Education in Britain
英美国家概况 判断题
Chapter 11.( )people in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to theircountry.英国不同地区的人们喜欢用这个名字英格兰引用他们的国家。
2.( )The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flowsthrough western England.塞文河是英国最长的河流,它起源于威尔士和英格兰西部流过。
3.( )Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language.今天有一半以上的人仍然在威尔士说古代威尔士的语言。
4.( )In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.在人口和面积方面,北爱尔兰是英国第二大的一部分。
5.( )Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northern Scotlandoften falls below -10o C in January.虽然在英国通常是温和的气候,在苏格兰北部的温度经常低于-10年1月份oc6.( )The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.英国的大多数人是盎格鲁撒克逊人的后裔。
7.( )The Celtic people were earliest known inhabitants of Britain.英国凯尔特人们现知最早的定居者。
英美教育
cationEducational PolicyHistorically,education was voluntary and many British schools were set up by the ch urch.Before 1870,only 40% of children under 10 went to school regularly. From then on,i n response to changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution and social and political m ovements,the government started to take responsibility for education.Education in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 16 (17 fro m 2013).In the 1960s,comprehensive schools' were introduced,which ended the division be tween grammar schools?, where the most academically capable pupils were sent to prepar e for university,and vocational schools,where the less successful pupils were sent to learn a trade.The National Curriculum was introduced in 1988.Today all children must study th e following subjects:mathematics, English,science,geography,history,technology,music,arts, physical education and a foreign language.They must also pass national tests and schools ar e ranked according to their students' performance on these tests.Now, education in Britain is divided into four stages:primary education,secondary educa tion,further education and higher education.Children start primary school at the age of 5 an d go on to serondary school at the age of ll and stay there until 16. After that,they can cho ose16 to study for two more years in preparation formigher education.Students start their un iversity education around the age or 18.Educational System1)Primary and Secondary EducationThere are two parallel school systems in Britain for primary and secondary educatio n. One is the state system,where education is provided free of charge. The other is the indep endent system where fees are required.At present,there are over 2,500 independent schools a cross the country,including some prestigious and time-honored seats of learning such as Eto n and Winchester*. Over 7% of all British children receive primary and secondary educatio n through the independent system. The National Curriculum is compulsory in the state syste m,but optional in the independent system. However,in practice,most independent schools tea ch what the National Curriculum demands.Between the ages of 5 to 11,students mainly attend state primary schools. These school s are called co-educational or mixed schools because they admit both boys andgirls.State sec ondary schools take in students aged 11. Then compulsory education continues for five year s until they reach the age of 16.Secondary schools are mostly comprehensive,which provide a general education. Stude nts study both academic subjects,like literature and science,and more practical ones,like coo king and carpentry.When children finish their schooling at 16，they are required to take a national examina tion,the General Certificate of Secondary Education(GCSE),which certifies that they have ac hieved the standard expected after Il years of compulsory education.Having completed thei r GCSE, students may choose to leave school and begin working,or to continue full-time ed ucation in what is called the"sixth form”,which lasts for two years,and then take a further se t of standardized exams,known as the A-levels(General Certificate of Education-AdvancedL evel'),in three or four subjects.Since admittance to universities depends targely on A-level re sults,the two years spent in the sixth form are crucially important and stressful for students.O ther students who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training.In the private sector,a number of independent schools are commonly and somewhat con fusingly called publie-schools.Independent schools receive their funding through the privat e sector and tuition fees,with minimal government assistance. They are generally much bette r funded than most state schools and are likely to recruit the best teachers and provide superi or facilities.As a result,graduates of independent schools are more likely than those of state s chools to be accepted by famous universities.Yet the high fees of independent schoolshave m ade education at independent schools a privilege of the wealthy.2) Higher EducationHigher education has a long history in Britain.Oxford and Cambridge dated from the12t h and 13th centuries,while the Scottish universities of St.Andrews,Glasgow,Edinburgh an d Aberdeen were founded in the 15th and 16th centuries. Other universities were mainly esta blished in the 19th and 20th centuries.In the 1960s there was a large expansion in the numbe r of universities and many new institutions were founded.In 1992 the number grew again wh en polytechnics were given the right to become universities. Nowthere are more than 100 un iversities in Britain.Along with universities,colleges also play an important part in the Britis h higher education system. They vary greatly in size and rangeof disciplines.Some of them s pecialize in certain fields of study like art or design;others are multi-disciplinary and can aw ard degrees up to the doctoral level.There are also professional colleges which specialize in t eacher training.All British universities are partially funded by(central government grants,)except Bucki ngham University and BPP University College.The rest funds come from tuition fees, donati ons or corporate contributions. Before 1998,university students did not pay tuition for their e ducation.In addition,students from poor families could receive the maintenance grant, a for m of financial aid based on need,from the central governm.In 1998,the Labor governm ent ab olished the maintenance grant and implemented tuition plan for university education,whic h varied according to the university.Britain's universities are legally independent and enjoy complete academic freedom. Th ey appoint their own staff,decide which students to admit,provide their own courses and awa rd their own degrees. Admission is by selection based onA-level results,school references and an interview. Degrees are awarded according to students' performance throughout their stu dies,yet are often dependent upon final examinations. Students spend three years studying fu ll-time for the first degree Bachelor of Arts(B.A.)or Bachelor of Science(B.S.).Then,if the y want to obtain a Master's Degree in Arts(M.A.)or a M aster's Degree in Science (M.S.), th ey usually need another one-year of full-time study. To obtain a doctoral degree requires thr ee to four years of additional study and research.The Open University* offers a non-traditional route for people to take university-level c ourses and receive a university degree.People can register without having any formal educati onal qualifications. They follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadca sts,correspondence,video and a network of study centers.Tens of thousands of British people, from housewives to coal miners,from teachers to ballet dancers,"attend”the Open University each year.3)Famous UniversitiesOxford University and Cambridge University are sometimes referred to collectively a s Oxbridge.The two universities have a long history of competition with each other as they r ival each other in prestige.Oxford,located in the city of Oxford,England is the oldest univers ity in the English-speaking world. The exact date of the university's foundation is unclear,b ut there is evidence of teaching there a early as in 1096.In the following century,the first res idence halls were founded,which later became colleges. Each college has its own distinct ch aracteristics.Cambridge is one of the oldest universities in the world and one of the largest in Britain. It was founded in the 13th century,by some schotars who left Oxford.Itsreputation for outstanding academic achievement is known worldwide and reflects the i ntellectual achievement of its students,as well as the world-class original research carried ou t by the university staff.Cambridge has 31 colleges and consists of over 100 departments,research centers, plu s a central administration. Each college is an independent institution with its own property an d income. The colleges appoint their own staff and are responsible for selecting students in a ccordance with the university regulations. Teaching responsibilities are shared by the colleg e and university departments. Cambridge has more Nobel Prize winners than any other instit ution in Britain.It is the result of both the learning opportunities offered at Cambridge and it s extensive resources,including libraries,museums,etc. Teaching consists not only of lectures, seminars and practical classes conducted by experts in their fields,but also more personalize d teaching arranged through the colleges. Many opportunities are provided for students to in teract with scholars at all levels,both formally and informally.Founded in 1836,the University of Iondon was first comprised of just two colleges, Uni versity College London (UCL)and King' College London (KCL), but now It nas 18 College s and 10 other smaller specialist research institutes. The university is a rederation Of colleges, which together constitute one of the world's largest universities. Its colleges are treated as i ndividual universities and have the same status as Oxford and Cambridge. About 10% to 20% of British students attend one of its colleges.King's College London,one of the two founding colleges of the University of London, h as a multicultural student body and an academic reputation that goes from strength to strengt h.It has more than 24,000 students from 150 countries. Four of King's cam puses are withi n a single square mile along the Thames,making it the most central university institution in L ondon.The London School of Economics and Political Science usually referred to as the Lond on School of Economics is the only university in Britain specializing in the study of social s ciences and has a worldwide reputation in the field.The British Library of Political and Econ omic Science, one of the largest libraries in the world devoted to the economic and social sci ences,is housed there. The school is also a public lecture venue. Nelson Mandela,Kofi Anna n and Bill Clinton have given lectures at the school,and ministers, EU commissioners and o thers regularly speak to students at public events.Ideals of American EducationThe first ideal of American education is that as many people as possible should have ac cess to as much education as they want. This ideal is an outcome of the American assertion s about equality among people.The second ideal is producing a society that is totally literate and of local control In th e United States,education is governed by state and local governments,not by the Federal go vernment.Each of the 50 states has its own laws regulating education.From state to state,so me laws are similar;others are not.For example,all states require young people to attend sch ool until the age of 16 or 18.The third ideal is about the basic nature of knowledge and learning.The idea is that scho lars and students should work to discover new information or conceive new ways to unders tand what is already known.Learning at all levels is considered not just a process of memor izing knowledge.Learning is an enterprise of exploration, experimentation, analysis and syn thesis. American schools tend to put more emphasis on developing critical thinking than ac quiring quantities of facts.The goal of American education is to teach children how to lear n and help them reach their maximum potential.Education in America is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity.I t is a general view that every American should have the right and obligation to become edu cated. Americans believe that, through education,an individual acquires knowledge,skills, attitudes and abilities which will enable them to fit into society and improve their social st atus. They hold the view that the future of the nation depends largely on education.Educational SystemElementary and Secondary Education Carmal education in the United States consists o f elementary,secondary and higher education. Elementary and secondary education,the b asis of public education, are compulsory and are divided into 12 grades. Generally,one acad emic year from centember through June is required to complete each grade.The first acade mic astitution that a child attends is called elementary school although many parents cho ose to enroll their children in kindergarten and even earlier,nursery school or davcare cente r.In some school systems,elementary schools include grades one through eight. The next fo ur years are called high school.In other school systems,there are three divisions: element ary school(grades one through six),junior high school(grades seven through nine)and seni or high school(grades 10 through 12).Elementary schools teach reading, arithmetic and language arts such as creative writi ng,spelling and handwriting.Social studies, science,music,the arts and physical educatio n are also part of the program. Class size is usually limited to between 20 and 30 student s although schools generally try to have a smaller class size.In high schools,subject matter becomes more specialized. English classes stress writing and literature. Social studies are split into separate courses in American history,America n government or political science, Europeanhistory,etc.Algebra and geometry are offered as well.Hign scnool Students usually one -year general science course.and then more detailed courses in biology,ch emistry and p hysics are provided.Most high school students study a foreign language,usually French o r Spanish,with Chinese becoming more and more popular as a ioreign language ch.l in so me areas.Some high schools specialize in vocational educatlion and train student.. variou s technical careers.In most high schools,students meet with a different teacher and a different group of stu dents for each subject.The high school students'day may be divided into nine period:five fo r academic subjects,one for physical education,a lunch period and two study period. The s tudy periods may be used to visit the library or participate in an extracurricular activity suc h as the school orchestra,newspaper staff,or chess club. Once a student has reached high s chool,they are very conscious of the need toobtain good marks on their schoolwork if the y wish to go on to a competitive university Some universities are very selective in their ad mission,while others admit any student provided they have passed all the high school cour ses and graduated. On the matter of admission,different colleges and universities have diff erent requirements. In America,there is no annual college entrance examination.College a pplicants are chosen on the basis of:a)their high school records;b)recommendations from t heirhigh school teachers;c)the impression they make during interviews at the university;d)th eir scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test(SAT).Of all the high school graduates, more tha n 60% continue college after graduation. 2)Higher EducationHigher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard Collegein 1636.I n the past more than 300 years,it has developed into a large enterprise witha very complex system.The higher education comprises four categories of institutions: a)t he university;b)the four-year undergraduate institution-the college;c)the technical trainin g institution;and d)the two-year community college.In America,the term "college"refers to an undergraduate institution that confersthe degre e of Bachelor of Arts(B.A.)or Bachelor of Science(B.S.)after four vears ofstudy or an associ ate degreeafter two years of study.A university 1s generally a groun of colleges,each servi ng a special purpose:college of business,college of arts.., humanities,college of education, etc.The system or higher education in the II....,states has three fun ctions:teaching, research and public service, Each college or uni versity has its own emphasis with regard to its functions.The majority of the higher educ ation institutions are located in states that have a large population.The American higher education institutions offer a wide variety of subjects,from cne art s to practical and career-oriented helds such as engineering and marketing. The U.S. ha s a variety ofl nigher education institutions,from large comprehensive universities to sm all tra ditional liberal arts colleges. Distinctions among these itutions are in size,level,ed ucational quality,residential atmosphere and the time kes to complete a degree. At the und ergraduate level,students' personal preferences to size, academic quality and location pla y a key role in their choice of college or niversity. At the graduate level,more attention i s paid to the reputation of the faculty and department.For a university student, an academic year is about nine months, usually from mid- Se ptember until early June or from late August until May.In most universities,it is divided in to either two semesters or three semesters,excluding the summer session.The students usu ally enjoy a"break"of one week during each semester and a 30-day winter break.Typically,an undergraduate student has to earn a certain number of“credits”(usually a t least 120)in order to receive a degree at the end of four years of college. Credits are earn ed by attending lectures (or lab classes)and by successfully completing assignments and e xaminations.One credit usually equals one hour of class per week in a single course.A cour se may last 10 to 16 weeks,the length of a semester. Living accommodations are usually n ot large enough to hold all university students, though large numbers of residence halls ha ve been built.Many students live off campus and prepare their own meals.It is common for students to work to earn their tuition and living expenses not only du ring vacations but also in their free time during the semester.Many colleges and universiti es offer work-study programs so that students can earn money while working at the schoo l.Sports have a significant place in American university life.Football(橄榄球)is the mos t popular university sport.Some universities award both football and basketball scholarships,and students admitted mainly as athletics or"jocks"(学生运动员)receive not only free t uition but also other financial assistance.There are clubs and activities for almost every student's interests,such as art,music, dra ma,debate,foreign languages,photography,volunteer work,all aimed at helping students be come successful in their later life while simultaneously pursuing their hobbies.5 考查科目小论文格式要求期末考查科目，采取小论文形式考查的,请学生按照以下格式要求执行。
Social Class and Education in__ Britain
Socio Economic Classification (2001)
Group
Description
Higher Professional and Managerial Lower Managerial and Professional Intermediate occupations Small Employers and non professional selfemployed
Old equivalent A B C1 and C2 C1 and C2
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
Lower Supervisory and technical Semi Routine Occupations Routine Occupations Long term unemployed
C1 and C2 D D F
Grade A B C1 Occupation
Higher managerial, administrative or professional Intermediate managerial, administrative or professional Supervisory or clerical and junior managerial, administrative or professional
Health
Life expectancy at birth: by social class and sex, 1997-99, England & Wales
Education
• phenomena
1. children from the poorest families are half as likely to achieve good GCSEs; Children from poor backgrounds generally record lower educational exam results. In 1998, only a fifth of those 15- and 16-year-olds whose parents were employed in unskilled manual jobs achieved five GCSE passes at grades A to C, compared to two-thirds twoof children of the professional and managerial classes. 2. Black pupils of Caribbean descent（血统，出身） are three times more likely to be excluded; 3. Four out of five young people with special needs are being bullied（伤害）; 4. Between a quarter and a third of Muslim women have no qualifications. .
Chapter 7 Education in Britain 英国教育
III. Higher Education
5.Degree titles are based on courses and dredits. 6. competition for universities is strong. 7.Teaching mainly adopts the lecture system, supported by tutorials and seminars 8.independent institutions enjoying academic freedom. However dependent upon finance given by government to University Funding Councils 9. tuition fees of 1,075 pounds
Oxbridge
Cambridge university has been prominent in mathematics and sciences. Oxford has produced numerous political leaders and cabinet mimisters.
The Open University
The State School
Scotland
Its state school system is comprehensive and non-selective
Northern Ireland
Its state schools are mostly divided on religious grounds into Catholic and Protestant and are often single-sex
(完整版)英美国家概况课后题及答案
Chapter 21.The British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T)2.The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.(T)3.The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe--- the Britons.(T)4.The Anglo--Saxons came to Britain in the mid--5th century.(T)5.The chief or king of the Anglo--Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.(F)6.The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T)7.Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T)8.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F)9.The Hundred Years' War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans foe trade and territory.(F)10.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions,Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation.(T)1. The D attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic2.By the late 7th century, D became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3.Westminster Abbey was built at the time of B .A. St. AugustineB. Edward the ConfessorC. William the ConquerorD. Alfred the Great4.The C marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law5.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of C .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster6.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort toA .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church7.The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between B .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians8. A was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta9.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the Ccentury.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th10.Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning of theD century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20thChapter 31.Conventions are regarded less important than common law in the working of theBritish government.(F)2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F)3.In reality,the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F)4.British Parliament is the law--making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F)5.Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are all members in the British Upper House.(T)6.The members in the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F)7.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T)8.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F)9.British law consists of two parts,the civil law and the criminal law.(T)10.The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are muchsimilar in terms of law, organization and practice.(F)1. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three ofthe following branches with the exception of the C .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive2.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on D .A.passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude3.As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to B the Houseof Commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect4.British Cabinet works on the principle of A .A. collective responsibilityB. individual responsibilityC. defending the collectivismD. defending the individuals5.The main duty of the British Privy Council is to B .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet6.In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every C years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six7. C has a distinct legal system based on Roman law.A. WalesB. EnglandC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland8.Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a B system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party9.The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism andD .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism10.The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it A .A. set up the National Health ServiceB. improved public transportationC. abolished the old tax systemD.enhanced the economic development Chapter 41.Britain was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T)2.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period.(T)3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain.(F)4.Thatcher's revolution turned out to be a great success in dealing with all the British econimic and social problems.(F)5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair is different from that of the Labor party and the Conservative Party.(T)6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics and economic policy.(T)7.Britain is the world's leading exporter of poultry and dairy products.(F)8.The fishing industry provides more than 50%of Britain's demand for fish.(T)9.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.(F)10.Nuclear power is one of the major energy sources in Britain.(T)1. The British economy achieved global dominance by the C .A. 1860sB. 1870sC. 1880sD.1890s2.In B , the British Parliament passed two important acts to establish awelfare state.A. 1945B. 1946C. 1947D. 19483.The A in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy inBritain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem4.Of the following practices, C does not belong to Thatcher’s socialwelfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions5.The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects exceptD .A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality6.Britain has devoted C of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84%7.Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except D .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain and Ireland8.Coal mining industry in Britain provides B of the energy consumed inthe country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/39.The car industry in Britain in mostly A .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD. privately-owned10.Of the following sectors in Britain, C has experienced spectaculargrowth since the end of Word War II.A. AgricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD.manufacturing industry Chapter 51.The British government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s.(F)cation in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15.(F)3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and the independent system.(F)4.When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a national GCSE examination.(T)5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools.(T)6.In the 1960s, a large number of new universities were founded in Britain.(T)7.Most British people begin their day with reading the morning newspaper and end it watching television in the evening.(T)8.The Times is the world's oldest national newspaper(F)9.The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.(F)10.Some British holidays are celebrated to mark the important events of the Christian calendar, and others are related to local customs and traditions.(T)1. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the D .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s2.About B of British children receive primary and secondary educationthrough the independent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%3.Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receivetheir remaining funds from all the following sources except B .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD.corporate contributions4.Of the following, A is NOT a basis of admission to Britain’suniversities.A. result in national entrance testB. A-level resultC. an interviewD. school references5.To be admitted to the Open University, one need B .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD.General National V ocationalQualifications6.Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “BigThree” with the exception of C .A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph7.Life on Earth is a kind of C program produced by the BBC and ispopular among 500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera8. D is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB9.Of the following, D is NOT a common feature of all the Britishholidays.A. families getting togetherB. friends exchanging good wishesC. friends enjoying each other’s companyD. families traveling overseas10.The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except A .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomimeChapter 91.America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after Columbus.(T)2.The second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, and the Continental Army and Navy were founded under the command of Thomas Jefferson.(F)3.The Civil War not only put an end to slavery, but also decided that America was a single, indivisible nation.(T)4.Many American people approved of the Vietnam War.(F)5.During Clinton's term, the economy developed steadily, resulting in a lower rate of unemployment.(T)6.In 1990, American troops and the troops from allied nations launched Operation Desert Storm in order to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.(T)7.According to the American administration, Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible for the terrorist event on September11,2001.(F)8.The America government regarded Iraq a nation among the "axis of evil".(T)9.On March 19,2003,American and United Nation's troops, supported by several other countries, began an invasion of Iraq.(F)10.Although the combat operations in Iraq are over, it is still hard for America to decide when to withdraw its army.(T)1.The first successful English colony in North America was founded at C in .A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia2.Pilgrim Fathers are a group of B who came to America to avoidpersecution in England.A. ProtestantsB. PuritansC. CatholicsD. Christians3.The Seven Years’ War occurred between the C .A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians4.“No taxation without representation” was the rallying slogan of D .A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies5.The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired in B .A. ConcordB. LexingtonC. PhiladelphiaD. Boston6.In May 1775, B was held in Philadelphia and began to assume thefunctions of a national government.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation7.Abraham Lincoln issued C to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights8.The policy of the United States was A at the beginning of the two worldwars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement9.President C applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the GreatDepression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy10.The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continuedthroughout the terms of Presidents D .A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson Chapter 101.Bill of Rights was written into the Constitution in 1787.(F)2.The form of American government is based on three main principles: federalism, the separation of powers, and respect for the Constitution and the rule of law.(T)3.The U.S. Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.(F)4.Certain presidential appointments must be approved by Congress.(T)5.The judicial branch of the federal government consists of a series of courts: the Supreme Court, the courts of appeals and the district courts.(T)6.Like Britain, the United States has a two--party system.(T)7.The Democratic Party is conservative in terms of its ideology.(F)8.American presidential campaign adheres to the "winner-take-all" practice.(T)9.American foreign policy throughout the World War II was neutrality.(F)10.American foreign policy during the Cold War period was containment and intervention.(T)1.The U. S. Constitution came into effect in B .A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 17932.The Constitution of the United States C .A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court3.The Bill of Rights B .A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights and freedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution4.The following except B are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.A. freedom of religionB. the right to get into people’s house by policeC. freedom of speech and of pressD. the right to own one’s weapon if one wishes5.All the following except C cannot make legislative proposal.A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President6.The following except C are all powers of the President.A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders7.According to the Constitution, a candidate for President must be D .A. at least 35 years oldB. at least a 14 years’ resident of the United StatesC. born in AmericaD. all of the above8.The terms for a Senator and Representative are D and yearsrespectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two9.The Supreme Court is composed of D justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine10.The President is directly voted into office by C .A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and representatives Chapter 111.America is the world's largest industrial nation.(T)2.America has a mixed economy and the government has little control over businesses.(F)3.Charter companies contributed to Britain's successful colonization of the U.S.(T)4.In the U.S. Constitution, the recognition of the importance of "intellectual property" could be identified.(T)5.Although slavery was abolished as a result of the Civil War, the owners of plantation in the South made more profits from selling their agriculture products.(F)6.President Roosevelt's New Deal had little effect in dealing with the economic crisis in the early 1930s.(F)7.The 1960s was a period of consolidation for the American businesses.(F)8.American agricultural exports outweigh imports, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade.(T)9.Auto production is one of the important sectors in American manufacturing industry.(T)10.The world economy has little to do with the growth and decline of the American foreign trade.(F)1.America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fields except C .A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals2.The modern American economy progressed from C to , andeventually, to .A. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy3.Chartered companies were NOT granted the D by the British King orQueen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority4.The first National Bank of the United States was established with the urge ofD .A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Andrew JacksonD. Alexander Hamilton5.The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution”except D .A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator6.President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society” by introducing variousprograms like the following except D .A. MedicareB. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension7.About B of American crops are for export.A. halfB. one thirdC. one fourthD. one fifth8.The following statements are all true except B .A. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agricultural importsand exports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.9. D is not one of the three giants in American automobile industry.A.FordB. General MotorsC. ChryslerD. American Motors10.At present, U. S. exports account for A of the world’s total.A. 10%B. 15%C. 20%D. 25% Chapter 12cation is governed by state and local governments instead of the national government in America.(T)2.All American children are offered 12 years of compulsory public education.(T)3.The first formal academic institution that a child attends is called kindergarten.(F)4.After 12 years of schooling, American students receive a bachelor's degree at graduation.(F)5.When selecting a college or university, undergraduate students have a great concern for its size, location and academic quality.(T)6.In American institutions, a board of trustees composed of professionals is responsible for the administration.(F)ually, an undergraduate student has to earn 120 credits to receive a degree.(T)8.Yale university is the second eldest institution of higher learning in the United States.(F)9.It is The New York Times that first uncovered the Watergate Scandal in 1972 through the efforts of two reporters.(F)10.Thanksgiving Day falls on the fourth Tuesday in November.(F)1.Formal education in the United States consists of C , secondary andhigher education.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD. private2.Of the following subjects, B are NOT offered to elementary schoolstudents.A. mathematics and languagesB. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education3.Higher education in the United States began with the founding of B .A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University4.Of the following, B are NOT among the categories of American highereducation.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges5.Of the following, D is NOT the responsibility of the board of trustees inU. S. institutions.A. choosing the presidentB. establishing policies for administrators and facultyC. approving budget and other financial projectD. decide which student to enroll6.To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are required to do thefollowing except C .A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits7.Of the following universities, B has NOT cultivated any AmericanPresident yet.A. Harvard UniversityB. Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyC. Princeton UniversityD. Yale University8. B is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has areputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News9.Of the following, B is NOT among the three major radio and TVnetworks in America.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public BroadcastingService (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American BroadcastingSystem (ABS)10.The National Day of the United States falls on B .A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14th。
英国教育体系英文
❖ Pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools (co-educational or mixed schools).
❖ The Queen once said, “ A headmaster once told me that in his opinion the freedom which teachers have is the most valuable thing in British education”.
School Today
❖Pre-primary Schools ❖Primary Schools ❖Secondary Schools ❖University / College
Pre-Primary Schools
❖ Pre-school education is available (often on a fee-paying basis) for children aged 2 to 4/5 through playgroups and nursery schools (many are private).
❖ History
❖ Information Technology
❖ Modern Foreign Language
❖ Music
Exams
❖ Compulsory education ends at age 16.
❖ At 16, students in England and Wales take GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education中学毕业证书) examinations involving a final exam, an assessment of work done during the two-year course, or both of these things. Then they can leave school and find a job.
英语国家社会与文化 第五章 英国教育、传媒和假日
Private Sector
a number of independent schools are commonly and somewhat confusingly called public schools．
funding of independent schools: through the private sector tuition fees with minimal government assistance．
Introduction to British and American Culture
Educational Policy
Education in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 16．
In 1944， the Education Act was passed and free education was implemented for all children throughout the country．
Traditionally, these were boys' boarding schools, although most now allow day pupils and many have turned either partially or fully co-educational. They emerged from ancient charity schools established to educate poor scholars, the term "public" being used to indicate that access to them was not restricted on the basis of religion, occupation or home location.
英美国家概况课后题及答案
C h a p t e r 21.The British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T)2.The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.(T)3.The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe--- the Britons.(T)4.The Anglo--Saxons came to Britain in the mid--5th century.(T)5.The chief or king of the Anglo--Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.(F)6.The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T)7.Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T)8.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F)9.The Hundred Years' War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans foe trade and territory.(F)10.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions,Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation.(T)1. The D attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic2.By the late 7th century, D became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3.Westminster Abbey was built at the time of B .A. St. AugustineB. Edward the ConfessorC. William the ConquerorD. Alfred the Great4.The C marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law5.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of C .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster6.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to A .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church7.The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between B .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians8. A was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta9.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the C century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th10.Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning of the D century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20thChapter 31.Conventions are regarded less important than common law in the working of the British government.(F)2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F)3.In reality,the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F)4.British Parliament is the law--making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F)5.Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are all members in the British Upper House.(T)6.The members in the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F)7.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T)8.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F)9.British law consists of two parts,the civil law and the criminal law.(T)10.The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice.(F)1. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of the following branches with the exception of the C .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive2.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on D .A.passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude3.As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to B the House ofCommons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect4.British Cabinet works on the principle of A .A. collective responsibilityB. individual responsibilityC. defending the collectivismD. defending the individuals5.The main duty of the British Privy Council is to B .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet6.In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every C years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six7. C has a distinct legal system based on Roman law.A. WalesB. EnglandC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland8.Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a B system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party9.The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and D .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism10.The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it A .A. set up the National Health ServiceB. improved public transportationC. abolished the old tax systemD.enhanced the economic developmentChapter 41.Britain was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T)2.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period.(T)3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain.(F)4.Thatcher's revolution turned out to be a great success in dealing with all the British econimic and social problems.(F)5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair is different from that of the Labor party and the Conservative Party.(T)6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics and economic policy.(T)7.Britain is the world's leading exporter of poultry and dairy products.(F)8.The fishing industry provides more than 50%of Britain's demand for fish.(T)9.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.(F)10.Nuclear power is one of the major energy sources in Britain.(T)1. The British economy achieved global dominance by the C .A. 1860sB. 1870sC. 1880sD.1890s2.In B , the British Parliament passed two important acts to establish a welfare state.A. 1945B. 1946C. 1947D. 19483.The A in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem4.Of the following practices, C does not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions5.The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except D .A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality6.Britain has devoted C of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84%7.Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except D .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain and Ireland8.Coal mining industry in Britain provides B of the energy consumed in the country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/39.The car industry in Britain in mostly A .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD. privately-owned10.Of the following sectors in Britain, C has experienced spectacular growth since theend of Word War II.A. AgricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD.manufacturing industry Chapter 51.The British government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s.(F)cation in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15.(F)3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and the independent system.(F)4.When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a national GCSE examination.(T)5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools.(T)6.In the 1960s, a large number of new universities were founded in Britain.(T)7.Most British people begin their day with reading the morning newspaper and end it watching television in the evening.(T)8.The Times is the world's oldest national newspaper(F)9.The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.(F)10.Some British holidays are celebrated to mark the important events of the Christian calendar, and others are related to local customs and traditions.(T)1. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the D .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s2.About B of British children receive primary and secondary education through theindependent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%3.Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remainingfunds from all the following sources except B .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD.corporate contributions4.Of the following, A is NOT a basis of admission to Britain’s universities.A. result in national entrance testB. A-level resultC. an interviewD. school references5.To be admitted to the Open University, one need B .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD.General National Vocational Qualifications6.Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three”with the exception of C .A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph7.Life on Earth is a kind of C program produced by the BBC and is popular among500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera8. D is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB9.Of the following, D is NOT a common feature of all the British holidays.A. families getting togetherB. friends exchanging good wishesC. friends enjoying each other’s companyD. families traveling overseas10.The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except A .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomimeChapter 91.America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after Columbus.(T)2.The second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, and the Continental Army and Navy were founded under the command of Thomas Jefferson.(F)3.The Civil War not only put an end to slavery, but also decided that America was a single, indivisible nation.(T)4.Many American people approved of the Vietnam War.(F)5.During Clinton's term, the economy developed steadily, resulting in a lower rate of unemployment.(T)6.In 1990, American troops and the troops from allied nations launched Operation Desert Storm in order to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.(T)7.According to the American administration, Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible for the terrorist event on September11,2001.(F)8.The America government regarded Iraq a nation among the "axis of evil".(T)9.On March 19,2003,American and United Nation's troops, supported by several other countries, began an invasion of Iraq.(F)10.Although the combat operations in Iraq are over, it is still hard for America to decide when to withdraw its army.(T)1.The first successful English colony in North America was founded at C in .A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia2.Pilgrim Fathers are a group of B who came to America to avoid persecution inEngland.A. ProtestantsB. PuritansC. CatholicsD. Christians3.The Seven Years’ War occurred between the C .A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians4.“No taxation without representation” was the rallying slogan of D .A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies5.The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired in B .A. ConcordB. LexingtonC. PhiladelphiaD. Boston6.In May 1775, B was held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of anational government.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation7.Abraham Lincoln issued C to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights8.The policy of the United States was A at the beginning of the two world wars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement9.President C applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the Great Depression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy10.The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continued throughout theterms of Presidents D .A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and JohnsonChapter 101.Bill of Rights was written into the Constitution in 1787.(F)2.The form of American government is based on three main principles: federalism, the separation of powers, and respect for the Constitution and the rule of law.(T)3.The U.S. Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.(F)4.Certain presidential appointments must be approved by Congress.(T)5.The judicial branch of the federal government consists of a series of courts: the Supreme Court, the courts of appeals and the district courts.(T)6.Like Britain, the United States has a two--party system.(T)7.The Democratic Party is conservative in terms of its ideology.(F)8.American presidential campaign adheres to the "winner-take-all" practice.(T)9.American foreign policy throughout the World War II was neutrality.(F)10.American foreign policy during the Cold War period was containment and intervention.(T)1.The U. S. Constitution came into effect in B .A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 17932.The Constitution of the United States C .A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court3.The Bill of Rights B .A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights and freedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution4.The following except B are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.A. freedom of religionB. the right to get into people’s house by policeC. freedom of speech and of pressD. the right to own one’s weapon if one wishes5.All the following except C cannot make legislative proposal.A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President6.The following except C are all powers of the President.A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders7.According to the Constitution, a candidate for President must be D .A. at least 35 years oldB. at least a 14 years’ resident of the United StatesC. born in AmericaD. all of the above8.The terms for a Senator and Representative are D and years respectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two9.The Supreme Court is composed of D justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine10.The President is directly voted into office by C .A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and representativesChapter 111.America is the world's largest industrial nation.(T)2.America has a mixed economy and the government has little control over businesses.(F)3.Charter companies contributed to Britain's successful colonization of the U.S.(T)4.In the U.S. Constitution, the recognition of the importance of "intellectual property" could be identified.(T)5.Although slavery was abolished as a result of the Civil War, the owners of plantation in the South made more profits from selling their agriculture products.(F)6.President Roosevelt's New Deal had little effect in dealing with the economic crisis in the early 1930s.(F)7.The 1960s was a period of consolidation for the American businesses.(F)8.American agricultural exports outweigh imports, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade.(T)9.Auto production is one of the important sectors in American manufacturing industry.(T)10.The world economy has little to do with the growth and decline of the American foreign trade.(F)1.America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fields exceptC .A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals2.The modern American economy progressed from C to , and eventually,to .A. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy3.Chartered companies were NOT granted the D by the British King or Queen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority4.The first National Bank of the United States was established with the urge of D .A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Andrew JacksonD. Alexander Hamilton5.The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution”exceptD .A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator6.President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society” by introducing various programs like thefollowing except D .A. MedicareB. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension7.About B of American crops are for export.A. halfB. one thirdC. one fourthD. one fifth8.The following statements are all true except B .A. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agricultural imports and exports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.9. D is not one of the three giants in American automobile industry.A.FordB. General MotorsC. ChryslerD. American Motors10.At present, U. S. exports account for A of the world’s total.A. 10%B. 15%C. 20%D. 25%Chapter 12cation is governed by state and local governments instead of the national government in America.(T)2.All American children are offered 12 years of compulsory public education.(T)3.The first formal academic institution that a child attends is called kindergarten.(F)4.After 12 years of schooling, American students receive a bachelor's degree at graduation.(F)5.When selecting a college or university, undergraduate students have a great concern for its size, location and academic quality.(T)6.In American institutions, a board of trustees composed of professionals is responsible for the administration.(F)ually, an undergraduate student has to earn 120 credits to receive a degree.(T)8.Yale university is the second eldest institution of higher learning in the United States.(F)9.It is The New York Times that first uncovered the Watergate Scandal in 1972 through the efforts of two reporters.(F)10.Thanksgiving Day falls on the fourth Tuesday in November.(F)1.Formal education in the United States consists of C , secondary and highereducation.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD. private2.Of the following subjects, B are NOT offered to elementary school students.A. mathematics and languagesB. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education3.Higher education in the United States began with the founding of B .A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University4.Of the following, B are NOT among the categories of American higher education.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges5.Of the following, D is NOT the responsibility of the board of trustees in U. S.institutions.A. choosing the presidentB. establishing policies for administrators and facultyC. approving budget and other financial projectD. decide which student to enroll6.To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are required to do the followingexcept C .A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits7.Of the following universities, B has NOT cultivated any American President yet.A. Harvard UniversityB. Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyC. Princeton UniversityD. Yale University8. B is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has a reputation for itsserious attitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News9.Of the following, B is NOT among the three major radio and TV networks inAmerica.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American Broadcasting System (ABS)10.The National Day of the United States falls on B .A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14th。
Education in Britain(1)
第十讲Education in BritainEducation in Britain is carried out in three stage：primary，secondary and higher cation iscompulsory forchildren between the ages of 5 and 16.Independent schools are fee-paying institutions，providing pupils with two stages of education：in prep schools and public schools.Public schools are the most expensive and the best known of independent schools for their house system and prefect system.Examinations for secondary schooling are represented by the three main certificates：the certificate of Secondary Education（CSC），the Ordinary Level of the General Certificate of Education （“O” Level of GCE）and the Advanced Level of the General Certificate of Education（“A” Level of GCE）.All universities are private institution;each having its own governing council and deriving nearly all of its funds from state grants.Universities in Britain can be roughly divided into three groups：Oxbridge，redbrick and new universities.“Oxbridge” refers to the two most fam ous higher education institutions in England：Oxford and Cambridge.Included in this group are four other universities founded in Scotland in the 15th and 16th centuries.“Redbrick” is a name for a group of universities founded between 1850 and 1930，aimed at providing higher education for local inhabitants who could not afford the cost of going away from home for their studies.The New universities were all founded after World War II. Despite the newness of these institutions，they quickly became popular because of their modern approach to university courses.What deserve special attention of the three categories of universities are the college system and the tutorial system of Oxford and Cambridge.•The Open University ia an innovation in the late 1960’s，which provides chances for people of all ages and to which entry is much less restricted.•Schoolteachers must have a certain qualification for teaching and are paid according to a set standard，with supplements.•The central Department of Education and Science and the Local Education Authorities（L E As）jointly administered education in Britain，with the main responsibility left to the L E As.•The L E As control all state schools，and each school has a governing board. An independent school hasa separately constituted board of governments，which controls the finances and appoints the headmaster.The majority of children attend state schools.•State education is in two stages：primary education and secondary education. Primary education takes place in three categories of schools：nursery schools，infant schools and junior schools，and secondary education in a variety of schools：grammar schools，secondary modern schools，technical schools and comprehensive schools.1.HistoryAmerican education，like all the other elements of American culture ，is rooted in the Old World.Coming to the American wildness with a belief that education was fundamental to religion and to service for the commonwealth，the settlers began their work in establishing an education system soon after their arrival.By the American Revolution，something of an American pattern of education was emerging.⏹With the achievement of independence，American education came into its own. Among theFounding Fathers of the United States ，Thomas Jefferson made the most contribution to American educational philosophy and practice.⏹The Post-Civil War era was marked by the proliferating of compulsory education laws and the rapidexpansion of public schools.⏹After the turn of 20th century，a variety of federal programs exerted great influence on education.Racial segregation in education was declared unconstitutional.⏹With the achievement of independence，American education came into its own. Among theFounding Fathers of the United States ，Thomas Jefferson made the most contribution to American educational philosophy and practice.⏹The Post-Civil War era was marked by the proliferating of compulsory education laws and the rapidexpansion of public schools.⏹After the turn of 20th century，a variety of federal programs exerted great influence on education.Racial segregation in education was declared unconstitutional.2.Administration⏹Since the US constitution mentions nothing on education，all educational matters are left toindividual states.⏹On the state level，educational policy is generally the responsibility of a state board ofcitizens. Yet there is no uniform pattern of state administration.⏹Most state boards are appointed，but a few are elected.⏹Local administration，too，varies tremendously. The general pattern is that local schools aregoverned by local school boards. There are，however，numerous exceptions.⏹Founds for schools come form 3 sources：local property taxes，state，and national government.Two extreme cases are Hawaii and New Hampshire.⏹Most Colleges and universities are administered by separate university boards. Public highereducation is financed at least two thirds by state and federal grants with the balance paid by students.Private colleges and universities support themselves，and levy high tuition charges.3.Practices⏹American education mainly falls into 3 categories：elementary education，secondaryeducation，and higher education.⏹Elementary education covers 12 years with a numberOf subdivisions.⏹Elementary education has experienced a shift in emphasis on its goals: form a sense ofresponsibility to the development of autonomous individuals.⏹Secondary education is identified with several different kinds of high schools:vocational and technical high schools, academic high schools, and comprehensive high schools, each having a somewhat different mission.⏹Higher education includes undergraduate study and graduate study. The former lasts forfour while the latter varies with different fields of study.⏹Professors teach undergraduates by giving lectures supplemented by classdiscussions between them, and give different examinations for different purposes.⏹In order to receive an undergraduate degree, students are required to completesuccessfully a minimum number of credits for their courses. Each course is worth a certain number ofcredits depending on how many hours of classes or other teaching activities they have each week.Graduate work leads to the master’s degree and, beyond that, the doctor’s degree, both of which emphasize preparation for research or professional practice.•Assistantships are available in many graduate schools. Students awarded assistantships are expected to devote up to 20 hours each week for certain duties.• A central factor in the operation of higher education institutions is that it is the faculty that determines the students’recruitment, the length of study, the curriculum, and the selection of teaching staff.•One unique characteristic of American higher education is that colleges and universities, especially the land-grant universities and the public community colleges, offer a wide range of services to the communities they serve.。
英美国家概况课程教学大纲
《英美文化与国家概况》课程教学大纲学分：3.0学时：52适用专业：商务英语、应用英语一、课程性质（定位）与任务课程性质：商务英语专业的必修专业技能基础课程，是一门素质拓展课。
通过本课程的学习，达到开阔学生视野，扩大学生知识面的目的。
课程目标：通过介绍英国和美国这两个最有代表性的英语国家的历史、地理、社会、经济、政治、教育及其文化传统，使学生对西方思想的形成有进一步的认识，扩展自身人文知识，为学生在英语学习中扫除缺乏背景知识的障碍，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生跨文化交际能力。
前导课程：综合英语后续课程：商务英语、商务英语翻译二、课程目标知识目标：通过教学，使学生了解英、美两国的国家地理、历史、人文特征、经济、宗教、社会、教育与文化等基本情况以及传统的风俗习惯等。
理解西方思想的根源，包括英、美两国社会的思想意识的根源与形成；理解英国历史发展对其现今社会、宗教与政治制度的影响，以及美国社会、文化结构多元化的历史渊源，掌握英、美两国经济、文化和社会等方面的知识要点，还要求学生通过听讲、阅读、讨论等方式提高英语语言应用能力。
技能目标：能够运用学到的知识解释英语学习中遇到的有关问题，提高阅读能力及学生的英语语言水平、跨文化交际能力及文化思考能力。
素质目标：以认识和解读英语国家文化为切入点，深化语言学习与文化学习的内涵关联，提升学习语言的实效和在真实世界中的应用能力。
在提高学生文化意识的基础上，提高学生的文化观察能力、文化思索能力、文化甄别能力和文化探索能力。
三、教学内容及具体要求Chapter 1 Land and People of the UK授课学时：4教学内容：英国的国土和人民基本要求：通过教学使学生对英国国家的组成、地理、气候、旅游名胜等有一个初步的了解，熟悉英国的主要民族及英国人的性格特点。
Chapter 2 The Origins and Shaping of the Nation授课学时：6讲授内容：英国国家起源和形成基本要求：通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英国历史，掌握主要历史事件及人物。
英语国家概况英国的教育体制
英语国家概况英国的教育体制英国国家的教育体制与我国的有何不同，为什么会这样呢?下面是店铺带来英语国家概况:英国的教育体制详情，欢迎大家阅读!英语国家概况:英国的教育体制The education system in Britain1. primary education 初等教育，小学教育Primary education is compulsory(义务教育) in Britain.It begins at five in Great Britain and four in NorthernIreland. All children have to attend primary schooland they finish their primary education at the age of11. In addition to the many state primaryschools(公立小学) which do not ask their pupils to payfees, there are also some fee-paying independentprimary schools (收费的私立小学). The most famous fee-paying primary schools are thepreparatory schools which admit children from seven-plus to 11,12 or 13 years old.初等教育在英国是义务教育，大不列颠是从5岁开始，北爱尔兰是4岁。
所有的孩子必须参加初等教育，并在11岁完成。
除了许多国家公立小学不向学生收费外，也有一些收费的私立小学。
预备学校学生的年龄通常为7岁以上到11 12 13岁。
2. secondary education 中等教育，中学教育Secondary education in Britain is also compulsory. All the children must receive secondaryeducation after finishing their primary education at the age of eleven. The secondary schoolage-range(中学生的年龄段) is from 11-18. About 90 per cent of the state secondary schoolpopulation in Great Britain attend comprehensive schools.Secondary schools includecomprehensive schools (综合中学), secondary modern schools (现代中学) and grammarschools(文法学校). They are state schools(公立学校)。
英语国家概况复习题(2)
广东外语外贸大学成人高等教育《英语国家概况》第二套复习题I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for True and F for False . ( 1.5 points each , 30 points in total )1.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period.2.Thatcher’s revolution turned out to be a great success in dealing with all the British economic andsocial problems.3.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair is different from that of the Labour party and theConservative Party.4.Britain is the world’s leading exporter of poultry and dairy products.5.The fishing industry provides more than 50% of Britain’s demand for fish.6.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.7.Nuclear power is one of the major energy sources in Britain.8.The British government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s.cation in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15.10.The National Curriculum in Britain is compulsory in both the state system and the independentsystem.11.When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a national GCSE examination.12.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favourable chance to enter famous universities thanthose from independent schools.13.In the 1960s, a large number of new universities were founded in Britain.14.Most British people begin their day with reading the morning newspaper and end it watchingtelevision in the evening.15.The Times is the world’s oldest national newspaper.16.The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.17.Some British holidays are celebrated to mark the important events of the Christian calendar, the othersare related to local customs and traditions.18.The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate, with some mild subtropical andtropical zones.19.The Blacks brought from Africa to America usually worked on plantations or farms in the North.20.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throught the history.Answer keys: 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. F 9.F 10. F 11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. F 16. F 17. T 18. T 19. F 20. FII. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements. (2 points each, 40 points in total)1. In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every ___C______ years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six2. Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a ____B_______ system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party3. The polices of the Conservative Party are characterized by progmatism and ___D__________.A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism4. The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it ____A_____>A. set up the National Health ServiceB. improved public transportationC. abolished the old tax systemD. enhanced the economic developent5. In _____B___, the British Parliament passed two important acts to establish a welfare state.A. 1945B. 1946C. 1947D. 19486. Of the following practices, ___C______ does not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions7. The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except ____D_____.A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality8. Britain has devoted ____C_____ of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D. 84%9. The car industy in Britain is mostly ____A_______.A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD. privately-owned10. Of the following sectors in Britain, ____C______ has experienced spectacular growth since the end ofWorld War II.A. agricultureB. energy industyC. service industyD. manufacturing industy11.In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by theintroduction of comprehensive schools in the _______D____.A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s12. About __ B_____ of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independentsystem.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D.8%13. Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remaining fundsfrom all the following sources except ______B_____.A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contribution14. Of the following, ____A______ is NOT a basis of admission to Britain’s universities.A. result in national entrance testB. A-level resultC. an interviewD. school references15. Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “ Big Three”with theexception of ____C______.A. The TimesB. The GuardianC.The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph16. The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except ___A______A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messagesC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomime17. The state of __A_____ is the largest in area of all the states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida18 The U.S. lies in ___A_______ North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, theAtlantic to its __________ and the Pacific to its __________.A. northern, east, westB. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, east, west19. The largest river in the U.S. is ____B_______.A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Colorado River20. Some of the world famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT are located __C______.A. in the southB. along the Pacific CoastC. in New EnglandD. in the Midwest。
Education in Great Britain
Educational SystemБайду номын сангаас
Educational system in Britain has strict quality standards. Twelve million children attend about 40.000 schools in Britain. It is compulsory for all children aged 5 to 16 to study.
Nursery school
There are many children who attend a nursery school from the age of 3, but it is not compulsory. In nursery schools they learn some elementary things such as numbers, colours, and letters. Apart from that, babies play, have lunch and sleep there. Whatever they do, there is always someone keeping an eye on them.
3 types of state secondary schools
1) comprehensive schools, which take pupils of all abilities without exams. In such schools pupils are often put into certain sets or groups, which are formed according to their abilities for technical or humanitarian subjects. Almost all senior pupils (around 90 per cent) go there; 2) grammar schools, which give secondary education of a very high standard. Entrance is based on the test of ability, usually at 11. Grammar schools are single sexed schools; 3) modern schools, which don't prepare pupils for universities. Education in such schools gives good prospects for practical jobs.
Education in Britain
Thank you
Famous Universities
• Oxford University and Cambridge University are sometimes referred to collectively as Oxbridge.
Oxford Crest
Cambridge Crest
The oldest library of Oxford University
Famous Universities
Top 10 British University in 2007
University of Cambridge 剑桥大学 University of Oxford 牛津大学 Imperial College (London) 帝国学院（伦敦） London School of Economics 伦敦政治经济 学院 5. University of St. Andrews 圣安德鲁斯大学 6. University College London 伦敦大学学院 7. University of Bristol 布里斯托大学 8. University of Warwick 华威大学 9. University of Bath 巴斯大学 10. University of Durham 达勒姆大学 1. 2. 3. 4.
Higher Education
• Higher education has a long history in Britain. Oxford and Cambridge date from 12th and 13th centuries, while Edinburgh was founded in the 15th century. And now there are more than 100 universities in Britain. • Britain’s universities are independent and enjoy complete academic freedom. • Degrees: • B.A or B.S: three years of full-time study; • M.A or M.S: one year of full time or two years of parttime study; • Doctoral degree: three to five years of additional study and research.
小度写范文英美文化概况名词解释问答题-内科名词解释及简答题模板
⼩度写范⽂英美⽂化概况名词解释问答题-内科名词解释及简答题模板英美⽂化概况名词解释问答题|内科名词解释及简答题英美⽂化概况问答题以及答案：1. What are the some of the major powers of each of the three panches of the US government? How are the three panches supposed to check and balance each other? Can political reform in China borrow anything from that? 美国政府三⼤部门的⼀些主要权利是什么？三⼤部门之间如何制约和平衡？中国的政治改⾰能否从中借鉴什么？A．What are the some of the major powers of each of the three panches of the US government? The three panches—the Legislative, the Executive, headed by the president. And the Judicial, headed by the Supreme Court.The Legislative, including both houses of Congress (the Senate and the House of Representative) 。
The legislativepanch(⽴法机构）is the only panch that can make federal laws, levy federal taxes and declare war or put foreign treaties into effect.The Executive, headed by the president. The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur, including members of the Supreme Court. All such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the Senate. The president has poad powers, with the executive panch, to issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal departments. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces. The judicial panch(司法机构) is headed by the Supreme Court with a chief justice and 8 associate justices. The Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitution and other cases which do not arise out of individual states. The Supreme Court has the judicial review power.B．How are the three panches supposed to check and balance each other?Sy stem of “checks and balances (制约与平衡的原则)” of the three-part national government works to keep serious mistakes from being made by one panch or another.C．Can political reform in China borrow anything from that?China does not make the separation, but can absorb the reasonable factors. The people”s congress system is a basic system suitable to China”s national conditions. It directly reflects that people”s democratic dictatorship is national nature in our country, reflected the whole picture of our political life and is the basic forms and means for the people to be the masters of democratic rights.(中国不搞三权分⽴，但可以吸收其合理的因素。
英语国家概况期末论文
A GUIDE TO ENGLISH-SPEAKINGCOUNTRIESWhen English jumps to life, it displays a starting quality. Nowadays, the connections among countries are increasing frequently, English is becoming more significant. After learning this course, I know more about some English-speaking countries, like Canada, Australia and New Zealand, especially the UK and America.Britain, the whole is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in ancient Britain is known as the "day not fall", includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. England is the largest part of Great Britain.There are many rivers in Great Britain. Among the most important rivers is the Thames, which flows into the North Sea. Its length is 336 km and it is the deepest rive in Britain. It is navigable as far as the capital of Great Britain –London. The longest river in Britain is the Severn. Its length is 354 km. London is also called foggy London as the climate of Britain is classified as temperate, with warm summer, cool winters and plentiful precipitation throughout the year.Britain also has a long history. The earliest setters include Iberians (3000BC) , the Beaker folk and Celts. But the recorded history dates from 55BC, when Julius Caesar and his roman troops invaded the island. And then through the medieval period, the industrial revolution, the colonial expansion, and the World War II, the history has been in the present day.Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy. Although the Queen is the head of state, their power is largely symbolic. The government is elected by people and governs according to British constitutional principles, and that election is held every five years. However, parliament is the law-making body of Britain. Strictly speaking, it consists of the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. TheHouse of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament. It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority. Britain is divided 651constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals. Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and the Labor Party. Since 1945, either the Conservative Party or the Labor Party has held power. The party which wins sufficient seats at a General election commands a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister. The party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the Official Opposition, with its own leader and shadow cabinet. The rule of Opposition is to help the formulation of policy criticizing the Government and debate with the Government. However, the monarchy is usually regarded as a separate institution because even though the Queen must consent to pass a law, that consent is given as a matter of course. Additionally, it is a capitalist country in Western Europe. Agriculture, energy production, manufacturing industry, service industry and foreign trade are current British economic characters. Since the end of WWII, service industry has a spectacular growth.Britain has a rich culture. Education in Britain is compulsory for all children between ages of 5 and 17. There are two parallel school systems in Britain for primary and secondary education, which includes the state system, where education is provided free of charge, and the independent system where fees are required. Britain’s education and academic research level is currently in the world's leading position. The world-famous education has a holy land at the university of Cambridge and Oxford University. British especially like reading newspapers, like the Times, the Guardian and the Daily Telegraph and so on.The United States is located in the central part of North America, expect Alaska and Hawaii. The country is bordered by Canada to the north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, the Atlantic Ocean t the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The coastline is 22680 kilometers. Unlike UK, major area belongs to temperate continental climate, the southern subtropical climate, while western coastal area distribution has a temperate climate with Mediterranean climate.The US is a country of the western hemisphere, comprising fifty states and several territories. Forty-eight contiguous states lie in central North America between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bounded on land by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south; Alaska is in the northwest of the continent with Canada to its east, and Hawaii is in the mid-Pacific.After Christopher Columns has discovered American, this nation was founded by thirteen colonies declaring their independence from Great Britain on July 4, 1776. It adopted the current constitution, which has been amended several times subsequently on September 17, 1787. When the War of Independence was over, the US was not one unified nation as it is today. Each new state had its own government and was organized very much like an independent nation. One of the most events in America is the Civil War. American slavery existed after the first immigrants from Europe founded their settlements. In certain circumstances, slaves were treated with occasional dignity by their owners, but for the most part they were neglected and treated with severe harshness.Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America. But the south feared that the north would abolish slavery, and the north was afraid it would spread westward into the newly established states. Soon, anti-slavery leaders were becoming active and loud. Slavery effectively ended in the U.S. in the spring of 1865 when theConfederate armies surrendered. The victory can also be attributed in part to failures of Confederate transportation, materiel, and political leadership. And then the country greatly expanded in territory throughout the 19th century, acquiring further territory from the United Kingdom, as well as lands from France, Mexico, Spain, and Russia. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, it became the world's sole remaining superpower, and is a declared nuclear weapons state. The United States continues to exert dominant economic, political, cultural and military influence around the globe.The United States is a federal constitutional republic with Washington DC its federal capital. The Constitution of the United States is the basic law of the land. There are two obvious characteristics in the Constituti on. One is “check and balance”, consisted of the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by other branch. Another characteristic is that the Constitution specifies the respective powers of federal government and of the state government. Congress is the legislature branch of the federal government. It is law-making and the supreme legislative body of the nation. It consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, while the executive branch consists of 15 departments and many independent agencies. According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the US shall be vested in one Supreme Court. The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 Court of appeals, 91 district courts and 3 courts of special jurisdiction. Us judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.As in Britain, a two-party system has been dominant in the United States. Today, the two major parties in America are the Democratic Party which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson’s party, formed before 1800 and the Republican Party which was formed in the 1850s by people in the states of the North and West.Curre nt American economical forms are the same as Britain’s.American society is the product of large-scale immigration and is home to a complex social structure as well as a wide array of household arrangements. The U.S. is one of the world's most ethnically and socially diverse nations.In America, education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. It is a general view that every American should have the right and obligation to become educated. They hold the view that the future of the nation depends largely on education. Formal education in the United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education. Elementary and secondary educations, the basis of public education, are compulsory and are divided into 12 grades. Higher education in the US began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. As a undergraduate student, he has to earn a certain number of credits In order to receive a degree at the end of four years of college, which is similar to Chinese students. The culture of the United States is a Western culture, and has been developing since long before the United States became a country. Its chief early influence was British culture, due to colonial ties with the British that spread the English language, legal system and other cultural inheritances. Other important influences came from other parts of Europe, especially countries from which large numbers immigrated such as Ireland, Germany, Poland, and Italy; the Native American peoples; Africa, especially the western part, from which came the ancestors of most African Americans; and young groups of immigrants. American culture also has shared influence on the cultures of its neighbors in the New World.Although American history is not so long, but it still is the super country. Let’s find out the cause together. It is said that American active, confident and brave, while British diffident, gentle andreliable. British and American detest each other, British think there is no history in America, but American think British cannot understand what future is.According to this term’s study, I know more about Britain and American. In addition, this course arise my interests in Britain and America. Nowadays, more and more people like traveling abroad. So do I. I try to find something more about these two counties.People in Britain and America are different in greeting and introduction. For British people, a handshake is the most common way of greeting, and it is customary when being introduced to someone new. When one wants to introduce oneself, one extends his or her hand for a shake and says “hello, I am…” and it is proper to say “pleases to meet you…’ as a response. For friends, the British will also hug. And if the friends have not seen each for a long time, they would kiss the cheek of the opposite sex. For America people, they greet total strangers by saying “hello’ and it is thought polite to reply. They say “have a nice day when parting” and “you are welcome” when thanked. British people are punctual persons, so it is polite to arrive on time for appointments. Being late for even a few minutes would be considered impolite.In social settings, people always say “come to see me soon’ and “drop in anytime”. But it is often necessary to call before visiting others. If one does not plan to go, it is better to accept the invitation. It is often considered polite to bring gifts like flowers, chocolate or a small thing for the host. It is an appropriate way to express ones appreciation for being invited by writing a thankful note or giving a telephone call after the visit.In most parts of Britain, the evening meal is the main meal. When one is invited for dinner, it is better for one to tell the hosthis or her dietary restrictions. Food may be served in the following ways: family style, buffet style or serving style. But in America, some families express grace before meals.In the USA, everyone takes pride in doing things by themselves, which is a spirit from their forefathers. And it is also a call of the whole society to do things like gardening, carpentry, upholstering and interior decorating all by oneself.But both British and American people love privacy. It is their right to have privacy and personal freedom. When we communicate with British or American people, don’t ask some private questions. We should remember it.At last, I want to say that this course is quite interesting and practical. I do learn something through the study. Although this course is going to end, I think we should not stop the study of western country cultures because it is useful for our other study as well. if we come to a foreign enterprise after graduation, we could know how to talk with our foreign interviewers or our bosses. When we travel aboard, we could experience local culture in a better way. To some extent, no matter what you are learning now, it must be useful in your future. Thus, I am happy I have learned something in this course.。
Education in Britain
Education in Britain
闫妍080703132
Education is a vital concern throughout Britain because a highly developed nation depends upon educated professionals and a skilled workforce. The literacy rate in Britain is one of the highest in the world at over 99 percent.
英语听力文章：Education in Britain
英语听力文章：Education in Britain DIALOGUE 541--At what age do children start school in yourcountry?2--At five.1--Do boys and girls go to school together?2--Yes, they do.1--Do you think this is a good idea?2--Yes, I do.1--Do some children go on to university?2--Yes, they do.1--What examinations do they take first?2--'O' levels and 'A' levels.1--How long do they usually stay at university?2--Three or four years.===================================注解：1）Do boys and girls go to school together?意思是男女生是否同校就读。
男女生同校的教育制度称作coeducational system。
英国早期是男女生分开学校读书的。
2）O levels(ordinary levels)指高级水平测试，相当高中毕业水平，通过测试的学生，可升入大学或大专学校学习。
===================================译文：1--在你们国家儿童几岁上学？2--5岁。
1--男孩子和女孩子同校上学吗？2--是的。
1--你觉得这样好吗？2--我认为很好。
1--有些孩子一直读到大学吗？2--是的。
1--上大学首先要通过哪些考试？2--O水平测试和A水平测试。
1--他们一般读几年大学？2--3至4年。
英语国家概况-谢福之-课后答案-判断题
Chapter 11.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to theircountry。
（F)2.The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales andflows through western England。
（T）3.Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welshlanguage。
（F）4.In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part ofBritain。
(F)5.Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northernScotland often falls below -10℃ in January . (F)6.The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.（T)7.The Celtic people were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.（T）8.English evolved into what is now described as Modern English from the late 16thcentury.（F）Chapter 21.British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.（T）2.The Anglo-Saxons came to Britain in the 5th century。
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British educational system
The Grammar School System The Comprehensive Secondary School System
The Public (Private) School System
3 other universities containing colleges [1 Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Edinburgh Durham, London, Wales
19th- and 20th-century universities starting from
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The Comprehensive System
A system for secondary schooling in Britain, under which all children, regardless of ability, can mix together. In comprehensive schools, students study a wide variety of subjects at first until 2 or 3 years later, when they may study only those they like best. Many new ideas in education are being tried out at present, and comprehensive schools vary widely throughout Britain.
Content
British educational system Schools today
Primary school Secondary school Other schools
Higher education
Activity--Debate (next class)
Introduction
The relationship between education and social class
46% of Conservative Party MPs were graduates of Oxbridge e.g. Margaret Thatcher 75% of the Government executive e.g. Tony Blair Most senior civil servants (In 1994)
Read page 56 and fill in the blanks
Direction:
Britain
China 6-12
Primary Education Secondary Education
Higher Education
5-11 “11+” 11-16 2-year further study
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Independent Schools
Public schools: secondary private boarding schools that prepare students chiefly for universities. They laid the foundations of English education, but now are generally restricted to a comparatively small section of the population, mainly the rich and conservative in politics. Eton, Harrow and Rugby are the 3 most famous public schools. Prep schools: small private boarding schools for children up to 7 or 8 years old, which help to prepare the children for the “common entrance” examination at the age of 13 for admission to a public school, and where Latin, French and mathematics are all started early.
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18
The Public (Private) School System
8-13 Prep (Preparatory) school
Common Entrance Examination
13-18
Public (Independence) school
Eton college
Eton pupils
The Grammar School System
5-7 7-11 11+ 11-18 Infant school Junior school “The eleven plus” is given by the examining boards. High Grammar schools (18) Marks Fail to Secondary Grammar school (“O” level) do modern well schools (16) Graduation
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The Universities
Oxford and Cambridge [12th and 13th centuries]
4 Scottish universities [15th and 16th centuries]
College system and tutorial system
Education in Britain
Zhou Yuhua Ningbo University of Techonology
Objectives
To understand British educational system To be clear about the difference between state school, public school, comprehensive school and grammar school To be familiar with higher education in Britain
Harrow school
Winchester College
Rugby School
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Schools Today
Primary schools
Secondary schools
Compulsory schooling starts at 5 Co-educational and a class-teacher system Three-term school year Compulsory schooling extends up to 16 The selective system, comprehensive system and independent schools Sixth form colleges/ tertiary colleges
colleges
Post-war universities, or university colleges, teaching a more balanced mixture of subjects “red brick” Universities of technology, promoted during the 1960s details on Page 59 return The Open University
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Other Schools
County schools: state-run secondary schools, most of which are administered by the county or county borough. About half of the money comes from the local authority and the other half from the central government. Voluntary schools: also called mission schools in other countries, secondary schools in Britain that are mostly Church of England or Roman Catholic in origin, and partly maintained and controlled by the local authority. They give a certain amount of denominational religious instruction. Education is free in such schools.
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The Comprehensive Secondary School System
5-11 11-16 16 Primary schools Comprehensive secondary school GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) “A” level (General Certificate of Secondary Education at Advanced Level)