最新IdiomTranslationAccordingtotheDifferencesBetweenEnglishandChineseCulture
Image-Processing_in_Translation_of_Chinese_Idioms_
Journal of Literature and Art Studies, December 2021, Vol. 11, No. 12, 995-999doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2021.12.010Image-Processing in Translation of Chinese Idioms into EnglishJIANG Ling-minSchool of Foreign languages, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, ChinaThis paper explores the commonly used translating methods and the frequency of their usage through the analysisof the examples of imagery idioms in Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Idioms. Findings include thefollowing. First, three image-processing methods in translation of Chinese idioms into English are adoptedcommonly, namely, preserving the original image method, replacing the original image method and giving up theoriginal image method. Second, changing the original image method and giving up the original image method arethe major translation methods in the idiom translations surveyed.Keywords: Chinese idioms, image, Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Idioms, translation methodsIntroductionIdiom is characterized by its vivid image. Since the vivid image contained in idiomatic expressions not only contributes significantly to the overall meaning of them but also add to the expressive and emotional power of these idiomatic expressions, image-processing becomes an important issue in the expressive and emotional power of idiomatic expressions. In China, quite a few translation practitioners and scholars have made laudable attempts to render Chinese idioms into English. They have undertaken various thought-provoking analysis on the structures, meanings, methods, effects, skills, and experiences of translation that have laid the foundation of the theories in the field of Chinese idioms translation. However, important these efforts are, few article is found which combine image-processing in translation of Chinese idioms with Chinese-English dictionaries up to present, though there have been numerous refined articles which involve various image-processing methods of Chinese idioms.This paper re-elaborates on the old topic of idioms translation but from a new angle. With fresh illustration and concise explanation in English and Chinese, this essay sheds light on these expressions, some of which are thousands of years old.2. Methodology2.1 Research QuestionsThe present study examined the situation of the translation of Chinese idioms in the Dictionary of Chinese-English Idioms to answer the following research questions:(1) What methods can be employed in image-processing in translation of Chinese idioms into English?(2) Which translation method is more frequently used than the others?JIANG Ling-min, Master, Professor, School of Foreign languages, Pingdingshan University.IMAGE-PROCESSING IN TRANSLATION OF CHINESE IDIOMS INTO ENGLISH9962.2 Data CollectionTo do this research, the choice of a proper Chinese-English dictionary is a really important thing. So the choice of dictionary must be very careful and serious. After comparing and consideration, the author decided to use the Dictionary of Chinese-English Idioms compiled by Shi Zhengxin, Wang Chunqing and Zhang Jianzhong as the source of the Chinese idioms. Published in the year 2006, this dictionary is a relatively new one and is in wide use among Chinese and English language bilingual readers. It has paid special attention to the image-processing problem.Referring to the dictionary mentioned above, some 3000 common Chinese idioms were identified. Among the 3000 idioms, there are 1890 idioms with images. As it was impossible to examine all the 1890 idioms, the method of random sampling was employed. This method allowed us to examine a portion of the 1890 idioms to obtain the features of the whole group. To represent the population of 1890 idioms, 1/6 of the population was selected. Finally 316 Chinese idioms were left as the sample idioms.2.3 Data Treatment and AnalysisFirst chart was designed to put translation of all 316 Chinese idioms. The chart is mainly about the image-processing methods applied in English translation of the idioms. The translation methods include: to preserve the original image, to replace the original image and to give up the original image.An instruction to the raters was developed before the rating materials were provided to the raters. It told the raters the purpose of the research and criteria for rating. Three raters took part in this research. One is the author of this thesis. One is a college teacher of English. The other one is a master’s candidate of English major. Of the three raters, one is male. Each worked on the rating material independently.The chart designed and the instructions offered to the raters, there went the process of evaluating the translation of each sample chosen. Results of each evaluation of each sample were put on the chart according to the instructions. This job lasted each rater well over one month.Then, results of the evaluations from three raters were triangulated. Different results of evaluation on a certain translation were settled when two or above agreed on the same result. The fact was that disagreement on the results of evaluation among the three raters was rare. So, triangulation of the results further confirmed the results of the evaluation of the translation of the sample idioms.3. Results and DiscussionAfter all the jobs done from data collection to data analysis, the statistical results were obtained to provide foundations for the answers to the two research questions. In the following sections of this chapter, results and discussions of each of the two research questions are provided respectively.3.1 Image-processing MethodsIn the translation process of idioms, the conveyance of metaphors is of course important. However, the image processing is also an important element that cannot be ignored. Whether the image is handled properly or not, it directly affects the success of idioms translation. Due to the different national cultural backgrounds of English and Chinese, each language has formed a distinct image feature, so when translating, we should strive to achieve vivid, both in form and meaning (Bao, 2001).IMAGE-PROCESSING IN TRANSLATION OF CHINESE IDIOMS INTO ENGLISH 997Based on the statistical results of the remaining 316 Chinese idioms with images, the result shows that: generally speaking, the image processing in the English translation of Chinese idioms usually adopts the following methods:3.1.1 Preserving the original imageThere are a few idioms in English and Chinese that are equivalent in metaphor and coincident in image. In translating, the image in the target language can be used to reproduce the image in the source language, and strive to maintain the original meaning, image and grammatical structure of English and Chinese idioms, basically taking into account “formal equivalence” and “functional equivalence” (Hu, 2001). For example: 易如反掌as easy as turning one’s hand影子内阁shadow cabinet如坐针毡to sit on pins and needlesSometimes an image in Chinese language has no corresponding image in the English culture, or an image in Chinese language does have the corresponding image in English language but may not convey a certain connotative meaning. At that time, simply reproducing the same image can not achieve the same esthetic and expressive effects in the translated text. So we may reproduce the same image with its connotative meaning added to the translated text. As a result, English readers can visualize the fresh image in their culture with the connotative meaning explained so that the readers’ horizon of expectation is broadened. The same esthetic feeling of Chinese readers can be retained in English readers. For example:东施效颦Tung Shih imitating Hsi Shih, which is not original but rather tiresome.三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮Three cobblers with their wits combined surpass Zhuge Liang, the master mind.班门弄斧 show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter.3.1.2 Replacing the original imageAs we all know, an image occurring in idioms has its national color. If such an image has no corresponding image in the target language culture, we may conduct the image processing by reproducing the same total image plus paraphrase. But if such an image has its corresponding total image in the target language yet different association is aroused in the two cultures, then we may replace the image with another one in the target language which has similar connotative meaning in the source language. For example, “to talk horse” and “吹牛”, the total image of the two idioms are almost the same. If we don’t change the image, it will cause misunderstanding and the stability of idioms in the target language will be affected. Therefore, we cannot translate “talk horse” into “吹马” (unless it is used to achieve some humorous effect) but into “吹牛”. Similarly, we cannot translate “to spend money like water” into “挥金如水” but into “挥金如土”.3.1.3 Giving up the original imageSometimes the image of the source language idiomatic expressions may be either untranslatable or improper to be conveyed to the target language readers even though it can be kept, the translated text would be lengthy in language form and difficult to understand. Or sometimes the image in the source language does not make sense to the target readers at all as the correlation between images and meaning itself is unclear or illogical in the source language and it is absurd or unimaginable for the receptors of the target language. Therefore, we have to sacrifice its image, only retaining its sense, that is to say, to reveal the intended meaning of the source language idioms through brief interpretations. For example:IMAGE-PROCESSING IN TRANSLATION OF CHINESE IDIOMS INTO ENGLISH998望子成龙to wish that one’s son would stand out among his fellows得胜回朝 win the day袖手旁观stand by with folded armsThe Chinese idiom “得胜回朝” in the examples consists of two images. One is “winning the day” and another is “returning to the court”. The meanings conveyed by the two images are different. Why is the second image abandoned in the translated text? The reason is that the first image is the main meaning carrier and the reproduction of the second image in the translated text would be redundant.In general, Image-processing involves three principal methods: (1) to preserve the original image, (2) to change the original image, (3) to give up the original image. The first method is very important in our translation of idiomatic expressions because it could retain the “sentiment” and “charm” of the original. The second is the method of transformation of images. It still makes the language vividly and lively although it transform the original images into new ones.3.2 Frequency of Image Processing MethodsThe second research question is “Which translation method is more frequently used than the others?” Answers to this question were developed based on the statistical results. Results related to frequency of translation methods used are provided in the table below.Table 1Frequencies of Different Image-processing Methods in Translation of Chinese Idioms into EnglishImage-processing Methods Preserving the original image Replacing the original image Giving up the original image Frequency 51 164 101Percentage 16.1% 51.9% 32%* The total number of idioms examined is 316.From Table 1, we can see that in all the idioms surveyed, changing the original image method appeared 164 times; giving up the original image method appeared 101 times; preserving the original image method appeared 51 times. When it comes to the percentage of image-processing methods being used in all the idioms, changing the original image method takes up 51.9%; giving up the original image method takes up 32%; preserving the original image method takes up 16.1%. The overall result of the table shows a declining order of changing the original image, giving up the original image and preserving the original image. From the numbers above, we may find that changing the original image method and giving up the original method take up 83.9% of the total translation methods while preserving the original image takes up 16.1%.3.3 DiscussionAs stated above, changing the original image method and giving up the original method take a leading role in the three basic translation methods in the 316 idioms examined. Preserving the original image method only serves as supplements. Both being a major translation method applied, changing the original image method takes up the superiority over giving up the original method. Why does this happen?Contradictions between images and figurative meanings in English and Chinese idioms show the corresponding relationship between English and Chinese idioms when they indicate their semantic and cultural features. Their corresponding relationship can be divided into three kinds: basic corresponding, semi-corresponding, non-corresponding. Different types of idioms of course calls for different translationIMAGE-PROCESSING IN TRANSLATION OF CHINESE IDIOMS INTO ENGLISH 999methods. As a matter of fact, some idioms conveying specific cultural features have no corresponding equivalents in Chinese and they are considered as cultural vacant idioms. The following are idioms of this type: An Olive Branch 橄榄树枝Aaron’s rod 亚伦的神杖Noah’s ark 诺亚方舟These idioms are all typical cultural vacant idioms bearing traces of English culture. It is chiefly this absence of relevant cultural knowledge that gives rise to misrepresentations of the idiom in some Chinese readers who are not so often exposed to Western culture as the English majors surveyed. Most English and Chinese idioms fall into the category of semi-corresponding and non-corresponding types. It needs to point out, however, that the discussions above are based on the results of the examination of the idioms in one dictionary. Whether or not this situation of the use of changing the original image and the use of giving up the original in Chinese idiom translation stands true across all Chinese-English dictionaries requires more research.4. ConclusionTo sum up, Based on idioms in Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Idioms this paper explores the commonly used translating methods and the frequency of their usage through the analysis of the examples of imagery idioms in A Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Idioms. The research shows that changing the original image and giving up the original image processing methods in translation of Chinese idioms into English are the two most frequently used methods in this dictionary. Although preserving the original image method serves as supplementary method used, it also has its special advantages over other methods in its capability of being faithful to the original source language and keeping the original flavor of the idioms as well as the Chinese culture and tradition carried by them. It’s intended to provide reference for translation study about imagery in idioms and the teaching and the practice about the translation from Chinese to English.ReferencesBao, H. N. (2001). Cultural context and language translation. Beijing: China Foreign Translation Publishing House.Fan, M., & Chen, T. X. (2002). The translation of Chinese idioms. Shandong Foreign Language Teaching, 5, 94-98.Hu, W. Z. (2001). English idioms and British and American culture. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Guo, J. Z. (2000). Culture and translation. Beijing: China Foreign Translation Publishing House.Jiang, L. (2001). The conversion of images in E-C idioms translation. Journal of Henan Education Institute, 1, 129-130.Ma, H. (2006). Processing of image language in the English- to-Chinese idiom translation. Journal of Lanzhou Jiao Tong University, 2, 125-128.Makkai, A. (Ed.). (1987). A dictionary of American idioms. New York: Barron’s Educational Series Inc.Newmark, P. (1988). Approaches to translation. London: Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd.Nida, E. A. (1993). Language, culture and translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Nida, E. A., & Taber, C. R. (1969). The theory and practice of translation. E. J. Leiden: Brill.Yang, C. R. (2001). English idiom and Chinese chengyu. Journal of Tianjin University of Commerce, 62-64.。
The Difficulty of Translation
The Difficulty of TranslationName:李晓琴Class:A班Since translating is a skill which requires considerable practice, most people assume that it can be taught, and to some extent this is true. But it is also true that really exceptional translators are born, not made. Potential translators must have a high level of aptitude for the creative use of language, or they are not likely to be outstanding in their profession. Perhaps the greatest benefit from instruction in translating is to become aware of on e’s own limitations, something which a translator of Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men into Chinese should have learned. Then he would not have translated English mule-skinner into a Chinese phrase meaning “a person who skins the hide of a mule”.许多人承认翻译是可以教得会的，因为翻译是一门需要大量练习的技能。
对于一些内容来说这的确是真的，也有一些异乎寻常的翻译家是天生的，而不是后天形成的。
the oxford handbook of translation studies
the oxford handbook of translation studiesThe Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for scholars and students in the field of translation studies. This handbook offers a wide range of essays and articles written by leading experts in the field, covering various aspects of translation theory, practice, and research.One of the key features of this handbook is its interdisciplinary approach. It brings together contributions from scholars in fields such as linguistics, literature, cultural studies, and sociology, providing a holistic understanding of translation as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. This interdisciplinary perspective allows for a deeper exploration of the cultural, social, and political implications of translation, highlighting its role in shaping and mediating cross-cultural interactions.Another notable aspect of this handbook is its focus on both theoretical and practical aspects of translation. It covers a wide range of topics, including translation theories, translation history, translation and technology, translationand gender, translation ethics, and translation pedagogy. This comprehensive coverage ensures that readers get a well-rounded understanding of the field and its various dimensions.Furthermore, this handbook also pays attention to the emerging trends and challenges in translation studies. It explores the impact of globalization, digitalization, and new media on translation practices, highlighting the need for translators to adapt to the changing landscape of the profession. It also addresses the ethical dilemmas faced by translators, such as issues of cultural appropriation and the power dynamics inherent in translation.In addition to its breadth and depth of coverage, the Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies also stands out for its rigorous scholarship and critical analysis. The essays included in this handbook are carefully researched and draw on a wide range of sources, making them valuable resources for both scholars and students. The critical approach taken by the authors encourages readers to question established norms and assumptions, stimulating further research and debate in the field.Overall, the Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in translation studies. Its interdisciplinary approach, comprehensive coverage, and critical analysis make it a valuable tool for scholars, students, and practitioners alike. Whether one is a beginner exploring the field or an experienced researcher looking for new insights, this handbook offers a wealth of knowledge and perspectives to engage with.。
2025年研究生考试考研英语(一201)试卷与参考答案
2025年研究生考试考研英语(一201)模拟试卷与参考答案一、完型填空（10分）Section ARead the following passage and fill in each blank with ONE word that best fits the context. Each blank has four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should read the passage through carefully before making your choices.In the past, a typical student at a university in the United States was a white, middle-class male, usually between the ages of 18 and 22. He entered college directly from high school, majored in a technical subject, and had a clear idea of what he wanted to do after graduation. Now, the typical student is different. Today’s university students are diverse in terms of race, gender, age, and background. They come from all walks of life and bring with them a variety of experiences and perspectives.The diversity of today’s university students is a reflection of the changing society in which they live. The population of the United States is increasingly multicultural, and universities are responding to this trend by becoming more inclusive. This shift in demographics has had a significant impact on the curriculum and the teaching methods used in universities.1.The passage begins by describing the_of a typical student in the past.A) ageB) backgroundC) genderD) major2.The word “he” in the second sentence refers to the _.A) universityB) studentC) teacherD) high school3.According to the passage, today’s university students are _.A) mostly whiteB) of similar ageC) diverseD) all male4.The phrase “all walks of life” in the second paragraph means _.A) different levels of societyB) various interestsC) different jobsD) various backgrounds5.The passage suggests that universities are_in response to the multicultural society.A) becoming exclusiveB) segregating studentsC) adaptingD) resisting change6.The author implies that the curriculum at universities has_due to the demographic changes.A) become more technicalB) become more diverseC) remained the sameD) become more restrictive7.The teaching methods used in universities have_to accommodate the diverse student population.A) changedB) remained unchangedC) become more rigidD) been abandoned8.The passage indicates that the population of the United States is _.A) becoming more homogeneousB) decreasing in sizeC) increasingly multiculturalD) declining9.The author uses the word “trend” to describe the _.A) increasing number of studentsB) growing diversity in societyC) decline of traditional universitiesD) changing demographics10.The author suggests that the shift in demographics has_on universities.A) had no impactB) caused problemsC) had a significant impactD) been unnoticed11.The word “inclusive” in the third paragraph can be best replaced by _.A) exclusiveB) diverseC) variedD) broad12.The author mentions that the diversity of students has led to _.A) a more homogeneous curriculumB) a more diverse curriculumC) a more restrictive curriculumD) a more exclusive curriculum13.The author implies that the teaching methods used in universities are _.A) being updatedB) becoming outdatedC) becoming more standardizedD) becoming more traditional14.The passage indicates that the population of the United States is _.A) becoming more homogeneousB) decreasing in sizeC) increasingly multiculturalD) declining15.The author suggests that the shift in demographics has_on universities.A) had no impactB) caused problemsC) had a significant impactD) been unnoticed16.The author uses the word “trend” to describe the _.A) increasing number of studentsB) growing diversity in societyC) decline of traditional universitiesD) changing demographics17.The passage indicates that the population of the United States is _.A) becoming more homogeneousB) decreasing in sizeC) increasingly multiculturalD) declining18.The author suggests that the shift in demographics has_on universities.A) had no impactB) caused problemsC) had a significant impactD) been unnoticed19.The author uses the word “trend” to describe the _.A) increasing number of studentsB) growing diversity in societyC) decline of traditional universitiesD) changing demographics20.The author implies that the teaching methods used in universities are _.A) being updatedB) becoming outdatedC) becoming more standardizedD) becoming more traditionalAnswers:1.B) background2.B) student3.C) diverse4.D) various backgrounds5.C) adapting6.B) become more diverse7.A) changed8.C) increasingly multicultural9.B) growing diversity in society10.C) had a significant impact11.B) diverse12.B) a more diverse curriculum13.A) being updated14.C) increasingly multicultural15.C) had a significant impact16.B) growing diversity in society17.C) increasingly multicultural18.C) had a significant impact19.B) growing diversity in society20.A) being updated二、传统阅读理解（本部分有4大题，每大题10分，共40分）第一题Passage:The digital age has brought about significant changes in the way we communicate, work, and live. With the advent of the internet, social media, andvarious digital devices, our lives have become more connected than ever before. However, this digital revolution has also raised concerns about the impact it has on our mental health. One of the most prevalent issues is the rise in social isolation and loneliness, particularly among young adults.A recent study conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health found that young adults are more likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety compared to previous generations. The study attributes this to the excessive use of digital devices and social media, which can lead to a lack of face-to-face interaction and a decline in social skills. According to the study, young adults who spend more time on social media are more likely to report feelings of loneliness and social isolation.The study also highlights the negative effects of social isolation on mental health. Social isolation has been linked to an increased risk of depression, anxiety, and even cardiovascular disease. Moreover, individuals who feel socially isolated may experience a decline in their overall well-being and quality of life.To address these concerns, experts recommend several strategies to mitigate the negative effects of social isolation in the digital age. Firstly, they emphasize the importance of maintaining a healthy balance between digital and face-to-face interactions. This means reducing the amount of time spent on digital devices and making an effort to engage in real-life social activities. Secondly, experts suggest that individuals should be more mindful of theironline behavior and avoid excessive use of social media, especially during stressful or challenging times. Lastly, building a strong support network of friends, family, and community can help combat feelings of social isolation.The digital age has undoubtedly brought numerous benefits, but it is crucial to be aware of the potential negative effects it can have on our mental health. By adopting healthy habits and being proactive in fostering social connections, we can better navigate this digital landscape and maintain our mentalwell-being.Questions:1、What is the main topic of the passage?A. The benefits of the digital ageB. The negative effects of social isolationC. The role of social media in mental healthD. The importance of maintaining a healthy balance between digital and face-to-face interactions2、According to the passage, what is the primary cause of the rise in social isolation and loneliness among young adults?A. Excessive use of digital devices and social mediaB. The decline in social skillsC. The negative effects of social isolation on mental healthD. A lack of face-to-face interaction3、What are the negative effects of social isolation on mental health,according to the passage?A. Increased risk of depression and anxietyB. A decline in overall well-being and quality of lifeC. Cardiovascular diseaseD. All of the above4、What strategies are recommended by experts to mitigate the negative effects of social isolation in the digital age?A. Reducing the amount of time spent on digital devicesB. Engaging in real-life social activitiesC. Being more mindful of online behaviorD. Building a strong support networkE. All of the above5、What is the main message of the passage?A. The digital age has brought about significant changes in the way we communicate, work, and live.B. Social isolation and loneliness are prevalent issues in the digital age.C. The negative effects of social isolation on mental health are significant.D. By adopting healthy habits and fostering social connections, we can maintain our mental well-being.Answers:1、B2、A3、D4、E5、D第二题Reading PassageThe following passage is followed by some questions. For each question, four answers are given. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question.In the 19th century, the development of the steam engine and the expansion of the railway network revolutionized transportation and industry. The steam engine, invented by James Watt in the late 18th century, provided a powerful source of energy that could be harnessed to drive machinery and power locomotives. This innovation led to the Industrial Revolution, which transformed societies and economies across the world.The steam engine was a remarkable piece of engineering, as it converted heat energy into mechanical work. The engine worked by using steam pressure to move a piston, which in turn drove the machinery. The invention of the steam engine had a profound impact on various sectors of society, including agriculture, mining, and manufacturing.1.What was the primary innovation of James Watt in the late 18th century?A. The steam engineB. The railway networkC. The steam turbineD. The internal combustion engine2.What was the main purpose of the steam engine?A. To generate electricityB. To power locomotivesC. To heat homesD. To produce steam3.How did the steam engine work?A. By using wind pressure to move a turbineB. By using steam pressure to move a pistonC. By using hydraulic pressure to move a pumpD. By using nuclear energy to create steam4.What was the most significant impact of the steam engine on society?A. It improved agricultural productivityB. It led to the development of new forms of transportationC. It increased the availability of clean waterD. It reduced the need for manual labor5.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a sector of society affected by the steam engine?A. AgricultureB. EducationC. MiningD. ManufacturingAnswers:1.A. The steam engine2.B. To power locomotives3.B. By using steam pressure to move a piston4.B. It led to the development of new forms of transportation5.B. EducationThird Question: Traditional Reading ComprehensionReading Passage:In the heart of the Amazon rainforest, scientists have discovered a previously unknown species of frog, which they have named “Callimico mexicanus.” This frog, with its iridescent green skin and distinctive call, has been a mystery to biologists for decades. The discovery of this species has sparkeda new wave of research into the biodiversity of the Amazon and the potential impact of climate change on its delicate ecosystem.The Amazon rainforest is one of the most complex and diverse ecosystems on Earth, home to thousands of plant and animal species. However, human activities, such as deforestation and pollution, have put immense pressure on this vital ecosystem. The new species of frog, with its unique characteristics, could provide valuable insights into the health of the Amazon’s biodiversity.1.The main purpose of this passage is to:a) Describe the discovery of a new species of frog.b) Discuss the impact of climate change on the Amazon rainforest.c) Analyze the biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest.d) Explain the role of humans in the conservation of the Amazon rainforest.2.The word “iridescent” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to:a) Transparentb) Varying in colorc) Hardd) Smaller3.The author mentions “thousands of plant and animal species” to:a) Emphasize the diversity of the Amazon rainforest.b) Highlight the new species of frog.c) Criticize the impact of human activities on the Amazon.d) Compare the Amazon rainforest to other ecosystems.4.It can be inferred from the passage that:a) The new species of frog is the most diverse species in the Amazon.b) The discovery of the new species has led to a significant reduction in deforestation.c) Scientists are studying the new species to understand the effects of climate change.d) The Amazon rainforest is not as important as other ecosystems.5.The author’s tone throughout the passage can be described as:a) Skepticalb) Excitedc) Boredd) IndifferentAnswers:1.b2.b3.a4.c5.b第四题Reading PassageIn the world of science, the greatest discoveries often come from unexpected sources. The case of the discovery of penicillin is no exception. This remarkable story begins with a curious incident involving a moldy bread and the observations of a young Scottish scientist named Alexander Fleming.One day, Alexander Fleming returned to his laboratory after a holiday, only to find that one of his cultures had become contaminated with a strange mold. Rather than discarding the culture, he decided to examine it further. He noticed that the mold was killing the bacteria in the culture. Intrigued, Fleming began to study the mold and its properties. He discovered that it produced a substance that had antibacterial properties. This substance, which he named penicillin, was the first antibiotic and would revolutionize the treatment of bacterial infections.1、What is the main topic of the reading passage?A、The discovery of penicillinB、The importance of scientific observationC、The history of antibioticsD、The life of Alexander Fleming2、Why did Alexander Fleming decide to examine the moldy bread culture?A、He wanted to discard it.B、He was interested in the mold’s antibacterial properties.C、He was on a holiday.D、He didn’t care about the contamination.3、What did Alexander Fleming discover about the mold?A、It was killing the bacteria in the culture.B、It was a common type of mold.C、It was the cause of the contamination.D、It was beneficial for bacterial growth.4、What is the significance of the discovery of penicillin?A、It showed that mold can kill bacteria.B、It helped to improve the quality of bread.C、It led to the development of new antibiotics.D、It helped to prevent contamination in laboratories.5、What is the name of the substance that Fleming named after discovering its antibacterial properties?A、MoldB、BacteriaC、PenicillinD、Antibiotic答案：1、A2、B3、A4、D5、C三、阅读理解新题型（10分）PassageThe rise of the Internet has dramatically transformed the way people communicate and access information. One of the most significant changes brought about by the Internet is the emergence of online social networks. These networks allow individuals to connect with others, share information, and collaborate on various projects. However, this transformation has also raised concerns about the impact on face-to-face interactions and the potential risks associated with online communication.Online social networks offer numerous benefits. They provide a platform for people to maintain and strengthen existing relationships, as well as toestablish new connections with like-minded individuals. Moreover, these networks enable users to access a wealth of information, resources, and opportunities. For instance, students can join online study groups, professionals can network with peers in their field, and job seekers can find employment opportunities.Despite these benefits, there are potential drawbacks to online social networks. One major concern is the decline in face-to-face interactions. As people become more reliant on digital communication, they may find themselves less inclined to engage in face-to-face conversations, which can hinder the development of interpersonal skills. Additionally, online social networks can expose individuals to various risks, such as cyberbullying, privacy breaches, and identity theft.Online social networks also have the potential to impact mental health. Excessive use of these networks can lead to social isolation, anxiety, and depression. The constant comparison with others’ seemingly perfect lives on social media can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. Furthermore, the rapid spread of false information and misinformation on these platforms can contribute to confusion, polarization, and even violence in society.In order to mitigate the potential negative impacts of online social networks, it is essential to strike a balance between digital and face-to-face interactions. Individuals should be encouraged to maintain and nurture their relationships both online and offline. Additionally, efforts should be made toeducate users about the risks associated with online communication and to promote responsible use of social media platforms.Questions:1.What is the main topic of the passage?A. The benefits of online social networksB. The risks associated with online social networksC. The impact of online social networks on mental healthD. The balance between digital and face-to-face interactions2.According to the passage, which of the following is a potential benefit of online social networks?A. Decrease in face-to-face interactionsB. Improved access to information and resourcesC. Increased risk of cyberbullyingD. Decline in mental health3.What is one concern raised by the passage regarding the decline in face-to-face interactions?A. The loss of interpersonal skillsB. The reduction in access to informationC. The increase in social isolationD. The enhancement of privacy4.How can individuals mitigate the potential negative impacts of online social networks?A. By reducing their usage of social media platformsB. By maintaining and nurturing their relationships both online and offlineC. By avoiding online communication altogetherD. By seeking professional help for mental health issues5.What is the author’s main suggestion to address the risks associated with online social networks?A. To ban the use of social media platformsB. To promote responsible use of social mediaC. To encourage face-to-face interactions onlyD. To limit access to social media for young peopleAnswers:1.B2.B3.A4.B5.B四、翻译（本大题有5小题，每小题2分，共10分）第一题中文：“随着互联网的普及，网络信息已经成为人们获取知识、学习新技能的重要途径。
笔译练习题
笔译练习题一、词汇翻译1. 请将下列英文单词翻译成中文：- Translation- Context- Idiom- Coherence- Register2. 请将下列中文词汇翻译成英文：- 笔译- 口译- 翻译技巧- 文化差异- 语言风格二、句子翻译1. 翻译以下英文句子到中文：- "The art of translation is not only about finding theright words, but also about conveying the right tone."- "In the process of translation, cultural nuances play a significant role."2. 翻译以下中文句子到英文：- “翻译不仅仅是找到正确的词汇，更重要的是传达正确的语调。
” - “在翻译过程中，文化细微差别起着重要作用。
”三、段落翻译1. 将下列英文段落翻译成中文："In the realm of translation, the translator must be adept at not only linguistic skills but also cultural competence. A good translator should be able to capture the essence of the original text while also making it accessible to the target audience."2. 将下列中文段落翻译成英文：“在翻译领域，翻译者不仅要精通语言技能，还要具备文化能力。
一个好的翻译者应该能够捕捉原文的精髓，同时使其对目标受众易于理解。
”四、翻译技巧分析1. 阅读以下英文段落，并分析翻译者可能如何平衡原文的直译与意译： "The phrase 'a picture is worth a thousand words' is a testament to the power of visual communication. It suggests that an image can convey complex ideas and emotions with a simplicity that words alone cannot achieve."2. 阅读以下中文段落，并分析翻译者在处理文化特定表达时可能采取的策略：“成语‘画龙点睛’形象地说明了在创作中添加关键一笔的重要性，它强调了细节在整体效果中的作用。
23考研英语二阅读译文
23考研英语二阅读译文With the approaching of the 2023 postgraduate entrance examination, the English Section II reading comprehension has become a focal point for many candidates. Given its significance in the overall score, mastering the skills of translating and comprehending the passages is crucial. This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the reading translation techniques and offer effective preparation strategies for the upcoming exam.**Understanding the Structure and Content of the Reading Passages**The English Section II reading passages are typically diverse, covering a range of topics such as science, technology, economy, society, and culture. To approachthese passages effectively, candidates need to have a solid understanding of the basic structure of an academic article, which typically consists of an introduction, main body, and conclusion. By identifying the main ideas and supporting details in each section, candidates can better comprehendthe overall content and arguments presented in the passages.**Translation Techniques for Reading Comprehension**Translation is a crucial skill in reading comprehension, as it helps candidates bridge the language gap and gain a deeper understanding of the passages. When translating, candidates should focus on maintaining the original meaning and tone of the text while adapting it to the target language. Here are some key translation techniques to consider:1. **Word-for-Word Translation**: For technical termsor specific phrases, a direct word-for-word translation may be necessary to maintain the accuracy of the information. However, candidates should be careful not to overuse this technique, as it can sometimes lead to awkward or grammatically incorrect translations. 2. **Paraphrasing**: Paraphrasing involves restating a phrase or sentence in a different way while maintaining its original meaning. This technique is particularly useful when dealing with complex sentences or abstract concepts that may be difficult to translate directly. 3. **Contextual Understanding**: Understanding the context of a passage is crucial for accurate translation. Candidates should analyze therelationships between words, phrases, and sentences toinfer their intended meanings within the overall context of the article.**Preparation Strategies for the Reading Section**1. **Regular Practice**: Consistent practice is key to improving reading comprehension skills. Candidates should regularly read English articles, especially those related to the topics covered in the exam, to familiarize themselves with the language and content.2. **Vocabulary Building**: A rich vocabulary is essential for effective reading comprehension. Candidates should focus on learning and reviewing key vocabulary related to the exam topics to ensure they are prepared to handle any vocabulary challenges in the reading passages.3. **Time Management**: Managing time effectively is crucial during the exam. Candidates should practice timed reading exercises to familiarize themselves with the pace and volume of reading required for the exam.4. **Review and Reflection**: After completing reading exercises, candidates should reviewtheir answers and identify any areas where they struggled.Reflecting on these challenges and seeking ways to improve can help candidates prepare better for the actual exam.In conclusion, mastering the skills of translating and comprehending the reading passages in the English Section II of the 2023 postgraduate entrance examination requires a combination of understanding the structure and content of the passages, applying translation techniques, and implementing effective preparation strategies. By consistently practicing and refining their skills, candidates can increase their chances of success in this important section of the exam.。
英语论文提纲范文
Idiom Translation under the Chineseand English CulturesClass XXX Number XXX Name XXXAbstract:Nida, a famous translator, says, "For truly successful translation, it is much more important to familiarize two cultures than master two languages, because words are assigned meanings in its particular cultures."(Background information) This is to say, translation is closely related with not only languages but also cultures. Studies of the cultural distinction in idiom translation are still relatively weak in the field of translation in China. Exclusive research on the translation of Chinese and English idioms is still incomplete.In the last twenty years, idiom translation has mostly emphasized the level of inter-lingual communication, but cultural differences were rarely involved in it.(Identify problem)This thesis analyses the cultural differences in Chinese and English idioms, then studies English-Chinese\Chinese-English idiom translation methods(Research subject)from the angle of culture(Method)and points out some warnings concerning idiom translation: pay attention to context and choose the right version in line with the style and meaning of the original passage(Results); culture is a whole way of life, when new culture emerges, new idioms also appear, therefore idiom translation should develop with the time.(Conclusion)Key Words: idioms; culture; translation论英汉文化背景下的习语翻译摘要:著名翻译学家奈达指出:“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意义。
《翻译(一)》题库及答案
《翻译(一)》题库及答案I. Please translate the following phrases and the underlined part in each sentence.1.break the record2.armed to the teeth3.sour grapes4.a gentleman’s agreement5.open door policy6.the cold war7.soft voice 8.soft fire9. The poor account for the overwhelming majority of the rural population.10. He is ill, that accounts for his absence.11. In this battle he accounted for five of the enemy.12. I want you to account for every cent you spent.13. soft breeze 14. soft water15. If the stove isn’t made up, it will go out.16. There isn’t any girl called Clementine. He’s just made her up.17. Half the roads in the region are still to be made up.18. They made up a bed on the sofa for the unexpected visitor.19. soft water20. soft hat21. It is not right for children to sit up late.22. The plane was right above our heads.23. In the negative, right and left， and black and white are reversed.24. She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.II. Translate the following sentences according to the instructions in brackets.1.“It will make a man of him,” said Jack. “College is the place.”（黑体名词前加形容词）2.It is our duty to rebuild and defend our home-land.(重复黑体词)3.The questions were evidently unexpected to the slow-witted spokesman, who instantly found himselftongue-tied.（用四字词组表达黑体词）4.I was not evasive in my reply.（用四字重又叠词组表达黑体词）5.Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.（省略黑体代词）6.They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.(用一句子表达黑体词)7.On the walk through the city they saw a grand hotel.(名词转译动词)8.He is a regular visitor.（名词转译动词）9.He is a perfect stranger in the city.(名词转译形容词)10.This is sheer nonsense. (形容词转译副词)11.The garden-party is a great success(名词转译形容词)12.The sun rose thinly from the sea.(副词转译形容词)13.“This is grasping at straws, I know”, said the helpless man.(黑体词前加形容词)14. Now and then his boots shone.（黑体词前加副词）15.He began to see things and to understand.（黑体词后加名词）16.He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair.（黑体词前加名词）17.Very acute problems exist among them.（黑体名词前加表复数的词）18.We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.（重复黑体的名词）19.We are quite sure that the socialist system will replace the capitalist system in the end.(形容词转译动词)20. When he went back, the radio was still on.（介词转译动词）21.They are going to build a school for the blind and the deaf.（形容词转译名词）22. We found difficulty in solving the complicated problem.（名词转译形容词）23. We place the highest value on our friendly relations with developing countries.（形容词转译副词）24. He was deeply impressed by what they did in the critical moment.（副词转译形容词）III. Translate the following passages.AIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity: it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair.BPanshan Mountain, located in Jixian, is heavily covered with trees, streams, strange rocks, fountains and falls. It’s called “the First Mountain east to the Capital”. It has the scenery of the garden in the south of the Changjiang River.CBlessed with excellent transportation facilities, it takes only ten minutes by car to get to the renowned scenic spot named Splendid China from Luomazhou Post. The spot is easy of access both by CTS direct tourist coach between Hong Kong and Shenzhen and by bus or light bus through Shen-Nan Highway, Guang-Shen Highway and Beihuan Freeway.DHow Fast One Travels in 2000The earth also seems smaller because travel is now very quick. In 1850 we could travel as fast as a horse. In 1950 our planes could fly at one thousand miles an hour (1,000 m.p.h.). In 1970 we can fly at 25,000 m.p.h. Who knows how fast we shall be traveling in the year 2000?IV. Translate the following article.AI used to travel by air a great deal when I was a boy. My parents used to live in South America and I used to fly there from Europe in the holidays. A flight attendant would take charge of me and I never had an unpleasant experience. I am used to traveling by air and only on one occasion have I ever felt frightened. After taking off, we were flying low over the city and slowly gaining height, when the plane suddenly turned round and flew back to the airport. While we were waiting to land, a flight attendant told us to keep calm and to get off the plane quietly as soon as it had touched down. Everybody on board was worried and we were curious to find out what had happened. Later we learnt that there was a very important person on board. The police had been told that a bomb had been planted on the plane. After we had landed, the plane was searched thoroughly. Fortunately, nothing was found and five hours later we were able to take off again.BWhen you visit London, one of the first things you will see is Big Ben, the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C. If the House of Parliament had not been burned down, it would never have been erected. Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built. It is not only of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well. Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day. On the B.B.C you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower. Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. Once, however, it failed to give the correct time. A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down.CDreams of finding lost treasure almost came true recently. A new machine called “The Revealer”has been invented and it has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground. The machine was used in a cave near the seashore where—it is said—pirates used to hide gold. The pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it. Armed with the new machine, a search party went into the cave hoping to find buried treasure. The leader of the party was examining the soil near the entrance to the cave when the machine showed that there was gold under the ground. Very excited, the party dug a hole two feet deep. They finally found a small gold coin which was almost worthless. The party searched the whole cave thoroughly but did not find anything except an empty tin trunk. In spite of this, many people are confident that “The Revealer” may reveal something of value fairly soon.DWhen he had killed the guard, the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes. Working rapidly in the darkness, he soon changed into the dead man’s clothes. Now, dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the Prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp. He could hear shouting in the camp itself. Lights were blazing and men were running here and there: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped. At that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it stopped at the camp gates. The officers got out and the prisoner stood to attention and saluted as they passed. When they had gone, the driver of the car came towards him. The man obviously wanted to talk. He was rather elderly with grey hair and clear blue eyes. The prisoner felt sorry for him. But there was nothing else he could do. As the man came near, the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow. Then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he could.《翻译(一)》作业参考答案I.1.打破记录2.武装到牙齿3.酸葡萄4.君子协定5.开放政策6.冷战7.低声8.文火9.占 10.原因 11.消灭 12.交待清楚13.和风 14.软水 15.添煤 16.捏造17.修好 18.收拾一下 19.软水 20.呢帽21.好 22.正好 23.右 24.申冤。
纽马克翻译理论简介
Peter Newmark?(1916–2011) was an?English?professor?of?translation?at the?University of Surrey.[1][edit]BiographyHe was one of the main figures in the founding of?Translation Studies?in the English-speaking world from the 1980s.LifeNida was born in?Oklahoma City,?Oklahoma?on November 11, 1914. He became a Christian at a young age, when he responded to the altar call at his church “to accept Christ as my Saviour.”[2]He graduated summa cum laude from the?University of California?in 1936. After graduating he attended Camp Wycliffe, where Bible translation theory was taught. He ministered for a short time among the Tarahumara Indians in Chihuahua, Mexico, until health problems due to an inadequate diet and the high altitude forced him to leave. Sometime in this period, Nida became a founding charter member of?Wycliffe Bible Translators, a sister organization of the?Summer Institute of Linguistics.In 1937, Nida undertook studies at the?University of Southern California, where he obtained a Master’s Degree in New Testament Greek in 1939. In that same year, Eugene Nida became interim pastor of Calvary Church of?Santa Ana, California, after the founding pastor resigned in 1939.[3]?In spite of his conservative background, in later years Nida became increasingly ecumenical and New Evangelical in his approach.[4]In 1943, Nida received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the?University of Michigan, he was ordained as a Baptist minister, and he married Althea Lucille Sprague. The couple remained married until Althea Sprague Nida's death in 1993. In 1997, Nida married Dr. María Elena Fernandez-Miranda, a lawyer and diplomatic attache.Nida retired in the early 1980s, although he kept on giving lectures in universities all around the world, and lived in Madrid, Spain and?Brussels,?Belgium. He died in Madrid on August 25, 2011 aged 96.[5][edit]CareerIn 1943, Nida began his career as a?linguist?with the?American Bible Society?(ABS). He was quickly promoted to Associate Secretary for Versions, then worked as Executive Secretary for Translations until his retirement.Nida was instrumental in engineering the joint effort between the?Vatican?and the?United Bible Societies?(UBS) to produce cross-denominational Bibles in translations across the globe. This work began in 1968 and was carried on in accordance with Nida's translation principle of Functional Equivalence.[edit]TheoriesNida has been a pioneer in the fields of?translation theory?and?linguistics.His Ph.D. dissertation,?A Synopsis of English Syntax, was the first full-scale analysis of a major language according to the "immediate-constituent" theory. His most notable contribution to translation theory is Dynamic Equivalence, also known as Functional Equivalence. For more information, see "Dynamic and formal equivalence." Nida also developed the "componential-analysis" technique, which split words into their components to help determine equivalence in translation (e.g."bachelor" = male + unmarried). This is, perhaps, not the best example of the technique, though it is the most well-known.Nida's dynamic-equivalence theory is often held in opposition to the views of?philologists?who maintain that an understanding of the?source text?(ST) can be achieved by assessing the inter-animation of words on the page, and that meaning is self-contained within the text (i.e. much more focused on achieving semantic equivalence).This theory, along with other theories of correspondence in translating, are elaborated in his essay?Principles of Correspondence,[6]?where Nida begins by asserting that given that “no two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences, it stands to reason that there can be no absolute correspondence between languages. Hence, there can be no fully exact translations.”?[7]?While the impact of a translation may be close to the original, there can be no identity in detail.Nida then sets forth the differences in translation, as he would account for it, within three basic factors: (1) The nature of the message: in some messages the content is of primary consideration, and in others the form must be given a higher priority.(2) The purpose of the author and of the translator: to give information on both form and content; to aim at full intelligibility of the reader so he/she may understand the full implications of the message; for imperative purposes that aim at not just understanding the translation but also at ensuring no misunderstanding of the translation. (3) The type of audience: prospective audiences differ both in?decoding?ability and in potential interest.Nida brings in the reminder that while there are no such things as “identical?equivalents” in translating, what one must in translating seek to do is find the “closest natural equivalent”. Here he identifies two basic orientations in translating based on two different types of equivalence: Formal Equivalence (F-E) and Dynamic Equivalence (D-E).F-E focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. Such translations then would be concerned with such?correspondences?as?poetry?to poetry,?sentence?to sentence, and?concept?to concept. Such a formal orientation that typifies this type of structural equivalence is called a “gloss translation” in which the translator aims at reproducing as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original.The principles governing an F-E translation would then be: reproduction of grammatical units; consistency in word usage; and meanings in terms of the source?context.D-E on the other hand aims at complete “naturalness” of expression. A D-E translation is directed primarily towards equivalence of response rather than equivalence of form. The relationship between the target language?receptor?and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original (source language) receptors and the message.The principles governing a D-E translation then would be:?conformance?of atranslation to the receptor?language?and?culture?as a whole; and the translation must be in accordance with the context of the message which involves the?stylisticselection and arrangement of message constituents.Nida and Venuti have proved that?translation studies?is a much more complex discipline than may first appear, with the translator having to look beyond the text itself to deconstruct on an intra-textual level and decode on a referential level —assessing culture-specific items,?idiom?and figurative language to achieve an understanding of the?source text?and embark upon creating a translation which not only transfers what words mean in a given context, but also recreates the impact of the original text within the limits of the translator's own language system (linked to this topic:?George Steiner, the Hermeneutic Motion, pragmatics, field, tenor, mode and the?locutionary,?illocutionary?and?perlocutionary). For example, a statement that Jesus "met" someone must be carefully translated into a language which distinguishes between "met for the first time", "met habitually" and simple "met". Nida was once criticised for a controversial change in the?Revised Standard Version?Bible translation regarding the removal of the word "virgin" from Isaiah 7:14.[8]?However, as Peter Thuesen's book?In Discordance with the Scriptures?points out, Nida was not actually a committee member for that project.[9]彼得?纽马克是英国著名的翻译理论家和翻译教育家。
Idiom Translation from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence
目的决定方法——功能翻译理论对翻译实践的启示Research on Idiom Translation from the Perspective of Functional EquivalenceI. IntroductionAn idiom is an expression which may be a word or a phrase that has figurative meaning―its implication, and idioms are heavily cultural-loaded. With their unique and strong linguistic and cultural features, they have long been considered as one of the most difficult parts in translation. An idiom consists of at least two words, of which the structure is usually stable and the meaning is unpredictable from its formation, that is, its true meaning is different from its literal meaning. Idioms reflect the environment, life, history, and culture of the native speakers, and are closely associated with their innermost spirit and feeling. So the translation of idioms is not easy. Before the idioms are translated, it is important to understand the profound culture connotation of them,that is,they are closely related to their culture origins.Its translation requires not only to convey the meaning,but also to win the acceptance of the target readers. There are many strategies employed in idioms translation, such as literal translation, literal translation plus annotations, communicative translation, free translation, combination of literal translation and free translation and so on. Idiom translation is the process of information conversion, this process reflects equivalent principle―equal content, equal form, equal style. But there are many differences between English and Chinese when idiom being translated. So it is hard to reach absolute equality.II. An Overview of Functional Equivalence2.1 The Origin of Functional EquivalenceThe concept of functional adequacy in translating has been described in a number of books and articles as “dynamic equivalence.” In Toward a Science of Translating (Nida 1964) dynamic equivalence has been treated in terms of the“closest natural equivalent,”but the term“dynamic”has been misunderstood by some people as referring only to something which has impact. Accordingly, many individuals have been led to think that if a translation has considerable impact then it must be a correct example of dynamic equivalence. Because of this misunderstanding and in order to emphasize the concept of function,it has seemed much more satisfactory to use the expression“functional equivalence” in describing the degrees of adequacy of a translation.Functional Equivalence Theory is advanced by Eugene A.Nida, the main founder of modern translation theorist. Concentrating on what a translation does or performs, the introduction of the idea of “functional equivalence”provides a sound basis for talking about translation as a form of intercultural communication. In comparison with many other theories, Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory has been widely accepted in translation.2.2 The Development of Functional EquivalenceFunctional Equivalence was initiatively developed from “Dynamic Equivalence”, which has been widely and successfully adopted in Bible translation since the 1950s. In 1970, Nida was appointed Translators Research Coordinator in the United Bible Society(UBS).Most of new versions of Bible all follow principles of “dynamic equivalence” put forward by Nida. With the successful organization of several versions of the Bible translation, many scholars agree that “Dynamic Equivalence can be applied to guide general translation practice as well. Undoubtedly, the value of “Dynamic Equivalence” is not limited in Bible translation only. In Nida’s study of translation theory, the essential idea of “dynamic equivalence”,together with“formal equivalence”,is distinguished in his book Toward a science of Translation. But, he didn’t give a clear definition of “dynamic equivalence” until 1969.In From one Language to Another (1986), the expression “dynamic equivalence” is superseded by “functional equivalence”. But essentially there is not much difference between the two concepts. The substitution of“functional equivalence”is just to stress the concept of function and to avoid the confusion about the term “dynamic”, which is mistaken by some people as impact. What’s more, as Nida classifies the functions of the language into nine types, that is, expressive function, cognitive function, interpersonal function, informative function, imperative function, performative function, emotive function, aesthetic function and metalingual function, he hopes to emphasize the “communicative function” of translation by adopting “functional equivalence”.2.3 The Nucleus of Functional EquivalenceIn the Functional Equivalence Theory, Nida puts the “Receptor’s Response” as the nucleus of the Functional Equivalence. It is easy to find that Nida pays great attention to the receptor’s response, which has been ignored by earlier theorists. This is certainly a vital contribution in the translation history for it is helpful to settle the dispute between literal translation and free translation.According to Nida’s theory, the concept of translating shift from “the form of the message” to “the response of the receptor”. As a matter of fact, “the receptor’s response” serves as a vital measurement for the success in translating. An adequate translation should make sure that audience in the target language community respond in the similar way as those in the source language community. That is to say, the critic should judge a translation not by the verbal correspondence between the two texts, but by the way that source language and target language receptors’ responce.2.4 The Significant Role of Functional Equivalence in Cross-Cultural TranslationA word in one language is successfully translated into another word in another culture and language, then the response of target language readers may be the same as that of source language readers. The study of translation theory has gone through a long journey. Many scholars believe that a qualified translator should be not only bilingual, but also bi-cultural, and only in this way, can produce a good translation.Nida,a most authoritative translation theorist and practitioner,also attaches much importance to cultural effect on translation.Since language is a part of culture,translating from one language into another cannot be done satisfactorily without adequate knowledge of the two cultures involved. In the research of translation, Nida has become aware of the great importance of cultural factorial translating. He holds that the cultural factors in translating are more significant than the pure linguistic differences. In his view, the most serious mistakes in translating are usually made not because of verbal inadequacy, but of wrong cultural assumptions. It can be illustrated in the idiom translation. SL idioms are often found to be lively in the SL culture,but hardly understandable,if translated literally,because TL readers’cultural background, which differs by varying degrees from that of SL readers, often becomes a misleading factor.Therefore, “for truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingually, since words only have meaning in terms of the cultures in which they function.” That is, “Only by being in the countries in which a foreign language is spoken can one acquire the necessary sensitivity to the many special words and phrases.” Cultural differences have brought many difficulties to translation, and only by cultural adjustments and modifications,can we successfully reach the goal of“functional equivalence”,or go near to its requirements.That is also the close connection between the two important aspects—functional equivalence and cultural factors in Nida’s views on translation.Ⅲ. An Introduction of English and Chinese Idioms3.1 The Definition and Classification of Idioms“An idiom is a set phrase of two or more words that means something different from the literal meaning of the individual words.” Generally speaking, idioms cover set phrases and short sentences, which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native culture and ideas. In most cases, the meaning of idiomatic expressions cannot be deduced from the literal definitions and the arrangement of its parts, but refer to a figurative meaning that is known only through conventional use. Strictly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.In a broad sense,idioms may include colloquialisms,catchphrases,slang expressions, proverbs, etc.Idioms can be classified into five kinds according to their grammatical functions.1. Idioms nominal in nature: they have a noun as the key word and function as nouns in a sentence. For example, “White elephant” refers to something useless and unwanted but big and costly.2. Idioms adjectival in nature: they function as adjectives in a sentence but the constituents are not necessarily adjectives. For example, “Sick as a dog” means seriously ill; “Cut and dried” means already set and unlikely to be changed.3.Idioms verbal in nature:they function as verbs in a sentence. And they are the largest group, including: (a) the phrasal verbs that are idioms composed of a verb plus a preposition and /or a particle. For example, “To look into”: investigate. (b) Verb phrases-the phrases that serve as verb. For example,“To make it” means “To arrive in time or succeed”.4. Idioms adverbial in nature: they function as adverbials in a sentence. For example, “With flying colors”means to fulfill something successfully.5. Sentence idioms: such idioms are mainly in complete sentential form. They are usually proverbs or sayings including colloquialisms and catchphrases.The difficulty in using idiom lies first in the difficulty of grasping the elusive and figurative meaning, of determining the grammatical functions of idioms. So it’s necessary to learn about the different types of idioms and their grammatical functions.3.2 The Origin of IdiomsAccording to the research,cultural differences that can be reflected by the idioms usually include geographical conditions, historical events, religious belief, etc. Culture has a large field and it is an important system. As a component of culture, idiom reflects colorful cultural phenomenon of a nation. 3.2.1 Geographical ConditionsEvery nation has its specific geographical environment, which differs from one nation to the other. The factor of geographical conditions plays an important role in the production of the idioms, for many idioms are born to it.As far as we know, Britain is a sea sailing country, which as a matter of fact has a lot of idioms containing words concerning the sea. For example, “rest on one’s oars”(暂时歇一歇), “keep one’s head above water”(奋力图存), “sink or swim”(不知好歹), “go with the stream” (随波逐流), etc. Obviously, we can hardly find any equivalent figurative idioms in Chinese for those idioms.It is because of the distinctive geographical condition between these two nations. Different from Britain, China has long been a large agricultural country, and an overwhelming majority of the people lives in the rural area. In the translation of English figurative idioms, geographical conditions should be taken into consideration. For example, we translate “spend money like water” into “挥金如土”, “spring up like mushroom” into “雨后春笋”.“To drink like a fish”, frankly speaking, this idiom is illogical. The purpose for the fish to open its mouth inthe water is to take in air rather than to drink water. Apparently,this idiom is the result of the misunderstanding by English ancestors of the surrounding. So, when the idiom comes to be translated, it isn’t suitable for us to translate it into “像鱼一样喝水”. In Chinese, there are certain words to indicate someone that is good at drinking, that is “牛饮”. Owing to the geographical condition, Chinese people have a close contact with the cattle for this animal helps the Chinese to work in the field through history. Many Chinese words are associated with the cattle. While English people say “work like a horse” as they use horse to plow in the early time, Chinese say “像老黄牛一样干活”.3.2.2 Historical EventsBeing the precious treasure of the nation, historical events certainly take on the national and traditional characteristics, in the mean time, are a reflection of the profound cultural specialties. A large number of English idioms originate from the legends and myths, historical events or literary works, which have simple structures but rich meanings.There are a lot of English idioms coming from certain legends and myths. Idioms like “to cry wolf” (狼来了--发假警报), “sour grapes” (酸葡萄--得不到而佯称不好, “cat’s paw” (猫爪子--被人利用做冒险或厌恶事情的人), “to pull the chestnuts out of the fire” (火中取栗--替人冒险) all come from Aesop’ Fables. Idiom “rain cats and dogs” stems from the San Dinavia myths. It is said that the wizards taking charge of the rain and wind. Thus, it is not difficult to understand why the Chinese translation for “rain cats and dogs”is “倾盆大雨”.Some idioms, such as, “to meet one’s waterloo” (遭遇滑铁卢--毁灭性打击), “to eat the crow” (吃下乌鸦--忍辱负重), “Columbus’ egg” (哥伦布竖鸡蛋--万事开头难), “Dunkrik evacuation” (敦刻尔克大撤退--溃退) come from the true historical events. Thus, an awareness of the history is of significance in translating these idioms. Let’s take “Hobson’s choice” as an example. Hobson was a famous boss of a post for renting horses in 16th century of England. He rented his horse in fixed order, so people could not choose the horses they liked but accepted the one offered, even it was an inferior one, otherwise they could get on horses at all. Thus, this idiom is now used to express the meaning of the choice between taking what one is offered and getting nothing at all. After the understanding of the allusion of this English idiom,we may translate it as“别无选择”.“To cross the Rubicon”is another example. As “Rubicon” is the name of a river in middle Italy, most Chinese people cannot understand the idiom. Caesar and Pompey were leaders of two military groups, which were separated by the river “Rubicon”. As only by crossing the river, could Caesar fight with Pompey, so whether cross the river or not was a decision that had to be made by Caesar and now people use “to cross the Rubicon” to express the meaning of making up one’s mind. Thus, this idiom should be translated as “断然处置” according to its allusion.Many English idioms come from famous literary works. For example, “to mind one’s eyes” comes from Dicken’s Barnaby Rudge, meaning “to be careful”; “catch 22” from American author Joseph Heller’s novel entitled Catch 22, meaning “in a dilemma”, “one’s pound of flesh” comes from the famous drama The Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare, meaning “the exact amount of anything that is owned to a person, esp. when this will cause the person who has to pay it back a great deal of trouble or pain”. 3.2.3 Habits and CustomsSocial customs is a habit of living style in one nation, involving all fields of the life. It is the distinctive social customs between China and Britain that result in the differing points in some of the idioms.Food and drinks are one common social customs that go into everyday life. Known to all, British prefer bread, butter, jam and cheese, so there are many English idioms concerning these daily food, for example, “earn one’s bread” (养家糊口), “butter up” (讨好), “big cheese” (大人物), “hard cheese” (倒霉),“have jam on it” (好上加好), etc. Although Chinese are food of rice, much different with British customs, and Chinese idiom “小菜一碟” has the same indication with the English idiom “a piece of cakes”, both of which describe an easy task. Thus, English idiom “bread and cheese” should be translated into “粗茶淡饭” rather than “面包和奶酪” in Chinese, and the correct translation for “take the bread out if someone’s mouth” is “抢走别人饭碗”.Figurative idioms “above the salt” and “below the salt” come from the old customs at feasts when salt was expensive and a symbol of high social status. Traditionally, seats above the salt were reserved for those important and powerful guests or relatives whereas seat below the salt are for those ordinary ones.Idiom translation is simplified after the understanding of the social customs.The correct translation for “above the salt” is “尊为上宾”, and for “below the salt” is “当陪客，无足轻重”.3.2.4 Religious BeliefReligious belief, as an ideological idea, all along penetrates into every aspect of the human society and nation life. It contributes to the development of language, as well.Religion being an essential part of peoples’ spiritual life, its influence on language is far and profound. In the language of both Chinese and English, there are plenty of idioms concerning the religious beliefs.In terms of religious belief, the Chinese people adore the Buddha while the westerners show their great respect to the God. Greatly influenced by Buddhism, Chinese have many relative idioms, such as, “借花献佛”, “临时抱佛脚”, “僧多粥少”, etc. At the same time, Christianity also has reflection in the English, which is one of the western languages, such as,God bless you. 愿上帝保佑你God forbids. 苍天不容God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助Man proposes, god disposes. 谋事在人，成事在天Many of the idioms can find origins in the Bible, the most classical work in the Christianity. As a missionary of religious thought, the Bible has been the absolute authority governing people’s value and thought. It is not the doctrine of Christianity, but also a book of great literary merit, rich in the source of culture and language. Idioms like “apple of one’s eyes” (掌上明珠), “feet of clay” (致命的弱点), “a Judas Kiss” (背叛行为), “apples of Sodom” (徒有虚表), “as poor as Job” (一贫如洗) all come from Bible.3.2.5 Mythological TalesFables, like religions, are also an outcome of the primitive society. The Primitive people invented the stories about mythical or supernatural beings and events, often employing as characters animals that speak and act like humans,to explain the natural phenomenon beyond their understanding.The ancients were fond of finding a hidden meaning in their mythological tales.Fables of a particular people are a mirror to reflect the trueborn ethical features. And they are more of the essence and embodiment of the way of thinking and moral values of an ethical group. They were mostly brought into being and spread in the spoken language. In modern English some ancient fables were later contracted into the idioms, some of whose sources include Greek and Roman mythology, Aesop’s fables.For example, “like an Apollo—美男子”, if you think a man is very handsome, you may say he is like an Apollo, to describe a young man of great physical beauty; “Pandora’s box—潘多拉的盒子”, this idiom stands for a source of unforeseen trouble, it is a box that Zeus gave to Pandora with instructions that she can’t open it, she gave in to her curiosity and opened it, all the miseries and evils flew out to afflict mankind.3.3 Cultural Flavor of IdiomsIdioms are the expressions in a language gradually developed in the populace’s physical life and widely accepted and used among a community of people. They are , in essence, the outcome of cultural growth and ethnical evolution. Idioms are, often colloquial metaphors—terms which require of users some foundational knowledge, information, or experience, to use only within a culture where parties must have common reference. As a specialized form of language, idiom will naturally reflect its culture even more profoundly and intensely than all other kinds of words. As idioms are typically localized in a culture, learning idioms well in a language will undoubtedly involve knowledge of its culture.IV. The Application of Functional Equivalence in the Translation of Idioms4.1 Corresponding IdiomsSome idioms in both Chinese and English have the same images and meanings, they can reflect the similarity of Chinese and Western countries. So we can translate these idioms equivalently, and realize functional equivalence of meaning. This is the most ideal state, and realizes the unity of contradiction. 4.1.1 Literal TranslationFirstly, let’s see some examples:to strike while the iron is hot: 趁热打铁go through fire and water: 赴汤蹈火to pour oil upon the flame: 火上浇油easy come, easy go: 来的容易，去的快All roads lead to Rome: 条条大路通罗马This kind of idioms are the best examples to convert cultures of different country, and it can easily been accepted by the target language readers. And they are the best state of idiom translation. We always try to find the best way to translate idiom, but we cannot really achieve the ideal state of idiom translation, because of the difference between different cultures. As it is said that, the best translation is not only to let readers know the meaning of source language, but also the culture that the language bears. So entire equivalence can both make readers know meaning of the idiom, and cultural knowledge that idiom converts.In brief, by adopting the method of literal translation, we can establish the equivalence of the four aspects:forms,meanings,styles,and images,thus achieving the highest degree of functional equivalence. To some degree, literal translation is a good and effective strategy to establish equivalent translation.4.1.2 BorrowingIdiom translation contains different metaphors, the literal method should be used to preserve the original flavors. But things are not always like this. Sometimes some English idioms happen to coincide with some Chinese Idioms in forms, contents, associations and meanings. In this case, we can adopt this method of borrowing. For example, the Chinese idiom “隔墙有耳” can be translated as the English idiom “walls have ears. Sometimes the metaphors in the Chinese idiom and the target English idiom are different but they share the same meaning, at this time borrowing can also be adopted. Sometimes, some Chinese idioms have no metaphors themselves, but the English ones that have similar meaning with them have. In this case, if the metaphors in the English idioms are simple and the national coloring is not so strong, we can also use the method of borrowing. For example, the Chinese idiom “少年老成”has no metaphor itself and it can be translated by borrowing “to have an old head on young shoulders”. Here, the intended meaning of the English idiom is “young but experienced” which coincides with the meaning of the Chinese idiom. The only difference is that the Chinese one doesn’t have the images“head” and “shoulder”. More examples of this type are listed below:惹是生非: to wake a sleep dog旁敲侧击: to beat about the bush摇摇欲坠: to hang by a thread不伦不类: to be neither fish nor flesh先下手为强: The early bird gets the wormWith the help of this technique, readers of the translated idioms can share the cultural information and psychological feelings equally or similarly to that of the readers of the original idiom.4.2 Semi-Corresponding IdiomsThere are some idioms that we can infer their meaning easily according to their literal meaning, and make people of source and target language, which have the same feeling towards these idioms.4.2.1 Literal Translation and AnnotationGood literal translation can help Chinese readers to acquire the cultural information of English idioms, but direct literal translation without any notes will make readers feel puzzled. As a result, cultural gaps will be produced. Literal translation with notes may supply further explanation to English idioms, such as backgrounds, figurative meanings, contexts and sources, which may strengthen the acceptability of English idioms and retain the original flavor of English idioms. For example:the Big Apple--if it is translated into 大苹果城, most readers still don’t know what it is. But if a note is added: 大苹果城(美国纽约市的绰号)，readers will understand it thoroughly.What’s more,they may acquire some new knowledge about this English idiom. English Allusion is a part of idiom, which has many splendid stories and origins. Literal translation with notes to translate allusion can make Chinese readers, especially children, widen their knowledge, such as recognize the legends in reading the version. For example:“play Cupid” (扮演丘比特, Note:当媒人); “Aladdin’s cave” (阿拉丁的宝洞, Note:财富的源泉); “skeleton in the cupboard” (衣橱里的骷髅, Note:家丑); “widow’s cruse” (寡妇的坛子, Note:取之不尽的源泉).4.2.2 LoaningTo some idioms, on the one hand, the image of the source language is difficult for the readers of target language to understand. On the other hand, the image of the source language or culture doesn’t have a particular impact on the readers’ reaction.Then, translator may seek an idiom which may contain different image but could express the same meaning in target culture, and reach the same function. That is, the readers of translated article can have the same feeling with the readers of original article after reading. For example:teach your grandmother to suck eggs: 班门弄斧between you, me and the gatepost: 天知、地知、你知、我知a drop in the ocean: 沧海一粟have one foot in the grave: 风烛残年If “between you, me and gatepost” translated into“在你、我和门柱”, nobody can guess the meaning of this idiom. Most readers don’t know the cultural background of source language, since it is from foreign environment. So it is hard for Chinese readers to understand the real meaning of this idiom, and its function cannot be realized in our language. Loaning will be employed to translate this kind of idioms. This strategy mainly uses Chinese idioms to replace English idioms.4.3 Non-Corresponding IdiomsThere are still some English and Chinese idioms, they don’t share the same form and image. At this time, the meaning and cultural information of this kind idioms can not be conveyed from one language to another correctly,so some other methods,such as Free Translation and Combination of FreeTranslation & Literal Translation should be considered.4.3.1 Free TranslationFree translation does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original. When there exists dissimilarities or great differences between English and Chinese in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and art device, the literal translation method cannot be employed, and no Chinese substitute is suitable, free translation has to be used. Free translation can be defined as a translation method which mainly conveys the meaning and the style of the original text without transferring strictly its sentence patterns or figures of speech. Just as some people said that free translation is one method that the target text is faithful to the original content, not to the form of the source text. Since free translation does delete or add content to the original at random, translators must consider the original text carefully, try to express the information of source language in the target language as good as possible. For example:on pins and needles: 如坐针毡catch one’s second wind: 恢复精力come straight to the point: 开门见山let the cat out of the bag: 泄露秘密By translating idioms in this way, the picturesqueness, flavor and sound-effect of the original would, unfortunately, be lost, though the sense of the idioms has successfully been communicated. The sense of the idioms is translated at the expense of the images.4.3.2 Combination of Free Translation & Literal TranslationAnother effective method to render Chinese idioms into English is a combination of both Literal translation and free translation.Both of two methods have their own merits and demerits.Literal translation can help in retaining the original flavor by keeping the original forms, styles and images, thus represent the new culture to the target readers. But in some cases the mere literal translation will lead to the possible misunderstanding. At this time it is necessary to take the advantage of free translation since free translation can erase the misunderstanding and make the translated version easily understood. But on the other hand, the vivid images and the exotic flavor in the original text are lost, let alone enriching the target language. So in such a case we can combine the merits of these two methods to convey the meaning and maintain the cultural peculiarity of the original as well.The idiom “吃着碗里的惦着锅里的” is used to depict a greedy person. In the rending “keep one eye on the bowl and the other on the pan”, “keep one eye on” is the free translation of “吃着” & “惦着” and the rest is literally translated. At the same time “greedy-guts" is used to reveal the connotation of this idiom. This rendering employs the combination of literal translation and free translation. Through this we can still keep the original images and cultural characteristics. It is also a flexible and efficient way to achieve functional equivalence.V. ConclusionThe responsibility of translators’ is to let readers understand what they translate, and let readers have the same feeling with that of the source language readers.Functional equivalence takes the equivalence of readers’ reaction as the most important issue.Using functional equivalence theory in idiom translation has many advantages: 1) It can make target language have the same function as source language does. 2) It can make target language readers have the same feeling with that of source language readers. 3) It also can convert cultural knowledge. Nowadays, functional equivalence theory is widely used in different aspects of translation, not only in。
谈英汉互译中的直译与意译
校园英语 / 翻译探究谈英汉互译中的直译与意译贵州大学外国语学院/敖佳勇 张涛【摘要】直译，注重意义的准确传达，如果必要，可以不顾及原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分；意译，则较多是在翻译句子或词组的时候发生的。
在研究英汉互译的过程中，不难发现这两种语言中存在着许多差异，有一些是存在于语言系统当中，有一些是存在于文化差异之中，它们都可能导致翻译过程中对文学作品的误解。
众所周知，直译和意译是汉英互译中的两个主要手段。
在研究收集资料之后，在这里，我们希望分享一些我们的观点和研究的结果。
【关键词】直译 意译 翻译 文化一、直译和意译的定义直译，注重意义的准确传达，如果必要，可以不顾及原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分(Literal translation is to preserve the contents and the form of the source language in accordance with the cultural tradition)；意译，则较多是在翻译句子或词组(或更大的意群)的时候发生的(Free translation is just to preserve the contents and the main language functions，having to give up the literal meaning of the source language because of some cultural and social limitations)。
大体上讲，直译比较倾向于保持原文的结构成分(如句法规范)；意译则倾向某些隐含成分(如俚语、幽默因素)。
翻译者在面对同一翻译对象时，从直译和意译中作出选择，可能会考虑到原文的结构成分、意义的隐含成分对于译文语言和译文读者的意义。
因为原文的这种结构可能不甚合于译文语言的规范，甚至很难合乎习惯地实现；但如果译文不遵从这种结构，又会在意义上有某种损失，尽管这种损失可能很小。
翻译理论试题及答案
翻译理论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 翻译理论中的“直译”指的是：A. 逐字逐句翻译B. 保持原文风格C. 完全按照原文的字面意思翻译D. 根据目标语言习惯进行适当调整2. 以下哪位学者提出了“功能对等”理论？A. 尤金·奈达B. 彼得·纽马克C. 弗拉基米尔·普罗普D. 雅各布·格林3. 在翻译过程中，译者应该优先考虑的是：A. 原文作者的意图B. 目标语言读者的接受度C. 翻译的准确性D. 翻译的流畅性4. “动态对等”是以下哪位翻译理论家的观点？A. 尤金·奈达B. 彼得·纽马克C. 弗拉基米尔·普罗普D. 雅各布·格林5. 翻译理论中的“等效原则”主要强调的是：A. 语言的直接对应B. 信息的传递效果C. 文化的忠实度D. 风格的相似性二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述翻译中的“忠实度”原则，并举例说明。
2. 解释“动态对等”和“形式对等”的区别，并说明在实际翻译中如何选择。
3. 描述翻译理论中的“交际翻译”和“语义翻译”的概念。
4. 阐述翻译过程中如何处理文化差异。
三、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. 论述翻译理论中的“目的论”及其对翻译实践的影响。
2. 分析翻译中的“创造性”原则，并讨论其在文学翻译中的应用。
四、案例分析题（共40分）1. 阅读以下原文和译文，分析译者在翻译过程中可能采用的策略，并评价其翻译效果。
（20分）原文：“明月几时有？把酒问青天。
不知天上宫阙，今夕是何年。
”译文："When will the moon be clear and bright? With a cup of wine in my hand, I ask the blue sky. I do not know what year it is in the heavenly palace."2. 根据所提供的翻译理论，分析以下翻译案例中存在的问题，并提出改进建议。
英语笔译考研考试题目及答案
英语笔译考研考试题目及答案### English Translation and Interpreting Postgraduate Entrance Examination Questions and Answers#### Section A: Vocabulary and Grammar (20 points)Question 1: Choose the best word to fill in the blank.The novel is set in the 19th century, reflecting the social conditions of the era.A. periodB. timeC. ageD. epochAnswer: C. ageQuestion 2: Translate the following sentence into English.“尽管困难重重，我们仍然决定继续前进。
”A. Despite the difficulties, we still decided to go forward.B. Although the difficulties, we still decided to go ahead.C. Even if there are many difficulties, we still decided to continue.D. Even though the difficulties, we still decided to proceed.Answer: A. Despite the difficulties, we still decided to go forward.#### Section B: Reading Comprehension (30 points)Passage 1:In the field of translation studies, the concept of "dynamic equivalence" has been widely discussed. It refers to the translator's effort to convey the same effect on the target audience as the original text had on its source audience.Question 1: What does "dynamic equivalence" mean in the context of translation?A. The translator's effort to make the text sound natural in the target language.B. The translator's effort to maintain the original meaning without changing the structure.C. The translator's effort to convey the same effect on the target audience as the original had on its source audience.D. The translator's effort to change the structure to make the text more understandable.Answer: C. The translator's effort to convey the same effect on the target audience as the original had on its source audience.Passage 2:The role of interpreters in international conferences iscrucial. They facilitate communication between speakers of different languages, ensuring that the message is accurately conveyed without any loss of meaning.Question 1: Why are interpreters important in international conferences?A. They help in organizing the conference.B. They provide a record of the proceedings.C. They ensure accurate communication between speakers of different languages.D. They act as cultural advisors to the participants.Answer: C. They ensure accurate communication between speakers of different languages.#### Section C: Translation (30 points)Question 1: Translate the following paragraph from English to Chinese."The art of translation is not merely a mechanical process of converting words from one language to another. It requires a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural nuances that may affect the meaning of the text."Answer:翻译艺术不仅仅是将单词从一种语言转换为另一种语言的机械过程。
从文化角度看英汉习语翻译IdiomsTranslationfromCulturalPerspecti
从文化角度看英汉习语翻译Idioms Translation from Cultural PerspectivesAbstractAlong with the development of the communications between the East and the West, translation becomes more and more important, of which idiom translation takes a great position. Idioms are the fruits of human culture, which reflect the culture in return. It is a big concept, which contains set phrases, sayings, proverbs, slangs, colloquialisms and enigmatic folk similes. Idioms come from various sources, such as from history, religion, poetry, literary quotations, daily life, etc. It is the point that idiom covers a rich information of its society and culture that makes the translation much more difficult than that of others, for it requires a better grasp of both the techniques of translation and the knowledge of the background of its target language, including its culture, history, religion, society, etc.With a view to having a better master of idioms translation, in this thesis I will talk about the techniques of idiom translation from the cultural perspective by the means of comparing the Chinese and English images.This thesis indicates the significance and the present situation of idioms translation, gives a brief introduction of idiom, including the definitions, formations, categories and the significance, makes a contrast between Chinese and English idioms’ images, introduces the techniques of idioms translation on the basis of the comparison, andconcludes the whole thesis and points out the limitation of this thesis and gives several suggestions for further studies.Key words: idioms; idiom translation; culture; technique摘要随着中西方文化交流的深化和进展，两边语言翻译变的愈来愈重要了，而其中习语的翻译更是占了一个相当大的比重，有着举足轻重的作用。
Unit-2-Principles-ofCorrespondence
4 the unusually high capacity of specialists ( doctors, theologians, philosophers, scientists ,etc)
In such a translation one is concerned with the dynamic relationship, that the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message.
The nature of the message
Messages differ primarily in the degree to which content or form is the dominant consideration.Of course, the content of a message can never be completely abstracted from the form, and form is nothing apart from content; but in some messages the content is of primary consideration, and in others the form must be given a higher priority.
英语翻译岗位招聘笔试题及解答(某大型央企)
招聘英语翻译岗位笔试题及解答(某大型央企)一、单项选择题（本大题有10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、Which of the following sentences is an accurate translation of the Chinese phrase “The company has ambitious growth targets for the next five years.”?A)The company has set ambitious expansion objectives for the coming five years.B)The company aims to achieve significant growth within the next five years.C)In the following five years, the company will have ambitious expansion goals.D)For the next five years, the company plans to expand its business dramatically.Answer: B) The company aims to achieve significant growth within the next five years.Explanation: The phrase “ambitious growth targets” is accurately translated as “aim to achieve significant growth.” Option A is close but slightly changes the meaning by using “expansion objectives,” which is less common than “growth targets.” Option C and D also convey the intended meaning but are less concise and grammatically accurate.2、Choose the correct translati on for the Chinese sentence “The meeting was postponed due to unforeseen circumstances.”A)The meeting was delayed because of unexpected events.B)The meeting was rescheduled due to unforeseen situations.C)The meeting was cancelled due to unforeseen complications.D)The meeting was held at a later date due to unexpected occurrences.Answer: A) The meeting was delayed because of unexpected events.Explanation: The term “postponed” implies that the meeting was delayed or put off. Option A is the most accurate transl ation, using “delayed” and “unexpected events” to convey the same meaning as “unforeseen circumstances.” Option B uses “rescheduled,” which implies a change in the date, not just a delay. Option C suggests the meeting was cancelled, which is not the case. Option D is less accurate as it suggests the meeting was held later, rather than being postponed.3、In the following sentence, which preposition is correctly used after “translation” to indicate the type of document being translated?A)ofB)fromC)intoD)withAnswer: C) intoExplanation: The preposition “into” is used to indicate the direction of translation, i.e., from one language to another. Therefore, “translation into” is the correct phrase to describe the act of translating from one language to another. For e xample, “He is working on a translation into English.”4、Which of the following is an example of a technical term that is typically used in the field of finance and requires precise translation?A)“The market is up today.”B)“The company reported a profit of 10 million.”C)“The interest rate has been adjusted.”D)“He has a good credit rating.”Answer: C) “The interest rate has been adjusted.”Explanation: The term “interest rate” is a technical term in the field of finance that requires precise translation. It refers to the percentage charged by a lender for the use of its money, and it is a term that is commonly used in financial documents and reports. The other options are more general phrases that might be translated with varying degrees of technical accuracy depending on the context.5、The following sentence contains a sentence error. Which word should be removed to correct the sentence?A)“the”B)“to”C)“in”D)“of”Correct Answer: A) “the”Explanation: The correct sentence should read “The company is looking for an English translator.” The word “the” is unnecessary and incorrect in the context of this sentence, as it does not refer to a specific company previously mentioned. The other options do not create a grammatical error when removed.6、Choose the correct phrase to complete the sentence:The project requires someone who is proficient in both spokenand_______English.A)“complex”B)“formal”C)“vocabulary-rich”D)“written”Correct Answer: D) “written”Explanation: The correct phrase to complete the sentence is “written English.” The sentence is discussing the need for someone who is proficient in both spoken and written English, which is a common requirement for a professional translator. The other options do not accurately describe the language proficiency needed for the job.7、Which of the following sentences uses the subjunctive mood correctly?A)If I was you, I would take the job.B)If she were me, she would refuse the offer.C)If they was coming to the party, they would have told us.D)If we was in New York, we would visit the Statue of Liberty.Answer: B) If she were me, she would refuse the offer.Explanation: The subjunctive mood is used here correctly with “were” rather than “was” because the subjunctive mood is used to express hypothetical or contrary-to-fact situations. In option B, the hypothetical situation is expressed correctly using “were.”8、Identify the sentence that uses the correct form of the verb “to lie” (meaning ‘to recline’):A)She laid down on the couch after a long day.B)He lay down his tools and took a break.C)They lied in the sun to get a tan.D)We will lie down on the grass when we arrive at the park.Answer: D) We will lie down on the grass when we arrive at the park.Explanation: When “lie” means ‘to recline,’ it’s important to use the correct forms. “Will lie” is the future tense and is correct in this context. Options A, B, and C all use incorrect forms or tenses for the meaning ‘to recline.’ Note that “lay” is the past tense of “to lay” (meaning ‘to put’), not a form of “to lie.”9、The following sentence contains a phrase that is not commonly used in formal English. Which phrase should be replaced to make the sentence more appropriate for a business document?A)“We are on the verge of”B)“We are on the brink of”C)“We are about to”D)“We are in the midst of”Answer: C) “We are about to”Explanation: While “We are on the verge of” and “We are on the brink of” are both acceptable in formal English, they imply a nearness to an event that may or may not happen. “We are about to” is a more direct and certain indication that an event is imminent. “We are in the midst of” suggests that an event is currently ongoing, which is not the intended meaning in this context.10、Choose the word that best completes the following sentence:“The company’s annual report for last year___________in detail the financial performance of each division.”A)accountsB)accounts forC)accounts withD)accounts upAnswer: B) accounts forExplanation: The correct phrase to use here is “accounts for,” which means to give an explanation or reason for something. “Accounts” (without “for”) would imply writing down or giving an account of something. “Accounts with” is not a standard phrase in this context, and “accounts up” is not a recognized phrase at all.二、多项选择题（本大题有10小题，每小题4分，共40分）1、In the following sentences, choose the word that is correctly used in each context:A. The company is looking for a translator who is proficient in both English and French.B. The document needs to be translated from Spanish into English.C. She was assigned the task of interpreting during the conference.D. The interpreter made sure that the cultural nuances were preserved in the translation.A. proficientB. translatedC. interpretingD. preservedAnswer:B. translatedExplanation:In option A, “proficient” is used correctly as it describes the level of expertise required in the translator’s skills. In option B, “translated” is the correct word to describe the process of converting the document from one language to another. Option C uses “interpreting,” which is correct for the act of converting spoken words from one language to another. Option D uses “preserved,” which is correct in the context of maintaining the cultural aspects of the original language in the translated version. However, the question asks for the word that is incorrectly used, and since all options are correctly used, there seems to be a mistake in the question format. Assuming the question is asking for the correct usage, the answer is B, but this is based on the assumption that the question is about correct usage rather than incorrect usage.2、Choose the sentence that is grammatically correct and conveys the intended meaning:A. The employee was promoted because he was not late for work even once.B. The employee was promoted despite not being late for work even once.C. The employee was promoted because he had never been late for work.D. The employee was promoted, even though he was never late for work.Answer:C. The employee was promoted because he had never been late for work.Explanation:Option A uses “even once” which is redundant since “even” implies that the situation is not common. Option B uses “despite” which is incorrect because it contradicts the positive outcome of the employee being promoted. Option C is grammatically correct and clearly conveys that the employee’s punctuality was a significant factor in his promotion. Option D uses “even though,” which is grammatically correct but could imply a negative outcome, whereas option C clearly states the positive reason for the promotion.3、Which of the following are common pitfalls in translation that can lead to misunderstanding or miscommunication?A) Literal word-for-word translationB) Ignoring cultural contextC) Failing to recognize idiomatic expressionsD) Over-reliance on online translation toolsAnswer: A, B, C, DExplanation: All the options listed can indeed cause issues in translation. A literal word-for-word translation often fails to convey the intended meaning, especially when dealing with phrases that have no direct equivalent in the targetlanguage. Ignoring cultural context can result in a translation that does not make sense or is even offensive in the target culture. Idiomatic expressions, if translated literally, usually lose their original meaning and impact. Finally, while online translation tools can be useful, over-relying on them without human judgment can introduce errors or produce awkward, unnatural-sounding translations.4、When translating technical documents, what are essential qualities a translator must possess?A) Specialized knowledge in the relevant fieldB) Ability to maintain the same level of formality as the source textC) Creativity in finding equivalent terms and phrasesD) Skills in summarizing and condensing informationAnswer: A, B, CExplanation: Translating technical documents requires a deep understanding of the subject matter, which is why specialized knowledge (A) is crucial. Maintaining the appropriate level of formality (B) is important to ensure the tone and style of the document are preserved, as technical documents are often formal and precise. Creativity (C) is also necessary when there are no direct equivalents for certain terms, requiring the translator to find the most accurate way to express concepts. However, while the ability to summarize and condense (D) can be valuable, it’s generally more important in technical translation to remain faithful to the original content and avoid omitting anycritical details.5、Choose the correct translation for the following sentence:“I am writing to express my gratitude for the opportunity to work with your esteemed company.”A. I am writing to show my appreciation for the chance to work with your highly esteemed company.B. I am writing to express my thanks for the chance to work with your respected firm.C. I am writing to convey my gratitude for the opportunity to work with your distinguished corporation.D. I am writing to state my thanks for the opportunity to work with your renowned company.Answer:A. I am writing to show my appreciation for the chance to work with your highly esteemed company.Explanation:Option A is the most accurate translation of the original sentence. “Highly esteemed” is a formal a nd respectful way to describe the company, which aligns with the formal tone of the original sentence. The other options use synonyms of “esteemed” but are not as formal or precise in their translation.6、Select the correct translation for the following term:“Due diligence”A. Detailed researchB. Routine checkC. Comprehensive investigationD. Legal reviewAnswer:A. Detailed researchExplanation:The term “due diligence” refers to the careful research and investigation that a person or company performs before entering into a business transaction, especially a merger or acquisition. “Detailed research” is the most accurate translation as it captures the thorough and comprehensive nature of the process. The other options do not fully convey the depth and thoroughness required for due diligence.7、Choose the correct translation for the following sentence from the options provided:“这家公司的产品在国内外市场上都享有很高的声誉。
2023-2024学年吉林省部分名校高一下学期联合考试英语试卷含答案
高一英语试卷注意事项：1．答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号、考场号、座位号填写在答题卡上。
2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
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回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。
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第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1．What does the man advise the woman to do?A．Find a special gift. B．Give Mary $100. C．Ask other people.2．What gift did Jenny get?A．Some flowers. B．A silk dress. C．A scarf.3．What will the woman give the man?A．Some cakes. B．The recipe for the cakes. C．Some books.4．What will the man do first?A．Finish the paper. B．Get parents’ permission. C．See the professor.5．Why did some people hand in the paper early?A．They finished it in a short time.B．They couldn’t answer the questions.C．They had other important things to do.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
纽马克翻译理论简介
Peter Newmark?(1916–2011) was an?English?professor?of?translation?at the?University of Surrey.[1][edit]BiographyHe was one of the main figures in the founding of?Translation Studies?in the English-speaking world from the 1980s.LifeNida was born in?Oklahoma City,?Oklahoma?on November 11, 1914. He became a Christian at a young age, when he responded to the altar call at his church “to accept Christ as my Saviour.”[2]He graduated summa cum laude from the?University of California?in 1936. After graduating he attended Camp Wycliffe, where Bible translation theory was taught. He ministered for a short time among the Tarahumara Indians in Chihuahua, Mexico, until health problems due to an inadequate diet and the high altitude forced him to leave. Sometime in this period, Nida became a founding charter member of?Wycliffe Bible Translators, a sister organization of the?Summer Institute of Linguistics.In 1937, Nida undertook studies at the?University of Southern California, where he obtained a Master’s Degree in New Testament Greek in 1939. In that same year, Eugene Nida became interim pastor of Calvary Church of?Santa Ana, California, after the founding pastor resigned in 1939.[3]?In spite of his conservative background, in later years Nida became increasingly ecumenical and New Evangelical in his approach.[4]In 1943, Nida received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the?University of Michigan, he was ordained as a Baptist minister, and he married Althea Lucille Sprague. The couple remained married until Althea Sprague Nida's death in 1993. In 1997, Nida married Dr. María Elena Fernandez-Miranda, a lawyer and diplomatic attache.Nida retired in the early 1980s, although he kept on giving lectures in universities all around the world, and lived in Madrid, Spain and?Brussels,?Belgium. He died in Madrid on August 25, 2011 aged 96.[5][edit]CareerIn 1943, Nida began his career as a?linguist?with the?American Bible Society?(ABS). He was quickly promoted to Associate Secretary for Versions, then worked as Executive Secretary for Translations until his retirement.Nida was instrumental in engineering the joint effort between the?Vatican?and the?United Bible Societies?(UBS) to produce cross-denominational Bibles in translations across the globe. This work began in 1968 and was carried on in accordance with Nida's translation principle of Functional Equivalence.[edit]TheoriesNida has been a pioneer in the fields of?translation theory?and?linguistics.His Ph.D. dissertation,?A Synopsis of English Syntax, was the first full-scale analysis of a major language according to the "immediate-constituent" theory. His most notable contribution to translation theory is Dynamic Equivalence, also known as Functional Equivalence. For more information, see "Dynamic and formal equivalence." Nida also developed the "componential-analysis" technique, which split words into their components to help determine equivalence in translation (e.g."bachelor" = male + unmarried). This is, perhaps, not the best example of the technique, though it is the most well-known.Nida's dynamic-equivalence theory is often held in opposition to the views of?philologists?who maintain that an understanding of the?source text?(ST) can be achieved by assessing the inter-animation of words on the page, and that meaning is self-contained within the text (i.e. much more focused on achieving semantic equivalence).This theory, along with other theories of correspondence in translating, are elaborated in his essay?Principles of Correspondence,[6]?where Nida begins by asserting that given that “no two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences, it stands to reason that there can be no absolute correspondence between languages. Hence, there can be no fully exact translations.”?[7]?While the impact of a translation may be close to the original, there can be no identity in detail.Nida then sets forth the differences in translation, as he would account for it, within three basic factors: (1) The nature of the message: in some messages the content is of primary consideration, and in others the form must be given a higher priority.(2) The purpose of the author and of the translator: to give information on both form and content; to aim at full intelligibility of the reader so he/she may understand the full implications of the message; for imperative purposes that aim at not just understanding the translation but also at ensuring no misunderstanding of the translation. (3) The type of audience: prospective audiences differ both in?decoding?ability and in potential interest.Nida brings in the reminder that while there are no such things as “identical?equivalents” in translating, what one must in translating seek to do is find the “closest natural equivalent”. Here he identifies two basic orientations in translating based on two different types of equivalence: Formal Equivalence (F-E) and Dynamic Equivalence (D-E).F-E focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. Such translations then would be concerned with such?correspondences?as?poetry?to poetry,?sentence?to sentence, and?concept?to concept. Such a formal orientation that typifies this type of structural equivalence is called a “gloss translation” in which the translator aims at reproducing as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original.The principles governing an F-E translation would then be: reproduction of grammatical units; consistency in word usage; and meanings in terms of the source?context.D-E on the other hand aims at complete “naturalness” of expression. A D-E translation is directed primarily towards equivalence of response rather than equivalence of form. The relationship between the target language?receptor?and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original (source language) receptors and the message.The principles governing a D-E translation then would be:?conformance?of atranslation to the receptor?language?and?culture?as a whole; and the translation must be in accordance with the context of the message which involves the?stylisticselection and arrangement of message constituents.Nida and Venuti have proved that?translation studies?is a much more complex discipline than may first appear, with the translator having to look beyond the text itself to deconstruct on an intra-textual level and decode on a referential level —assessing culture-specific items,?idiom?and figurative language to achieve an understanding of the?source text?and embark upon creating a translation which not only transfers what words mean in a given context, but also recreates the impact of the original text within the limits of the translator's own language system (linked to this topic:?George Steiner, the Hermeneutic Motion, pragmatics, field, tenor, mode and the?locutionary,?illocutionary?and?perlocutionary). For example, a statement that Jesus "met" someone must be carefully translated into a language which distinguishes between "met for the first time", "met habitually" and simple "met". Nida was once criticised for a controversial change in the?Revised Standard Version?Bible translation regarding the removal of the word "virgin" from Isaiah 7:14.[8]?However, as Peter Thuesen's book?In Discordance with the Scriptures?points out, Nida was not actually a committee member for that project.[9]彼得?纽马克是英国著名的翻译理论家和翻译教育家。
2023英语一新题型译文
2023英语一新题型译文The 2023 English exam has introduced a new translation question, which has raised concerns and challenges for both students and teachers. This new question type requires students to translate a given passage from Chinese to English, testing their language proficiency and translation skills. This change has sparked discussions and debates among educators, parents, and students, as they grapple with the potential impact of this new format on students' learning and performance.From the perspective of students, the introduction of this new translation question type presents both opportunities and challenges. On one hand, it provides students with a chance to showcase their language abilities and translation skills, which are essential in today's globalized world. On the other hand, it adds pressure and anxiety, as students need to master not only the language itself but also the art of translation. This may lead to increased stress and decreased confidence among students,affecting their overall performance in the exam.From the perspective of teachers, the new translation question type poses a significant challenge in terms of preparing students for the exam. Teachers need to adjust their teaching methods and materials to help students develop their translation skills, which may require additional time and resources. Moreover, teachers need to ensure that students understand the nuances of both languages, as well as the cultural context behind the passages, in order to produce accurate and meaningful translations.From the perspective of parents, the introduction of this new question type has raised concerns about the impact on their children's academic performance and well-being. Parents may worry about the increased pressure and stress that their children may face in preparing for this new format. They may also question the fairness of this new question type and its potential impact on students' overall scores and future opportunities.From a broader societal perspective, the introduction of this new translation question type reflects the evolving demands and challenges in language education. In today's interconnected world, the ability to communicate and translate across languages is increasingly important. However, this new format also highlights the need for a comprehensive and balanced approach to language education, one that goes beyond mere translation skills and encompasses cultural understanding and communication proficiency.In conclusion, the introduction of the new translation question type in the 2023 English exam has sparked discussions and concerns among students, teachers, parents, and society at large. While it presents opportunities for students to demonstrate their language abilities, it also poses challenges in terms of preparation and performance. As this new format becomes an integral part of the exam, it is essential for all stakeholders to work together to support students in developing their language and translation skills, while also addressing the broader implications of this change in language education.。
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从英汉文化差异中看习语的翻译Idiom Translation According to the Differences Between Englishand Chinese CultureACKNOWLEDGEMENTSUpon the completion of this paper, Idiom Translation According to the Differences Between English and Chinese Culture, I am grateful to those who offered my sincere encouragement a nd generous support during the course of my study for the Bachelor’s degree.First and foremost I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Mrs. Yin Yiqun, who guided me with academic expertise, critical insights throughout each stage of my study and initiated me into my research. H er instruction enabled me to express my idea in a better way. Without her patient and insightful supervision, this paper would not be possible.-felt thanks to my classmates and friends, for What’s more, I also extend my hearttheir valuable guidance and sincere help.Last but not least, I would like to express thanks to my parents, for their encouragement and support.ABSTRACTIdiom is a centralized embodiment combined with national language and culture .It has strong cultural features, and also can reflect a country's geography, history, and religion and culture background. In translation, not only the images and figurative meanings of the original idioms should be translated, but also the national characteristics and regional features should be focused on. This thesis will explore the subject of idiom translation on a cultural perspective.The body of the thesis is composed of four parts. Part 1 gives the definition ofin idiom translation. Part 2 deals with the idiom, and emphasizes “faithfulness” influence of culture on idioms. The influence can be summarized as follows: environment and climate, history, life experience, religious beliefs and literature. Part 3 presents translation strategies for three different types of idioms with emphasis on the preservation of the aesthetic effect of the source culture. And at the end of the thesis, the author draws the conclusion that idiom translation should be culture-oriented; that is to say, preserve the source language culture as much as possible.Keywords: idiom, culture, translation内容摘要习语是一个民族语言和文化的高度浓缩和集中体现,具有鲜明的文化特征,它可以反映出一个国家的地理、历史、宗教等文化背景。
在翻译时不仅要译出原语习语的形象、喻义,还要译出其民族特色和地域色彩。
本文从文化的视角探讨习语的翻译。
此论文由四部分组成。
第一部分分析了习语的定义并强调了翻译时要忠实于原文。
第二部分处理了文化差异对习语翻译的影响。
其中的影响概括为以下几个方面:环境、气候、历史、生活经历、宗教信仰和文化。
第三部分提供了三种不同类型的翻译策略并强调原语言美学效果的保留。
文章的最后,得出结论:习语翻译应该以文化为向导;也就是说,要尽可能地保留原语言文化。
关键字: 习语文化翻译CONTENTSAcknowledge (Ⅰ)Abstract (Ⅱ)中文摘要………………………………………………………………………．ⅢContents (Ⅳ)………………………………１1 Introduction……………2 Influ ence of culture on idioms………………………………12.1 Influence ofenvironment and climate on English and Chinese idioms………….12.1.1 Geographical conditions and features reflected in idioms………….12.1.2 Influence ofclimate..............................................32.2 Influence of history.......................................................42.3 I nfluence of life experiences.........................................................52.4 Influence of religious beliefs.........................................................52.5 Influence of literature.. (6)3 Strategies for idiom translation………………………..83.1 Literal translation……………………………………………………..83.2 Liberal translation……………………………………………….103. (11)3 Combination of literal and liberal translation……4 Conclusion (15)Bibliography (16)Idiom Translation According to the Differences Between English andChinese Culture1 IntroductionAn idiom is an expression, word, or phrase that has a figurative meaning that is comprehended in regard to a common use of that expression that is separate from the literal meaning or definition of the words of which it is made Wikipedia. An idiomis generally a colloquial metaphor?a term requiring some foundational knowledge, information, or experience, to use only within a culture, where conversational parties must possess common cultural references. Therefore, idioms are not considered partof the language, but part of the cultureBecause of the different background between China and British, there is a big difference in history, geography, religious beliefs,folk culture etc. English and Chinese idioms bear the different national features and cultural information. Therefore, the cultural factor is often the difficulty in the translation of idioms.Idioms are fixed and brief in form, concise and expressive in meaning. Idiom translation should not only present meaning of the original idiom faithfully and correctly but also preserve metaphorical images, rich imaginations, rhetoric effect and features in idioms of the source language as much as possible. Therefore, it is aanslation.significant problem to deal with “faithfulness” in idiom tr2 Influence of culture on idiomsThe idiom of a nation is closely associated with its culture. English and Chinese idioms are no exception to the rule. British and Chinese geographical conditions, life experiences, histories, religious beliefs and literatures are all stamped on their idioms.2.1 Influence of environment and climate on English and Chinese idioms2.1.1 Geographical conditions and features reflected in idiomsIn view of British sea girt geographical environment and its long-term leadership in navigation, there are many related English idioms. The following are some such examples:Spend money like water挥金如土Sink or swim成败与否Go with the stream。