introduction and prefix
初级商务英语[BEC]文本
![初级商务英语[BEC]文本](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b1a8aefc04a1b0717fd5dd42.png)
初级商务英语[BEC]文本- -Tag：商务英语Unit 1First meetings 1introductions and greetings1. Listening You are going to hear a number of people introducing themselves. Some of the introductions involve two people,some involve three. First look at the conversations in the pictures below. Then, as you listen, number these conversations inthe order you hear them. The first one has been done for you.a.( ) A: Hello, I'm...B: Nice to meet you. My name's...b.( ) A: Hello, let me introduce myself. My name's...B: Pleased to meet you. I'm...c.( ) A: I don't know anyone here. You'll have to introduce meB: Of course, Roger ,this is...C: Nice to meet you.d.( ) A: How do you do? My name's...B: Nice to meet you. Mine's...e.( ) A: I haven't met your Managing Director yet.B: Oh, I'm sorry. Dr. Mannheim, this is .C: Very nice to meet you.f.( ) A: Let me introduce you two. Maxine, this is Francis.B: Nice to meet you.g.( ) A Could you introduce me to the Marketing Manager?B: Of course, John...Philip, let me introduce you to ...C: Nice to meet you.Listening task(1) A: Hello, let me introduce myself. My name's Klein, Gunther Klein.B: Pleased to meet you. I'm Geoff Snowdon.(2) A: How do you do? My name's Paul Matthews.B: Nice to meet you. Mine's Akira Mishima.(3) A: Hello, I'm Tom.B: Nice to meet you. My name's Francine.(4) A: Peter, could you introduce me to the Marketing Manager?B: Of course, John...Philip, let me introduce you to john, our new Computer Manager.C: Nice to meet you, John, we're going to be working together.(5) A: Herr Tubingen, I haven't met your Managing Director yet.B: Oh, I'm sorry. Come and meet him. Dr Mannheim, this is Mr. Roberts. He's over from the States on a visit.C: Very nice to meet you, Mr. Roberts. How long are you here for?(6) A: Jane, I don't know anyone here. You'll have to introduce me.B: Of course, I'll introduce you to Roger first. He's the host...Roger, this is Susan. She's just moved to the area.C: Nice to meet you, Susan. Do you come from these parts?(7) A: Let me introduce you two. Maxine, this is Francis.B: Nice to meet you, Maxine. Are you an old friend of Tony's?C: Oh yes, Tony and I have known each other for years, haven't we?A: Yes, that's right.2.Prisentation Introductions often include thes steps:You heard two types of introduction:GreetingOr } introduction --> responserequest for introductionYou head two types of introduction:introducing yourselfintroducing some one elseNotes:1. Some introductions are more formal than others. The use of first names indicates informality.2. In English-speaking cultures, peolle usually shake hands on first meting.Now listen again and indicate whether the introdcution is formal(F) or informal(I). The first one has been done for you.Introduction 1 ( F) Introduction 2 ( )Introduction 3 ( ) Introduction 4 ( )Introduction 5 ( ) Introduction 6 ( )Introduction 7 ( )3. Contralled practiceComplete the introductions.(1). Peter King introduces himself to Jack Simpson:Peter King: Hello, My name's Peter KingJack Simpson: I'm Jack Simpson.(2). Philip introduces Sarah to James:Sarah: Philip, I Here. You'll have to .Philip: Of , I'll to James. He's an old friend of mine.James, Sarah, she's just joined the company.James: ,Sarah. Where do you come from?(3). Rod Burton introduces Pete Taylor to an important custome:Pete: Rod, I Mrs Rogers, the Purchasing Manager from Kentons.Rod: I'm . Come and meet her. Mrs Rogers, Pete Taylor, our Export Sales Manager.Mrs Rogers: What countries do you cover?(4). Klaus Fischer introduces himself to an American visitor:Klaus Fischer: How ? MyAmerican: . Brenda Cole.课文注释及词汇讲解* We are going to be working together.我们将在一起工作。
英语词源基础之前缀详解
英语词源基础之前缀详解Prefixes: A Building Block of English Vocabulary.Prefixes, those unassuming syllables tacked onto the beginnings of words, play a pivotal role in shaping the English language. They act as linguistic modifiers, transforming the meaning and connotation of base words, expanding the expressive capabilities of our vocabulary. To delve into the etymological tapestry of prefixes is to embark on a journey through the annals of language, uncovering the fascinating stories behind these grammatical building blocks.Origins and Etymology.The term "prefix" stems from Latin, where "prae" means "before" and "figere" means "to fix." A prefix, therefore, is something fixed before a word. Etymologically, prefixes often trace their roots to ancient Greek, Latin, or other Indo-European languages.Types and Functions.Prefixes can be broadly categorized into two main types:1. Derivational Prefixes: These prefixes modify the meaning of the base word, creating a new word with adistinct signification. Examples include "un-" (not), "re-" (again), and "anti-" (against).2. Inflectional Prefixes: These prefixes primarily indicate grammatical information, such as tense, aspect, or mood, rather than changing the word's meaning. In English, the most common inflectional prefix is "be-," used to form the past participle of verbs.Semantic Nuances.Prefixes bring a remarkable array of semantic nuancesto the English language. They can:Negate meanings (e.g., "unhappy")。
《PrefixesandSuffixes》说课稿
《PrefixesandSuffixes》说课稿（实用版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用资料，如职业道德、时事政治、政治理论、专业基础、说课稿集、教资面试、综合素质、教案模板、考试题库、其他资料等等，想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as professional ethics, current affairs and politics, political theory, professional foundation, lecture collections, teaching interviews, comprehensive qualities, lesson plan templates, exam question banks, other materials, etc. Learn about different data formats and writing methods, so stay tuned!《PrefixesandSuffixes》说课稿Good morning/afternoon, everyone! I'm very glad to stand here to interpret my lesson. Today, my topic is word power part about prefix and suffix. My lesson consists of the following aspects:Ⅰ. Analysis of the teaching materialFirst of all, let’s focus on the analysis of teaching materialThe topic of this lesson is about prefixes and suffixes. After learning this lesson, students are able to understand the meanings of il-, anti-, dis-, -able, -ful and so on. Besides, students can improve their ability of guessing the meaning of a new word through its prefix or suffix.Ⅱ. Analysis of the studentsThen, I’d like to talk something about my students. They already have learned a lot of words and expressions, and they can use dictionary, while how to apply them in to study is still a difficult point. Therefore, I will try my best to help them apply these words in specific exercisesⅢ. Analysis of the teaching aimsAccording to the new curriculum standard, the teachingmaterials and the students’ presentsituation. I set the aims as follows：Knowledge aims: Students can master the key words and know the meaning of prefixes and suffixes.Ability aim: Students can improve their ability of guessing the meaning of new words through the meaning of prefix or suffix.Emotional aim: Students will show interest in word-making gradually and love to learn words.Ⅳ. Analysis of the key and difficult pointsBased on the above analysis of teaching material, background of students, and set up ofteaching aims, the key and difficult point is: Students can master rule of making new words and know the meaning of prefixes and suffixes.Ⅴ. Analysis of teaching and study methodsAfter those analysis, I will talk about the teaching and study methods. I’ll mainly use situational teaching method, task-based teaching method, communicative approach.Ⅵ. Analysis of the teaching proceduresNext, I'll describe the most important parts of my teaching design—the teaching procedures.Step 1 Warming-upIn this stage, I will greet with the students and show students two pictures with ppt. These pictures will show 2 attitudes towards a decision. One picture shows a person is nodding his head. However, the other picture shows a person shaking his head. Use 2 words to describe the pictures. One is “agree” which has been learnt already. Then show another word “disagree” to describe the other picture, and ask the students to guess the meaning of the new word. This stage can make the class interesting and lead in the new topic of this lesson Step 2 PresentationIn presentation stage, I will show some words on the blackboard which they have already learnt and show new forms of these words with their prefixes and ask students to guess their meanings.:smoking vs anti-smokingappear vs disappearcorrect vs incorrectview vs previewAfter they get each pair of word has opposite meaning, I will let them to find the difference among these words in their forms.After that, I will use ppt to show other words comfortable,cheerful, scientist, hopeless, agreement, dryness. I will let them to have a discussion to find the suffix of each word and the meanings of these suffixes.At last I will have a summary, which let them know we can change the meaning of a specific word through adding suffix or prefix.The purpose of use deductive method and inductive method to teach words is to stimulate their knowledge and let them participant in class activity actively, which can make sure students master the new knowledge easier.Step 3 PracticeIn this step, there are 2 exercise.(1) mechanical drillingWrite some words on the blackboard and let students circle the prefixes and suffixes.reconsider/uncertain/illegal/immoral/hopeful/consideration(2) meaningful drillingDo a exerciseWhat do you think about cloning human beings? Complete what a scientist is saying. Use the words from the box below.irresponsible illegal harmful uncertain disrespect( exercise in textbook.)Through the two exercise, students can have a better understanding of these new words and can use these words with prefixes and suffixes correctly. Besides their thinking ability can also be improved.Step 4 ProductionUse their own words to make sentences with the words above.( irresponsible illegal harmful uncertain disrespect) This task can arouse students’ interest and involve the whole class, which can help them have a better understanding of the words They can also build the awareness of guessing word-meaning according to their suffixes and prefixes. Besides, through group making sentences, they can use their new knowledge into practice.Step 5 Summary and homeworkI will ask one student to act as an assistant teacher to conclude what we have learned this class. And then make a summary togetherThe purpose of this step is to let students recall what we learnt today, and deepen their impression of key words and sentence structures.Ask students to find more words with suffixes and prefixesand share them with us the nextclass. It will arouse their study interest and consolidate the new knowledge.Ⅶ. Analysis of the blackboard DesignThe last part is the analysis of the blackboard design In this way, students can see the content we’ve learnt today clearlyThat is all for my lecture, thanks for your listening.。
英文学术论文Introduction部分的写作方法
Sub-moves 1) Indicate a gap 2) Identify a problem 3) Extend previous knowledge
Moves 3 Occupy the niche
Note: 1) the word “outline” means that the content in that sub-move is very brief, no details 2) RQs are not necessary sometimes
Sub-moves 1) Outline aim, purpose 2) Specify RQs 3) Outline the theoretical perspectives 4) Describe methodology & design 5) Indicate scope/delimitation 6) explain contribution and vzation of the thesis
But in the introduction chapter of the dissertation, we usually use the following subtitles, altogether three, namely: 1) Background of the study (corresponding with Moves 1 and 2) 2) Aim and significance of the study (corresponding with Move 3.1---3.6) 3) Organization of the dissertation (corresponding with Move 3.7)
高中英语构词法解析 ppt课件
构成方式 名词＋动词 形容词＋动词 副词＋动词
ppt课件
10
（4）合 成 副 词
构成方式 例词 形容词＋名词 形容词＋副词 副词＋副词 hotfoot匆忙地 everywhere到处 however尽管如此
表示度程度的前缀：
super- “超越”
superman n. 超人
super-power n. 超级大国
under- “低于”，“不足”
underfeed v. 不喂饱 underdeveloped a. 不发达的 cover“过分”
课件 overcareful a.ppt 过分小心的 30
表示“地点”的前缀：
副词＋动词
介词＋名词
outbreak爆发
afternoon下午
代词＋名词
she-wolf母狼
ppt课件 7
（2）合 成 形 容 词 构成方式 例词 snow-white雪白的 English-speaking讲英语的 face-to-face面对面的
名词＋形容词 名词＋现在分词 名词＋to＋名词
inter“在……之间” international a. 国际的 trans岸的 super“在……之上” “跨越” trans-Atlantic a. 跨越大西洋的，大西洋两
superstructure n. 上层建筑
over“在……之上”
ppt课件 subway n. 地下铁道 31
表示“否定”的前缀：
名词＋及物动词＋er／or
pain-killer止痛药
introduction英语解释
introduction英语解释An introduction is a way to begin a conversation, a presentation, or a written piece. It's like the first handshake that sets the tone for the whole encounter. It gives a glimpse of what's coming next and makes people curious to hear more. In a speech, an introduction might catch your attention with a funny anecdote or a thought-provoking question. In writing, it might draw you in with a vivid description or an intriguing fact. It's that little hook that makes you want to stick around and find out more.When introducing something to a friend, it's like showing them a new toy and saying, "Hey, look at this!Isn't it cool?" You want to share the excitement and make them interested in what you're about to reveal. An introduction in a book or article might be more formal, but it still serves the same purpose to grab the reader's attention and make them want to dive deeper into the subject.Think of an introduction as the appetizer before the main course. It whets your appetite, gives you a taste of what's to come, and makes you eager for the rest. It's that brief moment that sets the stage and prepares you for the journey ahead.And let's not forget, introductions are not just about what's coming next. They're also about who's bringing it to you.。
游戏英文前缀带翻译
游戏英文前缀带翻译Prefixes in Gaming: A Comprehensive Guide。
游戏中的前缀，全面指南。
Introduction。
介绍。
In gaming, prefixes are often used as a way to modify or enhance a word, giving it a new meaning or adding additional attributes. These prefixes can be found in a variety of gaming genres, from RPGs to FPSs. Understanding these prefixes can help gamers better understand the mechanics of a game and make more informed decisions when playing.在游戏中，前缀通常用作修改或增强一个单词的方式，给它赋予新的含义或添加额外的属性。
这些前缀可以在各种游戏类型中找到，从RPG到FPS。
了解这些前缀可以帮助玩家更好地理解游戏的机制，并在玩游戏时做出更明智的决策。
In this guide, we will explore some of the most common prefixes found in gaming, their meanings, and how they are used in different games.在本指南中，我们将探讨游戏中最常见的前缀、它们的含义以及它们在不同游戏中的使用方式。
Prefixes。
前缀。
1. Anti-。
1. 反-。
The prefix "anti-" is used to indicate something that is against or opposite to something else. In gaming, this prefix is often used to describe items or abilities that are designed to counteract or negate the effects of another item or ability.前缀“anti-”用于指示一些反对或相反的东西。
Introduction范文
Introduction范文IntroductionIn the second half of the twentieth century , the rapid development of economy globalization and integration ,by promises of GREat benefits from free flow of people ,goods, services and capital, have mingled all countries and areas into one interdependent and interrelated body. Resolving political, especially economy disputes and conflicts by peaceful means based on equality and mutual benefit has prevailed in international affairs since countries started to view each other as partners and cooperators rather than adversaries and antagonists. Some scholars and social workers begin advocating a brand new idea, which win—win concept. Collaborative principled negotiation based on mutual suess and convergence of interests is a typical example of this concept .Practices demonstrated its high effectiveness in dealing with disagreement and conflicts in international business negotiation ,therefore, it has bee widely aepted.1. Overview of collaborative principled negotiation Negotiation is regarded as an important and necessarysocial activity, especially in international business negotiation, a GREat impulse to social economic development in our modern life. In view of the abuse of traditionalwin---lose concept of business negotiation, we advocate abrand new method of collaborative principled negotiation, a win---win concept to improve the efficiency and fairness of business negotiation.Negotiation is the process whereby interested parties resolve disputes, aGREe upon courses of action, bargain for individual or collective advantage and attempt to craft outes which serve their mutual interests.Collaborative principled negotiation is also monly known as Harvard principled negotiation, which is developed by Roger Fisher and William Ury in the book Getting to Yes published in 1981.The core and spirit of the method is to reach a solution beneficial to both parties by way of stressing interests and value not by way of bargaining. The method of principled negotiation developed at the Harvard Negotiation Project is to decide issue on their merits rather than through a haggling process focused on what each side saysit will and won’t do .It suggests that you look for mutual gains whenever possible, and that where your interests conflict, you should insist that the result be based on some fair standards independent of the will either side. The method of principled negotiation is hard on the merits, soft on the people. It employs no tricks and no posturing. Principled negotiation shows you how to obtain what you are entitled to and still be decent. It enables you to be fairwhile protecting you against those who would take advantage of your fairness. When the interests。
英文科技论文写作第三课 正文
Pre-and post-planting compaction treatments were applied inter-rows; intra-rows and in the entire plot area. A control plot was used for comparison. Sample Analysis: 1. Background introduction 2. Problems existing in the related study 3. Purpose of author’s study 4. Study situation and content
4. 研究内容
This article presents an analysis of … It is the particular intention of this work to remark upon the … In this paper we develop some methods for… The author has limited his studies to the related aspects of… The problem under discussion is within the scope of …
3. 说明相关研究不足之处
However, this method cannot be used to analyze more practical cases in which… The limitations of … have been recognized. One problem frequently encountered is that … All of the above models ignored… The theory cannot apply to other cases of…
测控技术与仪器专业英语
1
第2页/共34页
The intelligence required by such devices is available from microcontroller unit (MCU), digital signal processor (DSP), and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technologies developed by several semiconductor manufacturers.
主语为the reduction和the presence，谓语为pose，宾语 challenges。
全句译为：然而，供应电压从5V衰减到3.3V甚至更低， 以及系统中多种电压形式的出现，并不只是对最智能的传 感器提出的考验。
Separate integrated circuits (ICs) are available to handle the variety of voltages and resolve the problem, but they add to system and sensor complexity. 译为：单独的集成电路（ICs）可用来处理各种不同的电压 并解决问题，但它们增加了系8 统和传感器的复杂性。
译为：该转换器将测量的物理量进行转换。观察员对系 统进行修正以使结果接近理想值。典型的测量系统的组成 框图如图3.1所示。
Figure 3.1 General sensing system 5 第6页/共34页
Many home thermostats（恒温（调节）器）, tire pressure gauges（轮胎气压表）, and factory flow meters still operate in the same manner.
netmask 和 prefix 的对应关系
netmask 和prefix 的对应关系Title: Understanding the Correspondence between Netmask and PrefixIntroduction:In computer networking, the concepts of netmask and prefix play a crucial role in determining network addressing and routing. They are used to define the network address and subnetting capabilities of a network. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the correspondence between netmask and prefix and their significance in network configuration.1. Definition of Netmask:A netmask, short for network mask, is a 32-bit number that is used to divide an IP address into network and host portions. It essentially determines the size of the network by identifying which bits in an IP address belong to the network and which bits belong to the host. The netmask is represented in decimal dot notation, such as 255.255.255.0, where each octet represents 8 bits of the netmask.2. Understanding Prefix:Prefix, also known as CIDR notation, is an alternative way to represent subnet masks. CIDR stands for Classless Inter-Domain Routing, used to divide IP addresses into smaller subnets and allocate them efficiently. It specifies the number of significant bits from the left in the network part of an IP address. A prefix is indicated by appending a forward slash (/) followed by the number of significant bits to the IP address, such as 192.168.0.0/16.3. Relationship between Netmask and Prefix:Netmask and prefix are closely related. The prefix length is equal to the number of contiguous 1 bits in the netmask. For example, a netmask of 255.255.255.0(11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000) has 24 contiguous 1 bits. Thus, its corresponding prefix length is /24.4. Calculating Prefix from Netmask:To derive the prefix from the netmask, count the number of contiguous 1 bits in the binary representation of the netmask. For instance, a netmask of 255.255.255.0 has 24 contiguous 1 bits. Hence, the prefix for this netmask would be /24.5. Conversion of Prefix to Netmask:Conversely, to convert a prefix to its corresponding netmask, count the number of significant bits and put that many 1 bits at the leftmost positions of a 32-bit number, followed by the remaining bits as 0. For example, a prefix of /27 indicates 27 significant bits. Thus, the corresponding netmask would be11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000, which in decimal dot notation is 255.255.255.224.6. Significance in Network Configuration:The correspondence between netmask and prefix is essential for determining subnet boundaries and establishing the number of available hosts in a network. Network administrators use this information to design efficient network architectures, allocate IP addresses, and enable routing protocols to classify network traffic.7. Benefits of Prefix in Comparison to Netmask:CIDR notation, represented by prefix, offers several advantages over traditional netmask representation:a. Flexibility: Prefix notation allows for more precise allocation of IP addresses, as it can define subnets of varying sizes.b. Address conservation: Prefix notation conserves IP address space by allowing networks to be divided into smaller subnets,reducing wastage.c. Simplified routing: CIDR simplifies routing decisions by aggregating IP address blocks into larger prefixes, reducing the size of routing tables.Conclusion:Netmask and prefix are critical elements in network configuration, determining the division of IP addresses into network and host portions. Understanding their correspondence and significance enables efficient subnetting and routing decisions. Network administrators must be adept at calculating and utilizing netmasks and prefixes to optimize network resources and address allocation effectively. This comprehensive understanding of netmask and prefix relationship helps in building robust and scalable networks.。
教案 第一课时 Introduction介绍
第一课时Introduction介绍Teaching aim: Give you a general concept of Lexicology 对词汇学有个整体概念上的把握Teaching plan:0.1 the nature and domain of English Lexicology 词汇学的性质和范畴The definition of English Lexicology: It is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.英语词汇学定义：它是语言学的分支，主要研究单词的起源和意义。
The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.词汇学的性质和范畴：英语词汇学主要意在调查和研究单词和对等次的形态结构，比如语义结构，语义关系，历史发展，构成和用法。
0.2 Its Relation to Other Discipline 词汇学与其它规则之间的关系The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with ：English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学),etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体学）and lexicography(词典学)与英语词汇学有关的课题：形态学、语义学、词源学、文体学、词典学Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words,primarily through the use of morpheme construct.形态学是语言学的分支，主要说明如果通过词素构造来研究单词形式或结构的。
intr开头的英语单词
intr开头的英语单词Introduction to the Prefix "Intra"The prefix "intra" is a Latin-derived element that is commonly used in English vocabulary. It has a variety of meanings, often related to internal or within a certain boundary or space. This prefix can be found in numerous words across different fields, such as medicine, law, geography, and more. Let's explore some of the most common English words that begin with "intra" and their meanings.1. Intracellular.Definition: Referring to something that exists within a cell.Example: The process of intracellular transport involves the movement of materials within a cell.2. Intrastate.Definition: Denoting something that occurs within a state or country, rather than internationally.Example: The company focuses on intrastate trade, selling its products exclusively within the country.3. Intravenous.Definition: Referring to a method of administering medication or fluids directly into a vein.Example: The patient received intravenous antibiotics to treat a severe infection.4. Intriguing.Definition: Describing something that is exciting or captivating.Example: The mystery novel was so intriguing that I couldn't put it down.5. Intramural.Definition: Referring to activities or events that are held within the boundaries of a school or organization.Example: The intramural basketball tournament was a popular event on campus.6. Intrusion.Definition: The act of entering or interfering with a place or situation in an unauthorized or unwanted manner.Example: The burglar's intrusion into the house was caught on the home security camera.7. Intrapersonal.Definition: Relating to the inner world of a person, such as thoughts, feelings, and motivations.Example: Intrapersonal communication is crucial for understanding one's own needs and desires.8. Intrigue.Definition: A plot or scheme, often secretive and designed to achieve a particular goal.Example: The political intrigue surrounding the election results was the subject of much speculation.9. Intrusive.Definition: Describing something that is intrusive or intrusive in nature, such as an unwanted interruption.Example: The constant intrusive advertisements on the website made it difficult to focus on the content.10. Intra-abdominal.Definition: Referring to something that is locatedwithin the abdominal cavity.Example: The surgeon performed an intra-abdominal procedure to remove a gallbladder.The prefix "intra" is versatile and can be found in many other words as well, each with its unique meaning and context. Its association with the internal, the enclosed, or the private adds a layer of specificity and detail to the vocabulary of the English language. Understanding the meaning of this prefix can help enhance one's understanding of these words and their appropriate usage in various contexts.。
科技论文写作整理系列(4)——Introduction
科技论文写作整理系列(4)——Introductionabuck此部分分为―内容－要点－写法－举例‖四部分。
1.内容1-1–重要性；–前人工作的客观评述（解决了哪些问题）；–尚待解决的问题（就是本文要解决的问题）；–本文采用的的基本方法和假设（限制）；•必需不含糊地说明–主体中各部分的构成（文章较长时用）。
–不要说前人不好。
1-2• What is the problem?Describe the problem you investigated• Why is it important?What conflict or unanswered question does your experiment address? What findings of others are you challenging or extending?• What did we know about it before doing the study?Summarize relevant research to provide background knowledge• How will this study advance our knowledge?• Starting with a clear statement of the purpose and reasons of the study, then giving a concise and appropriate background discussion of the problem, ending witha mention of the study’s signifi cance and its relevance to the field as a whole• Be selective: not exhaustive in choosing studies to cite and amount of detail to include• The more relevant an article is to your study, the more space it deserves and the later in the Introduction it appears1-3• Briefly review the literature that is relevant for your manuscript (use your Discussion as a guideline)• Do not just write this Introduction for half a dozen colleagues working in exactly the same field, but…• write for a range of interested scientists• Finish with the aims of your work and present a clear hypothesis• Briefly review the literature• Address a wider audience than those working in exactly the same field• Give the aims of your research and a good hypothesis• A goo d hypothesis is one that can be tested, but it does not need to be ―correct‖• Explain why you did your research• The fact that nobody has done it before is not a good reason• Your study may follow logically from previous work• Your project may have been inspired by a practical problem1-4工作目的对工作目的的评价：该工作为什么很重要？工作背景：谁做了什么工作？做得怎么样？以前我们做了哪些工作？导读：读者应该注意该文章的哪些方面？有意义的要点有哪些？结论：读者期望什么样的结论呢？在提纲的前几个版本中，你应该包括实验过程中涉及到的所有内容（在这一点上，就像是段落的副标题）1-5引言在内容上应包括：为什么要进行这项研究？立题的理论或实践依据是什么？拟创新点何在？理论与（或）实践意义是什么？告诉读者你为什么要进行这项研究是引言的主要内容和目的，这其中也包括说明这项研究的理论和（或）实践意义。
毕业论文的引言部分的英文翻译与写作
毕业论文的引言部分的英文翻译与写作IntroductionThe introduction is an essential part of a graduation thesis. Its purpose is to provide an overview of the research topic, establish the context, and present the significance of the study. In this section, the researcher introduces the research problem, states the research objectives, and outlines the structure of the thesis. This article will discuss the translation and writing of the introduction section of a graduation thesis.Translation of the IntroductionWhen translating the introduction of a graduation thesis into English, it is crucial to convey the main ideas and maintain coherence. The translation should accurately reflect the original content while adhering to proper academic language. It is important to avoid literal translations and strive for natural-sounding English.Writing the Introduction1. Background and ContextIn this section, the researcher should provide a brief background of the research topic, including its historical, theoretical, and practical aspects. It is essential to demonstrate an understanding of the current state of knowledge related to the subject matter.2. Research ProblemHere, the researcher should clearly state the problem or research question that the thesis aims to address. The problem statement should be concise, specific, and relevant.3. Research Objectives/Research QuestionsThe research objectives should outline the specific goals and aims of the study. These objectives contribute to the overall research problem and serve as a guide for the research methodology. In the case of qualitative research, research questions may be used instead of objectives.4. Significance of the StudyThis section highlights the importance of the research and its potential contributions to the field. The researcher should explain how the findings of the study can address existing gaps in knowledge or provide practical solutions to real-world problems.5. Scope and LimitationsIt is essential to define the scope of the study and specify any limitations or constraints that may affect the research outcomes. This helps to manage readers' expectations and demonstrates a clear understanding of the study's boundaries.6. Thesis StructureIn this final part of the introduction, the researcher should provide an outline of the thesis structure. This outline serves as a roadmap for readers to navigate through the different sections of the thesis.ConclusionThe introduction section of a graduation thesis is crucial for establishing the context, presenting the research problem, and outlining the objectives and significance of the study. Translation of the introduction should accurately convey the main ideas and maintain coherence in English. Writing the introduction requires a clear presentation of the background, research problem, objectives, significance, scope, limitations, and thesis structure. By effectively addressing these elements, the introduction sets the stage for the remainder of the graduation thesis.。
学生版 构词法 词根 introduction and root
构词法——简介和词源简介________ can manage this part firmly!一般读者对我国汉字的构造法都有所了解。
汉字属于拼形文字。
英语科技术语的构词法也有类似的道理。
所不同的在于：它们是拼音文字，不是由偏旁构成的，而是由若干个（通常是一，两个或三，四个词素（word elements）构成的。
所谓“词素”，是指构成一个词的各个基本组成单位，它是由若干个音节构成的。
各个词素都有其语言上一定的来源。
例如：prewar postwar interwar战前战后（两次战争之间）拆字pre + war post + war inter + war词源（拉）（条顿语）（拉）（条顿语）（拉）（条顿语）pre war post war inter war(before) (after) (between)前战争后战争之间战争词根：species 种类aspect 方面specimen 样本respect 尊敬specify 明确，具体化expect 期望special 特殊prospect 展望specialist 专家inspection 检查specialty 专业perspective 透视这些词共同的词根（root）是：_____________词源例1：news =_____+_____+ _____+_____ 例2：rayra 开头的词与_______有关 ray 意思是______ radiochemistry______ radius→______ radium→______ radic→______例3：orient 东方 ______+ ______ root ______ 意思______ oriental→______ orientalize→______例4：hospital =_____+_____ !! host→_____ hospitable→_____ 前方高能！！！例5：surprise 意思是：_________________________Time to read!练习：（尽量把知道的意思都写出来）。
英语专业词汇学复习
1. What is lexicology?Lexico-(语素, meaning ‘word’) Lexicon(词典,字典)Lexical（(词的,词汇的) Lexicography（(词典编纂) Sociology (社会学) Psychology (心理学)Lexicology is the study of the structure, usage, origins and meanings of words.English lexicology studies English words in different aspects and from different angles.Without grammar we can express little; Without words we can express nothing.2.Define “word”A minimal free form of a language; A sound unity; A unit of meaning; A form that can function alone in a sentence.3. Origin of English WordsNative words 本族词Borrowed words / loan words 外来词Latin ，Scandinavian ，French ，Greek ，Spanish, German, Portuguese, Dutch, Arabic, Chinese, Hebrew, Persian, Japanese, Indonesian, RussianNative words: Anglo-Saxon wordsBody parts—hand, foot, arm, eye, boneNature—land, field, earth, hill, sun, moonTime—month, year, dayAnimals and plants—horse, sheep, dog, lamb, oak, elm, beechAdjectives—black, high, wide, long, smallVerbs—drive, ride, shine, choose, fly, seeAuxiliaries—shall, may, will, do, beBorrowed words P.9The boy kept interrupting the government man.Native words on P.5What features do these words have?Form the basic stock of English language most frequently used，Denote the commonest things necessary for life，Acquired earliest by children，Denote the most basic things in language Borrowingcake, knife, crop, ill, husband, Danishcoolie, litchi, dim sum, typhoon, kaolin, loquat, bureau, honor, literature, court French sauna Finnishhamburger, blitz, zinc Germanmacaroni, sonata, spaghetti Italiansultan, roc, harem, sheik, yashmak Arabicczar, commissar, intelligentsia Russiangeometry, gymnastics, tragedy, myth Greekgenius, memorandum, formula Latinkimono, judo, JapaneseReview questions(1)._____ studies the structure, meanings, origins and usage of words.A. Word formationB. LexicologyC. Morphology(2).There is a logical connection between the sound and meaning of words. This is a ____ view.A. naturalistB. conventionalistC. objective(3).____ is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A. affixB. phraseC. word4. Morphemeneone morpheme nationtwo morphemes nation+althree morphemes inter+nation+alfour morphemes inter+nation+al+ist5.Word formation: affixation 词缀法Affix词缀(a form that is attached to a morpheme to modify meaning or function)prefix前缀,suffix后缀)root词根(the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.)6. Word and VocabularyThe general estimate of English vocabulary is over one million words.John has a good knowledge of Middle English vocabulary.The vocabulary of Black English proved too difficult for me.The five-year-old child has acquired a vocabulary of over 2000 words.This article gives a good introduction of specialized vocabulary of nuclear physics.V ocabularyThe total number of the words in a language.All the words used in a particular period.All the words of a given dialect.All the words possessed by a person.All the words of a given discipline.Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic V ocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇（The common core of the language.）Rain, snow, fire, water, sun, moon, spring, summer, wind, hill;Head, foot, hand, face, father, mother, sonApple, tree, horse, cow, cat, dog, sheepCome, go, eat, beat, carry, old, youngOne, ten, hundred, I, you, who, but, as, tillCharacteristics of Basic Word StockAll national character 全民性，Stability 稳定性，Productivity 能产性，Polysemy 多义性Do these belong to basic word stock?（1）Do you know what subject matter jurisdiction is?（subject matter jurisdiction诉讼标的管辖权；事物管辖权）（2）Due to Habeas Corpus, you and Miss Fontana had a common law marriage, which entitles her to what is legally referred to as equitable division of the assets.（Due to Habeas Corpus 人身保护法, common law marriage习惯法婚姻, 同居婚姻, equitable division of the assets 资产平均分配）（3）Due to the fact that you retained the residence, Miss Fontana is entitled to full canine property ownership. We’ll enforce that ownership right now.Nonbasic V ocabulary 非基本词汇Photoscanning, indigestion, algebraTerminology 术语（technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas）Hypo, buster, bargaining chipsJargon 行话(specialized words used by members of particular arts sciences, trades and professions among themselves)Dough (money), pot (drug) slang 俚语(sub-standard words)Can-opener (all-purpose key), dip (pickpocket) argot黑话(jargon of criminals)Review questions(1) The word ‘limitless’contains two _____.A. affixesB. rootsC. morphemes(2) Which of the following is not true?A. A word is the smallest form of languageB. A word is a sound unity.C.A word has a given meaning.D.A word can be used freely in a sentence.(3) According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.A. soundsB. meaningC. formD. function(4) A word is a _____ that stands for something else in the world.A. symbolB. systemC. structureD. pattern(5) How many morphemes does this word have? What kind of morpheme?•misleadingly7. Affixation 词缀法Prefixation 前缀法Negative prefixes表示否定意义的前缀Prefixes of degree or size (extra,hyper,mini,) 表示程度、大小等意义的前缀Prefixes of orientation and attitude 表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀(pro, anti)Locative prefixes表示方位意义的前缀(intra,inter,tele, sub)Prefixes of time and order 表示时间和顺序意义的前缀(ex, fore, post, pre)Number prefixes表示数字的前缀(mono,bi,tri,penta,)Miscillaneous prefixes其他意义的前缀(eco,auto,neo)Class-changing prefixes 改变词性的前缀（a, en, un, de)Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to roots.The primary function of suffixes is to change the grammatical function of roots.Review questions(1) Turn the following into verbs with -en,-ify, -ize(Horror, modern, Memory, apology, False, sterile, Length, intense, Beauty, fat Sympathy, memory)He ____ for interrupting her.She tried to ____ her room with posters and plants.A study has been ordered into the feasibility of _____ the airport’s main runway by 200m. However much they _____ with her, they all felt it was her fault.Soya is excellent food to ___ cattle.Over $40000 had been spent on _____ the station._____ the bottles by immersing them in boiling water for 15 minutes.If you are employed by a company, you’re one of its _____.A politician is someone whose job is politics.The _____ in a discussion are the people who participate in it.A woman who works as a ______ does the same job as a waiter.A ____ is someone who earns their living by playing the piano.If someone examines you, you are the ____ and he/she is the _____.8.Conversion 转类法# Noun attribute•Economy measure 节约措施economic measure 经济措施•Bankruptcy lawyer处理破产诉讼的律师bankrupt businessman破了产的商人•Riot police 防暴警察riotous police 闹事的警察•Danger zone 危险区•Depth charge 深水炸弹• A department decision 部门作出的决定•Impulse buying 凭一时的冲动买东西Bankruptcy lawyer# Noun to verb, verb to nounThe newspapers headlined his long record of accomplishments.He was admitted to the university after a three-year wait.This film is a remake.# Adjective to noun–Partial conversionThese books are intended for the deaf and mute.It is highly important to distinguish between the false and the true–Complete conversionMany classics are now available in bookstores.The police are netting 25 illegals a day in ChicagoThey needed to get there within three days. No ifs and buts were accepted. So Tom got the plans and helicoptered to the host city, while David got visaed up in Berlin and went there by Air France. At the airport shop, he was attracted by some celebrity ashtrays and bought one of them .We can’t stomach such a insult.Robert Acheson roomed right next to me.He wolfed down his lunch.I’m one of his familiars.Poor innocents!The engineers ahed and ouched at the new machines.He Hamleted the chance and then regretted for it.These shoes were an excellent buy.They lifted the rifles and hit him in the small of the back.9.Word Formation: Composition/Compounding• A process of word-formation by which two or more independent words are put together to make one word.Cruise missile 巡航导弹Laserbomb 激光炸弹Fox-bat 狐蝠式战斗机(米格-25)Well-balanced 平衡了的Dog-eat-dog 狗咬狗的Cross-question 盘问Compound nounPoorhouse identity crisis Rainbow fox-bat pickpocket Inpatient Compound adjectiveBittersweet lifelong feelgood inbornOne-man (concert) Around-the-moon (flight)Be-kind-to-animal (campaign) The-end-justifies-the-means (philosophy)One-family-one-child family planning (policy)No-one-dared-to-walk-in-the-street (situation)Compound verbbreast-feed sleepwalk Undertake whitewash Badmouth10. The development of the English VocabularyHistorical Review of English V ocabularyFirst language used in Britain: CelticThe Roman Legions(古罗马军团): Latin（55-54BC）Germanic tribes: Anglo-Saxon (450)Three periods of the English LanguageOld English (450AD—1150AD) when the first Germanic tribes began to settle in England.•Anglo-Saxon—the Germanic tribes•Latin –introduction of Christianity at the end of the 6th century.•Scandinavian –Norwegian and Danish vikings•5000-6000 words; highly inflectedMiddle English (1150—1500) during the Norman Conquest.•French influenceNorman Conquest 1066•9000 French words continually flowed into English•Dutch words entered English with the trade relation.•English regained position of importance–Wycliff translation of the Bible (威克利夫)–Writings of Chaucer and Langland (乔叟、朗兰)–English gradually came back to schoolsModern English (1450—)•Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语•Late Modern English (1700-up to now) 后期现代英语Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语•The Renaissance 文艺复兴—a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics•1500-1700–over 10,000 new words entered English.•The Bourgeois Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, colonization–absorb words from all major languages in the worldLate Modern English (1700-up to now) 后期现代英语•World wars•Advances in science and technology•Thousands and thousands of new words have been created through borrowing and word-formation•New words in all walks of life: politics, economy, commerce, culture, entertainment, education, sports, transportation, mass media•From synthetic language to analytic languageGrowth of Present-day English V ocabulary 当代英语词汇的发展Reasons for new words: 为什么需要新词To express new things and new changesTo arouse public attention and interestMain sources of new words: 新词所属领域Science and technologyEconomic and political changesInfluence of other cultures and languagesNew WordsNew Words and Changing American Culture 1990, Gozzi:•45% science and technology terms;•24% terms related to life-style•11% social and economic termsModes of V ocabulary Development 词汇的发展方式Creation 创词–formation of new words by using existing materials such as roots, affixes and other elements.Semantic changes 旧词新义– an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. Borrowing借词—absorbing words from foreign languagesReviving archaic or obsolete words古词和废弃词复活11. Word formation•Encourage Affixation词缀法Derivation派生法•Moonlight Compounding 复合法•to Pocket the money Conversion 转类法•Motel Blending拼缀法•Memo (memorandum) Clipping 截短法•UNESCO Acronymy 首字母拼写法•Babysit (from babysitter) Backformation逆构法•Sandwich Proper noun专有名词Which of the following is a compound?A.PreschoolB. school masterC. At schoolD. schoolingBlending 拼缀法Brunch—breakfast+lunch Motel—motor+hotelBotel—boat+hotel Smog—smoke+fogFour structural types of BlendingBrunch—breakfast+lunch Carbecue—car+barbecueMedicare—medical +care Sitcom –situational+comedyThree stylistic types of Blending•Slang or make-shift wordsinfanticipating--infant+anticipating•Words for science and technologybiorhythm—biological+rhythmlidar—light and radar 激光雷达•Words used in mass mediadawk—dove and hawk 中间立场的Back Formation 逆构法edit—editor caretake—caretaker Peeve—peevish Frivol—frivolous Automate—automation Destruct—destruction Sidle—sidlingClipping 截短法Phone—telephone Zoo—zoological garden Copter--helicopterFridge—refrigerator Flu—influenza Curtsy—courtesyInitialism 首字母连接词VOA WTO YZU CCTVAcronym 首字母拼音词NASA AIDS Radar UESCO Laser12. Motivation 词的理据1.Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据2.Semantic motivation 语义理据（figurative sense）3.Morphological motivation 形态理据4.Etymological motivation 词源理据Primary onomatopoeia 基本拟声P.60•The imitation of sound by sound.•Here the sound is truly “an echo to the sense”.e.g.Here it comes sparkling,And there it lies darkling…Spouting and frisking,…Secondary Onomatopoeia•Certain sounds and sound sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.e.g.sn/--breath noise; quick separation or movement; creeping:sniff, snuff, snore, snort, snip, snap, snatch, snake, snail, sneak, snoop (窥探) Duplicated words or phrases• A tall clock tick-tocked on the stair.•He gave the deck a thorough riffle-shuffle and then dealt the cards. 他把牌彻底洗过一遍,然后发牌. Metaphor•They were allowed to leapfrog the long lines of traders and get immediate appointments with Chinese representatives•US influence and prestige nosedived in Africa.•The came up with a plan for drastic pruning of the bloated institution.Synecdoche 提喻Sail—ship Hand—man The smiling year—spring A Solomon—a wise man Metonymy 借代• A watched bottle never boils.•He never let his heart rule his head.Analogy 类比•talkathon (马拉松式谈话或座谈节目)•telethon (马拉松式电视广播节目)Color analogy 色彩类比His short play is in the white list. (批准上演的节目名单)grey list—非明文查禁但仍属不合法的人或物grey-collar workers—服务性行业的职工Number analogy数字类比The Fourth World (最贫国集团)The First FamilyThe three R’s (reading, writing arithmetic)Space analogy 地点空间类比•Moonscape—landscape•Marrain(火星上地形)—terrain•Earthrise—sunrise•Spacefaring(航天飞行)--seafaring反义类比•Daylighting –白天兼职,晚上主要工作•Low-rise—低层建筑•Cold line—冷线Analogy 近似类比•Missile gap (美国与苏联在导弹发展上的差距)Generation gap, development gap，Production gap, credibility gap•Watergate13.The Change of Word MeaningAlbatross 信天翁---cause of worries, misfortuneFor it is my special albatross to be related to the guy…. (p.88)Harvest---getting in the crops，crops that you get inBenchEvery time we go there, he is sitting on a park bench.（A piece of furniture for you to sit on）Here is the list of the full bench of the supreme court. （judges）He was brought before the bench. （court）Mary served on the bench and in Congress.Tom got a bench in the Parliament. (seat)This is a team with the best bench. (substitutes)They conducted the bench test successfully.（table）Central signification : furnitureSecondary meaning: judge, seat, substitute ,tableShe took her cat to the bench show. 动物展览评比会Tom’s father worked as a bench scientist for many years. 在实验室工作的科学家I am tired of being a bench warmer, nor do I want to be a bench jockey. 替补队员；在替补队员席上起哄的棒球队员（为干扰对方运动员或裁判员）Treacle1. Pertaining to wild beast.(与野兽有关的。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
8
②The English names of some chemical elements and most antibiotics are obtained by deleting "um" or "ium" at the end of their Latin version acidum－acid aspirinum－aspirin hydrogenum－hydrogen penicillinum－penicillin vitaminum－vitamin
12
The fundamental unit of each medical and pharmaceutical word is the root. This establishes the basic meaning of the word and is the part to which modifying prefixes and suffixes are added. All terms have one or moes of alkaloid, oxide and hydroxide are obtained by slight alteration at the end of their Latin version atropinum－atropine 阿托品 acetas－acetate 醋酸盐 bromidum－bromide 溴化物 drochloridium－hydrochloride 氯化氢 phosphas－phosphate 磷酸盐 iodium－iodide 碘化物
2
Gastro: from Ancient Greek word gaster Duodeno: duodenum is from the Latin “intestinum duodenum digitorum” Stom: from the Greek word stoma,an opening either natural or surgically created y: procedure of diagnosis or treatment; operation
14
A prefix is a short word part added before a root to modify its meaning. Prefixes are indicated by a dash after the prefix, such as: hyperhyper- which means “above or excessive” periperi- which means “around or surrounding” epiepi- which means “upon, above, or beside” endoendo- which means “within”
5
4. Features of medical and pharmaceutical terms
4.1Some daily English has specific professional meaning
Word meaning in common English meaning in field giving medicines to patients, subjects, or experimental animals opacity on the eye lens which can impair vision or cause blindness new illness or new development of illness that makes treatment more difficult
4.2 Some English terms are obtained or derived from Latin or Greek words
①The English names of some chemical elements have the same form with their Latin version aluminum calcium magnesium argentum
gastroduodenostomy
3
2.Objectives and requirements
Be familiar with commonly used terms in medical and pharmaceutical science List all the possible component parts of these terms, including the root, combining vowel, prefix, and suffix. Be familiar with some background knowledge
10
4.3 Vocabulary containing Latin and Greek morphemes hepat / itis in/somn/ ia bronch/o/pneumon/ itis gastr/o/duodeno/scopy
11
5. Word parts
Medical terms are like individual jigsaw puzzles. They are constructed from small pieces (prefixes, roots, and suffixes) that make each term unique. Once you understand the basic medical term structure and how these components fit together, you will be able to “build” almost any medical term.
4
3. Teaching approach
Introduction of general terms of different subjects with analysis of their component parts Exercise in class Homework for review
6
administration management
cataract complication
flood or waterfall complex
consumption
using up foods/energy/res ources,etc to transport or transfer take or get sth out the concentrated form of sth
16
Summary of Rules for Forming and Spelling Medical Terms a. A combining vowel is used to join root to root as well as root to any suffix beginning with a consonant:
Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology
1
1. Introduction
Medical and pharmaceutical terminology is a special vocabulary used by health care professionals for effective and accurate communication. Studying these terms is very similar to learning a new language. This is because most medical and pharmaceutical terms stem from Greek or Latin origins. Moreover, it is always expanding. The task seems overwhelming, but there are methods that can aid in learning and remembering words and can even help in making informed guesses regarding the meanings of unfamiliar.
Examples of medical term roots are: lip which means “fat” hemat which means “blood” cardi which means “heart” gastr which means “stomach”
13
A suffix is a short word part or series of parts added at the end of a root to modify its meaning. All medical terms have a suffix. Suffixes are indicated by a dash before the suffix, such as: -itis which means “inflammation” –emia which means “blood condition” –logy which means “study of”
7
foreign host indication primary secondary sympathetic
unfamiliar with or of other country owner, the master suggest the possibility of the most important, the fundamental of less importance showing or feeling sympathy