Chapter 1 History of Architecture
ArchitectureEnglish-2 建筑英语第二单元
epitomize : v. 概括； 成为 ... 的缩影； 作为典范
Ajanta Cave & Katsura Detached Palace
课文翻译 Paragraph5-1
The Teotihuacan culture of Mexico contained two immense pyramids embedded in what was a vast city. The Mayan civilization’s greatest building periods fall within the 4th to the 11th century. The Maya created impressive structures through extensive earth moving. Their bold architectural sculpture is either integral with the stone monuments or is added as stucco ornamentation. 墨西哥提奥帝华坎文化（公 元前100年到公元700年）拥有 两座巨型金字塔镶嵌于一座庞 大的城市当中。玛雅文明最伟 大的建筑时期是公元4世纪到公 元11世纪。通过大范围的迁徙 途中，玛雅人创造出了许多令 人印象深刻的建筑物。他们粗 犷的建筑雕刻中既有整体岩石 雕琢也有涂以灰泥为装饰。
Statue of Athena Promachos Propylaea
终产物；习惯用法仅指具有文
化重要性的设计和结构。建筑 必须要满足其使用目的，必须
技术上可靠，而且必须传达美
学意义。一些最为杰出的建筑 物通常修建巧妙，以至于已经
超出了其最初的使用目的，不
大学建筑专业概况英语教材
大学建筑专业概况英语教材Introduction to the Architecture Major in University - English TextbookArchitecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings. It is a field that combines creativity, technical skills, and practical knowledge to create functional and aesthetically pleasing structures. As a major in university, studying architecture offers students a comprehensive understanding of the built environment and prepares them for careers in the industry. This article will provide an overview of the architecture major in university, focusing on the content covered in an English textbook for this field.1. Introduction to ArchitectureIn the first chapter of the English textbook for architecture majors, students are introduced to the history and evolution of architecture. They learn about influential architectural styles, iconic buildings, and the cultural significance of architecture throughout different periods. This chapter aims to provide students with a foundation in architectural knowledge and an appreciation for the discipline's rich heritage.2. Architectural Design PrinciplesThe second chapter focuses on the fundamental principles of architectural design. Students learn about various design elements such as form, space, light, and proportion. They also study different architectural styles and their associated design principles. This chapter emphasizes the importance of creativity and innovation in architectural design, encouraging students to think critically and develop their own unique design solutions.3. Construction TechnologyIn the third chapter, students delve into the world of construction technology. They learn about building materials, construction techniques, and structural systems. Topics covered include foundations, walls, roofs, and mechanical systems. This chapter provides students with a practical understanding of the technical aspects of building construction and equips them with the skills necessary to integrate design concepts with real-world construction processes.4. Sustainable ArchitectureAs environmental concerns become increasingly important, the fourth chapter explores the concept of sustainable architecture. Students study strategies for energy efficiency, environmental responsibility, and the use of renewable resources in building design. They also learn about green building rating systems and sustainable design principles. This chapter aims to foster a sense of responsibility among future architects and inspire them to create buildings that minimize their environmental impact.5. Building Codes and RegulationsThe fifth chapter of the English textbook focuses on building codes and regulations. Students gain an understanding of the legal and safety requirements that govern architectural design and construction. They learn how to navigate building codes, zoning regulations, and accessibility guidelines. This chapter emphasizes the need for architects to comply with regulations to ensure the safety and well-being of building occupants.6. Architectural Drawing and VisualizationIn the sixth chapter, students explore the importance of architectural drawing and visualization in the design process. They learn various drawing techniques, including hand-drawing and computer-aided design (CAD). Students also study architectural rendering and modeling to effectively communicate their design concepts to clients and stakeholders. This chapter highlights the role of visual representation in conveying architectural ideas and encourages students to develop strong drawing and presentation skills.7. Case Studies and AnalysisThe final chapter of the English textbook explores case studies of notable architectural projects. Students analyze renowned buildings, examining the design concepts, construction methods, and cultural significance behind each structure. This chapter allows students to gain insights from real-world examples and deepen their understanding of architectural principles and practices.ConclusionThe English textbook for the architecture major in university covers a wide range of topics, providing students with a comprehensive overview of the field. From the history of architecture to sustainable design principles and building codes, students are equipped with the knowledge and skills necessary to pursue a successful career in architecture. Through a combination of theoretical concepts and practical applications, this textbook prepares students to contribute to the built environment and shape the future of architectural design.。
建筑书籍全英文版
建筑书籍全英文版1. "Architecture: Form, Space, and Order" by Francis D. K. Ching - 这本书是建筑领域的经典教材，以清晰的图示和简洁的语言介绍了建筑设计的基本原则和形式。
2. "The Architecture of the City" by Aldo Rossi - 这本书探讨了城市规划和建筑设计之间的关系，强调城市形态的重要性。
3. "Sustainable Architecture" by Tom Kundig - 本书关注可持续建筑的设计和实践，介绍了环保和节能的建筑策略。
4. "The Phaidon Atlas of Contemporary World Architecture" - 这是一本关于当代建筑的地图集，展示了全球各地的重要建筑项目和建筑师的作品。
5. "The Story of Buildings" by Patrick Dillon - 这本书通过讲述建筑的历史和发展，以及不同文化和时期的建筑风格，为读者提供了一个全面的建筑知识框架。
6. " Architecture: A Visual History" by Francis D. K. Ching - 本书以丰富的图片和简明的文字展示了建筑的演变，从古代到现代，涵盖了各种建筑风格和时期。
7. "The Architecture of Happiness" by Alain de Botton - 这本书从哲学和心理学的角度探讨了建筑与幸福之间的关系，提出了关于建筑设计如何影响人们的情感和生活质量的思考。
这些书籍都是建筑领域的经典之作，提供了深入的理论和实践知识。
你可以根据自己的兴趣和需求选择适合的书籍来进一步探索建筑的世界。
中外建筑简史-上篇-第二章-三国、两晋、南北朝、隋、唐、五代时期的建筑
章
5.唐长安
唐朝基本沿用了隋的城市布局，但
主要宫殿向东北移至大明宫。长安
城的市集中于东西二市，周围用墙
垣围绕，四面开门。长安城的里坊
大小不一，小坊平面近方形，大坊
唐
则成倍于小坊。里坊周围用高大的
长 安
夯土墙包围。大坊四面开门，小坊
城 平
只有东西二门。长安城有南北并列
面 想
的14条大街和东西平行的两条大街。
第 二
三国、两晋、南北朝、隋、唐、五代时期的建筑
章
唐大明宫殿是盛唐时期国家安定、财力充足、技术和艺术 成熟的表现。也是以建筑暗喻皇权至上的象征。P61图2-6
大明宫建于贞观八年（公元634年），原名永安宫，现今 在西安市西北郊。唐帝国近三百年政治中心。龙朔二年 （公元662年），唐高宗扩建，次年迁入大明宫执政。乾 宁三年（公元896年）毁于兵乱。大明宫周长7.6多公里； 面积约3.2平方公里，为北京紫禁城的四倍。共11个城门， 东、西、北三面都有夹城；南部有三道宫墙护卫，墙外的 丹凤门大街宽达176米，至今仍然是世界上最宽的街道。 唐大明宫是中国古代最为宏伟和最大的宫殿建筑群，同时 也是世界史上最宏伟和最大的宫殿建筑群之一。
第 二
三国、两晋、南北朝、隋、唐、五代时期的建筑
章
第 二
三国、两晋、南北朝、隋、唐、五代时期的建筑
章
6.隋唐时期的洛阳
洛阳城位于汉魏洛阳城之西约10km，南北最长处 7312m，东西最宽处7200m，平面近于方形。洛水自 西向东贯穿全城，把洛阳分为南北二区。城中洛水上建 有4道桥梁，连接南区和北区。
第 二
三国、两晋、南北朝、隋、唐、五代时期的建筑
章
3.南朝的建康（金陵）
外国建筑史书
外国建筑史书1.《西方古代建筑史》（A History of Western Architecture）–Michael Fazio, Marian Moffett, and Lawrence Wodehouse这本书是西方建筑历史的经典教材，涵盖了从欧洲古希腊到现代建筑的演变过程。
2.《罗马建筑》（Roman Architecture）– Frank Sear通过详细探讨罗马建筑的发展和影响，这本书帮助读者了解了西方建筑的基础和起源。
3.《建筑：形式，空间和秩序》（Architecture: Form, Space, and Order）– Francis D.K. Ching这本书提供了一个综合的视觉指南，介绍了建筑中的基本元素和原则，从而帮助读者理解建筑史和设计。
4.《意大利文艺复兴建筑史》（A History of Italian Renaissance Architecture）– Christopher Tadgell这本书深入研究了意大利文艺复兴时期建筑的发展，并提供了丰富的插图和解释。
5.《巴洛克建筑：欧洲的宏伟和荣耀》（Baroque Architecture: European Architecture, 1600-1750）– Christy Anderson通过详细讨论巴洛克建筑的特点和发展，这本书帮助读者了解这一时期欧洲建筑的盛行和影响。
6.《现代建筑之书》（The Story of Modern Architecture）–Jonathan Glancey这本书从19世纪开始，讲述了现代建筑的发展和演变，涵盖了从工业革命到当代建筑的重要作品和潮流。
7.《东方建筑史》（A History of Far Eastern Architecture）–Liang Ssu-Ch'eng这本书以中国、日本和韩国等东方建筑为主题，介绍了其独特的风格、技术和文化背景。
这只是一些关于外国建筑史的书籍推荐，根据个人兴趣和需要，您可以选择适合您的书籍阅读。
英语专业高级英语第一单元哥特式建筑
Historical context
Gothic architecture is a testament to the cultural and technological achievements of its time, providing a valuable historical perspective for future generations.
global influence.
The characteristics
02 and style of Gothic architecture
The characteristics and style of Gothic architecture
01
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Expression in literature and art
In literature
Gothic novels often feature settings in Gothic buildings, using the buildings' unique characteristics to create a sense of mystery and suspense.
The Development of Gothic Architecture in the Middle Ages
Gothic architecture flourished in the 13th and 14th centuries, during the High Middle Ages.
It was characterized by the use of flying buttresses, ribbed vaults, and pointed windows, which allowed for thinner walls and more open spaces.
英国文学史及选读Chapter1
英国文学史及选读Chapter1英国文学史及选读Chapter1发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:32 共270人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Anglo-Saxon PeriodI. Fill in the blanks.1.After the fall of the Roman Empire and athe withdrawl of Roman troops from Albion，the aboriginal __ population of the larger part of the island was soon conquerered and almost totally exterminated by the Teutonic tribes of ____，_____ ，and _____ who came from the continent and settled in the island，naming its central part a，or England.2.For nearly ______ years prior to the coming of the English，British had been a Roman province. In _____，the Rome withdrew their legions from Britain to protect herself against swarms of Teutonic invaders.3.The literature of early period falls naturally into teo divisions，and ____.The former represents the poetry which ____the Anglso-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of _____ ，the crude material out of which literature was slowly developed on English soil；the later represents the writings developed under the teaching of ______ .4._____can be justly termed England’s national epic and its hero _____---one of the national heros of the English people.5.The Song of Beowulf reflects events which took place on the ______ approximately at the beginning of the_____century，when the forefathers of the Jutes lived in the southern part of the _____ and maintained close relations with kindred tribes，e.g.with the ______ who lived on the other side of the straits.6.Among the early Anglo-Saxon poets we may mention______ who lived in the latter half of the ______ century and who wrote a poetic Paraphase of the Blible.7.____ is the first known religious poets of England. He is known as the father of English song.8.The didac tic poem “The Christ” was produced by ________.II. Choose the best answer for each blank.9.The most important work of _______ is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles，which is regarded as the best monument of the old English prose.a. Alfred the Greatb. Caedmonc. Cynewulfd. Venerable Bede2. Who is the monster half-huamn who had mingled thirty warriors in The Song of Beowulf？a. Hrothgat.b. Heorot.c. Grendel.d. Beowulf.3. _____ is the first important religious poet in English Literature.a. Cynewulfb.Caedmonc. Shakepeare.d. Adam Bede4. The epic，The Song of Beowulf，represents the spirit of ______.a. monksb. romanticistsc. sentimentalistd. paganIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write your answers in the brackets.1. （）The author of The Song of Beowulf is Cynewulf.2. （）The setting of The Song of Beowulf is in Scotland.3. （）Alfred the Great compiles The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.4. （）Venerable Bede wrote The Ecclesiastical History of the English People.5. （）The author of Paraphase is Caedmon.IV. Define the liretary terms listed below.Alliteration Epic.V. Answer the following questions.1.What do you know about the Teutors.2.Please give a brief description of The Song of Boewulf.英国文学史及选读Chapter2发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:31 共93人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Anglo-Norman PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1.In the year___，at the battle of ___，the ____ headed by William，Duke of Normandy，defeated the Anglo-Saxons.2.The literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright，____ tales of _______ and _______，in marked contrast with the ___ and ______ of Anglo-Saxon poetry.3.English literature is also a combination of ____and _____ elements.4.In the 14th century，the two most important writers are ___ and Chaucer.5.In the 15th century，there is only one important prose writer whose name is _____. He wrote an important work called Morte d’ Arthur.II. Define the leterature terms listed below.1.Canto2.legend3.Arthurian Legend.III. Read the excerpt of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight carefully，and then make a brief comment on it.IV. Answer the following questions.1.What is the consequence of the Norman Conquest？2.Make a brief survey of the middle English literature.英国文学史及选读Chapter3发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:31 共68人浏览[大] [中] [小]Geoffrey ChaucerI. Fill in the following blanks.1.Chaucer’s masterpiece is _____，one of the most famous works in all literature.2.Chaucer created in The Canterbury Tales a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of _______.3.There are various kinds of ballads _______，______，______，_____，and ______.4.Bishop ____ was among the first to take a literary interest in ballads.5.The name of the “jolly innkeeper” in The CanterburyTales is ______，who proposes that each pilgrim of the ____ should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back.6.In contradistinction to the ______ verse of Anglo-Saxon poetry，Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English _____ verse.II. Choose the best answer.1.Who is the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England？a. Christopher Marlowb. Geoffrey Chaucerc. W. Shakespeared. Alfred the Great2. Chaucer’s earlist work of any length is his “______” a transl ation of the French “Roman de la Rose” by Gaillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung，which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries not only in France but throught Europe.a. Troilus and Criseydeb. A Red，Red Rosec. Romance of the Rosed. Piers the Plowman3. In his literary development，Chaucer was influenced by three literatures，which one is not true？a. French literature.b. Italian literaturec. English literatured. American literatureIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write your answers in the brackets.1. （）The 32 pilgrims，according to Chaucer’s plan，was to exceed that of Baccoccio’s Decameron.2. （）The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of Romantic portray，the first of its kind in the history of English literature.3. （）The Canterbury Tales is a vivid and brilliant reflection of 15th century in England.4. （）Chaucer’s poetry traces out a path to the literature of English Renaissance.IV. Define the leterary terms listed below.1.Romance.2.Fable.3.BalladV. Anwer the following question.1.What is the social significance of The Canterbury Tales ？英国文学史及选读Chapter4发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:30 共66人浏览[大] [中] [小]The RenaissanceI. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase according to the textbook.1.Shakespeare’s first priginal play written in about 1590 was _________.2.Hamlet，Othello，King Lear，and _______ are generally regarded as Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.3.The Tragical History of Doct or Faustus is one of _______’s best known sonnets.4.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of ______.5.Bacon’s works may be divided into three classes，the ______，the _______，the _______ works.6.Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the_________.7.Edmund Spenser was the author of the greatest epic poem of _______.II. Find out the author and his works.⑴The author and their works1. （）Thomas More a. Gorge Green2. （）Enmund Spenser b. Eupheus3. （）John Lyly c.The Fairy Queen4. （）Marlowe d. Utopia5. （）Robert Greene e. The Jew of Malta⑵The characters in the play1. （）Desdemona a. The Merchant of Venice2. （）Cordelia b. As you like it3. （）Juliet c.Hamlet4. （）Ophelia d. King Lear5. （）Portia e. Othello6. （）Rosalind f. Romeo and JulietIII. Define the leterary terms listed below.1.Renaissance2.sonnet3.Spenserian Stanza4.Humanism5.dramatic irony6.tragedy7.allusionIV. Answer the following questions.1.Give a summary about the English literature during the Renaissance period.2.What is the main idea of Hamlet？3.Give a brief introduction to Thomas More’s Utopia.4.Wh en were Shakespeare’s main tragedies written？what did he write about in his tragedies？英国文学史及选读Chapter5发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:29 共40人浏览[大] [中] [小]Chapter Five The Period of Revolution and RestorationI. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase according to th etextbook.1.The 17th century was a period when ______ impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the ______ could no longer bear the sway of _______.2.England became a commomwealth under the leadership of _______.3.The Glorious Revolution in _____ meant three things the supremacy of ________，the beginning of _______，and the final truiumph of the principle of _______.4.Restoration created a literature of its own，that was often ______ and _______，but on the whole _______ and _______.5.The first thing to strik e the reader is Donne’s extraordinary _____ and penetrating_______. The next is the ______ which marks certain of the lighter poems and which represents a conscious reation from the extreme _______ of woman encouraged by the Petrachan tradition.6.Parad ise Lost presents the author’s view in an ______，_______ form. It is based on the _______legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race-______，and _______，and involves God and his eternal adversary _____in its plot.7.Bunyan’s most important wo rk is _________，written in the old-fashioned，medieval form of ________ and _________.8.Christia has two objects，---to get rid of his ______，which holds the sins and fears of his life，and to make his way.II. Find out the work from column A and its content from column B.1. （）II Penseroso a. defense of the Revolution2. （）Lycidas b. Satan against God3. （）Comas c. about dear friend4. （）Areopagitica d. happiness5. （）Eikonolastes e. meditation6. （）Defense for the English People f. masque7. （）Paradise Lost g. attack on the censorship8. （）L’Allegro h. justifying the excutionIII.Define the leterature terms listed below.1 .Blank Verse2. Three Unities3. Conceit4. Stanza5. Elegy6 .Allegory7. GenreLiterary CriticismIV. Answer the following questions.1.What are the different aspects between the literature of Elizabeth period and that of the Revolution period？2.Give a brief analysis of Satan，the central figure in ParadiseLost.3.Why do people say Samson is Milton？4.In your opinion，why is “The Pilgrim’s P rogress” successful？英国文学史及选读Chapter6发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:29 共34人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Age of Enlightenment EnglandI. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase according to th etextbook.1.The Revolution of 1688，which banished the last of the _____ kings，marks the end of the long struggle for political freedom in England.2.Another feature of the age was the rapid development of _________.3.It is simply for convenience that we study 18th century writings in three main divisions：the reign of so-called _____，the revival of _______ poetry，and the beginnings of the _______.4.The philosophy of the nlighteners，though ________ ________ and _________ in its essence，did not exclude senses，or sentiments，as a means of perception and learning.5.The most outstanding figure of English sentimentalism was ________.6.The Tarler and _______ _________ were Steele and Addison’s chief contribution to English literature.7.Robinson Crusoe is largely an ______ ________ ________ story，rather than the study of ______ _______ which Defoe probably intended it to be.8.Gulliver’s adventures begins with ______________，who are so small that Gulliver isa giant among them.9.The poem，which Addison named ______ _______，was hailed throughout England as a great work.10.In the essays of the 16th century，French writer ____ set the model for more familiar，personal and discursive discussion.11.Fielding’s laternovels are _______________，was inspired by the success of Ri chardson’s novel Pamela.12.As________，Goldsmith is among the best of the century.13. The greatest of _______ poets is Robert Burns.II. Match the theirs works in column A writers/genres with in column B.⑴1. （）The Deserted Village a. Thomas Gary2. （）The Village b. George Crabble3. （）Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard c. Oliver Goldsmith4. （）The Seasons d. James Thomson5. （）The Rape of the Lock e. William Blake6. （）The Chimney Sweeper f. Alexander Pope7. （） A Red，Red Rose g. Robert Burns⑵1. （）A Sentimental Journey a. Daniel Defoe2. （）The Vicar of Wakefield b. Jonathan Swift3. （）The School for Scandal c.John Bunyan4. （）The History of a Young Lady d. Horace Walpole5. （）Tom Jones e. Laurence Sterne6. （）The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle f. Oliver Goldsmith7. （）Robinson Crusoe g. Richard B. Sheridam8. （）Gulliver’s Tra vels h. Samuel Richardson9. （）The Castle of Otranto i. T. G. Smollet10.（）The Pilgrim’s Progress j. Fielding.⑶1. （）The Vicar of Wakefield a. essay2. （）She Stoops to Conquerb. poem3. （）The Citizen of the world c. novel4. （）The Deserted Village d. comedyIII.Define the leterature terms listed below.1.Enlightenment Movement2.Realistic Novel3.Gothic novel4.Heroic Couplet5.Mock Epic6.Bildungsroman7.Epitaph8.Farce9.Imagism10.RhymeIV. Answer the following questions.1.What is Pope’s position in English literature？2.What are the features of Sterne’s novels？3.What are the narrative festures of Gulliver’s Travel？4.What is Dr. Johnson’s comment on Addison’s prose？5.What is Fielding’s style？6.Why is Burn’s poetry important？英国文学史及选读Chapter7发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:28 共27人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Romantic PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1.With the publication of William Wordworth’s _____ in Collaboration with S. T. Coleridge，________ began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.2.The most important and decisive factor in the develoment of literature is _____，English Romanticism was greatly influenced by the _______ and _______.3.The greatest historical novelist _____ was produced in the Romantic Age.4.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems，one is Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage，the other is ________.5.Shelley’s poem _______ （1816），is vaguely autobiographical acount of a youn g poet’s unsuccessful attempt to recapture his envisional ideal.6.Ode to a Nightingale was written by _______.II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The Romantics emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2.The brilliant literary criticiam Biographis literaria is written by Samuel Johnson.III. Write the author of the following literary works.1. Song of Innocence2. The Prelude3. Kubla Khan4. Don Juan5. Prometheus Unbound6. Ode to the West Wind7. Ode on a Greciam Urn8. Pride and Prejudice9. Poor RelationsIV. Match the authors in column A with the works in columnB.1. Dante a. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud2.Byron b. Ode to a Nightingale3. Wordsworth c. Gain4. Keats d. Prometheus Unbound5. Shelley e. Divine ComedyV. Define the following terms.1.Romanticism/doc/a410999246.htmlke poetsVI. Answer the following questions.1.How does Wordsworth define the poet？2.What kinds of stylistic devices are used in Ode to the West Wind？3.Co mment on Austen’s writing festures.英国文学史及选读Chapter7发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:28 共27人浏览[大] [中] [小]The Romantic PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1.With the publication of William Wordworth’s _____ in Collaboration with S. T. Coleridge，________ began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.2.The most important and decisive factor in the develomentof literature is _____，English Romanticism was greatly influenced by the _______ and _______.3.The greatest historical novelist _____ was produced in the Romantic Age.4.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems，one is Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage，the other is ________.5.Shelley’s poem _______ （1816），is vaguely autobiographical acount of a young poet’s unsuccessful attempt to recapture his envisional ideal.6.Ode to a Nightingale was written by _______.II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The Romantics emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2.The brilliant literary criticiam Biographis literaria is written by Samuel Johnson.III. Write the author of the following literary works.1. Song of Innocence2. The Prelude3. Kubla Khan4. Don Juan5. Prometheus Unbound6. Ode to the West Wind7. Ode on a Greciam Urn8. Pride and Prejudice9. Poor RelationsIV. Match the authors in column A with the works in columnB.1. Dante a. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud2.Byron b. Ode to a Nightingale3. Wordsworth c. Gain4. Keats d. Prometheus Unbound5. Shelley e. Divine ComedyV. Define the following terms.1.Romanticism/doc/a410999246.htmlke poetsVI. Answer the following questions.1.How does Wordsworth define the poet？2.What kinds of stylistic devices are used in Ode to the West Wind？/doc/a410999246.htmlment on Austen’s writing festures.英国文学史及选读Chapter9发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 17:26 共37人浏览[大] [中] [小]The 20TH Century LiteratureI. Fill in the following blanks.1.Those “novels of character and enviorement” by T homas Hardy are the most representative of him as both a _______ and a critical realist writer.2.The trilogy “The Forsyte Saga” consists of The Man of Propert y，In Chancery and_________./doc/a410999246.htmlwrence first novel，_________________，was received with respect.4.Virginia Woolf’s novel ________________，published in 1925，made her reputation as an important psychological writer.5._________is the m ost outstanding stream of consciousnessnovelist.II. Define the literary terms.1.Imagism2.ModernismIII. Find the relevant match from column B for each item in column A.1. James Joyce a. Neo-classicism2. Ezra Pound b. An active romantic3. William Wordsworth c. Humanism4. Oscar Wilde d. Transcendantalism5. Walter Scott e. A radical enlightenner6. Alezander Pope f. Imagism7. Johanthan Swift g. Aestheticism8. Percy Bysshe Shelley h. A lake Poet9. William Shakespeare i. Stream of consciousness10. Henry，David Thoreau j. A historical novelistIV. Give a brief comment on the c haracteristic of Hardy’s novels.。
建筑史【英文】
Eva Tvrdí ková
Ancient Egyptian Architecture 古埃及建筑
(from 3000 BC to 700 BC)
Egyptian architecture is easily recognizable, thanks to its most famous buildings – pyramids. The construction of these impressive burial places for pharaohs and their families required between 20,000 and 30,000 workers. Construction materials were limestone and sun-baked bricks. Workers had to transport materials by sled and than they had to lift the blocks using the system of ramps and pulleys. Other Egyptian structures were temples and tombs, which were often decorated with hieroglyphics and carvings.
The Parthenon
The Coliseum
Romanesque Architecture 罗马式建筑
(11 – 13th century)
This style was inspired by Roman architecture, continuing the tradition of rounded arches and columns. Romanesque buildings were monumental, supported by massive walls, and had very small windows. Wooden roofs were replaced by ceilings (stropy), which were constructed with barrel and cross vaulting (valená a křížová klenba). The most representative buildings are the rotunda and basilica. A good example of Romanesque architecture is the French monastery in Cluny.
如何描述建筑历史英语作文
如何描述建筑历史英语作文Title: An Exploration of Architectural History。
Architecture is a tangible reflection of human civilization, encapsulating the values, aspirations, and technological prowess of a society at a given point in time. This essay endeavors to delve into the rich tapestry of architectural history, tracing its evolution from ancient civilizations to the modern era.The journey through architectural history begins with the cradle of civilization itself: Mesopotamia. In this fertile region, the Sumerians, Assyrians, and Babylonians erected awe-inspiring structures such as ziggurats and palaces. These monumental edifices, characterized by their massive mud-brick construction and intricate ornamentation, served religious, administrative, and defensive purposes.Moving westward, we encounter the architectural marvels of ancient Egypt. The pyramids, with their precise geometryand monumental scale, stand as enduring testaments to the ingenuity and craftsmanship of the ancient Egyptians. These colossal structures, built as tombs for pharaohs, embody a society's belief in the afterlife and the divine authorityof its rulers.The classical civilizations of Greece and Rome left an indelible mark on architectural history. Greek architecture, epitomized by the Parthenon, is celebrated for its harmony, proportion, and aesthetic beauty. The Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, with their distinctive columns and entablatures, continue to inspire architects to this day. Meanwhile, Roman architecture expanded upon Greek principles, incorporating arches, domes, and vaults into grandiose structures like the Colosseum and the Pantheon.The Middle Ages witnessed the rise of Gothicarchitecture in Europe. Characterized by its soaring vaults, pointed arches, and intricate stained glass windows, Gothic cathedrals such as Notre-Dame de Paris and Chartres Cathedral served as spiritual and architectural triumphs of the era. These monumental structures, imbued with religioussymbolism and mystique, reflected the spiritual fervor and technological advancements of medieval Europe.The Renaissance marked a pivotal moment inarchitectural history, as humanism and a renewed interest in classical antiquity sparked a revival of classical forms and ideals. Architects like Leon Battista Alberti and Andrea Palladio sought to reconcile the principles of Vitruvius with contemporary aesthetics, resulting in masterpieces such as the Villa Rotonda and the Basilica of San Lorenzo. The advent of perspective drawing and advancements in engineering enabled the realization of architectural visions previously thought impossible.The advent of the Industrial Revolution ushered in a new era of architectural innovation and experimentation. With the rise of steel, glass, and reinforced concrete, architects like Gustave Eiffel and Louis Sullivan pushed the boundaries of form and function. The Eiffel Tower, with its skeletal structure and unprecedented height, symbolized the triumph of modern engineering and became an enduring icon of the modern age.The 20th century witnessed the emergence ofarchitectural movements such as Modernism and Postmodernism, each challenging traditional notions of form, space, and materiality. Modernist architects like Le Corbusier andMies van der Rohe embraced principles of simplicity, functionality, and social progress, epitomized by iconic structures such as the Villa Savoye and the Seagram Building. Meanwhile, Postmodern architects like Robert Venturi and Frank Gehry embraced complexity, eclecticism, and historical references, ushering in an era ofarchitectural pluralism and cultural critique.In conclusion, the history of architecture is a testament to the ingenuity, creativity, and cultural diversity of humanity. From the monumental pyramids of ancient Egypt to the sleek skyscrapers of the modern era, architecture continues to evolve and adapt to the changing needs and aspirations of society. By studying architectural history, we gain insight into the past, present, and future of human civilization.。
建筑的历史价值英语作文
建筑的历史价值英语作文Title: The Historical Value of Architecture。
Architecture serves as a profound reflection of human civilization, encapsulating the essence of cultures, ideologies, and technological advancements throughout history. Its historical value transcends mere structural significance, embodying the collective identity andnarrative of societies. In this essay, we delve into the intrinsic importance of architecture in preserving and conveying historical heritage.First and foremost, architecture stands as a tangible testament to the past, preserving the aesthetic, functional, and symbolic aspects of bygone eras. Each architectural marvel, whether it be the grandeur of ancient temples orthe intricate detailing of medieval castles, encapsulatesthe values and aspirations of the society that erected it. For instance, the majestic pyramids of Egypt not only symbolize the ingenuity of ancient engineering but alsoreflect the spiritual beliefs and societal organization of the Egyptian civilization.Furthermore, architecture serves as a medium through which historical narratives are communicated to future generations. Every edifice tells a story, narrating the triumphs, struggles, and evolution of human endeavors. Take, for instance, the Acropolis of Athens, which chronicles the rise of democracy and the flourishing of classical Greek civilization. Through its iconic structures such as the Parthenon, the Acropolis transcends mere architectural splendor to become a living chronicle of human history.Moreover, architecture fosters a sense of continuityand connection with the past, bridging the temporal divide between antiquity and modernity. Whether throughrestoration efforts or adaptive reuse projects, preserving historical architecture ensures that the legacy of previous generations endures. The restoration of landmarks like the Colosseum in Rome not only safeguards architecturalheritage but also fosters a deeper appreciation for the cultural and historical significance embedded within thesestructures.In addition to its cultural and aesthetic significance, architecture plays a pivotal role in shaping urban landscapes and societal dynamics. From ancient cityplanning principles to contemporary urban design, architectural interventions leave an indelible imprint onthe fabric of society. The medieval walled cities of Europe, for instance, reflect not only defensive strategies butalso social hierarchies and economic systems prevalent during that era.Moreover, architecture serves as a catalyst for socio-economic development, driving tourism, and fostering civic pride. Historical landmarks such as the Taj Mahal in Indiaor the Great Wall of China attract millions of visitors annually, contributing significantly to local economies and cultural exchange. Beyond economic benefits, these architectural marvels serve as symbols of national identity and sources of collective pride for communities around the world.In conclusion, the historical value of architecture transcends mere aesthetics, encompassing cultural, social, and economic dimensions. As custodians of our built heritage, it is incumbent upon us to recognize the importance of preserving and celebrating historical architecture for future generations. By safeguarding these tangible links to the past, we not only honor our collective legacy but also enrich our understanding of the diverse tapestry of human history.。
建筑历史英文作文开头结尾
建筑历史英文作文开头结尾英文：Introduction:As an architecture enthusiast, I am fascinated by the rich history behind some of the world's most iconic buildings. From ancient structures to modern skyscrapers, each building has a unique story to tell.Body:One of my favorite examples of architectural history is the Great Wall of China. This massive structure dates back to the 7th century BC and was built to protect China from invading armies. It stretches over 13,000 miles and is made up of various materials such as brick, tamped earth, and stone. The Great Wall is not only an impressive feat of engineering, but it also holds a significant place in Chinese culture and history.Another example of architectural history that I find fascinating is the Gothic architecture of Europe. Thisstyle emerged in the 12th century and is characterized byits pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. Gothic cathedrals such as Notre Dame and Westminster Abbey are not only beautiful works of art but also represent a time of great religious and cultural significance in Europe.Conclusion:Overall, the history of architecture is a vast and fascinating subject. From ancient structures to modern marvels, each building has a unique story to tell about the people who built it and the time in which it was constructed.中文：介绍：作为一个建筑爱好者，我对世界上一些最具标志性建筑背后丰富的历史感到着迷。
介绍作品的英语作文
介绍作品的英语作文In the vast expanse of literary works, my latest English composition stands as a testament to the power of imagination and the beauty of storytelling. Entitled "A Journey Through Time," this piece takes the reader on an exhilarating adventure across different eras, weaving together the threads of history with the fabric of fiction.The narrative unfolds with the protagonist, a young and inquisitive historian named Emma, who stumbles upon a mysterious artifact during her research. This artifact, an ancient pocket watch, holds the key to time travel, and Emma soon finds herself catapulted into the past.The first chapter transports the reader to the Renaissance era, where Emma meets the great Leonardo da Vinci. Through their conversations, the reader gains insight into the creative process of one of history's most renowned polymaths. The vivid descriptions of the art and architecture of the time bring the setting to life, immersing the reader in the rich culture of the period.As the story progresses, Emma travels to various historical landmarks, each chapter revealing a new time period and a different set of characters. From the bustling streets of ancient Rome to the serene landscapes of the Tang Dynasty in China, each setting is meticulously crafted to reflect the nuances of the era.The language used in "A Journey Through Time" is both evocative and accessible. The vocabulary is carefully chosen to convey the atmosphere and emotions of each scene without overwhelming the reader. The sentence structure is varied, creating a rhythm that mirrors the ebb and flow of time itself.One of the most compelling aspects of this composition is the way it explores the concept of time and its impact on human lives. The story delves into themes of change, continuity, and the interconnectedness of all events. It challenges the reader to consider the weight of their actions and the ripple effects they may have on the future.Throughout the journey, Emma learns valuable lessons about history, culture, and herself. She discovers that every era has its own unique challenges and triumphs, and that the human spirit is a constant thread that weaves through time.In conclusion, "A Journey Through Time" is more than just an English composition; it is an exploration of the human experience across different ages. It is a story that invites the reader to reflect on their own place in the tapestry of history and to appreciate the richness of the world's diverse cultures and eras. This piece is a celebration of the power of storytelling and a reminder that we are all part of a larger, timeless narrative.。
英国建筑历史文化
英国传统建筑风格历史
British Traditional Architecture and History
哥特式建筑
英国传统建筑风格历史
British Traditional Architecture and History
■都铎风格( Tudor) 都铎风格是中世纪后英国 风格与文艺复兴装饰风格 的混合，在本世纪初最为 流行，它的“血统”是英 国式的，因而可以看到另 外许多英国风格的建筑对 它的影响，如安妮女皇风 格、史迪克风格等。整栋 建筑极富装饰趨味与田野 情趣
英国建筑文化
讲师：胡江山
CONTENTS
04
01
英国传统建筑 风格历史
British Traditional Architecture and History
02
英国传统建筑 历史溯源
History Origins of British Traditional Architecture
03
英国 建筑元素
■哥特式( Gothic) 哥特式建筑起源于法国，英国的哥 特式建筑出现的比法国稍晩，流行 于12~16世纪。英国哥特时期的世俗 建筑成就很高。在哥特式建筑流行 的早期，封建主的城星有很强的防 卫性，城墙很厚，有许多塔楼和碉 堡，墙内还有高高的核堡。15世纪 以后，王权进一步巩固，城堡的外 墙开了窗户，并更多地考虑居住的 舒适性。英国居民的半木构式住宅 以木柱和木横栏作为构架，加有装 饰图案，深色的木梁柱与白墙相间， 外观活泼。
该风格建筑的主要特征
它有两种形态： 正立面山墙； 常作为城市住 宅
04
屋檐外和进口 门廊均有斜向 木条架作为装 饰
02
01
03
外墙常有木板 包裹，水平及 垂直方向都有 木条镶嵌
历史建筑英语
历史建筑英语Historical Architecture: A Journey through TimeIntroduction:Historical architecture is a testament to the ingenuity and craftsmanship of past civilizations. These structures not only bear witness to the glory of the past but also serve as precious cultural heritage for future generations to admire and appreciate. In this article, we will explore the significance of historical architecture and how the English language plays a role in its preservation and exploration.1. The Magnificence of Historical Architecture:Historical architecture encompasses a wide range of structures, including palaces, temples, castles, and cathedrals. Each edifice tells a unique story, reflecting the aesthetics, societal values, and technological capabilities of the era in which it was built. The Great Wall of China, the Taj Mahal, the Colosseum, and the Pyramids of Giza are just a few examples of architectural marvels that continue to captivate visitors worldwide.2. Historical Architecture and Language:Language, particularly English, plays a vital role in conveying the significance and history of these structures to a global audience. Tour guides, educational materials, and exhibitions utilize English as a means of imparting knowledge and fostering appreciation. English serves as a bridge connecting people from different cultures, allowing them to access and understand the historical narratives associated with architectural treasures.3. Preserving Historical Architecture through Documentation:Documentation plays a crucial role in the preservation of historical architecture. English serves as a universal language for recording and cataloging architectural information, including architectural drawings, descriptions, and historical accounts. Translations into English ensure that this valuable knowledge is accessible and comprehensible to researchers, architects, and conservationists worldwide.4. Exploring Historical Architecture through Tourism:Tourism plays a significant role in sustaining historical architecture. Visitors from all corners of the globe travel to witness these architectural wonders firsthand. English tour guides and interpretive materials provide visitors with a deeper understanding of the historical and cultural significance embedded within these structures. Thus, the English language contributes to the dissemination of knowledge and nurtures a global appreciation for historical architecture.5. The Contributions of English Literature:English literature has immortalized historical architecture through captivating descriptions and vivid imagery. Poets like John Keats and William Wordsworth have romanticized architectural marvels in their works, evoking emotions and fostering a renewed appreciation for their beauty. Likewise, novels and historical accounts set in specific architectural contexts help readers visualize and empathize with the historical periods in which these structures played a significant role.6. Advancements in Digital Preservation:Technological advancements have revolutionized the preservation and exploration of historical architecture. English-language platforms and websites provide virtual tours, interactive maps, and historical information in an accessible format. These tools allow individuals worldwide to engage with historical architecture without physically visiting the sites, making it possible to learn about and appreciate these treasures from the comfort of their own homes.Conclusion:Historical architecture encompasses the achievements, aesthetics, and stories of past civilizations. The English language serves as a medium through which the significance of these structures is communicated, preserved, and perpetuated. From documentation to tourism, literature to digital preservation, English plays a vital role in fostering a global appreciation and understanding of the cultural heritage encapsulated within historical architecture. It is imperative that this linguistic bridge continues to be utilized, ensuring the preservation of historical architecture for generations to come.。
中外建筑史中英互译
• 西方宫殿
以单体建筑的宏伟豪华见长
• Western palace Grand grows perceptibly luxuriously by the monomer construction
二 中国宫殿
China Palace
• 朝代的更替 • 国力的盛衰 • 首都的迁移
Dynasty change National strength rise and fall
• 原因: 汉民族文化宽容，内向，保守 受外来文化影响不大但强烈影响了周边国家
Reasons: Han Chinese culture of tolerance, introverted, conservative, but not subject to external cultural influences strongly affect the neighboring countries
西方宫殿 Western Palace
• 古罗马帝国皇宫 Roman Empire Palace 罗马市中心 Rome city center 巴拉丁山 Palestinian Latin mountain
• 法国 巴黎 凡尔赛宫 (皇宫) • France Paris Versailles Palace (imperial palace)
始建于1661年
厅长76米，宽10米，高13 米。镜厅墙壁上镶有17面 巨大的镜子，每面镜子由 483块镜片组成，透过窗户 可以将凡尔赛宫后花园的 美景尽收眼底。 洛可可式建筑风格，于18 世纪20年代产生于法国， 在巴洛克建筑基础上发展 起来，主要表现在室内装 饰上
Rococo architectural style, produced in the 1720s in France, devel oped in the Baroque construction foundation, mainly displayed in the interior decoration
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3. Why does it require the creative manipulation and coordination of material, technology, light and shadow in relation to buildings?
Because architecture has to do with the planning, designing and constructing form, space and ambience that reflect functional, technical, social, environmental, and aesthetic considerations.
(Para. 3) Architecture also
encompasses the pragmatic aspects 包含，涵盖 实用性的 of realizing buildings and structures,
including scheduling, cost estimating 成本预算 施工进程 and construction administration. 施工管理
伴随的，附带的
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
What are the ancient people’ needs for buildings?
shelter security worship
(Para. 4) As human cultures developed
and knowledge began to be formalized 定型，形式化 through oral traditions and practices,
Chapter 1 History of Architecture
Chapter 1
• • • • Warm-up Text A Practice Related information
Warm-up
1. What is architecture in your opinion? (Can you define it in your own words?) 2. Do you know some definitions of architecture by some famous people? ( refer to Part II Views)
Fill in the blanks with the following words given in Chinese
• • • • • • • •
architectural works 建筑的： ____________ symbols 象征：cultural and political___________ civilization 文明：historical____________
are regarded as
(Para.1) Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving 现存的 architectural achievements.
译：现在我们常常通过现存的建筑成 就来确认历史文明的发展程度。
(Para. 2) "Architecture" can mean: •The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures.
有形建筑物
建造
•A general term to describe buildings and other structures. A style and method of design and construction of buildings and other physical structures.
1. What do people often regard architectural works as?
People often regard architectural works as cultural and political symbols and as works of art.
2. What does architecture to provide in the practice of an architect?
building became a craft, and 工艺 "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized versions of that craft.
Key to the related exercises
Answer the following questions
Text A Architecture
Read the passage quickly to find the definitions mentioned in the text.
architecture
• architecture
can be defined as
process and product
system, and is commonly used in describing
information technology.
(Para. 3) In relation to buildings, architecture has to do with the planning, designing and 处理 译：建筑必须要处理好对建筑物的外观、 constructing form, space and ambience that 环境 空间和环境的规划、设计以及建造的关系。 reflect functional, technical, social, 在这个处理过程中要考虑功能性、技术性、 社会性、环境因素以及审美趣味。这就要 environmental, and aesthetic considerations. 求对材料、技术、采光和遮光的和谐性进 审美的 It requires the creative manipulation and 行一些创新的操作。 coordination of material, technology, light and shadow.
in which
(Para. 2) The practice of an architect, where in the practice
architecture means to offer or render professional 提供 services in connection with the design and 与…有关 construction of a building, or group of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings, *which have as their principal purpose
(Para. 2) •Design activity, from the macro-level (urban 宏观 design, landscape architecture) to the micro-level 微观 (construction details and furniture). •The term "architecture" has been adopted to used, chosen describe the activity of designing any kind of
(Para. 3) As documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and
technical specifications, architecture defines the 译：作为建筑师所创建的文字记录，尤 技术规范 其是设计图、设计方案和技术规范，建 structure and/or behavior of a building or any 筑亦可定义为一座建筑的结构和/或性 能，以及其他任何待建或已建的体系。 other kind of system that is to be or has been
constructed.
(Para. 4) Building first evolved out of 演变，发展 the dynamics between needs (shelter, 动态变化 security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills).
information technology
art and science a general term design activity
the practice of an architect
a style and method
(Para.1) Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and 规划 设计 construction. Architectural works, in the 施工 material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural and political symbols and as works of art.
• • • • • •
symbolic ornament Gothic architecture civic monument rapid decline under the influence of have no affinity with