2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试上海卷(文)
2012年高考英语上海卷-答案
2012年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试（上海卷）英语答案解析第Ⅰ卷Ⅰ.Listening ComprehensionSection A1.【答案】B【解析】原文：W: Hello, may I help you?M: Yes, we would like to check into our room.Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?2.【答案】C【解析】原文：W: Come on, John! Relax! What can go wrong?M: At my first job interview? Plenty.Q: How does the man feel?3.【答案】B【解析】原文：M: Good morning, madam, what can I do for you?W: Well, someone at the hotel suggested I come here to buy a coat.Q: What’s the probable relationship between the two speakers?4.【答案】C【解析】原文：W: I gave Dave 300 dollars for his sponsored concert.M: 300 dollars? Sandy, you must be mad! I wish I had 300 dollars to throw round like that.Q: What does the man mean?5.【答案】D【解析】原文：M: Shall I come and take you to the railway station?W: No, thanks, I’ll manage. It’s not far any way.Q: What can we learn about the woman?6.【答案】B【解析】原文：W: How many children have you got?M: Two. John’s five and Clair’s four. And there’s another one on the way. Q: How many children will the man most probably have?7.【答案】A【解析】原文：W: Do you know how I can stop drinking too much coffee?M: No, but I wish I did. I spend too much money at cafe’s.Q: What can we learn from the conversation?8.【答案】D【解析】原文：W: Could you give me a hand moving this cupboard, please?M: Well, I’d rather not if you don’t mind. I’m not feeling well today.Q: What does the man mean?9.【答案】C【解析】原文：M: Tom’ s house is a mess! Doesn’t he ever clean it?W: I guess he just has too much ails on his mind with that new job.Q: What can we learn about Tom?10.【答案】A【解析】原文：M: I didn’t have any trouble in finding accommodation in Britain.W: According to my experience, it sounds too good to be true.Q: what does the woman mean?Section B11.【答案】A12.【答案】D13.【答案】C【解析】原文：Well, I own a small data processing company, in which I employ about eight to ten workers. And the point I want to make has to do with trust. I know it’s possible to force people to be 100% efficient. But I think when you do that, you lose confidence and trust. I let my employees use our equipment and make personal phone calls. They are more than welcome to decide what is right and wrong. Because I think you can’t run a company by just giving orders to robots and watching them like big brother, right? I think you have to trust people and give them a little freedom. And also, as far as phone calls and all that go, I want my people to call home and check on their children and know their children are safe and sound. As a result, I have devoted employees who are willing to go that extra mile and I can honestly say they show up to work smiling. So I get more satisfaction and rewards by trusting my employees than by suspecting them of doing something wrong.14.【答案】B15.【答案】D16.【答案】A【解析】原文：The roots of Canadian English can be found in the events which followed the American revolution of 1776. Those who had supported Britain found themselves unable to stay in the new United States, and most went to Canada. They were soon followed by many thousands who were attracted by the cheapness of land. Within 50 years, the population of upper Canada had reached 100 thousand, mainly people from the United States. In the east, the Atlantic provinces had been settled by English speakers as early as the 15th century, but even today, these areas contain less than ten per cent of the population, so that they have only a limited role in the development of Canadian English. In Quebec, the majority of people use French as a mother tone. Here English and French exist together but uneasily. Because of its origins, Canadian English has a great deal in common with the rest of the English spoken in North America, and is often difficult to distinguish for people who live outside the region. To British people, Canadians may sound American; to Americans, they may sound British. Canadians themselves insist on not being identified with either, and certainly, there is a great deal of evidence in support of this view.Section C17.【答案】History18.【答案】HD330919.【答案】photography20.【答案】Tuesday【解析】原文：A: Good morning, Leeds University students registration center. B: Good morning, I need to register for a class. A:OK. May I take your name, please? B: Sure, it’s Andrew Smith.A: Which department do you study with? B: The history department. A: May I have your student ID? B: HD3309. A: What class are you trying to take? B: I want to take a photography class. A: Well, there’re only two classes open. B: Can you tell me what days the classes are on? A: One is on Tuesday, from 2 pm. to 4 pm. B: And the other?A: From 10:00 to 12:00 on Thursday. B: OK, sign me up for the class on Tuesday.A: Very well, then.21.【答案】religions22.【答案】good friends/more than friends/like a family23.【答案】their daughter24.【答案】a simple smile【解析】原文：A: Welcome to our program, Anny. Please tell our audience the best things about the experiment in international living.B: Well, my group was great! And I love my host family. A: Can you tell us about your group?B: Well, we were all high school students from the US. But we were very different.A: You mean from different cities, with different religions and cultures? B: Yes, and I was existed about that. We learnt that we weren’t really so different. A: What do you mean?B: Well, we became such good frie nds. More than friends, we were like a family. A: Wonderful. I’d like to know more about your host family.B: Oh, I loved my host family in Costa Rica. They were my family, too. I felt like I was their daughter. A: So nice! Did you have any problems speaking with them?B: No, not really. Actually, I learnt a lot of Spanish from them. And I also learnt that language is not always so important. A: What do you mean?B: Well, in some cases, a simple smile can say more than words. A: Thanks so much, Anny.Ⅱ. Grammar and vocabularySection A25.【答案】B【解析】此处without意为：没有。
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科数学(上海卷)
上海 数学(理工农医类)1.(2012上海,理1)计算:3i 1i-+= (i 为虚数单位).1-2i 3i 1i -+=(3i)(1i)(1i)(1i)--+-=233i i i 2--+=1-2i .2.(2012上海,理2)若集合A ={x |2x +1>0},B ={x ||x -1|<2},则A ∩B = .1|x 32x ⎧⎫-<<⎨⎬⎩⎭ A ={x |2x +1>0}=1|2x x ⎧⎫>-⎨⎬⎩⎭,B ={x ||x -1|<2}={x |-1<x <3},∴A ∩B =1|x 32x ⎧⎫-<<⎨⎬⎩⎭. 3.(2012上海,理3)函数f (x )=2sin 1cosx x - 的值域是 .53,-22⎡⎤-⎢⎥⎣⎦ f (x )=2×(-1)-sin x cos x =-2-sin22x ,∵sin 2x ∈[-1,1],∴f (x )∈53,-22⎡⎤-⎢⎥⎣⎦.4.(2012上海,理4)若n =(-2,1)是直线l 的一个法向量,则l 的倾斜角的大小为 (结果用反三角函数值表示).arctan 2 ∵n =(-2,1)是直线l 的一个法向量,∴v =(1,2)是直线l 的一个方向向量,∴l 的斜率为2,即倾斜角的大小为arctan 2.5.(2012上海,理5)在62x x ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭的二项展开式中,常数项等于 .-160 62x x ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭的二项展开式中的常数项为36C ·(x )3·32x ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭=-160. 6.(2012上海,理6)有一列正方体,棱长组成以1为首项、12为公比的等比数列,体积分别记为V 1,V 2,…,V n ,…,则lim n →∞(V 1+V 2+…+V n )= .87 棱长是以1为首项、12为公比的等比数列,则体积V 1,V 2,…,V n是以1为首项、18为公比的等比数列,所以V 1+V 2+…+V n =111818n ⎡⎤⎛⎫⋅-⎢⎥ ⎪⎝⎭⎢⎥⎣⎦-=87·118n⎡⎤⎛⎫-⎢⎥⎪⎝⎭⎢⎥⎣⎦, ∴lim n →∞(V 1+V 2+…+V n )=87. 7.(2012上海,理7)已知函数f (x )=e |x -a |(a 为常数),若f (x )在区间[1,+∞)上是增函数,则a 的取值范围是 .(-∞,1] f (x )=e ,x a,e ,x a,x a a x--⎧>⎨<⎩当x >a 时f (x )单调递增,当x <a 时,f (x )单调递减,又f (x )在[1,+∞)上是增函数,所以a ≤1. 8.(2012上海,理8)若一个圆锥的侧面展开图是面积为2π的半圆面,则该圆锥的体积为.如图,由题意知12πl 2=2π, ∴l =2.又展开图为半圆,∴πl =2πr ,∴r =1,体积V =13πr 2h9.(2012上海,理9)已知y =f (x )+x 2是奇函数,且f (1)=1.若g (x )=f (x )+2,则g (-1)= . -1 令H (x )=f (x )+x 2,则H (1)+H (-1)=f (-1)+1+f (1)+1=0,∴f (-1)=-3,∴g (-1)=f (-1)+2=-1.10.(2012上海,理10)如图,在极坐标系中,过点M (2,0)的直线l 与极轴的夹角α=π6.若将l 的极坐标方程写成ρ=f (θ)的形式,则f (θ)=.1πsin θ6⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭ 如图所示,根据正弦定理,有5πsin 6ρ=25πsin π6θ⎛⎫-- ⎪⎝⎭,∴ρ=1πsin θ6⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭.11.(2012上海,理11)三位同学参加跳高、跳远、铅球项目的比赛.若每人都选择其中两个项目,则有且仅有两人选择的项目完全相同的概率是 (结果用最简分数表示).23若每人都选择两个项目,共有不同的选法222333C C C =27种,而有两人选择的项目完全相同的选法有222332C C A =18种,故填23.12.(2012上海,理12)在平行四边形ABCD 中,∠A =π3,边AB ,AD 的长分别为2,1.若M ,N 分别是边BC ,CD 上的点,且满足||||BM BC =||||CN CD ,则AM ·AN 的取值范围是 . [2,5] 如图,设||||BM BC =||||CN CD =λ, 则λ∈[0,1],AM ·AN =(AB +BM )·(AD +DN )=(AB +λBC )·(AD +(λ-1)CD )=AB·AD +(λ-1)AB ·CD +λBC ·AD +λ(λ-1)BC ·CD=1×2×12+(λ-1)×(-4)+λ×1+λ(λ-1)×(-1)=1+4-4λ+λ-λ2+λ=-(λ+1)2+6.∵λ∈[0,1],∴AM ·AN∈[2,5].13.(2012上海,理13)已知函数y =f (x )的图像是折线段ABC ,其中A (0,0),B 1,52⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭,C (1,0).函数y =xf (x )(0≤x ≤1)的图像与x 轴围成的图形的面积为 .54由题意f (x )=110,0,211010,x 1,2x x x ⎧≤≤⎪⎪⎨⎪-+<≤⎪⎩则xf (x )=22110,0x ,211010x,x 1.2x x ⎧≤≤⎪⎪⎨⎪-+<≤⎪⎩∴xf (x )与x 轴围成图形的面积为12⎰10x 2d x +112⎰(-10x 2+10x )d x =103x 3120|+23112105|3x x ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭=103×18+1053⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭-5101438⎛⎫-⨯ ⎪⎝⎭=54.14.(2012上海,理14)如图,AD 与BC 是四面体ABCD 中互相垂直的棱,BC =2.若AD =2c ,且AB +BD =AC +CD =2a ,其中a ,c 为常数,则四面体ABCD的体积的最大值是.23如图: 当AB =BD =AC =CD =a 时, 该棱锥的体积最大. 作AM ⊥BC ,连接DM ,则BC ⊥平面ADM ,AMDM 又AD =2c ,∴S△ADM =∴V D -ABC =V B -ADM +V C-ADM =2315.(2012上海,理15)若1是关于x 的实系数方程x 2+bx +c =0的一个复数根,则( ). A .b =2,c =3 B .b =-2,c =3 C .b =-2,c =-1D .b =2,c =-1B 由题意知b 2-4c <0,则该方程的复数根为=1.∴b =-2,c =3.16.(2012上海,理16)在△ABC 中,若sin 2A +sin 2B <sin 2C ,则△ABC 的形状是( ). A .锐角三角形B .直角三角形C .钝角三角形D .不能确定 C 由正弦定理可知a 2+b 2<c 2,从而cos C =2222a b c ab+-<0,∴C 为钝角,故该三角形为钝角三角形.17.(2012上海,理17)设10≤x 1<x 2<x 3<x 4≤104,x 5=105.随机变量ξ1取值x 1,x 2,x 3,x 4,x 5的概率均为0.2,随机变量ξ2取值122x x +,232x x +,342x x +,452x x +,512x x +的概率也均为0.2.若记D ξ1,D ξ2分别为ξ1,ξ2的方差,则( ).A .D ξ1>D ξ2B .D ξ1=D ξ2C .D ξ1<D ξ2D .D ξ1与D ξ2的大小关系与x 1,x 2,x 3,x 4的取值有关A18.(2012上海,理18)设a n =1n sin π25n ,S n =a 1+a 2+…+a n .在S 1,S 2,…,S 100中,正数的个数是( ). A .25B .50C .75D .100D ∵a n =1n sin 25n π,∴当n ≤24时,a n 均大于0,a 25=0, ∴可知S 1,S 2,…,S 25均大于0.又a 26=126sin 2625π=-126sin π25=-126a 1,∴S 26=2526a 1+a 2+…+a 25>0,而a 27=127sin 2725π=-127sin 225π=-227a 2,∴a 27+a 2>0.同理可得a 28+a 3>0,…,a 49+a 24>0,而a 51到a 74均为正项,a 75=0,a 76到a 99均为负项,且|a 76|<a 51,|a 77|<a 52,…,|a 99|<a 74,a 100=0, 故{S n }中前100项均为正数.19.(2012上海,理19)如图,在四棱锥P -ABCD 中,底面ABCD 是矩形,PA ⊥底面ABCD ,E 是PC 的中点.已知AB =2,AD =PA =2.求: (1)三角形PCD 的面积;(2)异面直线BC 与AE 所成的角的大小. 解:(1)因为PA ⊥底面ABCD ,所以PA ⊥CD .又AD ⊥CD ,所以CD ⊥平面PAD .从而CD ⊥PD .因为PDCD =2, 所以三角形PCD 的面积为12×2×(2)解法一:如图所示,建立空间直角坐标系,则B (2,0,0),C (2,0),E (11). AE =(11),BC =(0,0). 设AE 与BC 的夹角为θ,则cos θ=·||||AE BC AE BCθ=π4.由此知,异面直线BC 与AE 所成的角的大小是π4.解法二:取PB 中点F ,连接EF ,AF,则EF ∥BC ,从而∠AEF (或其补角)是异面直线BC 与AE 所成的角. 在△AEF 中,由EFAFAE =2, 知△AEF 是等腰直角三角形. 所以∠AEF =π4.因此,异面直线BC 与AE 所成的角的大小是π4.20.(2012上海,理20)已知函数f (x )=lg (x +1). (1)若0<f (1-2x )-f (x )<1,求x 的取值范围;(2)若g (x )是以2为周期的偶函数,且当0≤x ≤1时,有g (x )=f (x ),求函数y =g (x )(x ∈[1,2])的反函数.解:(1)由220,10x x ->⎧⎨+>⎩得-1<x <1.由0<lg (2-2x )-lg (x +1)=lg 221x x -+<1,得1<221x x -+<10.因为x +1>0,所以x +1<2-2x <10x +10,-23<x <13.由11,21x 33x -<<⎧⎪⎨-<<⎪⎩得-23<x <13.(2)当x ∈[1,2]时,2-x ∈[0,1],因此y =g (x )=g (x -2)=g (2-x )=f (2-x )=lg (3-x ). 由单调性可得y ∈[0,lg 2].因为x =3-10y ,所以所求反函数是y =3-10x ,x ∈[0,lg 2].21.(2012上海,理21)海事救援船对一艘失事船进行定位:以失事船的当前位置为原点,以正北方向为y 轴正方向建立平面直角坐标系(以1海里为单位长度),则救援船恰好在失事船正南方向12海里A 处,如图.现假设:①失事船的移动路径可视为抛物线y =1249x 2;②定位后救援船即刻沿直线匀速前往救援;③救援船出发t 小时后,失事船所在位置的横坐标为7t .(1)当t =0.5时,写出失事船所在位置P 的纵坐标.若此时两船恰好会合,求救援船速度的大小和方向; (2)问救援船的时速至少是多少海里才能追上失事船?解:(1)t =0.5时,P 的横坐标x P =7t =72,代入抛物线方程y =1249x 2,得P 的纵坐标y P =3.由|AP/时.由tan ∠OAP =730,得∠OAP =arctan 730,故救援船速度的方向为北偏东arctan 730弧度.(2)设救援船的时速为v 海里,经过t 小时追上失事船,此时位置为(7t ,12t 2). 由vt整理得v 2=144221t t ⎛⎫+⎪⎝⎭+337. 因为t 2+21t ≥2,当且仅当t =1时等号成立.所以v 2≥144×2+337=252,即v ≥25.因此,救援船的时速至少是25海里才能追上失事船.22.(2012上海,理22)在平面直角坐标系xOy 中,已知双曲线C 1:2x 2-y 2=1.(1)过C 1的左顶点引C 1的一条渐近线的平行线,求该直线与另一条渐近线及x 轴围成的三角形的面积; (2)设斜率为1的直线l 交C 1于P ,Q 两点.若l 与圆x 2+y 2=1相切,求证:OP ⊥OQ ;(3)设椭圆C 2:4x 2+y 2=1.若M ,N 分别是C 1,C 2上的动点,且OM ⊥ON ,求证:O 到直线MN 的距离是定值.解:(1)双曲线C 1:22x -y 2=1,左顶点A ⎛⎫⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,渐近线方程:y.过点A 与渐近线y平行的直线方程为yx ⎭,即y+1.解方程组1y y ⎧=⎪⎨=+⎪⎩得1.2x y ⎧=⎪⎪⎨⎪=⎪⎩所以所求三角形的面积为S =12|OA ||y(2)设直线PQ 的方程是y =x +b .因直线PQ 与已知圆相切,1,即b 2=2.由22,21y x b x y =+⎧⎨-=⎩得x 2-2bx -b 2-1=0. 设P (x 1,y 1),Q (x 2,y 2),则122122b,1.x x x x b +=⎧⎨=--⎩又y 1y 2=(x 1+b )(x 2+b ),所以OP ·OQ=x 1x 2+y 1y 2=2x 1x 2+b (x 1+x 2)+b 2=2(-1-b 2)+2b 2+b 2=b 2-2=0. 故OP ⊥OQ .(3)当直线ON 垂直于x 轴时,|ON |=1,|OM则O 到直线MN当直线ON 不垂直于x 轴时,设直线ON 的方程为y =kx (显然|k则直线OM 的方程为y =-1kx .由22,41y kx x y =⎧⎨+=⎩得222221,4,4x k ky k ⎧=⎪⎪+⎨⎪=⎪+⎩ 所以|ON |2=2214k k ++.同理|OM |2=22121k k +-.设O 到直线MN 的距离为d ,因为(|OM |2+|ON |2)d 2=|OM |2|ON |2,所以21d =21||OM +21||ON =22331k k ++=3,即d综上,O 到直线MN 的距离是定值.23.(2012上海,理23)对于数集X ={-1,x 1,x 2,…,x n },其中0<x 1<x 2<…<x n ,n ≥2,定义向量集Y ={a |a =(s ,t ),s ∈X ,t ∈X }.若对任意a 1∈Y ,存在a 2∈Y ,使得a 1·a 2=0,则称X 具有性质P .例如{-1,1,2}具有性质P .(1)若x >2,且{-1,1,2,x }具有性质P ,求x 的值; (2)若X 具有性质P ,求证:1∈X ,且当x n >1时,x 1=1;(3)若X 具有性质P ,且x 1=1,x 2=q (q 为常数),求有穷数列x 1,x 2,…,x n 的通项公式. 解:(1)选取a 1=(x ,2),Y 中与a 1垂直的元素必有形式(-1,b ).所以x =2b ,从而x =4.(2)证明:取a 1=(x 1,x 1)∈Y . 设a 2=(s ,t )∈Y 满足a 1·a 2=0. 由(s +t )x 1=0得s +t =0,所以s ,t 异号. 因为-1是X 中唯一的负数,所以s ,t 之中一为-1,另一为1,故1∈X . 假设x k =1,其中1<k <n ,则0<x 1<1<x n .选取a 1=(x 1,x n )∈Y ,并设a 2=(s ,t )∈Y 满足a 1·a 2=0,即sx 1+tx n =0, 则s ,t 异号,从而s ,t 之中恰有一个为-1. 若s =-1,则x 1=tx n >t ≥x 1,矛盾; 若t =-1,则x n =sx 1<s ≤x n ,矛盾. 所以x 1=1.(3)解法一:猜测x i =q i -1,i =1,2,…,n . 记A k ={-1,1,x 2,…,x k },k =2,3,…,n .先证明:若A k +1具有性质P ,则A k 也具有性质P .任取a 1=(s ,t ),s ,t ∈A k ,当s ,t 中出现-1时,显然有a 2满足a 1·a 2=0; 当s ≠-1且t ≠-1时,则s ,t ≥1.因为A k +1具有性质P ,所以有a 2=(s 1,t 1),s 1,t 1∈A k +1,使得a 1·a 2=0,从而s 1和t 1中有一个是-1,不妨设s 1=-1. 假设t 1∈A k +1且t 1∉A k ,则t 1=x k +1.由(s ,t )·(-1,x k +1)=0,得s =tx k +1≥x k +1,与s ∈A k 矛盾. 所以t 1∈A k ,从而A k 也具有性质P . 现用数学归纳法证明:x i =q i -1,i =1,2,…,n . 当n =2时,结论显然成立;假设n =k 时, A k ={-1,1,x 2,…,x k }有性质P , 则x i =q i -1,i =1,2,…,k ;当n =k +1时,若A k +1={-1,1,x 2,…,x k ,x k +1}有性质P ,则A k ={-1,1,x 2,…,x k }也有性质P , 所以A k +1={-1,1,q ,…,q k -1,x k +1}.取a 1=(x k +1,q ),并设a 2=(s ,t )满足a 1·a 2=0.由此可得s =-1或t =-1. 若t =-1,则x k +1=q s≤q ,不可能;所以s =-1,x k +1=qt ≤q k 且x k +1>q k -1, 所以x k +1=q k .综上所述,x i =q i -1,i =1,2,…,n . 解法二:设a 1=(s 1,t 1),a 2=(s 2,t 2), 则a 1·a 2=0等价于11s t =-22t s .记B =,,||||s s X t X s t t ⎧⎫∈∈>⎨⎬⎩⎭,则数集X 具有性质P ,当且仅当数集B 关于原点对称.注意到-1是X 中的唯一负数,B ∩(-∞,0)={-x 2,-x 3,…,-x n }共有n -1个数,所以B ∩(0,+∞)也只有n -1个数. 由于1n n x x -<2n n x x -<…<2n x x <1n x x ,已有n -1个数,对以下三角数阵1n n x x -<2n n x x -<…<2n x x <1n x x 12n n x x --<13n n x x --<…<11n x x - ……21x x注意到1n x x >11n x x ->…>21x x ,所以1n n x x -=12n n x x --=…=21x x ,从而数列的通项为x k =x 1121k x x -⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭=q k -1,k =1,2,…,n .。
(上海卷)2002年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试
2002年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海语文一、阅读（80分）（一）阅读下文，完成1—5题（10分）第一次读一本难读的书的时候，要毫不停顿地把它读完，注意你所能了解的部分，不要因为某一部分立即领悟而停顿。
照这个方法继续下去，把全书读完，别让你抓不住的段落、注解、论点及参考资料吓坏。
如果你因这些障碍而停止，如果你就此卡住，你便会迷失方向。
大多数情况下，你死粘在上面不见得就能解开谜底。
当第二次再读时你就有机会了解它，但你必须把整本书读完一遍才行。
要尽可能迅速而轻易地打破一本书的硬壳，才能体会出它的情感及一般意义，才能适应它的结构。
这是我所知道的最实用的方法。
你耽误多久，便需要多久来了解这本书的整体意义。
在你能看出各部分真正的透视图——或往往在你能看出任何图象——之前，你必须对这部书的整体有一个粗略的了解。
莎士比亚的作品曾经多次受到糟蹋，因为许多代的高中生大都被迫一遍又一遍地阅读《汉姆雷特》或《麦克佩斯》等剧本，被迫查出所有的生字，被迫研究所有的学术注解。
结果是他们从未真正地读完这些剧本，相反，他们被迫拖着一点一点地啃，历时数星期之久，等他们读完剧本的结尾，一定早忘了开头。
应该有人鼓励他们一口气读完，惟有这样，他们才能对剧本有一个充分的了解。
你一口气读完一本书所获得的了解，即使只有50%或更少——完全可以帮助你进一步尝试找寻第一遍所跳过的地方。
事实上，你会像游客在陌生的地方旅行一样，若曾到过某一地带，你就可以从以前所不知道的道路再去探险，只有这样，你才不至于把岔路看成干道，也不会被中午的影子所欺骗，因为你记得它们在日落时的景象，你所塑造的内心地图会指引你，谷地与山丘是如何构成整个风景的一部分的。
很快读完第一遍并不神奇，也不会造成奇迹，更不能用以取代一本好书的精读，然而，迅速读完第一遍可以使以后的精读更加容易。
这种练习会帮助你在着手读书时保持警觉。
你有多少次翻看一页又一页，心里却在做着白日梦，对你看过的东西毫无印象？如果你让自己被动地瞟完一本书，就势必会发生这种现象。
2012年高考语文(上海卷)真题及答案word版
2012年高考语文（上海卷）真题及答案word版2012年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海语文试卷考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂(选择题)或写(非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
2．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。
3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。
4．考试时间150分钟。
试卷满分150分。
一阅读80分(一)阅读下文，完成第16题。
(16分)应该认真对待文献综述熊易寒①在很长一段时间里，国内学术界都不太重视文献综述。
近年来随着学术规范的逐步建立，这种情况有所转变，不过大多数综述都是罗列式的，报幕似的把相关研究一个一个列出来，丝毫感觉不到这些文献之间存在任何内在的关联，甚至也感觉不到这些文献与作者本人的研究有何相干。
这样的综述机械、突兀，有生拼硬凑之嫌，称之为伪综述亦不为过。
②阅读国际上的顶级学术刊物，有这么几个发现：一、书评以外的论文〔〕有比较翔实的文献综述；二、专门的文献综述性文章〔〕是由该领域的一流学者撰写的；三、对相关著作的征引〔〕采取间接引用的形式，很少直接引用。
这与国内的情形很不一样，值得我们思考。
③为什么必须有文献综述?一篇优秀的文献综述其实就是一幅学术谱系图。
写文献综述不仅是为了陈述以往的相关研究，也不仅仅是为了表示对前辈、同行或知识产权的尊重，更是为了认祖归宗，对自己的研究进行定位。
有时候只有把一篇文献放到学术史的脉络中去，放到学术传统中去，我们才能真正理解这个文本：作者为什么要做这项研究?他的问题是什么?他试图与谁对话?我们在开始一项研究时也同样要有问题意识和对话意识，不能自说自话。
对话的前提自然是倾听，如果连别人说了什么都不知道，如何进行对话?正是在倾听的过程中，我们发现了问题，才需要与对方进行讨论，否则便无话可说。
通过综述的写作，我们就会知道：别人贡献了什么?我打算或者能够贡献什么?我是否在重复劳动?从这个意义上讲，撰写文献综述首先是为了尊重并真正进入一个学术传统，其次才是利他主义功能为他人提供文献检索的路线图。
2022年(上海卷)高考语文考试说明及样卷
2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）语文科目考试说明一、考试性质、目的和对象普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）语文科目考试是为普通高等学校招生提供依据的选拔性考试。
选拔性考试是高利害考试，考试结果应该具有高信度，考试结果的解释和使用应该具有高效度。
考试命题的指导思想是坚持立德树人，有利于促进每一个学生的终身发展，有利于科学选拔和培养人才，有利于维护社会公平公正。
考试对象是符合2022年上海市高考报名条件的考生。
二、考试目标依据《普通高中语文课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》规定的学业质量水平4，体现普通高中语文学科核心素养内涵，考查学生通过语文学习而逐步形成的正确价值观、必备品格和关键能力的综合表现。
强调学生在积极的语言实践活动中积累与构建起来，并在真实的语言运用情境中表现出来的语言能力及其品质；强调学生在语文学习中获得的语言知识与语言能力，思维方法与思维品质，情感、态度与价值观的综合体现。
1.语言建构与运用语言建构与运用是指学生在丰富的语言实践中，通过主动的积累、梳理和整合，逐步掌握祖国语言文字特点及其运用规律，形成个体言语经验，发展在具体语言情境中正确有效地运用祖国语言文字进行交流沟通的能力。
1.1能不断扩展自己的语文积累，自觉整理在学习中获得的语言材料和言语活动经验；在梳理的基础上，尝试进行专题探究，发现其中蕴含的语言运用规律，并能用自己的语言加以解释：能将发现的语言运用规律用于自己的语文学习实践。
1.2能敏锐地感受文本或交际对象的语言特点和情感特征，迅速判断其表达的正误与恰当程度，察觉其言外之意和隐含的情感倾向；能根据具体的语境和表达的目的、要求，运用口头和书面语言，文从字顺、准确生动地表达自己的真情实感。
1.3乐于与他人分享自己的学习经验，主动吸收他人成功的经验。
2.思维发展与提升思维发展与提升是指学生在语文学习过程中，通过语言运用，获得直觉思维、形象思维、逻辑思维、辩证思维和创造思维的发展，促进深刻性、敏捷性、灵活性、批判性和独创性等思维品质的提升。
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试生物(上海卷)
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试生物（上海卷）一、选择题(共60分，每小题2分。
每小题只有一个正确答案)1．(2012·上海，1)由细胞形态判断，下列细胞中最可能连续分裂的是()2．(2012·上海，2)如果图1表示纤维素的结构组成方式，那么符合图2所示结构组成方式的是()①核酸②多肽③淀粉A．①②B．②③C．①③D．①②③3．(2012·上海，3)下列食物营养成分与鉴定试剂及显色反应之间的对应关系中，错误的是()A．淀粉：碘液，蓝紫色B．还原糖：班氏试剂，红黄色C．脂肪：苏丹Ⅲ染液，橘红色D．蛋白质：双缩脲试剂，黄绿色4．(2012·上海，4)下图为某细胞结构的电镜照片，与图中箭头所指“小点”结构形成有关的是()A．核仁B．中心体C．叶绿体D．溶酶体5．(2012·上海，5)微生物的种类繁多，下列微生物中属于原核生物的是()①黏菌②酵母菌③蓝细菌④大肠杆菌⑤乳酸杆菌A．①②③B．②③④C．③④⑤D．①④⑤6．(2012·上海，6)生物体中的某种肽酶可水解肽链末端的肽键，导致()A．蛋白质分解为多肽链B．多肽链分解为若干短肽C．多肽链分解为氨基酸D．氨基酸分解为氨基和碳链化合物7．(2012·上海，7)在细胞中，以mRNA作为模板合成生物大分子的过程包括() A．复制和转录B．翻译和转录C．复制和翻译D．翻译和逆转录8．(2012·上海，8)()A．染色体易位B．基因重组C．染色体倒位D．姐妹染色单体之间的交换9．(2012·上海，9)酶在大规模产业化应用中的核心问题是固定化技术，而酶固定化所依据的基本原理在于酶具有()A．热稳定性B．催化高效性C．催化特异性D．可反复使用性10．(2012·上海，10)人体内糖类代谢的中间产物可生成()①乳酸②乙醇③氨基酸④脂肪酸A．①②③B．①②④C．①③④D．②③④11．(2012·上海，11)赫尔希(A.Hershey)和蔡斯(M.Chase)于1952年所做的噬菌体侵染细菌的著名实验进一步证实了DNA是遗传物质。
2012年高考文科数学上海卷(含详细答案)
数学试卷 第1页（共22页） 数学试卷 第2页（共22页）绝密★启用前2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）数学试卷(文史类)考生注意：1.答卷前,考生务必在答题纸上将姓名、高考准考证号填写清楚,并在规定的区域内贴上条形码.2.本试卷共有23道试题,满分150分.考试时间120分钟.一、填空题（本大题共有14题,满分56分）考生应在答题纸相应编号的空格内直接填写结果,每个空格填对得4分,否则一律得零分. 1.计算：3i1i－＋= （i 为虚数单位）. 2.若集合{|21A x x =-＞0},{|||B x x =＜1},则A B = .3.函数sin 2()1cos x f x x=-的最小正周期是 .4.若=(2,1)d 是直线l 的一个方向向量,则l 的倾斜角的大小为 （结果用反三角函数值表示）.5.一个高为2的圆柱,底面周长为2π.该圆柱的表面积为 .6.方程14230xx +--=的解是 .7.有一列正方体,棱长组成以1为首项、12为公比的等比数列,体积分别记为12,,,,n V V V 则12lim()n x V V V →∞+++= .8.在61()x x-的二项展开式中,常数项等于 .9.已知()y f x =是奇函数.若()()2g x f x =+且(1)1g =,则(1)g -= . 10.满足约束条件||2||2x y ＋≤的目标函数z y x =-的最小值是 .11.三位同学参加跳高、跳远、铅球项目的比赛.若每人只选择一个项目,则有且仅有两人选择的项目相同的概率是 （结果用最简分数表示）.12.在矩形ABCD 中,边AB 、AD 的长分别为2、1.若M 、N 分别是边BC 、CD 上的点,且满足||||||||BM CN BC CD =,则AM AN 的取值范围是 . 13.已知函数()y f x =的图象是折线段ABC ,其中(0,0)A 、1(,1)2B 、(1,0)C .函数()(01)y xf x x =≤≤的图象与x 轴围成的图形的面积为 . 14.已知1()1f x x=+.各项均为正数的数列{}n a 满足11a =,2()n n a f a +=.若20102012a a =,则2021a a +的值是 .二、选择题（本大题共有4题,满分20分）每题有且只有一个正确答案,考生应在答题纸的相应编号上,将代表答案的小方格涂黑,选对得5分,否则一律得零分.15.若1是关于x 的实系数方程20x bx c ++=的一个复数根,则 （ ）A .2,3b c ==B .2,1b c ==-C .2,1b c =-=-D .2,3b c =-=16.对于常数m 、n ,“0mn ＞”是“方程221mx ny +=的曲线是椭圆”的 （ ）A .充分不必要条件B .必要不充分条件C .充分必要条件D .既不充分也不必要条件17.在ABC △中,若222sin +sin sin A B C ＜,则ABC △的形状是（ ）A .钝角三角形B .直角三角形C .锐角三角形D .不能确定18.若*π2ππ=sin sin sin()777n n S n +++∈N ,则在12100,,,S S S 中,正数的个数是（ ）A .16B .72C .86D .100--------在--------------------此--------------------卷--------------------上--------------------答--------------------题--------------------无--------------------效----------------姓名________________ 准考证号_____________数学试卷 第3页（共22页） 数学试卷 第4页（共22页）三、解答题（本大题共5题,满分74分）解答下列各题必须在答题纸相应编号的规定区域内写出必要的步骤.19.（本题满分12分）本题共有2个小题,第1小题满分6分,第2小题满分6分.如图,在三棱锥P ABC -中,PA ⊥底面ABC ,D 是PC 的中点.已知π2BAC ∠=,2AB =,AC =2PA =.求： （Ⅰ）三棱锥P ABC -的体积；（Ⅱ）异面直线BC 与AD 所成的角的大小（结果用反三角函数值表示）.20.（本题满分14分）本题共有2个小题,第1小题满分6分,第2小题满分8分.已知()lg(1)f x x =+.（Ⅰ）若(12)()1f x f x --0＜＜,求x 的取值范围； （Ⅱ）若()g x 是以2为周期的偶函数,且当01x ≤≤时,有()()g x f x =,求函数()([1,2])y g x x =∈的反函数.21.（本题满分14分）本题共有2个小题,第1小题满分6分,第2小题满分8分.海事救援船对一艘失事船进行定位：以失事船的当前位置为原点,以正北方向为y 轴正方向建立平面直角坐标系（以1海里为单位长度）,则救援船恰好在失事船正南方向12海里A 处,如图.现假设：①失事船的移动路径可视为抛物线21249y x =；②定位后救援船即刻沿直线匀速前往救援；③救援船出发t 小时后,失事船所在位置的横坐标为7t .（Ⅰ）当0.5t =时,写出失事船所在位置P 的纵坐标.若此时两船恰好会合,求救援船速度的大小和方向；（Ⅱ）问救援船的时速至少是多少海里才能追上失事船？22.（本题满分16分）本题共有3个小题,第1小题满分5分,第2小题满分5分,第3小题满分6分.在平面直角坐标系xOy 中,已知双曲线22:2=1C x y －.（Ⅰ）设F 是C 的左焦点,M 是C 右支上一点.若||MF =求过M 点的坐标； （Ⅱ）过C 的左顶点作C 的两条渐近线的平行线,求这两组平行线围成的平行四边形的面积；（Ⅲ）设斜率为(||k k 的直线l 交C 于P 、Q 两点.若l 与圆221x y +=相切,求证：OP OQ ⊥.23.（本题满分18分）本题共有3个小题,第1小题满分4分,第2小题满分6分,第3小题满分8分.对于项数为m 的有穷数列数集{}n a ,记12max{,,,}(1,2,,)k k b a a a k m ==,即k b 为12,,,k a a a 中的最大值,并称数列{}n b 是{}n a 的控制数列.如1,3,2,5,5的控制数列是1,3,3,5,5.（Ⅰ）若各项均为正整数的数列{}n a 的控制数列为2,3,4,5,5,写出所有的{}n a ； （Ⅱ）设{}n b 是{}n a 的控制数列,满足1k m k a b C -++=（C 为常数,(1,2,,)k m =）.求证：k k a b =(1,2,,)k m =；（Ⅲ）设m =100,常数1(,1)2a ∈.若(122(1)n n n a an n +=--）,{}n b 是{}n a 的控制数列,求1122100100()()()b a b a b a -+-++-.- 3 - / 11A B =1,12⎛ ⎝【提示】由题意，可先化简两个集合【考点】交集及其运算。
2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)文科综合能力测试
2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）文科综合能力测试本试卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分。
全卷共12页。
满分为150分。
考试时间为120分钟。
第Ⅰ卷（共63分）1．近年来，越来越多的公民能够通过政府信息公告栏获取相关政务信息，这体现了（）A．监督权是公民最基本的民主权利B．政府保障公民的知情权C．公民直接行使国家权力D．政府必须依法公开全部信息2．中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度是我国的基本政治制度，是具有中国特色的社会主义政党制度。
这一制度中党际关系的主要特点是（）A．中国共产党立法，各民主党派执法B．中国共产党领导，各民主党派合作C．中国共产党执政，各民主党派参政D．中国共产党监督，各民主党派协商3．CPI是用于衡量某一固定消费品集合价格水平的指数，CPI越大表明物价水平越高。
下表列出了某年份我国三个城市的人均工资与CPI。
若考虑物价因素，三个城市人均实际工资水平由高到低的正确排序是（）A．乙＞丙＞甲B．乙＞甲＞丙C．丙＞甲＞乙D．丙＞乙＞甲4．在经济学中，生产可能性曲线反映了在生产要素和生产技术既定时，所能生产出的各种产品的数量组合。
右表记录了鲁滨逊独自在荒岛生活时一天所能获得的鱼和野果的数量，根据表中数据可绘制“鲁滨逊的生产可能性曲线”（见下图）。
后来，鲁滨逊获得了一个奴隶“星期五”，“星期五”的捕鱼能力比采集野果的能力更强。
两人一起工作时，新的生产可能性曲线是（）注：实线代表鲁滨逊个人的生产可能性曲线，虚线代表鲁滨逊和“星期五”一起工作时的生产可能性曲线。
5．培根说过：“读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧，演算使人精密，哲理使人深刻，道德使人高尚，逻辑修辞使人善辩”。
由此可见（）①知识可以提高人的素养②看书学习是获得知识的重要途径③知识是前人经验的传承④能力的提高仅仅来自于书本知识A．①②B．②③C．②④D．③④6．依据人物性别、年龄、身份、职业、性格和创作者对人物的褒贬不同，京剧的行当可以划分为生、旦、净、末、丑。
上海2003—2012年高考文言文阅读汇编(附答案)刘琼编辑
2003年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试上海语文试卷（五）阅读下文，完成第22—25题。
（11分）太平崔默庵多神验。
有一少年新娶，未几出痘，遍身皆肿，头面如牛。
诛医束手，延默庵诊之。
默庵诊症，苟不得其情，必相对数日沉思，反复诊视，必得其因而后已。
诊次少年时，六脉平和，惟稍虚耳，骤不得其故。
时因肩舆道远腹饿，即在病者榻前进食。
见病者以手擘目，观其饮淡，盖目眶尽肿，不可开合也。
问：“思食否？”曰：“甚思之，奈为医者戒余勿食何？”崔曰：“此症何碍于食？”遂命之食。
饮啖甚健，愈不解。
久之，视其室中，病榻桌椅漆气熏人，忽大悟，曰：“余得之矣！”亟命别迁一室，以螃蟹数斤生捣，遍敷其身。
不一二日，肿消痘现，则极顺之症也。
盖其人为漆所咬，他医皆不识云。
22．写出下列加点词在句中的含义（3分）延默庵诊之（）苟不得其情（）亟命别迁一室（）23．“余得之矣”一句中的“之”是指代。
（1分）24．把下列句子译成现代汉语（4分）盖目眶尽肿，不可开合也。
译文：奈为医者戒余勿食何？译文：25．这篇文章记叙了崔默庵给一“少年”诊病的全过程：先把脉，再观察，然后观察，最后发现得病的真正原因是。
（3分）答案：（五）22．请如果赶快\急忙23．病因24．由于眼眶全肿了，不能睁开眼。
对医生告诫我不要吃东西怎么办？（或：医生告诫我不要吃东西，对此该怎么办？）25．饮食居室被漆的气味所伤害(六）阅读下文，完成第26--29题。
（12分）甲自念《志》①云：“宕②在山顶，龙湫之水，即自宕来。
”余与二奴东越二岭，人迹绝矣。
已而山愈高，脊愈狭，两边夹立，如行刀背。
又石片棱棱怒起，每过一脊，即一峭峰，皆从刀剑隙中攀援而上。
如是者三，但见境不容足，安能容湖？既而高峰尽处，一石如劈，向惧石锋撩人，至是且无锋置足矣！踌躇崖上，不敢复向故道。
俯瞰南面石壁下有一级，遂脱奴足布四条，悬崖垂空，先下一奴，余次从之，意可得攀援之路。
及下，仅容足，无余地。
望岩下斗深百丈，欲谋复上，而上岩亦嵌空三丈余，不能飞陟。
2012年全国高考(湖南卷)语文试题及标准答案
２0１2年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖南卷)语文一、语言文字运用（12分,每小题3分）1．下列词语中加点的字，读音全都正确的一组是(Ａ）A．顺遂．sｕì吉兆．zhào 歆．慕xīn 琼．楼玉宇qióngＢ.捕．获pǔ萌．动ménｇ清纯．chún 震古烁．今sｈｕòC.菜畦．qí炫．目xuáｎ扶掖．yè耳濡．目染rúＤ．宫阙．què散．漫ｓǎn 积淀．dìｎg 宠．辱不惊ｃhǒng2．下列词语中，没有错别字的一组是（B)Ａ．冀望建档捷足先登宁缺毋烂Ｂ.抵御修葺玲珑剔透信马由缰C．壁垒赎职心驰神往视如仇寇D.缄默疏浚得垄望蜀望风响应３．下列选项是四则“遗失启事”的主要内容，其中表达通顺、得体的一项是(C）A.本人昨天在体育馆遗失一副红色羽毛球球拍,您若及时联系鄙人,不胜感激之至。
B.昨日本人不慎丢失《随想录》一书于阅览室,期盼拾得者璧还原物,谢谢哟。
C．本人昨日在图书馆不慎丢失黑色眼镜一副，希望拾得者与我联系，不胜感激。
D．昨日本人遗失饭卡于学校饮食服务中心,肯请拾者高抬贵手交还，万分感激。
4．下列选项中的诗句填入《夏日西斋书事》一诗画横线处,恰当的一项是(B)A．只道林间无人至 B.小院地偏人不到Ｃ.门巷深深过客稀 D.寒气偏归我一家二、文言文阅读(22分。
其中，选择题12分，每小题3分；翻译题1０分)(一）阅读下面的文言文,完成５～8题。
自戒郑思肖有行，至贫至贱可以进之;无行,至富至贵不可亲之。
何也？有行之人,纲纪森然,动皆法度,不敢一毫越理犯分．,恣其所行,虽贫乏不以为不足，无故与之犹不受，况妄谋乎!忠孝仁义，睦于家，蔼于乡，不以害遗于人，断无后殃。
无行之人,谲．佞残妒,塞于胸间，心目所至，悉犯于理,贪涎满吻，并包之心炽然，使得时则以势劫．之矣,虽死且有谋,馀孽犹毒于人，必难终以福。
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试语文试题(广东卷,含答案)
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试语文试题（广东卷，含答案）★标准答案以官方公布的为准，本卷仅供参考★本试卷共8页，24小题，满分150分。
考试用时150分钟。
注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名和考生号、试室号、座位号填写在答题卡上。
用2B铅笔将试卷类型（B）填涂在答题卡相应位置上，将条形码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码贴贴处”。
2．选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。
答案不能答在试卷上。
3．非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。
不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
4．作答选做题时，请先用2B铅笔填涂选做题的题组号对应的信息点，再作答。
漏涂、错涂、多涂的，答案无效。
5．考生必须保持答题卡的整洁，考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。
一、本大题4小题，每小题3分，共12分。
1．下列词语中加点的字，每对读音都不相同的一组是A ．桅杆／宫闱聒噪／恬静模具／模范B ．清雅／菁华旖旎／绮丽处所／惩处C ．歧视／跻身橄榄／鸟瞰角斗／角色D ．赝品／鹰犬殉情／徇私参谋／参差【答案】B2．下面语段中画线的词语，使用不恰当的一项是随着科学技术的进步，特别是最近400年的突飞猛进，大自然在一般人的心目中似乎已泾渭分明，不再神秘。
人们不再敬畏自然，凭借手中的科学技术，肆意改变环境。
人们渐生狂妄，争相掠夺自然、破坏自然，把一个本不算大的地球折腾个底朝天。
人类在发展中堕落，在违背自然中自掘坟墓。
忤逆自然的人类将无法在大自然里颐养天年。
A．泾渭分明 B．肆意 C．忤逆 D．颐养天年【答案】A3．下列句子中，没有语病的一项是A．中国科学院最近研究发现，喜马拉雅山冰川退缩，湖泊的面积扩张，冰湖溃决危险性增大，引起了研究者的广泛关注。
2012年全国高考(上海卷)语文试题及答案
2012年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海语文试卷考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂(选择题)或写(非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
2．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。
3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。
4．考试时间150分钟。
试卷满分150分。
一阅读80分(一)阅读下文，完成第1—6题。
(16分)应该认真对待文献综述熊易寒①在很长一段时间里，国内学术界都不太重视文献综述。
近年来随着学术规范的逐步建立，这种情况有所转变，不过大多数综述都是罗列式的，报幕似的把相关研究一个一个列出来，丝毫感觉不到这些文献之间存在任何内在的关联，甚至也感觉不到这些文献与作者本人的研究有何相干。
这样的综述机械、突兀，有生拼硬凑之嫌，称之为“伪综述”亦不为过。
②阅读国际上的顶级学术刊物，有这么几个发现：一、书评以外的论文〔〕有比较翔实的文献综述；二、专门的文献综述性文章〔〕是由该领域的一流学者撰写的；三、对相关著作的征引〔〕采取间接引用的形式，很少直接引用。
这与国内的情形很不一样，值得我们思考。
③为什么必须有文献综述?一篇优秀的文献综述其实就是一幅学术谱系图。
写文献综述不仅是为了陈述以往的相关研究，也不仅仅是为了表示对前辈、同行或知识产权的尊重，更是为了“认祖归宗”，对自己的研究进行定位。
有时候只有把一篇文献放到学术史的脉络中去，放到学术传统中去，我们才能真正理解这个文本：作者为什么要做这项研究?他的问题是什么?他试图与谁对话?我们在开始一项研究时也同样要有问题意识和对话意识，不能自说自话。
对话的前提自然是倾听，如果连别人说了什么都不知道，如何进行对话?正是在倾听的过程中，我们发现了“问题”，才需要与对方进行讨论，否则便无话可说。
通过综述的写作，我们就会知道：别人贡献了什么?我打算或者能够贡献什么?我是否在重复劳动?从这个意义上讲，撰写文献综述首先是为了尊重并真正进入一个学术传统，其次才是利他主义功能——为他人提供文献检索的路线图。
历年高考语文试题及答案
历年高考语文试题及答案【篇一：历届高考语文试题分类汇编】>2011年高考语文试题分类汇编——字音2011年高考试题解析语文分项版之专题1 识记现代汉语普通话常用字的字音1.（重庆）下列词语中，加点字的读音全都正确的一组是【答案】a2.（浙江）下列词语中加点的字，注音有错误的一组是【答案】c【解析】馄饨（tu n），令人咋（ｚ?）舌．．3.（天津）下列词语中加点安的读音，全都正确的一组是【答案】 d4.（山东）下列词语中加点的字，每对读音都不相同的一组是a. 磅秤/磅礴仿佛/佛手瓜．．．．b. 钥匙/汤匙漩涡/涡轮机．．．．刨除/刨根问底．．调节/调虎离山．．c. 驻扎/扎实亲事/亲家母伎俩/仨瓜俩枣．．．．．．d. 果脯/胸脯胳臂/长臂猿倔强/强颜欢笑．．．．．．【答案】d5.（全国）下列词语中加点的字，读音全都正确的一组是（）6.（江西）下列词语中，加点的字读音全部都正确的一组是【答案】 d7.（湖南）下列词语中加点的字，读音全都正确的一组是答案：a．8.（广东）下列词语中加点的字，每对读音都不相同的一组是a.协作／提携歼灭／忏悔畜牧／牲畜．．．．．．b.豁免／庆贺膝盖／油漆载重／载体．．．．．．c.胆怯／商榷扮演／搅拌反省／节省．．．．．．d.储存／贮藏阻挠／妖娆传记／传奇．．．．．．【答案】d9．（安徽）下面词语中加点的字，每对读音完全相同的一组是（3分）a．角色∕角逐砥砺∕抵消载歌载舞∕载誉归来．．．．．．b．贝壳∕地壳和蔼∕暮霭锲而不舍∕提纲挈领．．．．．．c．和谐∕调和屡次∕步履称心如意∕拍手称快．．．．．．d．模块∕楷模誊写∕家眷呱呱坠地∕沽名钓誉．．．．．．10.（北京）下列词语中，字形和加点的字读音全都正确的一项是2010年高考语文试题分类汇编——字音（10年天津卷）1.下列词语中加点的字的读音，全都正确的一组是答案b【命题意图】此题考查“识记现代汉语普通话的字音”的知识，能力层级为a级。
20022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试乙卷文科语文答案
1 参考答案：B解析：B项表述“西方语言没有不时省略主语的句式特点”，“叙事时较难将人物和场景融为一体”，二者不构成因果关系。
原文中只提到“西方叙事作品的特点是定点透视”，没有提及西方语言的这一特点，属无中生有。
文中“西方小说往往离开人物，从另一视角描写环境”不是说“较难将人物和场景融为一体”。
2 参考答案：D解析：A项文章通过对中国传统叙事作品视角的分析，指出中国传统叙事作品采取流动的视角和复眼映视式的视角，没有证明其优于西方的定点透视。
B项文章第二段以《水浒传》中“大闹快活林”为例，论证的是视角上“三体交融”的效应。
C项通过文中“因而这篇笔记简直成了视角及其功能的小小实验室”一句可知，以《阅微草堂笔记》中一则小故事为例，论证的是视角在同一层面和不同层面流动产生的效果，而不是存在着差别。
3 参考答案：C解析：C项文中没有比较长篇作品与笔记小说，在采用流动视角或复眼映视式视角叙事时，哪一个更容易实现多重的叙事功能。
只是在文章结尾进一步指明列举的《阅微草堂笔记》成了视角及其功能的小小实验室。
4 暂无参考答案5 参考答案：D解析：本题主要考查对文本内容筛选、概括和分析的能力。
答题时注意仔细阅读文章，找准有效答题区间，然后认真对比阅读，寻找细微的差别。
第一步，把握题干信息要点；第二步，逐个选项到点，概括分析，判断正误。
A项“六角形结构这一事实……是世界上最早的表述”不符合文本，材料一说“雪花是六瓣的这一事实……比西方早了1000多年。
”而不是“六角形”故错误。
B项“只是出于对几何和对称的兴趣，因此他的研究没有向前推进，也没有得出可信的结论。
”于文无据强加因果。
C项“开普勒认为雪花呈六角形与水汽无关”与文本不符，原文“开普勒认为雪花呈六角形的原因不能通过“材质”寻找。
选项说“原因可能存在于某种机制中，但是受到当时的知识限制，他没有再对此机制作出解释。
”而原文材料一说开普勒“研究雪花为何是六瓣的，尽管他当时所掌握的知识是不足以解释其成因”只说无法解释成因，而不是说无法解释“某种机制”，另外题干中的“原因可能存在于某种机制中”与原文“原因只能存在于某种机制中”观点不符，或然和必然混淆。
2012年高考英语上海卷(含详细答案)
英语试卷 第1页（共14页）英语试卷 第2页（共14页）绝密★启用前2012年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试（上海卷）英语考生注意：1. 考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（第1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13-14页），全卷共14页。
所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3. 答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I 卷（共105分）Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension Section ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. At a library. B. At a hotel. C. At a bank. D. At an airport.2. A. Relaxed. B. Annoyed. C. Worried. D. Satisfied.3. A. Doctor and patient. B. Shop owner and customer. C. Secretary and boss. D. Receptionist and guest.4. A. He would have thrown $300 around. B. $300 is not enough for the concert. C. Sandy shouldn’t have given that much. D. Dave must be mad with the money.5. A. She lives close to the man. B. She changes her mind at last. C. She will turn to her manager. D. She declines the man’s offer.6. A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5.7. A. Both of them drink too much coffee. B. The woman doesn’t like coffee at all. C. They help each other stop drinking coffee. D. The man is uninterested in the woman’s story.8. A. He doesn’t mind helping the woman. B. He hesitates whether to help or not. C. He’ll help if the woman doesn’t mind. D. He can’t help move the cupboard. 9. A. He’s planning to find a new job. B. He prefers to keep his house in a mess. C. He’s too busy to clean his house. D. He has already cleaned his new house. 10. A. She doesn’t agree with the man. B. She is good at finding a place to stay. C. She could hardly find the truth. D. She had no travel experience in Britain.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. Use the company’s equipment. B. Give orders to robots. C. Make decisions for the company. D. Act as Big Brother.12. A. Employees gain full freedom. B. Employees suspect one another. C. Employees’ children are happy.D. Employees enjoy working there.13. A. Reward. B. Safety. C. Trust. D. Honesty. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Canada had a smaller population. B. Land was cheaper in Canada. C. They wanted to continue the Revolution. D. They were against Britain. 15. A. They standardized Canadian English. B. They settled there after the Revolution. C. They enjoy a very high social position. D. They make up a small part of the population.16. A. It is considered unique to some extent. B. It is greatly influenced by French. C. It is mainly linked to British culture. D. It dates back to the late 17th century.-------------在--------------------此--------------------卷--------------------上--------------------答--------------------题--------------------无--------------------效----------姓名________________ 准考证号_____________Section CDirections: In Section C,you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Ⅱ. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.25. ______ passion, people won’t have the motivation or the joy necessary for creative thinking.A. ForB. WithoutC. BeneathD. By26. Is honesty the best policy? We ______ that it is when we are little.A. will teachB. teachC. are taughtD. will be taught 27. As Jack left his membership card at home, he wasn’t allowed ______ into the sports club.A. goingB. to goC. goD. gone28. The new law states that people ______ drive after drinking alcohol.A. wouldn’tB. needn’tC. won’tD. mustn’t29. Only with the greatest of luck ______ to escape from the rising flood waters.A. managed sheB. she managedC. did she manageD. she did manage30. —I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.—I know. By next month, he ______ enough for a used one.A. will have savedB. will be savingC. has savedD. saves31. When he took his gloves off, I noticed that ______ one had his name written inside.A. eachB. everyC. otherD. another32. I have a tight budget for the trip, so I’m not going to fly ______ the airlines lower ticket prices.A. onceB. ifC. afterD. unless33. When Peter speaks in public, he always has trouble ______ the right things to say.A. thinking ofB. to think ofC. thought ofD. think of34. There is much truth in the idea ______ kindness is usually served by frankness.A. whyB. whichC. thatD. whether35. Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from ______ you received gifts?A. whichB. themC. thatD. whom36. The club, ______ 25 years ago, is holding a party for past and present members.A. foundedB. foundingC. being foundedD. to be founded37. —Was it by cutting down staff ______ she saved the firm?—No, it was by improving work efficiency.A. whenB. whatC. howD. that38. —We’ve only got this small bookcase. Will that do?—No, ______ I am looking for is something much bigger and stronger.A. whoB. thatC. whatD. which39. “Genius” is a complicated concept, ______ many different factors.A. involvedB. involvingC. to involveD. being involved40. The map is one of the best tools a man has ______ he goes to a new place.A. wheneverB. whateverC. whereverD. however英语试卷第3页（共14页）英语试卷第4页（共14页）Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Filmgoers should be told how many calories there are in the popcorn, ice cream and soft drinks that they buy in cinemas, according to the Food Standard Agency.Smaller popcorn buckets and drink cups should also be made 41 , the nutrition inspector said.Tim Smith, chief executive of the agency, told The Times that cinemas should help to deal with the country’s overweight 42 .“There is a misbelief that popcorn is calorie-free, but that is not the case. It is a 43 to us,” he said. “Portion sizes are also a big issue, and there seems to be increasingly big packs on sale.”He spoke as a number of food chains such as Pret A Manger, Wimpey and The Real Greek 44 to put calorie counts on all their menus.A trial scheme（试行方案）with 21 food companies took place last summer, and 45 are that consumers altered their buying habits when they realised the number of calories in a product.A consultation（征询意见）on the trial ends next month but Mr Smith is already planning the second drive for American-style calorie counts and is 46 to win support from cinemas and other entertainment places, from football grounds to concert halls.Government 47 suggest that two thirds of adults and a third of children are overweight. If trends are not 48 , this could rise to almost nine in ten adults and two thirds of children by 2050, putting them at 49 risk of heart disease, cancer and other diseases.Ⅲ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.People on a college campus were more likely to give money to the March of Dimes if they were asked for a donation by a disabled woman in a wheelchair than if asked by a nondisabled woman. In another 50 , subway riders in New York saw a man carrying a stick stumble（绊脚）and fall to the floor. Sometimes the victim had a large red birthmark on his 51 ; sometimes he did not. In this situation, the victim was more likely to 52 aid if his face was spotless than if he had an unattractive birthmark. In 53 these and other research findings, two themes are 54 : we are more willing to help people we like for some reason and people we think 55 assistance.In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid. 56 , in a field study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school in a telephone box at the airport. The application was ready to be 57 , but had apparently been “lost”. The photo attached to the application was sometimes that of a very 58 person and sometimes that of a less attractive person. The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it or not. Results showed that people were more likely to 59 the application if the person in the photo was physically attractive.The degree of 60 between the potential helper and the person in need is also important. For example, people are more likely to help a stranger who is from the same country rather than a foreigner. In one study, shoppers on a busy street in Scotland were more likely to help a person wearing a(n) 61 T-shirt than a person wearing a T-shirt printed with offensive words.Whether a person receives help depends in part on the “worth” of the case. For example, shoppers in a supermarket were more likely to give someone. 62 to buy milk rather than to buy cookies, probably because milk is thought more essential for 63 than cookies. Passengers on a New York subway were more likely to help a man who fell to the ground if he appeared to be 64 rather than drunk.50. A. study B. way C. word D. college51. A. hand B. arm C. face D. back52. A. refuse B. beg C. lose D. receive53. A. challenging B. recording C. understanding D. publishing54. A. important B. possible C. amusing D. missing55. A. seek B. deserve C. obtain D. accept56. A. At first B. Above all C. In addition D. For example57. A. printed B. mailed C. rewritten D. signed58. A. talented B. good-looking C. helpful D. hard-working59. A. send in B. throw away C. fill out D. turn down60. A. similarity B. friendship C. cooperation D. contact61. A. expensive B. plain C. cheap D. strange62. A. time B. instructions C. money D. chances63. A. shoppers B. research C. children D. health64. A. talkative B. handsome C. calm D. sick英语试卷第5页（共14页）英语试卷第6页（共14页）Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）Phil White has just returned from an 18 000-mile, around-the-world bicycle trip. White had two reasons for making this epic journey. First of all, he wanted to use the trip to raise money for charity, which he did. He raised ₤70 000 for the British charity, Oxfam. White’s second reason for making the trip was to break the world record and become the fastest person to cycle around the world. He is still waiting to find out if he has broken the record or not.White set off from Trafalgar Square, in London, on 19th June 2004 and was back 299 days later. He spent more than l 300 hours in the saddle（车座）and destroyed four sets of tyres and three bike chains. He had the adventure of his life crossing Europe, the Middle East, India, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Americas. Amazingly, he did all of this with absolutely no support team. No jeep carrying food, water and medicine. No doctor. Nothing! Just a bike and a very, very long road.The journey was lonely and desperate at times. He also had to fight his way across deserts, through jungles and over mountains. He cycled through heavy rains and temperatures of up to 45 degrees, all to help people in need. There were other dangers along the road. In Iran, he was chased by armed robbers and was lucky to escape with his life and the little money he had. The worst thing that happened to him was having to cycle into a headwind on a road that crosses the south of Australia. For 1 000 kilometres he battled against the wind that was constantly pushing him. This part of the trip was slow, hard work and depressing, but he made it in the end. Now Mr. White is back and intends to write a book about his adventures.65. When Phil White returned from his trip, he ______.A. broke the world recordB. collected money for OxfamC. destroyed several bikesD. travelled about 1 300 hours66. What does the word “epic” in Paragraph l most probably mean?A. Very slow but exciting.B. Very long and difficult.C. Very smooth but tiring.D. Very lonely and depressing.67. During his journey around the world, Phil White _______.A. fought heroically against robbers in IranB. experienced the extremes of heat and coldC. managed to ride against the wind in AustraliaD. had a team of people who travelled with him68. Which of the following words can best describe Phil White?A. Imaginative.B. Patriotic.C. Modest.D. Determined.（B）The value-packed, all-inclusive sight-seeing package that combines the bestof Sydney’s harbour, city, bay andbeach highlights.A SydneyPass gives you unlimited and flexible travel on the Explorer Buses: the ‘red’ Sydney Explorer shows you around our exciting city sights while the ‘blue’ Bondi Explorer visits Sydney Harbour bays and famous beaches. Take to the water on one of three magnificent daily harbour cruises（游船）. You can also travel free on regular Sydney Buses, Sydney Ferries or CityRail services(limited area), so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city.Imagine browsing at Darling Harbour, sampling the famous seafood at Watsons Bay or enjoying the city lights on an evening ferry cruise. The possibilities and plans are endless with a SydneyPass. Wherever you decide to go, remember that bookings are not required on any of our services so tickets are treated on a first in, first seated basis.SydneyPasses are available for 3, 5 0r 7 days for use over a 7 calendar day period. With a 3 or5 day pass you choose on which days out of the 7 you want to use it. All SydneyPasses includea free Airport Express inward trip before starting your 3, 5 or 7 days, and the return trip is valid （有效的）for 2 months from the first day your ticket was used.SydneyPass FaresAdult Child*Family**3 day ticket$90$45$2255 day ticket$120$60$3007 day ticket$140$70$350*A child is defined as anyone from the ages of 4 years to under 16 years. Children under4 years travel free.**A family is defined as 2 adults and any number of children from 4 to under 16 years of age from the same family.英语试卷第7页（共14页）英语试卷第8页（共14页）69. A SydneyPass doesn’t offer unlimited rides on ______.A. the Explorer BusesB. the harbour cruisesC. regular Sydney BusesD. CityRail services70. With a SydneyPass, a traveller can________.A. save fares from and to the airportB. take the Sydney Explorer to beachesC. enjoy the famous seafood for freeD. reserve seats easily in a restaurant71. If 5-day tickets were to be recommended to a mother who travelled with her colleague andher children, aged 3, 6 and 10, what would the lowest cost be?A. $225.B. $300.C. $360.D. $420.（C）Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress. This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress-related disorders.Until now, psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same “fight-or-flight” reaction to stress. In other words, individuals either react with aggressive behavior, such as verbal or physical conflict (“flight”), or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation (“flight”). However, the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress. While men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response, women often have another kind of reaction which could be called “tend and befriend.” That is, they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young(“tend”), and by looking for social contact and support from others—especially other females(“befriend”).Scientists have long known that in the fight-or-flight reaction to stress, an important role is played by certain hormones（激素）released by the body. The UCLA research team suggests that the female tend-or-befriend response is also based on a hormone. This hormone, called oxytocin, has been studied in the context of childbirth, but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress. The principal investigator, Dr. Shelley E. Taylor, explained that “animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer, more relaxed, more social, and less anxious.” While men also secrete（分泌）oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.In terms of everyday behavior, the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed. They may phone relatives or friends, or ask directions if they are lost.The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work. The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet. For a typical mother, coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stress-related disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior. The tend-and-befriend regulatory（调节的）system may protect women against stress, and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.72. The UCLA study shows that in response to stress, men are more likely than women to ______.A. turn to friends for helpB. solve a conflict calmlyC. find an escape from realityD. seek comfort from children73. Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?A. Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do.B. Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.C. Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.D. Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men.74. What can be learned from the passage?A. Male hormones help build up the body’s resistance to stress.B. In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does.C. Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress.D. The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings.75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. How men and women get over stressB. How men and women suffer from stressC. How researchers overcome stress problemsD. How researchers handle stress-related disorders英语试卷第9页（共14页）英语试卷第10页（共14页）Section CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.76.Learning to read early has become one of those indicators — in parents’ minds at least – that their child is smart. In fact, reading early has very little to do with whether a child is successful academically. Research has shown that difficulty with reading is often due not to inferior intelligence but to differences in the developmental wiring of each individual child. In some cases, there are neurological problems and developmental lags that can be overcome with proper training.77.Traditionally, American schools teach children at age six, but many schools begin teaching informally in kindergarten and pre-kindergarten. If parents start too early to encourage reading, and a child does not immediately succeed, the parent has a hard time relaxing and letting the child go at his or her own pace.78.Over the years, research has proved that the use of both the “whole language”method and the “phonic” method works best for a child to master reading. While the whole language approach, which includes reading to children and getting them interested in both the activity of reading and the story they are reading, is helpful, phonics must be taught. Children must be taught that one of the squiggles they see is a “p” and another a “b”. Getting the print off the page requires a different ability than being able to understand the meaning of what is written.79.You can start developing the skills needed in reading at a very young age without putting any pressure on children. Besides reading to them, parents can start “ear training” their child by playing thyme games. This develops the child’s ability to recognize different sounds. In reading to children, parents also can point to words as they go, teaching the child that the funny lines on the page are the words you are saying. All this should be a fun activity.80.who have some kind of reading difficulty, you must get a professional diagnosis. While the teacher might say the child is merely disinterested but will get over it, disinterest or poor performance in reading can stem from a number of things, some being very specific learning disabilities that can be identified and worked on. But it is very tricky for parents to deal with their own child’s learning disabilities.Section DDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.While contact between adolescents (between the ages of fifteen and nineteen) and their peers（同龄人）is a universal characteristic of all cultures, the nature and the degree of such contact vary a great deal. In American contemporary society, adolescents spend much more time with their peers than with younger children or adults.This pattern of age segregation（隔离）in American society did not become usual until the beginning of the industrialized society. Changes in the workplace separated children from adults, with adults working and children attending school. The dramatic increase of mothers in the workplace has further contributed to the reduction in the amount of time adolescents spend with adults. School reform efforts during the nineteenth century, which resulted in age-segregated schools and grades, have reduced the amount of time adolescents spend with younger children. Finally, the changes in population are considered a factor that may have contributed to the emergence of adolescent peer culture. From 1955 to 1975, the adolescent population increased dramatically, from 11 percent to 20.9 percent. This increase in the number of adolescents might be a contributing factor to the increase in adolescent peer culture in terms of growth in size.Research supports the view that adolescents spend a great deal of time with their peers. Reed Larson and his colleagues examined adolescents’ daily activities and found that they spend more time talking to their friends than engaging in any other activity. In a typical week, high school students will spend twice as much time with their peers as with adults. This gradual withdrawal from adults begins in early adolescence. In sixth grade, adults (excluding parents) account for only 25 percent of adolescent social networks. Another important characteristic of adolescent peer culture is its increasingly autonomous（自治的）function. While childhood peer groups are conducted under the close supervision of parents, adolescent peer groups typically make an effort to escape adult supervision and usually succeed in doing so.（Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.）81. “This pattern of age segregation” refers to the phenomenon that adolescents segregate themselves from __________________.82. Besides changes in the workplace, __________________ are the other two factors contributing to adolescent peer culture.83. When do adolescents start to spend less time with adults?84. How do adolescent peer groups differ from childhood peer groups?英语试卷第11页（共14页）英语试卷第12页（共14页）第Ⅱ卷（共45分）Ⅰ.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1．她五年前开始拉小提琴。
2012年高考上海卷解析 单选完形填空部分
2012年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷解析单选,完形部分解析:葛孝浩II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25. passion, people won't have the motivation or the joy necessary for creative thinking.A. For B .Without C. Beneath D. By25. B。
句意：没有激情，人们就不会有创造性思考所必需的动机或者快乐。
本题考查介词用法for:为了，对于；without:没有；beneath:在……之下；by:被; 经由; 靠, 通过, 用;根据句意选B。
本题难度：易。
【拓展】典型例句：Without the sun, nothing would grow. 没有太阳，就不会有生物。
26. Is honesty the best policy? We _ that it is when we are little.A. will teachB. teachC. are taughtD. will be taught26. C。
句意：诚实是上策么？在我们小的时候就被教导是这样的。
本题考查时态和语态。
我们是被教导的，不是我们教导别人，因此用被动式；此处表示经常性或习惯性发生的动作，而不是指将来的事，因此用一般现在时，故选C。
本题难度：易。
【拓展】此处可能会受所谓“主将从现”思维定势的影响，从句是一般现在时，主句用一般将来时，就会误选D。
27. As Jack left his membership card at home, he wasn't allowed into the sports club.A. goingB. to goC. goD. gone27 B。
2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标Ⅱ卷)语文试题和解析
2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标Ⅱ卷）语文和解析注意事项：1．答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚，将条形码准确粘贴在考生信息条形码粘贴区。
2．答题时请按要求用笔。
3．请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。
4．作图可先使用铅笔画出，确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。
5．保持卡面清洁，不要折叠，不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。
一、现代文阅读（35分）（一）现代文阅读I（本题共5小题，19分）阅读下面的文字，完成下面小题。
材料一：土星5号火箭升空了！它一点一点上升，庞大的身躯稳健有力。
阿姆斯特朗、柯林斯和奥尔德林被巨大的推力紧紧摁在座位上。
火箭在他们身下持续上升，各级火箭按照预定程序点火，第一级火箭、逃逸塔、第二级火箭一一分离。
绕地球轨道飞行一周后，宇航员检查了火箭和飞船状况。
第三级火箭再次点火，把飞船推向更远的高空。
当地球被甩到身后，就是船箭分离的时候：第三级火箭前端打开，哥伦比亚号从顶端弹出。
鹰号（登月舱）在火箭顶端继续待命，这艘小飞船外形奇特，像一只蜷缩着的蜘蛛。
哥伦比亚号的驾驶员柯林斯，让飞船慢慢转身。
“哥伦比亚”与“鹰”对接成功。
宇航员告别土星5号的最后一级火箭，乘坐合成一体的两艘小飞船继续飞行。
终于抵达月球上空。
阿姆斯特朗和奥尔德林驾驶鹰号离开，向着月球越飞越近。
柯林斯驾驶着哥伦比亚号孤独地环绕月球飞行。
此时此刻，那些远在地球上的人，不管是朋友还是陌生人，都时刻关注着、期待着……预定着陆区在哪儿？宇航员们全力搜寻。
但是意外忽然发生：当他们发现着陆区，鹰号已经飞过了头！数英里一闪而过，舷窗外的月球变得崎岖不平。
家园远在万里之外，更无法奢望什么援手。
此时此刻，他们能做的，只有保持镇定，平稳驾驶，继续飞行。
看到了，就在不远处，那里平整而干净！鹰号慢慢减速、缓缓下降。
登月舱越来越低、越来越低……直到平稳落地！此时此刻，在遥远的地球，人们鸦雀无声、屏息聆听。
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2012年上海高考数学（文科）试卷
一、填空题（本大题共有14题，满分56分）
1．计算：i
i +-13= （i 为虚数单位）. 2．若集合}012|{>-=x x A ，}1|{<=x x B ，则B A = .
3．函数x
x x f cos 12sin )(-=的最小正周期是 . 4．若)1,2(=n 是直线l 的一个方向向量，则l 的倾斜角的大小为 （结果用反三角
函数值表示）.
5．一个高为2的圆柱，底面周长为2π，该圆柱的表面积为 .
6．方程03241=--+x x 的解是 .
7．有一列正方体，棱长组成以1为首项，21
为公比的等比数列，体积分别记为
V 1,V 2,…,V n ,…，则=+++∞
→)(lim 21n n V V V . 8．在6)1(x
x -的二项展开式中，常数项等于 . 9．已知)(x f y =是奇函数. 若2)()(+=x f x g 且1)1(=g .，则=-)1(g .
10．满足约束条件2||2||≤+y x 的目标函数x y z -=的最小值是 .
11．三位同学参加跳高、跳远、铅球项目的比赛.若每人只选择一个项目，则有且仅有 两人选择的项目完全相同的概率是 （结果用最简分数表示）.
12．在知形ABCD 中，边AB 、AD 的长分别为2、1. 若M 、N 分别是边BC 、CD 上 |
|||CD CN BC BM =，则AN AM ⋅的取值范围是 . 13．已知函数)(x f y =的图像是折线段ABC ，若中A (0,0)，B (2
1,1)，C (1,0). 函数)10()(≤≤=x x xf y 的图像与x 轴围成的图形的面积为 .
14．已知x
x f +=11)(.各项均为正数的数列}{n a 满足11=a ，)(2n n a f a =+.若 20122010a a =，则1120a a +的值是 .
二、选择题（本大题共有4题，满分20分）
15．若i 21+是关于x 的实系数方程02
=++c bx x 的一个复数根，则
（ ）
（A ）3,2==c b . （B ）1,2-==c b . （C ）1,2-=-=c b .（D ）3,2=-=c b
16．对于常数m 、n ，“0>mn ”是“方程122=+ny mx 的曲线是椭圆”的 （ ）
（A ）充分不必要条件.
（B ）必要不充分条件 （C ）充分必要条件.
（D ）既不充分也不必要条件. 17．在ABC ∆中，若C B A 222sin sin sin <+，则ABC ∆的形状是
（ ）
（A ）钝角三角形. （B ）直角三角形. （C ）锐角三角形. （D ）不能确定.
18．若)(sin sin sin 772
7
*∈+++=N n S n
n πππ ，则在10021,,,S S S 中，正数的 个数是
（ ）
（A ）16. （B ）72. （C ）86.
（D ）100. 三、解答题（本大题共有5题，满分74分）
19．如图，在三棱锥P -ABC 中，P A ⊥底面ABC ，D 是
PC 的中点.已知∠BAC =2π
，AB=2，AC=23，
P A=2.求：
（1）三棱锥P -ABC 的体积；（6分）
（2）异面直线BC 与AD 所成的角的大小（结果用反三
角函数值表示）.（6分）
20．已知函数)1lg()(+=x x f .
（1）若1)()21(0<--<x f x f ，求x 的取值范围；（6分） （2）若)(x g 是以2为周期的偶函数，且当10≤≤x 时，有)()(x f x g =，求函数 )(x g y =])2,1[(∈x 的反函数.（8分）
21．海事救援船对一艘失事船进行定位：以失事船的当前位置为原点，以正北方向为y 轴 正方向建立平面直角坐标系（以1海里为单位长度），则救援船恰在失事船的正南方向12海
里A 处，如图. 现假设：①失事船的移动路径可视为抛物线 212x y =；②定位后救援船即刻沿直线匀速前往救援；③救 援船出发t 小时后，失事船所在位置的横坐标为t 7
.
P A B C
D
（1）当5.0=t 时，写出失事船所在位置P 的纵坐标. 若此时
两船恰好会合，求救援船速度的大小和方向；（6分）
（2）问救援船的时速至少是多少海里才能追上失事船？（8分）
22．在平面直角坐标系xOy 中，已知双曲线12:22=-y x C .
（1）设F 是C 的左焦点，M 是C 右支上一点. 若|MF |=22，求过M 点的坐标；（5
分）（2）过C 的左顶点作C 的两条渐近线的平行线，求这两组平行线围成的平行四边形的
面积；（5分）
（3）设斜率为)2|(|<
k k 的直线l 交C 于P 、Q 两点，若l 与圆122=+y x 相切， 求证：OP ⊥OQ ；（6分）
23．对于项数为m 的有穷数列数集}{n a ，记},,,m a x {21k k a a a b =（k =1,2,…,m ），即k b 为k a a a ,,,21 中的最大值，并称数列}{n b 是}{n a 的控制数列.如1,3,2,5,5的控制数列是 1,3,3,5,5.
（1）若各项均为正整数的数列}{n a 的控制数列为2,3,4,5,5，写出所有的}{n a ；（4分）
（2）设}{n b 是}{n a 的控制数列，满足C b a k m k =++-1（C 为常数，k =1,2,…,m ）. 求证：k k a b =（k =1,2,…,m ）；（6分）
（3）设m =100，常数)1,(21
∈a .若n an a n n n 2)1()1(2+--=，}{n b 是}{n a 的控制数列，
求)()()(1001002211a b a b a b -++-+- .。