef) and the same metrical pattern.IV. ―Childe Harold‘s Pilgrimage‖---oriented tales1. content: Harold‘s travels in Europe. The poem is about a gloomy, passionate young wanderer who escaped from the society he disliked &traveled around the continent, questing for freedom. It teems with all kinds of recognizable features of Romantic poetry —— the medieval, the outcast figure, love of nature, hatred of tyranny, preoccupation with the remote & savage, & so on.2. form: four cantos. Spenserian stanza (a 9-line stanza rhymed ababbcbcc, in which the first eight lines are in iambic pentameter while the ninth in iambic hexameter)3. theme:a. the struggle of the Spaniards against foreign aggre- ssionb. the heroic past of the Greeks.c. encourage the Greeks to strive for liberty with arms4. Features:a. vivid & exotic descriptive passages on mountains, rivers & seas.b. strong passion for liberty & intense hatred for all tyrants, sympathy for the oppressed Portuguese under French occupation；c. he glorifies the French Revolution & condemns the despotic Napoleon period；he appeals for the liberty of the oppressed nations while exalting the great fighters for freedom in history.V. Don Juan1. a long satirical poem. Juan is an aristocratic libertine, amiable & charming to ladies. Byron puts into Don Juan his rich knowledge of world & wisdom. It presents brilliant pictures of life in its various stagesof love, joy, suffering, hatred & fear. The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme of appearance & reality, i.e. what things seem to be & what they actually are.2. "The Isles of Greece―, is taken from Canto III, which is sung by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan & Haidee, the pure & beautiful daughter of a pirate. In the early 19th century, Greece was under the rule of Turk. By contrasting the freedom of ancient Greece & the present enslavement, the poet appealed to people to struggle for liberty.VI. Characteristics of Byron‘s Poems1. Byron‘s poetry, though much criticized by some critics on moral grounds, was immensely popular and exerted great influence on the Romantic Movement.2. This popularity owed to the author‘s persistent attacks on ―can t（伪善）political, religious, & moral,‖ to the novelty of his oriental scenery, to the romantic character of the Byronic hero, & to the easy, fluent, & natural beauty of his verse.3. Byron‘s diction, though unequal & frequently faulty, has on the wholea freedom, copiousness(丰富性) & vigor.4. His descriptions are simple & fresh, & often bring vivid objects before the reader.5. Byron‘s poetry is like the oratory which hurries the hearers without applause. The glowing imagination of the poet rises & sinks with thetones of his enthusiasm, roughing into argument, or softening into the melody feeling & sentiments.6. Byron employed the Ottva Rima (Octave Stanza) from Italians mock-heroic poetry. It was perfected in Don Juan in which the convention flows with ease & naturalness, as Colonel Stanhope described "a stream sometimes smooth, sometimes rapid & sometimes rushing down in cataracts-a mixture of philosophy & slang-of everything."VII. Byronic heroesa proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt world, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions.Shelley (1792-1822)I. TitleThe most wonderful lyric poet England has ever produced.II. Life1. born into a wealthy family at Sussex. At 18, Shelley entered Oxford University, where he had written & circulated a pamphlet，The Necessity of Atheism (1811), this resulted in his expulsion from theuniversity & being disinherited by his headstrong father. Early in 1818, Shelley & his wife Mary left England for Italy. During the remaining years of his life, Shelley traveled & lived in various Italian cities. Shelley was drowned in 1822 in storm near La Spezia, at the age of 30. 2. Gentle and kind by nature, he could not stand any injustice. He and Byron are justifiably regarded as two great poets of revolutionary romanticism in England. The inscription on his tombstone reads: ―Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Heart of Hearts.‖COR CORDIUM（众心之心）Nothing of him that doth fade,But doth suffer a sea-changeInto something rich and strange.众心之心他的一切并没有消逝只是经历过海的变异已变得丰富而且神奇(莎士比亚暴风雨中的3句. 1822年12月，雪莱的心脏和骨灰葬于罗马新教徒墓地，墓碑上刻有―波西·比希·雪莱——众心之心‖的字样。
[文学]浪漫主义romanticism
![[文学]浪漫主义romanticism](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/eee4c31b482fb4daa58d4bf3.png)
影响。
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浪漫主义文学思想的三个要点
• 美国著名文学理论家韦勒克指出， 欧洲浪漫主义文学：
• 就诗歌观来说是想象， • 就世界观来说是自然， • 就文体风格来说是象征 与神话。
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• 韦勒克：“浪漫主义的意思简直包 括一切不是按照古典传统写出的诗
韦勒克
歌”，其含义是“指那种与新古典 主义诗歌相对立并从中世纪和文艺 复兴时期得到启发并以此为榜样的 诗歌”。
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浪漫与古典的对立
• 浪漫主义不仅是一种文艺思潮， 它更是欧洲资产阶级反对王权和 贵族的一场民主运动，是现代民 族觉醒在思想文化上的反映。
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2.浪漫主义与自然
• 在浪漫主义文论中“自然”有多重含义， 与想象、感性、创造、题材都有联系。
• “自然”最重要的三个含义：
情感自然：真挚、真诚
人性自然：回归本性，回归自然
人生自然：反对生活的平庸和奢靡
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“自然”成为浪漫主义文学的准则
• 对自然的向往甚至导致了文学艺术的“原 始主义”（Primitivism）的倾向。
• 由于理想的性质与取向不同，浪漫主义有 了所谓的“积极”和“消极”之分。后者 又称为“浪漫复古主义 ”。
• 浪漫复古主义在文学上表现为对中世纪英 雄传奇、宗教题材的兴趣；在建筑上表现 为对哥特式形式的追求。
• 浪漫复古主义常常流露出感伤的
情绪，甚至透露出晦暗、病态的气息。
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朱熹论《楚辞·九歌》
浪漫主义时期名词解释
课外拓展（浪漫主义时期名词解释）1. Romanticism: It is a term applied to literary and artistic movements of the late18th and early19th century. It can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified classicism in general and late18th-century neoclassicism in particular. It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Inspired in part by the libertarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantics believed in a return to nature and in the innate goodness of humans, as expressed by Jean Jacques Rousseau. They emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental. They also showed interest in the medieval, exotic, primitive, and nationalistic. Critics date English literary romanticism from the publication of William Wordsworth and S. T. Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads in1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott and the passage of the first reform bill in the Parliament in1832.2. Ode:It is an elaborately formal lyric poem, often in the form of a lengthy ceremonious address to a person or abstract entity, always serious and elevated in tone. It aims at praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Odes originally were songs performed to the accompaniment of a musical instrument. There are two different classical models: Pindar’s Greek choral odes devoted to public praise of athletes (5thcenturyBC), and Horace’s more privately reflective odes in Latin (c.23~13BC). John Keats wrote many celebrated odes such as “Ode on a Grecian Urn” and “Ode to a Nightingale”(both1820).3. Byronic hero: It is a stereotyped character created by Byron. This kind of hero is usually a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. He would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions.4. Ottava rima:It is a form of verse stanza consisting of eight lines rhyming abababcc, usually employed for narrative verse but sometimes used in lyric poems. In its original Italian form (“eighth rhyme”), pioneered by Boccaccio in the14th century and perfected by Ariostointhe16th.It used hendecasyllables, but the English version uses iambic pentameters. It was introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt in the 16th century, and later used by Byron in Don Juan as well as by Keats, Shelley, and Yeats.5. Terza rima:It is a verse form consisting of a sequence of interlinked tercetsrhyming aba bcb cdc ded etc. Thus the second line of each tercet provides the rhyme for the first and third lines of the next, the sequence closes with one line (or in a few cases, two lines) rhyming with the middle line of the last tercet: yzy z (z). The form was invented by Dante Alighieri for his DivinaCommedia (c.1320), using the Italian hendecasyllabic line. It has been adopted by several poets in English pentameters, notably by P. B. Shelley in his “Ode to the West Wind”.6. Irony:It is a contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens. Three kinds of irony are: (1) verbal irony, in which a writer or speaker says one thing and means something entirely different; (2) dramatic irony, in which a reader or an audience perceives something that a character in the story or play does not know; (3) irony of situation, in which the writer shows a discrepancy between the expected results of some action or situation and its actual results.7. Lyric:It is a poem, usually a short one that expresses a speaker’s personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, ode, and sonnet are all forms of the lyric. As its Greek name indicates, a lyric was originally a poem sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, and lyrics to this day have retained a melodic quality. Lyrics may express a range of emotions and reflections. Robert Herrick’s “To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time” reflects on the brevity of life and the need to live for the moment, while T. S. Eliot’s “Preludes” observes the sordidness and depression of modern life.8. Motif: It is a recurring feature (such as a name, an image, or a phrase) in a work of literature. A motif generally contributes in someway to the theme of a short story, novel, poem, or play. For example, a motif used by D. H. Lawrence in his story “The Rocking-Horse Winner” is the word luck. The main character of the story, a boy named Paul, discovers that he has the power to predict the winner in a horse race. However, this becomes an ironic kind of luck, for Paul grows obsessed with his power and is finally destroyed by it. At times, motif is used to refer to some commonly used plot or character type in literature. The “ugly duckling motif”refers to a plot that involves the transformation of a plain-looking person into a beauty. Two other commonly used motifs are the “Romeo and Juliet motif” (about doomed lovers) and the “Horatio Alger motif”(about the office clerk who becomes the corporation president).9. Theme:It is the general idea or insight about life that a writer wishes to express in literary work. All the elements of a literary work—plot, setting, characterization, and figurative language contribute to the development of its theme. A simple theme can often be stated in a single sentence. But sometimes a literary work is rich and complex, and a paragraph or even an essay is needed to state the theme. Not all literary works have a controlling theme. For example, the purpose of some simple ghost stories is to frighten the reader, and some detective stories seek only to thrill.10. Symbol:It is any object, person, place, or action that has a meaning initself and that also stands for something larger than itself, such as a quality, an attitude, a belief, or a value. A rose is often a symbol of love and beauty; a skull is often a symbol of death; spring and winter often symbolize youth and old age.11. Imagery: It is a rather vague critical term covering those uses of language in a literary work that evoke sense-impressions by literal or figurative reference to perceptible or “concrete” objects, scenes, actions, or states as distinct from the language of abstract argument or exposition. The imagery of a literary work thus comprises the set of images that it uses; these need not be mental “pictures” but may appeal to senses other than sight.12. Foil:It is a character whose qualities or actions serve to emphasize those of the protagonist (or of some other character) by providing a strong contrast with them. Thus in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, the passive obedience of Jane’s school-friend Helen Burns makes her a foil to the rebellious heroine. 13. Synaesthesia:It is a blending or confusion of different kinds of sense-impression, in which one type of sensation is referred to in terms more appropriate to another. Common synaesthetic expressions include the descriptions of colours as “loud” or “warm”, and of sounds as “smooth”. This effect was cultivated consciously by the French Symbolists, but is often found in earlier poetry, notably in Keats.14. Character:Characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it—the dialogue—and from what they do—the action. The grounds in the characters’temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called their motivation. A character may remain essentially “stable”, or unchanged in outlook and disposition, from beginning to end of a work (Prospero in Shakespeare’s The Tempest, Micawber in Charles Dickens’ David Copperfield, or may undergo a radical change, either through a gradual process of development (the title character in Jane Austen’s Emma) or as the result of a crisis (Shakespeare’s King Lear, Pip in Dickens’ Great Expectations).Whether a character remains stable or changes, the reader of a traditional and realistic work expects “consistency”—the character should not suddenly break off and act in a way not plausibly grounded in his or her temperament as we have already come to know it.15. Flat character: A flat character (also called a type, or “two-dimensional”) is built around “a single idea or quality”and is presented without much individualizing detail, and therefore can be fairly adequately described in a single phrase or sentence.16. Round character: A round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity; such a character therefore is as difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in real life, and like real persons, is capable of surprising us.17. Negative capacity: It is the phrase used by the English poet John Keats to describe the quality of self lesser captivity necessary to a true poet. By negative capability, Keats seems to have meant a poetic capacity to efface one’s own mental identity by immersing it sympathetically and spontaneously within the subject described, as Shakespeare was thought to have done.。
romantic是什么意思
romantic是什么意思相信大家都有听说过romantic这一英语，但不一定会知道它具体的中文意思是什么了。
今天就让小编带你来看看英文单词romantic所包含的中文意思，欢迎阅读。
romantic的中文意思英 [r m nt k] 美 [ro m nt k]比较级：more romantic最高级：most romantic第三人称复数：romanticsromantic 基本解释形容词浪漫主义的; 浪漫的，谈情说爱的，多情的，风流的，香艳的; 空想的，虚构的，怪诞的，想入非非的，不实际的，难实行的(计划等); 传奇(式)的，小说般的，情节离奇的名词富于浪漫气息的人; 浪漫主义作家[画家等]，浪漫派诗人[艺术家]; 浪漫思想[行为]romantic的词典解释1. (人)浪漫的，富于浪漫气息的，有情调的Someone who is romantic or does romantic things says and does things that make their wife, husband, girlfriend, or boyfriend feel special and loved.e.g. When we"re together, all he talks about is business. I wish he were more romantic...我们在一起的时候，他总是谈论生意。
我希望他能更浪漫一点。
e.g. They enjoyed a romantic dinner for two at one of their favourite restaurants.他俩在他们最喜欢的一家餐馆里吃了一顿浪漫的二人晚餐。
2. 性爱的;和性爱有关的Romantic means connected with sexual love.e.g. ...his early romantic experiences...他早期的性爱经历e.g. He was not interested in a romantic relationship with Ingrid.他并没有兴趣和英格丽德发生性关系。
英国文学名词解释及问答题
名词解释：1, Humanism: a variety of ethical theory and practice that emphasizes reason, scientific inquiry, and human fulfillment in the natural world and often rejects the importance of belief in God. It focuses on human values and concerns, attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters.2, Renaissance: the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the17th centuries.The renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art.3, Spenserian stanza: a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene. Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter The rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc."4, Metaphysical poets: The metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion.5, Lake Poets: The Lake Poets are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. The three main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey6, Beowulf: It is the oldest poem in the English language and the most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature. The main stories are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes. It is a pagan poem, which presents us an all-round picture of the tribal society.7, Byronic hero: The Byronic hero is a variant of the Romantic hero as a type of character, named after the English Romantic poet Lord Byron. a man proud, moody, cynical, with defiance on his brow, and misery in his heart, a scorner of his kind, implacable in revenge, yet capable of deep and strong affection8, Romanticism: Romanticism is a literary and artistic movement, which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1832. It is concerned with the expression of the individual's feeling and emotions and stressed strong emotion as a resource of aesthetic experience.9, Ode: a lyrical verse written in praise of, or dedicated to someone or something which captures the poet's interest or serves as an inspiration for the ode.10, University Wits: The University Wits were a group of late 16th century English playwrights who were educated at the universities and who became playwrights and popular secular writers. Prominent members of this group were Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, and Thomas Nashe from Cambridge, and John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, George Peele from Oxford.11, Sentimentalism: Sentimentalism stresses on material senses as being spiritual and/or considers soul to be material, thus anything done on sentimental level is more or less materialistic rather than spiritual/transcendental.12, Alliteration: Alliteration refers to the repetition of a particular sound in the first syllables of a series of words or phrases. Alliteration has developed largely through poetry, in which it more narrowly refers to the repetition of a consonant in any syllables that, according to the poem's meter, are stressed. Alliteration is commonly used in many languages, especially in poetry.13,Glorious Revolution: the name of the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England. in 1688, William of orange landed at torbay and marched upon London. This takeover was smooth, with neither bloodshed, nor any execution of the King, which became known as the glorious revolution.14, Norman Conquest: the invasion and conquest of England by an army of Normans and French led by Duke William II of Normandy. William, who defeated King Harold II of England on 14 October 1066 at the Battle of Hastings, was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066. He then consolidated his control over England and settled many of his followers in England, introducing a number of governmental and societal changes to medieval England.15, Ballad: A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and the term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad.问答题：1. Humanism was a study first done in the renaissance. instead of learning only about god and religion, people, for the first time, started to just think about ourselves as people characteristics of humanism include anatomy, classicism, nature, realism, reason and learning, religion, individualism, youth, and perspective.2, Sonnet 18 theme of man and the natural world. On one level, Sonnet 18 is clearly concerned with the relationship between man and the eventual, inescapable death he’ll encounter in nature. On another level, the poet also seems fascinated by the relationship between seasonal weather and personal, internal "weather" and balance. Sonnet 18 Theme of Literature and Writing Like much of Shakespeare’s work, Sonnet 18 is all about writing and expressing one’s self through language. This is, at its clearest, a poem about the power of the written word over death, fate, and possibly even love. Sonnet 18 Theme of Time The speaker of Sonnet 18 is absolutely fixated on fate and mortality, but believes he’s come up with an effective time machine: poetry. Sonnet 18 is addressed to a friend, not to a woman Shakespeare compares his friendship to a summer's day. Friendship is unlike summer not changing and it is everlasting. Friendship is like a mild and eternal summer.3 The historical issues and developments of the time played a major role in provoking and shaping the new literary movement of Romanticism. The Industrial Revolution, its urbanization of English life, and its abuses against the working class called for a change in literary concerns and style. The basis aims of romanticism were various: a return to nature and to belief in the goodness of man; the rediscovery of the artist as a supremely individual creator; the exaltation of senses and emotions over reason and intellect.4，In this novel, Charlotte Bronte pours a great deal of her own experiences, such as the life at Lowood School and life as a governess. One of the central themes of the book is the criticism of the bourgeois system of education. Another problem raised by Charlotte in the novel is the position of woman in society. Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved. She is poor and plain but she dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways. As a little governess, she is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him. She cuts a completely new women image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.5，metaphysical poetry——complex, highly intellectual verse filled with intricate and far-fetched metaphors. John Donne is considered the greatest of the metaphysical poets.6 Another important feature of Swift's prose is that he uses the common touch. In other words, everybody can understand his language that is why even children can read his books with so much enjoyment. Also, Swift addresses people as rational and political beings, making them his equals. Swift wrote in a very plain and downrightstyle. He didn't use any embellishment. At times, when Swift was writing serious stuff this same plain style appears dry but when writing humorously, this same plainness gives his wit a singular edge. Swift didn't use ornate or rhetorical language.7 After the Norman Conquest, the general relation of Normans and Saxons was that of master and servant. One of the most striking manifestations of the supremacy of the conquerors was to be seen in the language. The Norman lords spoke French, while their English subjects retained their old tongue. For a long time the scholar wrote in Latin and the courtier in French. There was almost no written literature in English for a time. Chronicles and religious poems were in Latin. Romances, the prominent kind of literature in the Anglo-Norman period, were at first all in French. By the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country. But now it became something different from the old Anglo-Saxon. The structure of the language remained English, and the common words were almost all retained, though often somewhat modified in form. But many terms employed by the Normans were adopted into the English language.8 The character Shylock, in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, is portrayed as a beastly monstrosity, with a lust for Antonio's life. Shylock is clearly a villain in the sense that he takes repeatedly takes advantage of people in vulnerable economic situations and makes a handsome living in this way. He is not an inherently likable character throughout “The Merchant of Venice” by Shakespeare;he avoids friendships, he is cranky, and he is steadfast in his beliefs to the point of being rigid. Shylock is also a man who is unreasonable and self-thinking, demanding Shylock is a man who is hardly likable in all aspects throughout “The Merchant of Venice”.9 Robinson Crusoe is one of the protagonists drawn most successfully in English novels. Through his characterization of Crusoe, Defoe describes him as a hero struggling against nature and human fate with an indomitable will, and highly praises his creative labor, physical and mental, an allusion to the glorification of the bourgeois creativity when it was a rising and more energetic class in the initial stage of its historical development.10 In Shakespeare's Hamlet, a ghost tells Hamlet that his uncle, Claudius, is responsible for the death of his father. Hamlet is driven to reveal the truth of his father's death and seeks to avenge his murder to achieve justice. In his quest to right the wrongdoing, Hamlet delays acting toward justice for many reasons. The main factor for Hamlet's hesitation is attributed to his self-discipline. He lacks of ability to act on his emotions. Hamlet is an intelligent, moral, and reserved character. He restrains himself to act rationally and not on emotion. This hesitation is a tragic flaw for Hamlet, but in order to resolve the truth, it is necessary. Hamlet has doubts about the validity of the ghost; he is too rational a character to seek revenge on Claudius based on a conversation with a supernatural spirit. He is unsure whether it was his father's ghost, or some evil deity trying to trick him.。
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British LiteratureLucas Pfaffenroth (Mr. P)England during the 18th and 19th centuries:During the 1700’s England’s power and influence continued to grow. Capitalism became the basis of the economy. The monarchy (king/queen) continued to lose power. Eventually the king was just a figurehead and had no real power.In the 19th century the Industrial Revolution took place. People moved to the cities to work in factories. The the factory owners became very wealthy but the ordinary working people were poor. During this time people’s values started to change. Humanism faded and people began to value emotion more. Romanticism was an idea/movement that was all about “being true to yourself.” Romanticists thought it was important to do what you feel is right rather than listening to what everyone else says. Today many romanticist writers are known for their poetry.Unit 6: Romantic Poets (I)William BlakeBackground Info:*William Blake lived from 1757 to 1827.*He was born in London and educated at home.*As a child he often claimed he had spiritual visions. His parents thought he was lying.*He went to art school for a while and later worked making illustrations (paintings or drawings for books).The Lamb1. Does this poem describe a lamb or the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb? What is the relation of the lamb and the child to God?The poem describes the mind of the child. The child and the lamb were both created by God.2. What does the Lamb stand for?The Lamb stands for Jesus, the Son of God. In western society Jesus is often described as being like a lamb. The child says that the lamb (sheep) was created by the Lamb (Jesus):Little Lamb, who made thee?…He is called by thy name,For he calls himself a LambThe Tyger1. Why does the poet mention the Lamb? Do you think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other?The poet mentions the Lamb to show contrast (difference between two things).A lamb is a very gentle animal, and a tiger is a very fierce animal that hunts animals such as lambs. The lamb is like a child who believes that the world is good and doesn’t ask questions, but the tiger is very dangerous and strong. The lamb is helpless but the tiger can take care of itself.2. What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger? What idea does the poet want to express?The tiger is both beautiful and frightening. It symbolizes evil in the world. The poet is asking a question about God: How could God create a world that contains both good and evil?The Sick Rose1. In what sense do you think the rose is “sick”?2. Should there be any symbolic meanings for the night and the storm? If so, what meanings would you suggest?Robert Burns*Robert Burns lived from 1759 to 1796.*He was born on a farm in Scotland (north of England).*He wrote many poems about Scottish culture and about love.A Red, Red Rose1. How does the narrator in the poem express his love?He compares his love to a red rose and pretty music. He says he will love this woman until the seas dry up and the rocks melt away. He will love her as long as he is alive and will do anything to see her again, even if he has to travel ten thousand miles (16,000 kilometers).2. Why is this poem so touching to the readers?Auld Lang SyneAuld Lang Syne is a poem written to match the tune of a traditional Scottish folk song. Today it is well known in English speaking countries and is always played on New Years’ Eve, as well as sometimes at funerals and school graduation ceremonies.The poem is written in Scots, a non-standard dialect of English. “Auld lang syne” means “long ago,” “old times,” or “days gone by.”1. What does “cup o’kindness” imply?Friendship and memories. He says “we’ll have a drink together and talk and remember the good t imes we’ve had as friends.”2. How do you know the people in the poem used to be friends and are now old? The poem talks about all the adventures they had together long ago. “Auld acquaintance” means “old friend.”William Wordsworth*1770-1850*He was born and raised in the “Lake District” of northwest England.*He loved nature and the outdoors.*William Wordsworth spent most of his life writing poetry and was made “Poet Laureate” (official poet of England) in 1843.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud1. What is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem?The poet compares himself to a cloud, wandering around by himself and feeling lonely. The flowers are like his new friends. When he’s at home on his couch he feels lonely, but thinking about nature makes him happy again.2. Do you think nature can have a healing effect on the mind?Samuel Taylor ColeridgeBackground Info:*1772-1834*He was a friend of William Wordsworth.*His life had many troubles; he experienced an unsuccessful marriage, illness, and depression. He also was addicted to opium (drugs).Kubla KhanSamuel Taylor Coleridge said this poem came to him during a dream and he started writing it down when he woke up, but someone knocked on his door and interrupted him. After he answered the door he forgot the rest of the dream and couldn’t finish the poem. Some people think Coleridge was a genius. Other people think he was a drug-addict and maybe a little crazy.1. Coleridge claimed that the poem w as “composed in a sort of reverie brought on by two grains of opium.” Can you find similar cases in Chinese literary history?2. Can we say this poem has no coherent meaning and is wrapped up in an atmosphere of the supernatural and the fantastic? Give your opinions.“All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”-William Wordsworth。