jcp--Circular economy of a papermaking park in China a case study
可持续性资本理论
B OSTON U NIVERSITY Center for Energy and Environmental Studies Working Papers SeriesNumber 9501 September 1995 THE CAPITAL THEORY APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY:A CRITICAL APPRAISALbyDavid Stern675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston MA 02215Tel: (617) 353-3083Fax: (617) 353-5986E-Mail: dstern@WWW: /sterncv.htmlThe Capital Theory Approach to Sustainability:A Critical AppraisalDavid I. SternBoston UniversityNovember 1995______________________________________________________________________________ Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston MA 02215, USA. Tel: (617) 353 3083 Fax: (617) 353 5986, E-Mail: dstern@The Capital Theory Approach to Sustainability:A Critical Appraisal______________________________________________________________________________ SummaryThis paper examines critically some recent developments in the sustainability debate. The large number of definitions of sustainability proposed in the 1980's have been refined into a smaller number of positions on the relevant questions in the 1990's. The most prominent of these are based on the idea of maintaining a capital stock. I call this the capital theory approach (CTA). Though these concepts are beginning to inform policies there are a number of difficulties in applying this approach in a theoretically valid manner and a number of critics of the use of the CTA as a guide to policy. First, I examine the internal difficulties with the CTA and continue to review criticisms from outside the neoclassical normative framework. The accounting approach obscures the underlying assumptions used and gives undue authoritativeness to the results. No account is taken of the uncertainty involved in sustainability analysis of any sort. In addition, by focusing on a representative consumer and using market (or contingent market) valuations of environmental resources, the approach (in common with most normative neoclassical economics) does not take into account distributional issues or accommodate alternative views on environmental values. Finally, I examine alternative approaches to sustainability analysis and policy making. These approaches accept the open-ended and multi-dimensional nature of sustainability and explicitly open up to political debate the questions that are at risk of being hidden inside the black-box of seemingly objective accounting.I.INTRODUCTIONThe Brundtland Report (WCED, 1987) proposed that sustainable development is "development that meets the needs of the present generation while letting future generations meet their own needs". Economists initially had some difficulty with this concept, some dismissing it1 and others proliferating a vast number of alternative definitions and policy prescriptions (see surveys by: Pezzey, 1989; Pearce et al., 1989; Rees, 1990; Lélé, 1991).In recent years, economists have made some progress in articulating their conception of sustainability. The large number of definitions of sustainability proposed in the 1980's have been refined into a smaller number of positions on the relevant questions in the 1990's. There is agreement that sustainability implies that certain indicators of welfare or development are non-declining over the very long term, that is development is sustained (Pezzey, 1989). Sustainable development is a process of change in an economy that does not violate such a sustainability criterion. Beyond this, the dominant views are based on the idea of maintaining a capital stock as a prerequisite for sustainable development. Within this school of thought there are opposing camps which disagree on the empirical question of the degree to which various capital stocks can be substituted for each other, though there has been little actual empirical research on this question.There is a consensus among a large number of economists that the CTA is a useful means of addressing sustainability issues.2 Capital theory concepts are beginning to inform policy, as in the case of the UN recommendations on environmental accounting and the US response to them (Beardsley, 1994; Carson et al., 1994; Steer and Lutz, 1993). There are, however, a growing number of critics who question whether this is a useful way to address sustainability (eg. Norgaard, 1991; Amir, 1992; Common and Perrings, 1992; Karshenas, 1994; Pezzey, 1994; Common and Norton, 1994; Faucheux et al., 1994; Common, 1995). The literature on sustainable development and sustainability is vast and continually expanding. There are also a large number ofsurveys of that literature (eg. Tisdell, 1988; Pearce et al., 1989; Rees, 1990; Simonis, 1990; Lélé, 1991; Costanza and Daly, 1992; Pezzey, 1992; Toman et al., 1994). I do not intend to survey this literature.The aim of this paper is to present a critique of the capital theory approach to sustainability (CTA henceforth) as a basis for policy. This critique both outlines the difficulties in using and applying the CTA from a viewpoint internal to neoclassical economics and problems with this approach from a viewpoint external to neoclassical economics. I also suggest some alternative approaches to sustainability relevant analysis and policy. The neoclasscial sustainability literature generally ignores the international dimensions of the sustainability problem. I also ignore this dimension in this paper.The paper is structured as follows. In the second section, I discuss the background to the emergence of the capital theory approach, while the third section briefly outlines the basic features of the approach. The fourth section examines the limitations of the CTA from within the viewpoint of neoclassical economics and the debate between proponents of "weak sustainability" and "strong sustainability". The following sections examine the drawbacks of this paradigm from a viewpoint external to neoclassical economics and discuss alternative methods of analysis and decision-making for sustainability. The concluding section summarizes the principal points.SHIFTING DEBATE: EMERGENCE OF THE CAPITAL THEORY II. THEAPPROACHMuch of the literature on sustainable development published in the 1980's was vague (see Lélé, 1991; Rees, 1990; Simonis, 1990). There was a general lack of precision and agreement in defining sustainability, and outlining appropriate sustainability policies. This confusion stemmed in part from an imprecise demarcation between ends and means. By "ends" I mean the definition ofsustainability ie. what is to be sustained, while "means" are the methods to achieve sustainability or necessary and/or sufficient conditions that must be met in order to do the same. As the goal of policy must be a subjective choice, considerable debate surrounded and continues to surround the definition of sustainability (eg. Tisdell, 1988). As there is considerable scientific uncertainty regarding sustainability possibilities, considerable debate continues to surround policies to achieve any given goal.Sharachchandra Lélé (1991) stated that "sustainable development is in real danger of becoming a cliché like appropriate technology - a fashionable phrase that everyone pays homage to but nobody cares to define" (607). Lélé pointed out that different authors and speakers meant very different things by sustainability, and that even UNEP's and WCED's definitions of sustainable development were vague, and confused ends with means. Neither provided any scientific examination of whether their proposed policies would lead to increased sustainability. "Where the sustainable development movement has faltered is in its inability to develop a set of concepts, criteria and policies that are coherent or consistent - both externally (with physical and social reality) and internally (with each other)." (613). Judith Rees (1990) expressed extreme skepticism concerning both sustainable development and its proponents. “It is easy to see why the notion of sustainable development has become so popular ... No longer does environmental protection mean sacrifice and confrontation with dominant materialist values” (435). She also argued that sustainable development was just so much political rhetoric. A UNEP report stated: "The ratio of words to action is weighted too heavily towards the former" (quoted in Simonis, 1990, 35). In the early days of the sustainability debate, vagueness about the meaning of sustainability was advantageous in attracting the largest constituency possible, but in the longer run, greater clarity is essential for sustaining concern.In the 1990's many people have put forward much more precisely articulated definitions of sustainable development, conditions and policies required to achieve sustainability, and criteria toassess whether development is sustainable. This has coincided with a shift from a largely politically-driven dialogue to a more theory-driven dialogue. With this has come a clearer understanding of what kinds of policies would be required to move towards alternative sustainability goals, and what the limits of our knowledge are. There is a stronger awareness of the distinction between ends and means. Most, but not all (eg. Amir, 1992), analysts agree that sustainable development is a meaningful concept but that the claims of the Brundtland Report (WCED, 1987) that growth just had to change direction were far too simplistic.There is a general consensus, especially among economists, on the principal definition of sustainable development used by David Pearce et al. (1989, 1991): Non-declining average human welfare over time (Mäler, 1991; Pezzey, 1992; Toman et al., 1994).3 This definition of sustainability implies a departure from the strict principle of maximizing net present value in traditional cost benefit analysis (Pezzey, 1989), but otherwise it does not imply a large departure from conventional economics. John Pezzey (1989, 1994) suggests a rule of maximizing net present value subject to the sustainability constraint of non-declining mean welfare. It encompasses many but not all definitions of sustainability. For example, it excludes a definition of sustainability based on maintaining a set of ecosystem functions, which seems to be implied by the Holling-sustainability criterion (Common and Perrings, 1992; Holling, 1973, 1986) or on maintaining given stocks of natural assets irrespective of any contribution to human welfare. A sustainable ecosystem might not be an undesirable goal but it could be too strict a criterion for the goal of maintaining human welfare (Karshenas, 1994) and could in some circumstances lead to declining human welfare. Not all ecosystem functions and certainly not all natural assets may be necessary for human welfare. Some aspects of the natural world such as smallpox bacteria may be absolutely detrimental to people. In the context of the primary Pearce et al. definition, the Holling-sustainability criterion is a means not an end.The advantage of formalizing the concept of sustainability is that this renders it amenable to analysis by economic theory (eg. Barbier and Markandya, 1991; Victor, 1991; Common and Perrings, 1992; Pezzey, 1989, 1994; Asheim, 1994) and to quantitative investigations (eg. Repetto et al., 1989; Pearce and Atkinson, 1993; Proops and Atkinson, 1993; Stern, 1995). Given the above formal definition of sustainability, many economists have examined what the necessary or sufficient conditions for the achievement of sustainability might be. Out of this activity has come the CTA described in the next section. The great attractiveness of this new approach is that it suggests relatively simple rules to ensure sustainability and relatively simple indicators of sustainability. This situation has seemingly cleared away the vagueness that previously attended discussions of sustainability and prompted relatively fast action by governments and international organizations to embrace specific goals and programs aimed at achieving this notion of the necessary conditions for sustainability.III. THE ESSENCE OF THE CAPITAL THEORY APPROACHThe origins of the CTA are in the literature on economic growth and exhaustible resources that flourished in the 1970s, exemplified by the special issue of the Review of Economic Studies published in 1974 (Heal, 1974). Robert Solow (1986) built on this earlier literature and the work of John Hartwick (1977, 1978a, 1978b) to formalize the constant capital rule. In these early models there was a single non-renewable resource and a stock of manufactured capital goods. A production function produced a single output, which could be used for either consumption or investment using the two inputs. The elasticity of substitution between the two inputs was one which implied that natural resources were essential but that the average product of resources could rise without bound given sufficient manufactured capital.The models relate to the notion of sustainability as non-declining welfare through the assumption that welfare is a monotonically increasing function of consumption (eg. Mäler, 1991). The path ofconsumption over time (and therefore of the capital stock) in these model economies depends on the intertemporal optimization rule. Under the Rawlsian maxi-min condition consumption must be constant. No net saving is permissible as this is regarded as an unjust burden on the present generation. Under the Ramsey utilitarian approach with zero discounting consumption can increase without bound (Solow, 1974). Here the present generation may be forced to accept a subsistence standard of living if this can benefit the future generations however richer they might be. Paths that maximize net present value with positive discount rates typically peak and then decline so that they are not sustainable (Pezzey, 1994). Pezzey (1989) suggested a hybrid version which maximizes net present value subject to an intertemporal constraint that utility be non-declining. In this case utility will first increase until it reaches a maximum sustainable level. This has attracted consensus as the general optimizing criterion for sustainable development. Geir Asheim (1991) derives this condition more formally.Under the assumption that the elasticity of substitution is one, non-declining consumption depends on the maintenance of the aggregate capital stock ie. conventional capital plus natural resources, used to produce consumption (and investment) goods (Solow, 1986). Aggregate capital, W t,and the change in aggregate capital are defined by:W t=p Kt K t + p Rt S t (1)∆W t=p Kt∆K t + p Rt R t (2)where S is the stock of non-renewable resources and R the use per period. K is the manufactured capital stock and the p i are the relevant prices. In the absence of depreciation of manufactured capital, maintenance of the capital stock implies investment of the rents from the depletion of the natural resource in manufactured capital - the Hartwick rule (Hartwick 1977, 1978a, 1978b). Income is defined using the Hicksian notion (Hicks, 1946) that income is the maximum consumption in a period consistent with the maintenance of wealth. Sustainable income is,therefore, the maximum consumption in a period consistent with the maintenance of aggregate capital intact (Weitzman, 1976; Mäler, 1991) and for a flow of income to be sustainable, the stock of capital needs to be constant or increasing over time (Solow, 1986).The initial work can be extended in various ways. The definition of capital that satisfies these conditions can be extended to include a number of categories of "capital": natural, manufactured, human, and institutional.4 Natural capital is a term used by many authors (it seems Smith (1977) was the first) for the aggregate of natural resource stocks that produce inputs of services or commodities for the economy. Some of the components of natural capital may be renewable resources. Manufactured capital refers to the standard neoclassical definition of "a factor of production produced by the economic system" (Pearce, 1992). Human capital also follows the standard definition. Institutional capital includes the institutions and knowledge necessary for the organization and reproduction of the economic system. It includes the ethical or moral capital referred to by Fred Hirsch (1976) and the cultural capital referred to by Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke (1992). For convenience I give the name 'artificial capital' to the latter three categories jointly. None of these concepts is unproblematic and natural capital is perhaps the most problematic. Technical change and population growth can also be accommodated (see Solow, 1986).Empirical implementation of the CTA tends to focus on measurement of sustainable income (eg. El Serafy, 1989; Repetto, 1989) or net capital accumulation (eg. Pearce and Atkinson, 1993; Proops and Atkinson, 1993) rather than on direct estimation of the capital stock.5 The theoretical models that underpin the CTA typically assume a Cobb-Douglas production function with constant returns to scale, no population growth, and no technological change. Any indices of net capital accumulation which attempt to make even a first approximation to reality must take these variables into account. None of the recent empirical studies does so. For example, David Pearce and Giles Atkinson (1993) present data from eighteen countries on savings and depreciation of natural andmanufactured capital as a proportion of GNP. They demonstrate that only eight countries had non-declining stocks of total capital, measured at market prices, and thus passed a weak sustainability criterion of a constant aggregate capital stock, but their methodology ignores population growth, returns to scale or technological change.IV.INTERNAL APPRAISAL OF THE CAPITAL THEORY APPROACHIn this section, I take as given the basic assumptions and rationale of neoclassical economics and highlight some of the technical problems that are encountered in using the CTA as an operational guide to policy. From a neoclassical standpoint these might be seen as difficulties in the positive theory that may lead to difficulties in the normative theory of sustainability policy. In the following section, I take as given solutions to these technical difficulties and examine some of the problems inherent in the normative neoclassical approach to sustainability.a.Limits to Substitution in Production and "Strong Sustainability"Capital theorists are divided among proponents of weak sustainability and strong sustainability. This terminology is confusing as it suggests that the various writers have differing ideas of what sustainability is.6 In fact they agree on that issue, but differ on what is the minimum set of necessary conditions for achieving sustainability. The criterion that distinguishes the categories is the degree of substitutability believed to be possible between natural and artificial capital.7The weak sustainability viewpoint follows from the early literature and holds that the relevant capital stock is an aggregate stock of artificial and natural capital. Weak sustainability assumes that the elasticity of substitution between natural capital and artificial capital is one and therefore that there are no natural resources that contribute to human welfare that cannot be asymptotically replaced by other forms of capital. Reductions in natural capital may be offset by increases inartificial capital. It is sometimes implied that this might be not only a necessary condition but also a sufficient condition for achieving sustainability (eg. Solow, 1986, 1993).Proponents of the strong sustainability viewpoint such as Robert Costanza and Herman Daly (1992) argue that though this is a necessary condition for sustainability it cannot possibly be a sufficient condition. Instead, a minimum necessary condition is that separate stocks of aggregate natural capital and aggregate artificial capital must be maintained. Costanza and Daly (1992) state: "It is important for operational purposes to define sustainable development in terms of constant or nondeclining total natural capital, rather than in terms of nondeclining utility" (39).8 Other analysts such as members of the "London School" hold views between these two extremes (see Victor, 1991). They argue that though it is possible to substitute between natural and artificial capital there are certain stocks of "critical natural capital" for which no substitutes exist. A necessary condition for sustainability is that these individual stocks must be maintained in addition to the general aggregate capital stock.The weak sustainability condition violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics, as a minimum quantity of energy is required to transform matter into economically useful products (Hall et al., 1986) and energy cannot be produced inside the economic system.9 It also violates the First Law on the grounds of mass balance (Pezzey, 1994). Also ecological principles concerning the importance of diversity in system resilience (Common and Perrings, 1992) imply that minimum quantities of a large number of different capital stocks (eg. species) are required to maintain life support services. The London School view and strong sustainability accommodate these facts by assuming that there are lower bounds on the stocks of natural capital required to support the economy, in terms of the supply of materials and energy, and in terms of the assimilative capacity of the environment, and that certain categories of critical natural capital cannot be replaced by other forms of capital.Beyond this recognition it is an empirical question as to how far artificial capital can substitute for natural capital. There has been little work on this at scales relevant to sustainability. However, the econometric evidence from studies of manufacturing industry suggest on the whole that energy and capital are complements (Berndt and Wood, 1979).In some ways the concept of maintaining a constant stock of aggregate natural capital is even more bizarre than maintaining a non-declining stock of total capital. It seems more reasonable to suggest that artificial capital might replace some of the functions of natural capital than to suggest that in general various natural resources may be substitutes for each other. How can oil reserves substitute for clean air, or iron deposits for topsoil? Recognizing this, some of the strong sustainability proponents have dropped the idea of maintaining an aggregate natural capital stock as proposed by Costanza and Daly (1992) and instead argue that minimum stocks of all natural resources should be maintained (Faucheux and O'Connor, 1995). However, this can no longer really be considered an example of the CTA. Instead it is an approach that depends on the concept of safe minimum standards or the precautionary principle. The essence of the CTA is that some aggregation of resources using monetary valuations is proposed as an indicator for sustainability.The types of models which admit an index of aggregate capital, whether aggregate natural capital or aggregate total capital, is very limited. Construction of aggregate indices or subindices of inputs depend on the production function being weakly separable in those subgroups (Berndt and Christensen, 1973). For example it is only possible to construct an index of aggregate natural capital if the marginal rate of substitution between two forms of natural capital is independent of the quantities of labor or capital employed. This seems an unlikely proposition as the exploitation of many natural resources is impractical without large capital stocks. For example, in the production of caught fish, the marginal rate of substitution, and under perfect competition the price ratio, between stocks of fresh water fish and marine fish should be independent of the number of fishingboats available. This is clearly not the case. People are not likely to put a high value on the stock of deep sea fish when they do not have boats to catch them with.If substitution is limited, technological progress might reduce the quantity of natural resource inputs required per unit of output. However, there are arguments that indicate that technical progress itself is bounded (see Pezzey, 1994; Stern, 1994). One of these (Pezzey, 1994) is that, just as in the case of substitution, ultimately the laws of thermodynamics limit the minimization of resource inputs per unit output. Stern (1994) argues that unknown useful knowledge is itself a nonrenewable resource. Technological progress is the extraction of this knowledge from the environment and the investment of resources in this activity will eventually be subject to diminishing returns.Limits to substitution in production might be thought of in a much broader way to include nonlinearities and threshold effects. This view is sometimes described as the "ecological" viewpoint on sustainability (Common and Perrings, 1992; Common, 1995) or as the importance of maintaining the "resilience" of ecological systems rather than any specific stocks or species. This approach derives largely from the work of Holling (1973, 1986). In this view ecosystems are locally stable in the presence of small shocks or perturbations but may be irreversibly altered by large shocks. Structural changes in ecosystems such as those that come about through human interference and particularly simplification, may make these systems more susceptible to losing resilience and being permanently degraded. There is clearly some substitutability between species or inorganic elements in the role of maintaining ecosystem productivity, however, beyond a certain point this substitutability may suddenly fail to hold true. This approach also asks us to look at development paths as much less linear and predictable than is implied in the CTA literature.All things considered, what emerges is a quite different approach to sustainability policy. It is probable that substitution between natural and artificial capital is limited, as is ultimately technicalchange. Additionally the joint economy-ecosystem system may be subject to nonlinear dynamics. This implies that eventually the economy must approach a steady state where the volume of physical economic activity is dependent on the maximum economic and sustainable yield of renewable resources or face decline ie. profit (or utility) maximizing use of renewable resources subject to the sustainability constraint. As in Herman Daly's vision (Daly, 1977) qualitative change in the nature of economic output is still possible. Sustainability policy would require not just maintaining some stocks of renewable resources but also working to reduce "threats to sustainability" (Common, 1995) that might cause the system to pass over a threshold and reduce long-run productivity.The notion of Hicksian income originally applied to an individual price-taking firm (Faucheux and O'Connor, 1995). However, even here it is not apparent that the myopic policy of maintaining capital intact from year to year is the best or only way to ensure the sustainability of profits into the future. If a competing firm makes an innovation that renders the firm's capital stock obsolete, the latter's income may drop to zero. This is despite it previously following a policy of maintaining its capital intact. The firm's income measured up to this point is clearly seen to be unsustainable. In fact its policy has been shown to be irrelevant to long-run sustainability. In the real world firms will carry out activities that may not contribute to the year to year maintenance of capital and will reduce short-run profits such as research and development and attempts to gain market share.10 These activities make the firm more resilient against future shocks and hence enhance sustainability.b.Prices for AggregationSupposing that the necessary separability conditions are met so that aggregation of a capital stock is possible, analysts still have to obtain an appropriate set of prices so that the value of the capital stock is a sustainability relevant value. The CTA is more or less tautological if we use the "right" prices. However, these correct "sustainability prices" are unknown and unknowable. A number of。
一个关于养老改革的外文文献综述
一个关于养老改革的外文文献综述——基于人口结构、决策环境以及新自由主义的视角内容提要：本文以养老改革为话题对国外学者的相关研究作了一个文献综述，主要从人口结构、决策环境以及新自由主义三个方面展开。
通过文献研究发现，人口老龄化是一个全球性问题，该问题的存在及恶化会给养老保险体系以及宏观经济带来严重的冲击。
各国政府为应对人口老龄化危机，分别从参数或结构上对本国的养老保险体系进行了改革。
而具有不同政治偏好和利益诉求的政党及工会组织，则通过选举制度和经济制度等平台，左右着本国的养老改革进程。
全球化背景下，新自由主义者所倡导的市场化、私有化以及行政干预最小化等观念，通过世界银行等国际组织的推波助澜，对各国的养老改革产生了越来越深刻的影响，比如其推崇的“多支柱养老改革方案”，能得到越来越多国家的欢迎便是最好的明证。
关键词：老龄化养老保险现收现付制基金制一、引言养老保险作为最基本的社会再分配力量之一，在保障老年人的退休生活和缩小社会贫富差距方面发挥着重要作用。
随着覆盖面和积累资产规模的扩大，其对经济增长所产生的影响力也在逐步增强。
无论是参保者个人还是政府，都非常关注养老保险制度的有效性和可持续性。
人口结构的变化是影响制度有效性和可持续性的关键因素。
人口老龄化不但会影响参保者的养老金收益，还会影响工作一代的养老负担，对于改善养老保险体系在代际再分配方面的公平性和在财政预算上的可持续性非常不利。
基于此，各国为应对日益严峻的老龄化形势，纷纷对本国的养老保险体系进行了调整，或进行参数上的改革，或进行结构上的改革。
养老改革不但与全民退休生活息息相关，更事关不同社会阶层之间的利益分配，其改革方案应当充分考虑到不同阶层的政治偏好和利益诉求。
一个国家的政治决策生活中，不同社会阶层的成员主要通过政党以及工会等组织，来表达其对养老改革方案的期望和诉求。
而各国的政治制度和经济制度则是这些期望和诉求得以表达的平台，从而形成了养老改革的决策环境。
传播政治经济学 常用学术用语 中英文
传播政治经济学常用学术用语中英文1.供给和需求(Supply and Demand)- The principle of supply and demand determines the equilibrium price of a good or service.-供给与需求的原理决定了商品或服务的均衡价格。
2.边际效应(Marginal Effect)- Marginal effect refers to the change in the outcome resulting from a one-unit change in an independent variable.-边际效应是指独立变量的一单位变化所引起的结果变化。
3.地租(Rent)- Rent is the payment made to the owner of a property or resource for its use.-地租是用于租赁房地产或资源的产权所有人的支付。
4.货币供应(Money Supply)- Money supply refers to the total amount of money in circulation within an economy.-货币供应指的是经济体内流通的总货币数量。
5.资本积累(Capital Accumulation)- Capital accumulation refers to the growth of a nation's stock of capital goods, such as factories, machinery, and infrastructure.-资本积累指的是一个国家资本货物库存的增长，如工厂、机械和基础设施等。
6.社会福利(Social Welfare)- Social welfare refers to the well-being and quality of life of individuals within a society.-社会福利指的是一个社会中个体的福祉和生活质量。
保护贸易理论(2)
中心国享有国际贸易利益，而外围国却得不到，因而造成 经济差距。
中心国 外围国
技术方面 创新与传播 模仿与接受
生产与贸易
生产与出口制成品 进口初级品
生产与出口初级品 进口制成品
国际经济体系地位 主导、控制 依附、受剥削
2、外围国贸易条件不断恶化 因为建立在西方比较优势理论基础上的国际贸易
不利于发展中国家，从而使外围国的贸易条件恶化。 原因分析： ⑴技术进步利益的分配不均； ⑵工业制成品与初级品的需求收入弹性不同； ⑶各地的工会作用不同。 3、外围国必须实行工业化，独立发展民族经济
一、理论背景
19世纪未至20世纪初，资本主义自由竞争逐步发 展到垄断，国际经济制度发生了巨大的变化，基矛盾进 一步加剧。1929-1933年的大危机促使许多资本主义国 家提高关税，限制进口；国家积极干预外贸，超保护贸 易政策盛行。
凯恩斯的学说是在上述背景之下，为适应垄断资 产阶级的需要而产生的。
凯恩斯对重商主义的一些政策进行了重新评价， 并以“三个心理规律”为核心，以国家干预为政策重点， 创立了保护国内就业的学说。
案例分析Ⅰ：中国高层重视粮食安全问题
案例分析Ⅱ：“你可以多吃，但不能浪费”
第五节 自由贸易与保护贸易之争
一、背景资料：“自由贸易过时了吗？” 西方传统的自由贸易理论自从亚当·斯密以来，一直
占据主流领域，但随着规模经济和不完全竞争引入贸易理 论范畴后，其最优贸易政策的地位不断受到质疑。
自由贸易被认为只有在“完全竞争”的市场经济中才 是最优政策，而现实世界中，合理的政府干预有可能增加 市场的产出，从而使本国受益。
凯恩斯本人对国际贸易的论点不多，但其追随者 们有关国际贸易的观点很有影响。
二、凯恩斯及其追随者的国际贸易理论 1、凯恩斯对古典自由贸易理论的评价
中图法与科图法简表对照一览-河海大学图书馆
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论上海发展面临的虚拟经济膨胀问题…………………………………………………高炜宇(47) 社会情境理论：贫困现象的另一种解释…………………………………………………周怡(56) 浦东新郊区建设和人口城市化再推进研究……………………………………………孙嘉丰(63) 后形而上时代的“沟通主义法律观”——啜法律的沟通之维》代译序………………邓正来(69) 单位人格刑事责任沦纲……………………………………………………………………杜文(72) 沦行政行为的代表性…………………………………………………………樊明亚赖声利 (80) 对我国学前教育改革若干问题的文化观照……………………………………………华爱华(87) 《沦语》：孔子弟子博弈之成果——兼谈战国后期儒家八派之争及荀卿的态度……李露平(96) 中西和谐社会思想之异同：经济学说史的视角………………………………………钟祥财(105) 清末新政对民生问题的恶性操作与社会矛盾的激化…………………………………陆兴龙(115) 《月令》；农耕民族的人生模型……………………………………………………………薛富(123) 书生立武勋——湘军功成的内在因素…………………………………………………李志茗(134) 塞上海柴拉报势考略……………………………………………………………………褚晓琦(147) 墓惠与商道：近代上海慈善组织兴起的原因探析……………………………………汪华(154) 走向·间性哲学·的跨文化研究…………………………………………………………周宁(162) 空间，性别与认同——女性写作的·地理学·转向…………………………………陈惠芬（170）月西方理论和方法解析中国古代诗词——叶嘉莹中西诗学研究之阐释……………徐志啸（183）法商研究[双月刊]=Studies in LAW And Business/中南财经政法大学.—第1期，2008年.—武汉市：《法商研究》编辑部，（430073）.18.00元ISSN 1672-0393 CN 42-1664/D索书号：C5/73 馆藏地：本部四楼本期目录内容“美国对华铜版纸案”述评——基于反补贴申诉的考察……………………李仲平李炼(3) 美国反补贴法适用探析——以对“非市场经济国家”的适用为考察对象…………徐泉(10) WTO法律体系下实施“双反”措施的合法性研究——由“美国对华铜版纸案”引发的思考………………………………………………………………………………………臧立(16)从立法中心主义转向司法中心主义?——关于几种“中心主义”研究范式的反思、延伸与比较……………………………………………………………………………………喻中(22) 转化型抢劫罪主体条件的实质解释——以相对刑事责任年龄人的刑事责任为视角………………………………………………………………………………………刘艳红(29) 论我国股权激励的本土创新——股权分置改革视野下的反思与重构………………官欣荣(42) 论以人为本的“人”……………………………………………………………………胡锦光(48) 限时刑法探究……………………………………………………………………………黄明儒(55) 农民土地产权资本化经营实现的法律保障……………………………………………李丽峰(61) 城市土地节约利用法律制度：现状、问题与对策……………………………………王文革(69) 论现行保证制度的局限及其完善——以成本收益分析为中心………………………许德风(78) 保护传统文化的政策目标论纲…………………………………………………………黄玉烨(86) 我国新能源与可再生能源立法之新思维………………………………………………杨解君(92) 美国监管影响分析制度述评……………………………………………………………马英娟(98) 论犯罪的相对性——从绝对理性到相对理性…………………………………………张建军(107) 基于信息的荐证广告之法律规制——以保健品广告为中心…………………………吴元元(113) 环境罚款数额设定的立法研究…………………………………………………………程雨燕(121) 委托调解若干问题研究——对四个基层人民法院委托调解的初步考察……………李浩(133) 中国法律史研究思路新探………………………………………………………………邓建鹏(141) 中国法学会商法学研究会2007年年会综述…………………………………………冯兴俊(147) 第十五届全国经济法理论研讨会综述…………………………………………………管斌(153)复印报刊资料·社会学[月刊]Sociology.—第2期，2008年.—北京：中国人民大学书报资料中心，（100086）.10.00元ISSN 1001-344X CN 11-4250/C索书号：C91/3 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼本期目录内容理论研究中国社会发展范式的转换：普遍性与特殊性……………………………………………刘新刚(3) 欧洲社会模式的反思与展望……………………………………………(英)安东尼·吉登斯(10) 分支学科自我行动与自主经营——理解中国人何以将自主经营当作其参与市场实践的首选方式……………汪和建(21) 声望危机下的学术群体——当代知识分子身份地位研究……………………………刘亚秋(37) 中国城市教育分层研究(1949-2003) …………………………………………………郝大海(51) 法律执行的社会学模式——对法律援助过程的法社会学分析………………王晓蓓郭星华(63) 社会发展系统打造农村现代职业体系的创新探索——武汉农村家园建设行动计划和实践的社会学分析之一……………………郑杭生(69) “活着的过去”和“未来的过去”——民俗制度变迁与新农村建设的社会学视野…………………………………杨敏(76) 社会问题解决社会问题的关键：协调好社会各群体之间的关系…………………………………李强(87) 环球视窗美国式的贫困与反贫困...........................................................................张锐(89) 索引 (92)英文目录 (96)领导科学[半月刊]=Leadership Science—第21期，2007年.—河南：领导科学杂志社编辑出版，（450002）.3.80元ISSN1003-2606 CN41-1024/C索书号： C93/8 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼本期目录内容领导科学界的首要政治任务…………………………………………………………本刊编辑部（1）学习贯彻十七大精神把思想和行动统一到党的十七大精神上来——在2007年度省领导与社科葬专家学者座谈会上的讲话…………………………………………………………………………………徐光春（4）新一届中央领导集体治国理政的新方略(上) …………………………………………姜平（9）理论前沿关于领导、发展、以人为本的关系解读…………………………………………………王伟凯（ll）领导方法有效解决集体上访问题的思考与实践…………………………………………………陈丰林（14）引导信访户从“上访路”走上“致富路”………………………………………………邱金义（16）增强班子合力关键要合理分工…………………………………………………………枣甘（13）高校党建工作进网络的探索…………………………………………………张进超詹爱琴（17）市县领导欠发达地区构建和谐社会的着力点……………………………………………………丁善余（20）拓展农业发展思路的五种渠道…………………………………………………………盛高攀（22）乡镇领导推进乡镇党委和谐班子建设的途径……………………………………………………王晓宏（23）乡镇党委如何统揽工作全局……………………………………………………………刘久正（25）职工论坛建立体现科学发展观要求的干部政绩考核机制………………………………………盛克勤（30）组织部门信访工作机制探索……………………………………………………………钟群妹（26）用人之道有效规范干部选任初始提名工作……………………………………………李明辉韩振松（32）如何用好有过失的干部…………………………………………………………………蒋红波（34）办公室领导办公室工作如伺体现科学发展观要求…………………………………………………王合清（36）怎样在被动服务中求得主动……………………………………………………………方黎（38）学术动态中国领导科学研究会2007年年会将在上海市召开 (43)领导决策实现政府公共决策机制法治化的基本途径……………………………………………李光明（40）领导素养领导行为与对人的认识…………………………………………………………………周丽丽（42）军事领导基层政治工作如何贯彻科学发展观……………………………………………………鲁鸿飞（44）培养官兵对制度的敬畏感………………………………………………………………何洪江（46）领导鉴戒“大胜”更须戒骄………………………………………………………………………李颖（48）领导作风领导工作应坚持“三真”原则………………………………………………余丰立朱伟（47）外国政要帕蒂尔：温和印度的政治选择……………………………………………………………史泽华（50）治政史鉴朱元璋的反贪之策………………………………………………………………………韩立竖（52）特别阅读真相(中篇小说梗概) (54)热风细雨“经济提拔”与“提拔经济”…………………………………………………………江波（35）新视野(十七大的历史地位和历史意义)等7篇 (18)中国人才[半月刊]= Chinese Talents Magazine．—第10期，2007年．—北京：中国人才杂志社，（100101）．6.00元ISSN 1003-4072 CN 11-2455/C索书号：C96/5 馆藏地：西康校区四楼江宁校区二楼本期目录内容人才精论“以人才为本”是人才开发的核心 (1)瞭望要闻.政策法规.声音.动态.数字信息 (4)考录：严把公务员“入口”关倡培养造就高素质公务员队伍 (10)人才市揭：为人才成长提供良好机遇与环境 (12)高校毕业生就业服务成效显著 (14)聚焦人事争议仲裁制度迈向新的发展 (15)完善人事争议仲裁构建和谐社会——《人事争议处理规定》解读 (16)努力开创人事争议仲裁工作新局面 (20)“六大人才高峰”彰显人才集聚效应 (21)高技能人才从何而来 (23)造福于民方能造福于己 (25)以.三最.为民生轴心彰显科学发展 (25)理论研究区分公共服务与经营性服务的理论思考 (26)探寻人才科学开发之道 (29)如何实施人才激励 (31)人才铺就小康路·走进昆山实施“人才强市”大战略加速“两个率先”新征程——本刊专访中共昆山市委书记张国华 (38)广纳八方英才创新昆山发展 (42)人才亮点点亮昆山 (44)名家在线科学大家平民本色——记中国测绘科学研究院名誉院长、中国工程院院士刘先林眉 (56)群星闪烁 (59)公务员管理提高公务员考试科学性 (61)加强县乡公务员队伍建设必须从优化人员结构入手 (63)“在线学习”引领干部培训“网络化” (66)事业单位聘用制推行中常见问题与对策分析 (68)如何做好当前外国专家管理与服务工作 (68)西部地区海外引才的一道亮丽风景线 (70)巧用职称评聘“杠杆”支撑人才活力 (72)人才资源配置流动人员人事档案管理难点与对策 (74)搞好毕业生人事档案管理 (77)县域人才开发如何与国际化接轨 (79)集团文化建设落地的关键点 (80)国有企业“二线”人员的开发 (81)简明定位“薪”事不再重重 (83)公备员在受处分期间受到新的处分，处分期如何计算 (85)未满服务期辞职应如何承担违约责任 (86)27 经济、经济学（F 经济）中文期刊世界经济[月刊]=The Journal of World Economy /中国经济学会中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所．—第2期，2008年2月．—北京：《世界经济》编辑部，（100732）．15.00元ISSN1002-9621 CN11—1138/F索书号：F1/45本期目录内容国际贸易与国际投资研发全球化与本土知识交流：对北京跨国公司研发机构的经验分析…………………………………………………………………梁正，薛澜，朱琴，朱雪炜(3) 区际壁垒与贸易的边界效应…………………………………………赵永亮，徐勇，苏桂富(17) 国际金融国际分工体系视角的货币国际化：美元和日元的典型事实……………………徐奇渊，李婧(30) 存在金融体制改革的“中国模式”吗…………………………………………………应展宇等(40) 宏观经济学习惯形成与最优税收结构…………………………………………………………邹薇，刘勇(55) R&D溢出渠道、异质性反应与生产率：基于178个国家面板数据的经验研究……………………………………………………………………………高凌云，王永中(65) 中国经济三种自主创新能力与技术进步：基于DEA方法的经验分析……………李平，随洪光(74) 经济史明代海外贸易管制中的寻租、暴力冲突与国家权力流失：一个产权经济学的视角……………………………………………………………………………………郭艳茹(84) 会议综述第一届青年经济学家研讨会(YES)综述 (95)经济与管理研究[月刊]=Research on Economics and Management/首都经济贸易大学．—第2期，2008年2月．—北京：《经济与管理研究》编辑部，（100026）．10.00元ISSN1000-7636 CN11—1384/F索书号：F2/8本期目录内容会议纪要努力探索中国特色国有公司治理模式——中国特色国有公司治理高层论坛综述 (5)专题论坛改革开放与国有经济战略性调整………………………………………………………王忠明(13) 股权多元化的国有控股公司治理结构特点及其构建………………………………魏秀丽(21) 剩余权的分配与国企产权改革……………………………兰纪平，罗鹏，霍立新，张凤环(28) 企业创新需求与我国自主创新能力的形成：基于收入分配视角………………………张杰，刘志彪(33) 集成创新过程中的三方博弈分析……………………………………………宋伟，彭小宝(38) 创新与企业战略制定模式的演进………………………………………刘鹏，金占明，李庆(43) 企业管理大型国际化零售企业经营绩效的影响因素分析………………………………蔡荣生，王勇(49) 跨团队冲突与组织激励机制分析………………………………………………李欣午(54) 运用基尼系数增强企业薪酬制度的公平性……………………………王令舜，马彤(59) 三农研究乡村旅游发展的公共属性、政府责任与财政支持研究……………单新萍，魏小安(64) 论失地农民长效保障机制的构建………………………………………………魏秀丽(69) 资本市场外资银行进入与东道国银行体系的稳定性：以新兴市场国家为例………………张蓉(74) 挤兑风险与道德风险的权衡：显性存款保险制度下最优保险范围的制定…冯伟，曹元涛(80) 贸易经济在反倾销中对出口商利益的考量………………………………………………金晓晨(86) 我国加征出口关税政策思辨…………………………………………夏骋祥，李克娟(90) 名刊要览公司治理和并购收益 (94)规制——自由化的必由之路：以色列电信市场1984-2005 (94)金融与收入分配不平等：渠道与证据 (94)特别主题论坛：重新审视组织内部和组织自身的“污名”问题 (95)经济理论与经济管理[月刊]= Economic Theory and Business Management.—第11期，2007年.—北京：《经济理论与经济管理》编辑部，（100080）.8.00元ISSN 1000-596X CN 11-1517/F索书号：F2/12 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼本期目录内容深入贯彻落实科学发展观的经济视阈……………………………………………………张雷声(5) 科学发展观与中国特色社会主义经济理论体系的创新与发展…………………………张宇(9) 关于转变经济发展方式的三个问题……………………………………………………方福前(12) 统筹城乡协调发展是落实科学发展观的重大历史任务………………………………秦华(16) 中国进出口贸易顺差的原因、现状及未来展望………………………………王晋斌李南(19) 劳动力市场收入冲击对消费行为的影响………………………………………杜凤莲孙婧芳(26) 中国经济增长中土地资源的“尾效”分析……………………………………………崔云(32) 货币需求弹性、有效货币供给与货币市场非均衡模型解析“中国之谜”与长期流动性过剩……………………………………………………………………………………李治国 (38) 全流通进程中的中国股市全收益率研究………………………………………陈璋李惊(45) 金融体系内风险转移及其对金融稳定性影响研究……………………………………许荣(50) 金融衍生品交易监管的国际合作……………………………………………………谭燕芝等(56) 税收饶让发展面临的挑战及我国的选择………………………………………………张文春(61) 区域产业结构对人民币升值“逆效应”的影响………………………………………孙伯良(66) 企业社会责任管理新理念：从社会责任到社会资本……………………………………易开刚(71) 关于建设创新型国家的讨论综述………………………………………………………杨万东(76)经济理论与经济管理[月刊]= Economic Theory and Business Management.—第1期，2008年.—北京：《经济理论与经济管理》编辑部，（100080）.8.00元ISSN 1000-596X CN 11-1517/F索书号：F2/12 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼本期目录内容经济热点中国宏观经济形势与政策：2007—2008年………………………中国人民大学经济学研究所(5) 理论探索出口战略、代工行为与本土企业创新——来自江苏地区制造业企业的经验证据…张杰等(12) FDI在华独资化的动因——基于吸收能力的分析……………………………秦凤鸣张中楠(20) 学术前沿主权财富基金的发展及对21世纪初世界经济的影响………………………宋玉华李锋(27) 公共经济环境税“双重红利”假说述评……………………………………………………………司言武(34) 基于合谋下的税收征管激励机制设计………………………………………………岳朝龙，等(39) 金融研究内生货币体系下房价波动对货币供求的冲击…………………………………丁晨屠梅曾(43) 基于DEA的中小企业债务融资效率研究………………………………………曾江洪陈迪宇(50) 区域经济地区经济增长中的金融要素贡献的差异与金融资源配置优化——基于环北部湾(中国)经济区的实证分析…………………………………范祚军等(54) 工商管理基于价值链的预算信息协同机制研究………………………………………………张瑞君，等(59) 公司特征、行业特征和产业转型类型的实证研究……………………………王德鲁宋学锋(64) 国际经济基于市场体系变迁的中国与欧洲银行业发展比较……………………………胡波郭艳(70) 动态与综述我国发展现代农业问题讨论综述………………………………………………………王碧峰(75) 全国马克思列宁主义经济学说史学会第十一次学术研讨会纪要……………………张旭(80)国有资产管理[月刊]= State assets management /中国人民共和国财政部.-第1期，2008年.—北京：《国有资产管理》杂志社，(100036) .10.00元ISSN 1002-4247 CN 11-2798索书号：F2/51 馆藏地：西康校区四楼本期目录内容贯彻落实科学发展观开创中央企业又好又快发展新局面.................................李荣融（4）努力做好新形势下的监事会工作..................................................................黄丹华（8）资产评估行业发展的重要里程碑...............................................................朱志刚（13）加快评估立法步伐加强评估法律体系建设................................................石秀诗（15）资产评估行业将进入新的发展时期............................................................李伟（16）提升资产评估执业质量促进资本市场健康发展..........................................李小雪（17）评估准则对中国不动产及相关资产评估的作用..............................埃尔文.费南德斯（18）发挥评估准则对中国资产评估行业健康发展的作用.......................................林兰源（20）正确发展适合中国国情的评估准则..........................................格来格.麦克纳马拉（21）财政部国资委关于印发《中央企业国有资本收益收取管理暂行办法》的通知 (22)财政部关于印发《中央国有资本经营预算编报试行办法》的通知 (25)力口快建立国有资本经营预算推动国民经济又好又快发展..............................贾谌（28）关于国有企业改制和整体上市..................................................................季晓南（30）加快建立科学规范的财务监督体系............................................................孟建民（39）贯彻科学发展观’开创财务监督管理工作新局面..........................................赵杰（43）寓监管于服务之中——对做好四川国资监管工作的思考.................................李成云（47）努力实现广西区国资国企健康发展............................................................尹建国（49）新企业会计准则对国资监管可能带来的影响................................................安玉理（52）2007年宏观经济形势分析及2008年展望 (54)央企人力资源管理的“蜕变”......................................................周放生张应语（57）推进预算管理与资产管理相结合的实践探索.......................................广东省财政厅（60）规范事业资产管理保障水利事业可持续发展..............................水利部财务经济司（63）全面提高产权管理水平推动中国石化快速发展.....................中国石油化工集团公司（66）规范运作加快整合提高控股上市公司的核心竞争力......中国航空工业第一集团公司（69）强化产权制度建设实现产权规范有序流转.................................国家开发投资公司（71）加强国有资产评估管理确保国有资产有效流转...........................中国电信集团公司（74）上市公司国有股价值变化的信息披露.............................................文宗瑜谭静（77）进一步提高中央企业安全生产管理水平 (80)国有资产管理[月刊]= State assets management /中国人民共和国财政部—2期，2008年.—北京：《国有资产管理》杂志社，(100036) .10.00元ISSN 1002-4247 CN 11-2798索书号：F2/51 馆藏地：西康校区四楼本期目录内容进一步提高中央企业安全生产管理水平.........................................................黄淑和（4）关于中央企业履行社会责任的指导意见 (10)深入贯彻落实科学发展观更好地推进中央企业履行社会责任工作——国务院国资委就《关于中央企业履行社会责任的指导意见》答记者问 (12)完善体制机制和政策措施促进经济发展方式转变.......................................陈柱兵（17）转变国有经济发展方式实现国有资产保值增值.......................................郭复初等（21）国有独资公司董事会的重塑.....................................................................赵大鹏（25）加强沟通交流提高监督质量......................................................张仆杨中静（29）以科学发展理念构建地方国资监管体系的思考.............................................汤光强（31）2008年宏观经济增长趋势展望及政策建议...................................................课题组（34）强化资产安全与效益监管服务交通事业又好又快发展........................交通部财务司（38）积极探索整合资源加强事业单位国有资产处置管理........................湖南省财政厅（41）全面开创国有资产管理工作新局面...................................................河南省财政厅（43）在实践中不断捉高集团公司产权管理水平.................................中国核工业集团公司（46）规范产权管理做好主辅分离助推企业发展........................中国冶金科工集团公司（49）公司治理与企业竞争力...........................................................................周放生（53）中国资产评估协会关于印发《资产评估准则——评估报告》等7项资产评估准则的通知 (55)国有公司治理结构存在的问题及其法律风险防范……………………………………王玉宝（61）加强对外投资及多种经营监管…………………………………………………………张凯（64）盈余管理对企业有益性的探讨…………………………………………………………葛晓红（66）国有企业引进战略投资者的策略……………………………………………屈艳芳郭敏（68）促进我国企业内部控制的建设………………………………………………张宜霞文远怀（71）企业年金信托管理的治理结构研究(一) ……………………………………李连仁周伯岩（74）美英国家政府绩效考评对我国的启示与借鉴…………………………………………聂常虹（76）复印报刊资料·外贸经济、国际贸易[月刊]=Economy of Foreign Trade And Internaional Trade.—第1期，2008年.—北京：中国人民大学书报资料中心，（100086）.11.00元ISSN 1001-3407 CN 11-4289/F索书号：F7/17 馆藏地：西康校区四楼本期目录内容本刊综述2007年国际贸易与我国对外贸易问题综述………………………………………………王亚星(3) 研究与探讨试论新贸易理论之新……………………………………………………………郭界秀朱廷捃(9) 比较优势理论的有效性：基于中国历史数据的检验……………………………………管汉晖(14) 制度分析视角中的贸易开放与经济增长——以投资效率为中心……………………盘为龙(23) 国际贸易、外国直接投资、经济增长对环境质量的影响——基于环境库兹涅茨曲线研究的回顾与展望…………………………胡亮潘厉(30) 贸易政策贸易模式与国家贸易政策差异…………………………………………………………曹吉云(37) 分工演进对贸易政策的影响分析——基于交易成本的考虑…………………张亚斌李峰(44) 中国贸易结构的变化特点、决定要素以及政策建议……………………………………章艳红(50) 专题：进出口贸易二元经济结构、实际汇率错位及其对进出口贸易影响的实证分析……………………吕剑(56) 人民币汇率波动性对中国进出口影响的分析……………………………………谷宇高铁梅(66) 中国对外贸易出口结构存在的问题……………………………………………………魏浩(75) 服务贸易国际知识型服务贸易发展的现状、前景及我国对策分析……………………潘菁刘辉煌(80) 国际服务外包趋势与我国服务外包的发展……………………………………李岳云席庆高(86) 文摘加快我国资本输出和经济国际化的建议......................................................裴长洪(90) 双赢的中美经贸关系缘何被扭曲...............................................................李若谷(91) 索引 (93)英文目录 (96)复印报刊资料·市场营销 [月刊]=Marketing.—第2期，2008年.—北京：中国人民大学书报资料中心，（100086）.6.00元ISSN 1009-1351 CN 11-4288/F索书号：F7/26 馆藏地：西康校区四楼视点营销资讯 (4)特别关注激情燃烧的岁月——行将远去的2007…………………………………………………刘超等(6) 营销创新数字营销上路……………………………………………………………………………岳占仁(12) 手机广告：精准营销的黄金地段…………………………………………………………王浩(15) 论坛营销分析中小企业网上营销安全问题分析...............................................................潘素琼(17) 如何克服电子邮件营销中的广种薄收.........................................................郝洁莹(19) 国产洗发水何以走出迷局? (21)营销人物校长茅理翔………………………………………………………………………………叶丽雅(23) 营销策略博客营销策略……………………………………………………………………………缪启军(26) 企业社会责任标准下的出口营销策略转变……………………………………于晓玲胡日新(29) 品牌管理品牌管理的价值法则……………………………………………………………………辰平(30) 品牌延伸：中国企业需要补课……………………………………………………………曾朝晖(33) 渠道管理渠道模式：一半是火焰一半是海水………………………………………………………钱言(36) 弱势品牌渠道拓展之路…………………………………………………………吴勇毅陈绍华(39) 销售管理销售经理管控销售队伍的四种工具……………………………………………………谢宗云(41) 遭遇难题，见招拆招……………………………………………………………虞坚老树(44) 销售冠军是怎样炼成的——专访苏宁朝阳路店店长刘玉君…………………………齐鹏(47) 成功策划“右手之戒”成就戴比尔斯 (49)拉芳舍一个休闲餐饮王国扩张之谜……………………………………………………王翼(51) 阿尔迪最赚钱的“穷人店”………………………………………………………………杨育谋(53) 个案解读LG巧克力手机得失之间…………………………………………………………………林景新(56) 南京菲亚特：四面楚歌……………………………………………………………………陈宇祥(58) 奥克斯：反思“三大败笔”…………………………………………………………………刘步尘(62)财经科学[月刊]=Finance And Economics—第4期，2007年.—成都：《财经科学》编辑部，（610074）.8.00元ISSN1000-8306 CN51-1104/F索书号： F8/19 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼。
青蒿素的经济效应英语作文
青蒿素的经济效应英语作文## The Economic Ripple Effects of Artemisinin Emerging from the depths of ancient Chinese wisdom, artemisinin, a potent antimalarial compound derived from the sweet wormwood plant, has not only revolutionized the fight against malaria but also ignited a wave of economic transformations across the globe. Its impact transcends the boundaries of public health, weaving a complex tapestry of economic effects that touch the lives of millions. The most immediate and profound economic impact of artemisinin lies in its life-saving capabilities. Byeffectively combating malaria, a disease that has plagued humanity for millennia, artemisinin has fostered healthier populations, particularly in developing nations where malaria's burden is most severe. This translates into a more productive workforce, increased school attendance, and ultimately, a boost to economic productivity. Families are no longer burdened by the exorbitant costs associated with malaria treatment and prevention, allowing them to allocate resources towards education, entrepreneurship, and other avenues of economic advancement. The ripple effect of improved health outcomes extends to tourism and foreign investments, as healthier populations and a reduced disease burden make countries more attractive destinations for travelers and businesses alike. Beyond its direct impact on health, the discovery and development of artemisinin have spurred significant economic activity within the pharmaceutical industry. Research and development efforts have intensified, leading to the creation of new drugs and therapies based on artemisinin. This has generated employment opportunities for scientists, researchers, and other skilled professionals, fostering a thriving ecosystem of innovation and economic growth. Moreover, the production and distribution of artemisinin-based drugs have created a lucrative market, attracting investments and stimulating economic activity along the entire supply chain, from cultivation and extraction to manufacturing and distribution. However, the economic landscape surrounding artemisinin is not without its complexities. The reliance on a single plant species for artemisinin extraction has raised concerns regarding sustainability and price volatility. Fluctuations in sweet wormwood harvests due to weather patterns, pests, and other factors can lead to supply shortages and price spikes, impacting access to affordable antimalarial treatments. To mitigatethese challenges, scientists and entrepreneurs are exploring alternative sources of artemisinin, including synthetic production methods and genetic engineering. These endeavors hold the potential to stabilize supply, reduce costs, and ensure the long-term sustainability of artemisinin-based therapies. Furthermore, the economic benefits of artemisinin are not always evenly distributed. While countries with endemic malaria experience the most significant health gains, the economic rewards of research, development, and manufacturing often flow to more developed nations. Addressing this imbalance requires a multifaceted approach, including technology transfer initiatives, capacity building programs, and equitable partnerships that empower developing countries to participate more fully in the artemisinin value chain. In conclusion, artemisinin's economic impact extends far beyond its medicinal properties. It is a catalyst for economic growth, a driver of innovation, and a testament to the power of scientific discovery. As research and development efforts continue, and access to artemisinin-based therapies expands, the economic ripple effects of this remarkable compound will undoubtedly continue to shape the lives of millions across the globe, paving the way for a healthier and more prosperous future.。
CCER学刊（季刊）
C C E R学刊（季刊）Journal of Economic Studies（by CCER）2002年12月第4期总第14期目录编者的话 (1)论文 居民储蓄居民资产结构和企业融资结构……………………………………陈庆庆（3）非流通股存在下的连续拍卖均衡……………………………………………郝朝燕（63）通货膨胀、存粮和粮价形成的关系…………………………………………彭凯翔（93）专栏 诺贝尔经济学奖回顾…………………………………………………………编辑部（141）Journal of Economic Studies（by CCER）No. 4 December, 2002CONTENTSForewords (1)Papers:Personal Consumption, Asset Structure and EnterpriseFinancing Structure …………………………………………………Qingqing Hu（３）Continuous Auctions Equilibrium in Exitence ofthe Illiquid Asset …………………………………………………Chaoyan Hao（６３） The Relationship between Inflation, Food Stock and Formingof Food Price ……………………………………………………Kaixiang Peng（93）Column:Retrospect of the Nobel Prize for Economics …………………………………Editor（141）ＣＣＥＲ学刊（季刊） ２００２年１２月 第４期 总第１４期 Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ ｏｆ Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ Ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ （ｂｙ ＣＣＥＲ） 编者的话 《CCER学刊》立足于北大中国经济研究中心，以为中国经济学研究生提供自己的学术交流的平台为己任，以倡导用严谨、规范的学术研究方法进行经济金融理论与实证研究为宗旨。
国外著名财务金融期刊研究
国外著名财务⾦融期刊研究1导⾔《⾦融杂志》，《⾦融经济学杂志》，《⾦融研究评论》是世界公认的世界排名前三的的财务⾦融杂志，⽽我国⽬前还没有哪位学者在这三本期刊上发表过⽂章，因此本论⽂旨在对国内外著名期刊进⾏研究，探究发现这三家期刊能够获得如此成功的原因，能够为有志在此三类期刊上发表⽂章的学者提供⼀些简单帮助同时为国⾦融期刊的发展提供建议，同时为我国财务⾦融期刊的发展改⾰提供建议三⼤期刊简要介绍如下:1.1《⾦融杂志》简介：英⽂原名：《Journal of Finance》是美国⾦融学会的官⽅刊物，发表长篇学术研究报告、讲稿、短篇⽂章和评论等，刊载⾦融理论以及投资、货币、银⾏、保险和⾦融市场⽅⾯的研究论⽂，包括证券、⾦融机构的经营活动及其他相关主题。
该刊由Wiley-Blackwell代表美国⾦融学会出版，2010年影响因⼦：4.151，在ISI 同类74个本期刊中排名第2，是⾦融领域同时也是经济领域被引⽤最多的期刊之⼀，内容涉及⾦融研究⼏乎所有的领域和话题。
1.2《⾦融经济学杂志》简介：英⽂原名《Journal of Financial Economics》简介：由Elsevier Science出版社出版，刊载财政经济学领域的研究论⽂，侧重风险投资、有价证券分析、市场平衡理论、财政管理等内容。
⽤英⽂出版。
每年出版12篇⽂章。
在最新⼀期的期刊引证报告中2010年，JFE在所有⾦融期刊中位列第三。
2010年影响因⼦为3.810，五年影响因⼦为5.631。
1.3《⾦融研究评论》简介：英⽂原名《The Review of Financial Studies》杂志简介：⾦融研究评论1986年MFA 年会上讨论成⽴，并1988年出版了第⼀期杂志。
⾦融研究评论⽤以推动和⼴泛传播⾦融领域的重要新研究的论坛。
作为其具有⼴泛基础的编委会的反应，评论结果平衡了理论和实证的贡献。
发表⽂章的主要标准时期质量以及对于⾦融领域的重要性⽆关其技术难度⾦融⼴义的定义包括⾦融学和经济学的接⼝。
基于循环经济理念构建我国未来的造纸业_张东翔
收稿日期:2006-01-04基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(20476010)北京理工大学基础科研基金(200305B05)作者简介:张东翔(1965-),男,内蒙呼和浩特人,副教授。
#清洁生产#基于循环经济理念构建我国未来的造纸业Constructing th e Futu re of Ou r Paper an d Pu lp Industry Based on the Ideas of Circular Economy张东翔 韩园园 黎汉生 刘长灏(北京理工大学化工与环境学院 北京 100081)摘要 造纸工业是我国制造业中为数不多的朝阳产业,也是污染较为严重的行业。
在结合目前国内外造纸业发展现状的基础上,基于循环经济理念,从三个层面上探讨了如何构建我国未来的造纸业,提出了我国未来造纸业可持续发展模式:先组织企业内部的物质循环和能量梯级利用,其次结合自身和周边环境的特点构建有效产业链,同时积极开展废纸资源的回收利用以形成社会层面上的大循环,最终实现造纸业的可持续发展。
关键词 造纸工业 循环经济 清洁生产 废纸回收 可持续发展Abstract P aper and pulp indust ry is a sunrise industry of the manufacturing in our co untr y,but it is also an industr y that is serio usly polluting t he envir onment.Based o n the act ual development state of domestic and for eign pa per and pulp in -dust ry,this pa per discusses how to construct the future fr ame of do mestic pa per and pulp industr y by applying the ideas of circular economy fr om three v ital str atificat ion planes and br ings for war d a sustainable dev elo pment patter n to o ur future pa -per and pulp industry.T his pattern includes o rg anizing the circulation o f mater ials and the stepped utilizatio n of ener gy in en -ter prises,and constructing the effect ive industr ial chains based on the feature of itself and its circumference,and const ructing the g reat cy cle at social plane by recycle o f w ast e paper act ively in or der to make the sustainable develo pment o f paper and pulp industr y come tr ue in the future.Key words Paper and Pulp Industry C i rcular Economy Cleaner Production Recycle of Wastepaper Sustainable De -velopment1 前言造纸业作为与人类生活息息相关的行业,正以飞快的速度发展。
2023-2024学年河北省唐山市高二上学期期末考试英语试题
2023-2024学年河北省唐山市高二上学期期末考试英语试题When I was ten years old, Mum got paralyzed (瘫痪) . Before that, she was a lively and active woman who amazed many with her energy. I admired her for all the things she did.However, everything changed when she turned thirty-one.I still have vivid images of her before her paralysis. She would play popular music, creating a cheerful atmosphere for lively gatherings. She would joyfully rearrange the furniture to make room for friends to abandon themselves to dance. She often spent hours filling the house with flowers, which we picked fresh from the gardens.After Mum’s paralysis, I began to take care of my 2-year-old sister, Mary Therese. In no time at all, I learned to bathe and feed her. For me it was a giant step beyond playing with dolls. One moment stands out even today: the time Mary Therese fell and skinned her knee, burst into tears and ran past my mother’s outstretched arms into mine. Too late, I noticed slight hurt on Mum’s face, but all she said was, “It’s natural that she should run to you, because you take such good care of her.”When I was grown and entered the field of corrections, Mum became interested in working with prisoners. She taught writing to them. One day, she asked me to mail a letter to one prisoner, Waymon. I asked for my mother’s permission to read it first. It read: when you said that I couldn’t imagine what it is like to be in prison, I felt like I had to tell you that you are mistaken. When I awoke one day to find that I was completely paralyzed, I felt trapped, overwhelmed by a sense of being imprisoned in a body that would no longer allow me to dance or carry my child in my arms. But then, I made a choice about whether I would smile when I saw my daughters again or I would weep. I made a decision to live as fully as I could.B y the time I finished Mum’s letter, my vision was clouded by tears. For the first time, I saw my mother in a clearer light.1. How can we describe Mum before her paralysis?A．Creative. B．Ambitious. C．Adventurous. D．Enthusiastic.2. What do Mum’s words about Therese’s choice imply?A．Mum had a sharp insightB．Mum was emotionally generousC．Mum was worried about her positionD．Mum was absent-minded at the moment3. Why did the author cry?A．She regretted for what she had done.B．Waymon’s experience was saddening,C．She witnessed Mum’s character shining through.D．There was some secret between her and her mother.The United Nations’ International Year of Soils is hardly a media favorite. Maybe it’s because many people are like me, who recall Mom’s words: “Take off your shoes! Don’t bring dirt into the house! “With all the challenges in the world today, why would we recognize soils?Simply put, soils are literally the base that humans stand on. Ignoring the importance of this meter-thick skin covering our planet is like ignoring the importance of the air we breathe.Without healthy soils, we would not be here.Soil provides the structure and nutrients needed to grow our food. It stores water that satisfies the thirst of the environment, agriculture and humans. It houses the largest amount of carbon (碳)on land, keeping the climate from warming even faster. It provides the necessary support for the habitat of all life on land-including diversity in the soil itself (in some regions, just a handful of soil contains microorganisms that are more than the people on Earth). In short, soil plays an essential role not only in feeding humans but in supporting the living things that produce the oxygen we breathe and purifying the water we drink. In other words, soil keeps our planet habitable.We, therefore, must stop considering ”soil“ a dirty word and remember that the food we eat and water we drink can be traced back to it. Businesses should adopt guidelines that ensure the long term health and productivity of soil. And local and national governments should provide policies that encourage soil protection.Soil is one of the most important resources on our planet, and we have ignored it too long-at our own risk. The most important thing that can happen is a change in mind-set that recognizes soil is not dirt. It’s life beneath our feet.4. Why does the author mention Mom’s words?A．To criticize media.B．To find fault with parentsC．To show a common attitude.D．To promote International Year of Soils.5. Paragraph 3 is mainly about the _______________ of soil.A．roles B．types C．health D．structure6. What is the best title for the passage?A．Soil Being in DangerB．Making the Most of SoilC．Unearthing the Importance of SoilD．Healthy Soil Growing More FoodFlora was playing with her new dog Stitch, while wearing a favourite second-hand sweater. Stitch jumped up and grabbed her sleeve-and tore several holes in it with her sharp teeth.Flora wasn’t about to throw the item out. “I can’t bring myself to throw away nice clothing just because of a hole, ”she explains. She decided to tackle a new skill repairing. She began by reading a book called Make Do and Repair, about the innovative ways to avoid waste.Instead of tying to make the repair as small as p ossible, she turned to “visible fixing, ”a fashion in repairing clothes that leaves an intentionally obvious fix. She added flowers, or other small designs to damaged clothes. “Every time you do a repair, it’s like getting a new piece of clothing, ”says Flora.Sadly, we have been in the habit of replacing things instead of repairing them—and the garbage is piling up. Worldwide, we throw out 92 million tonnes of fabric every year.The good news is that fixing things can help solve the waste problem. It’s part of a larger shift toward a circular economy -the idea that instead of throwing out items once they are broken or out of date, we reuse or repair them, keeping them out of the waste yard for as long as possible.There was a time when people fixed things themselves or called their local repair shop, But as more items were produced and prices dropped, replacing even a big appliance became more convenient.That’s changing, in part due to information now available online. The popular how-to site iFixit. com has enabled more than 100 million repairs.“Companies have been designing products that break easily or become outdated quickly, forcing consumers to buy new ones or purchase up grades. We’re now seeing some producers show interest in making it possible for users to repair things. Some companies are selling official parts and sharing their repair guides through iFixit. IFixit has grown into a database with over 100, 000 repair manuals. We have this vision of a world where repair is the expectation for all things that are made, ”says Chamberlain, director of iFixit.7. Why did Flora read a book?A．For innovation. B．For repairing skills.C．For a better life. D．For dog-raising information.8. What makes the author sad?A．People’s habit.B．Repairing quality.C．Fabric production. D．Worldwide garbage.9. What is the purpose of ”circular economy“?A．To remove landfills. B．To increase production.C．To help exchange goods. D．To realize resource cycle.10. What can be inferred from Chamberlain?A．He expects more wiser users.B．He supports purchase upgrades.C．He creates the repairing database of iFixit.D．He has a desire for companies and consumers.A well-prepared routine allows a student to be on time, and grow or develop some life skills and healthy habits. At an early stage, as a student, it is very important to adopt some good habits.Educating a student is not only about academics but also about developing good habits for better life. 11A routine daily life can grow a child’s confidence. A routine provides a sense of predictability and security for students. 12 In this secure setting, students are more likely to feel confident in approaching their daily tasks and challenges.13 !Maintaining a well-structured routine is like creating a roadmap for concentration and productivity. When students set aside specific times for their studies, they get better at their tasks without getting distracted.As students systematically manage their daily tasks within the framework of their routine, they can gradually develop a growing awareness of their responsibilities. Such sense of responsibility extends beyond the academic field and spills over into their personal lives. 14 They will be more responsible.While routines provide structure, they also teach students how to adapt. 15 When students encounter changes, they learn to adjust their expectations and plans. The ability to adapt to changing circumstances is also essential for success.Cessna planes flew me and my climbing team onto the Kahiltna Glacier, the base camp of Mt. McKinley. When we worked to __ a camp out of the thick snow and ice of the glacier, we heard one of Spanish climbers had died while climbing.Sam, one of my partners, __ , and worried that this disaster might be a bad __.He asked whether we were putting our __ at unnecessary risk by attempting this. I thought back to my training more than a year ago in the __ , by running with my guide dog because I am blind. Oneday I had __ a cactus(仙人掌), landing on my hand. One of my friends asked me, “If you fell down in the desert, how do you __ to climb tha t big mountain?”I didn’t yet have an __ , but I knew within a year, I would have to!For the next year, we trained hard. Now I said __ , “Sam, we’ve come a long way in a year. We’ve made mistakes, we’ve learned from them. We’ve solved problems __ prepared for all the things that could go __ on the mountain. ”Now, I had enough __ . We began to take each step slowly and carefully, knowing that the mountain would not allow any __ movement. Risk is like the next __on a rock face: you reach for it expecting th at it’s __ , but ready to find the next hold if it’s not!It took 15 days for us to get to the top of North America.16.A．carve B．transform C．rent D．move17.A．escaped B．concentrated C．hesitated. D．lectured18.A．impression B．result C．credit D．sign19.A．hope B．equipment C．lives D．chances20.A．village B．desert C．forest D．lake21.A．sided with B．broken down C．taken out D．tripped over 22.A．expect B．register C．prefer D．aid23.A．appetite B．excuse C．answer D．apology24.A．joyfully B．firmly C．sadly D．frankly25.A．but B．because C．or D．so26.A．silent B．public C．missing D．wrong27.A．time B．faith C．patience D．money28.A．slight B．different C．careless D．individual29.A．centre B．step C．rope D．hold30.A．there B．here C．nowhere D．somewhere阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
通货膨胀的门槛效应与中国经济增长
通货膨胀的门槛效应与中国经济增长唐雪莲;建克成【摘要】the relationship between inflation and economic growth is still a pending issue so far. This paper establishes a non-linear panel threshold model to illustrate the relationship between inflation and economic growth,and selects the inflation rate change as the threshold variable. By using the provincial panel data of empirical testing in China from 1985 to 2011 years, we found that when the inflation rate of change is lower than the threshold variable 0.0800,the inflation can promote economic growth. What’s more,when the change in the threshold variable is between 0.520 and 0.0800,the positive effect of inflation in boosting economic growth is more obvious. However,when the change is higher than the larger of the second threshold val⁃ue,the inflation is negatively correlated with economic growth. Therefore,the control of inflation relative growth rate is consid⁃ered as important as absolute level control.% 迄今为止，通货膨胀与经济增长之间关系仍然是一个争而未决的难题。
绿色金融标准化研究的文献计量学分析
绿色金融标准化研究的文献计量学分析何 源1，2 李鹏程1 杨 洁1（1.中国标准化研究院；2.清华大学环境学院）摘 要：绿色金融标准是界定项目、资产和活动是否“绿色”、避免“洗绿”的关键技术依据，绿色金融标准体系是绿色金融发展的重要基础设施。
本文以2015-2023年中国知网和Web of Science数据库主题为“绿色金融标准”的中英论文作为研究对象，进行绩效分析和科学图谱分析，总结中外绿色金融标准化研究趋势，提出未来我国绿色金融标准化工作的重点方向。
结果表明：中文论文绿色金融标准化的研究热点从“一带一路”、可持续发展等相关政策，绿色债券等绿色金融体系研究向环境信息披露、ESG、高质量发展转变，自2022年，研究前沿为“双碳”目标背景下的转型金融。
英文论文的研究热点从绿色债券等绿色金融体系向公司社会责任、ESG转变，自2019年，研究前沿为欧盟可持续金融分类法。
未来我国绿色金融标准化应进一步提升绿色金融标准体系的国内外一致性程度，推动我国话语体系与国际趋同；加快补齐绿色金融标准短板，出台转型金融统一指导标准；优化绿色金融标准体系的供给结构，建立国家颁布标准和市场自主制定标准共同构成的二元绿色金融标准体系。
关键词：绿色金融，标准化，文献计量学，科学图谱分析DOI编码：10.3969/j.issn.1674-5698.2024.01.001Bibliometrics Analysis of Standardization Research on Green FinanceHE Yuan1,2 LI Peng-cheng1 YANG Jie1(1.China National Institute of Standardization; 2.School of Environment, Tsinghua University）Abstract: The green finance standards serve as the crucial technical foundation to define whether projects, assets, and activities are green and prevent greenwashing, which are also the vital infrastructure for the development of green finance. This paper focuses on Chinese and English academic papers from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Web of Science databases, with the theme of “green finance standards”, covering the years 2015 to 2023. The study involves performance analysis and scientific mapping, summarizes the trends in domestic and international research on green finance standardization. It also suggests key directions for future green finance standardization efforts in China. The findings reveal that the research hotspots in Chinese papers have shifted from topics like the Belt and Road Initiative, sustainable development policies such as green bonds to areas like environmental information disclosure, ESG, and the transition of high-quality development. Since 2022, the forefront of research has been the transformation of finance in the context of the “dual-carbon” goals. In English papers, the research focal points have transitioned from green financial system like green bonds towards corporate social responsibility and ESG. Since 2019, the leading edge has been the European Union’s Sustainable Finance Taxonomy. Future endeavors in green finance standardization in China should aim to enhance the domestic and international 基金项目： 本文受中央基本科研业务费项目“基于双重重要性的典型绿色金融支持项目评估方法研究”（项目编号：542023Y- 10362）资助。
《企业并购的动因和绩效研究国内外文献综述及理论基础6100字》
企业并购的动因和绩效研究国内外文献综述及理论基础目录企业并购的动因和绩效研究国内外文献综述 (1)1.2国内外文献综述 (1)1.2.1国外文献综述 (1)1.2.2国内文献综述 (2)第二章企业并购动因理论及企业并购相关概念 (4)2.1 并购的含义及分类 (4)2.1.1 并购的含义 (4)2.1.2并购的分类 (4)2.2 企业并购的动因理论 (5)2.2.1 协同效应理论 (5)2.2.2 多元化理论 (5)2.2.3委托代理理论 (6)2.2.4市场势力理论 (6)2.2.5价值低估理论 (6)2.2.6 估值套利理论 (6)2.3 企业并购绩效评价方法 (7)2.3.1 事件研究法 (7)2.3.2 财务指标法 (7)2.3.3 非财务指标分析法 (7)参考文献 (7)1.2国内外文献综述1.2.1国外文献综述（1）企业并购动因的国外文献综述在国外，并购活动很早之前就开始进行了。
但是经过研究，学者们发现企业并购动因的影响因素多种多样，难以归纳成一个确定概念。
就算是一家企业，在不同时间进行并购的目的也是有差异的。
Halil Kiymazh和TarunK.Mukherjee(2000)[1]通过对并购公司进行问卷调查，结果显示大部分公司为获得正的协同效应，增加股东利益而选择并购。
Kode,Ford等(2003)[2]认为企业发起并购也可能是想降低风险。
由于并购后被并购方的投资机会及融资由外转内，企业的融资成本风险会减小。
而Capron(1999)[3]通过研究得到了另一种结论，他们认为企业并购的动因在于取长补短，进而提高企业价值，也使企业在市场中的份额及地位提高。
Heaton(2002)[4]使用了一个简单模型，分析指出：当公司的决策者过于自信，会认为资本市场对本公司的股价低估了，或者高估项目的收益。
在情况一下，当必须用发行股票来进行融资，决策者会放弃净现值为正的投资项目。
在情况二下，会导致决策者其投资于净现值为负的项目。
2021新课标高考英语(人教)一轮总复习课件：选修六 6-4
玻璃和金属生产对环境的主要影响是由熔化过程中产生的大气排放造成的。
The combustion of natural gas/fuel oil and the decomposition of raw materials during the melting lead to the emission of CO2.
彻底禁用塑料是好是坏？ 研究发现导致温室气体排放量增三倍的替代材料——金属 和玻璃。
导读：完全禁止使用塑料到底是好事还是坏事？
An outright ban on plastics could cause even more harm to the environment and lead to tripls.
完全禁止使用塑料可能对环境造成更大的危害，导致温室气体排放量增加三倍。 That's the finding of experts from HerriotWatt University in Edinburgh, who say that replacing plastic with alternate materials such as metal and glass won't help the environment. 这是爱丁堡赫里奥特·瓦特大学专家的发现。他们说，用金属和玻璃等替代材料取代 塑料对环境没有帮助。
加工这些替代材料所需的资源将产生更多的能源消耗和温室气体。
Campaigners have called for reductions or bans, with recent programmes such as the
BBC's Blue Planet highlighting the impact of plastics on the world's oceans. 活动人士呼吁减少或禁止使用塑料，最近 BBC 的《蓝色星球》(Blue Planet)等节目中
journal of cleaner production ssci
journal of cleaner production ssci Journal of Cleaner Production (SSCI): An Essential Platform for Advancing Sustainable DevelopmentThe Journal of Cleaner Production (JCP) is a reputablepeer-reviewed academic journal that focuses on promoting interdisciplinary research and discussion regarding cleaner production and sustainable development. It is indexed in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), which indicates its significance and impact on the scientific community. In this article, we will explore the various features and contributions of the JCP, its impact on sustainable development, and its importance in addressing contemporary environmental challenges.First and foremost, the JCP serves as a platform for researchers to share their cutting-edge findings and insights on cleaner production. Cleaner production refers to the implementation of techniques, strategies, and technologies that minimize waste, reduce pollution, and emphasize the efficient use of resources. Through its rigorous peer-review process, the JCP ensures that only high-quality research is published, maintaining the journal's credibility and reputation in the field of sustainable development.Furthermore, the JCP promotes interdisciplinary collaboration by encouraging researchers from a variety of disciplines to contribute to the journal. Sustainable development is a multidimensional concept that requires expertise from various fields such as engineering, environmental science, economics, sociology, and policy studies. The JCP's interdisciplinary approach allows for a holistic exploration of sustainable development issues, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of the challenges and potential solutions.In addition to its interdisciplinary focus, the JCP facilitates international collaboration and knowledge sharing. As a global platform, the journal attracts contributions from researchers all over the world, ensuring a diverse range of perspectives and experiences. This international network not only enhances the quality and depth of the articles published but also enables the dissemination of innovative ideas and practices across different regions.The JCP also contributes extensively to sustainable development by addressing pressing environmental challenges. The journal covers awide range of topics related to sustainability, including green technologies, circular economy, sustainable consumption, renewable energy, and waste management. By showcasing the latest research in these areas, the JCP plays a critical role in advancing knowledge and best practices for creating a more sustainable future.Moreover, the JCP provides policymakers, businesses, and other stakeholders with valuable insights and evidence-based recommendations. The articles published in the journal offer practical solutions and strategies that can be implemented at various levels, from the individual to the national and international. Policymakers can utilize this information to develop and implement effective environmental policies, while businesses can adopt sustainable practices to reduce their ecological footprint and enhance their corporate social responsibility.The impact of the JCP goes beyond academia. As an SSCI-indexed journal, it attracts a wide readership, including students, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. Its accessibility enables knowledge dissemination to reach a broader audience, facilitating the integration of scientific findings into real-worldapplications. This ensures that the advancements made in cleaner production and sustainable development are effectively translated into action for a more sustainable society.In conclusion, the Journal of Cleaner Production (SSCI) serves as an essential platform for advancing sustainable development. Through its interdisciplinary approach, international collaboration, and focus on pressing environmental challenges, the JCP contributes to the scientific understanding and practical implementation of cleaner production and sustainable development. By providing evidence-based insights and recommendations, the journal has a significant impact on environmental policymaking, business practices, and society as a whole. It continues to play a vital role in shaping a more sustainable future by promoting innovative research, facilitating knowledge sharing, and inspiring action.。
九年级英语资源回收单选题50题
九年级英语资源回收单选题50题1. In the garbage sorting station, we should put the _____ bottles in the recycling bin.A. breakB. brokenC. breakingD. breaks答案：B。
解析：这里需要一个形容词来修饰“bottles”，表示“破碎的瓶子”。
“broken”是形容词，有“破碎的”意思。
“break”是动词，“breaking”是现在分词形式，“breaks”是第三人称单数形式，都不能直接修饰名词，所以选B。
2. We can use _____ bags instead of plastic bags to help with resource recycling.A. reuseB. reusingC. reusableD. reused答案：C。
解析：“reusable”是形容词，意思是“可重复使用的”，在这里用来修饰“bags”，表示“可重复使用的袋子”。
“reuse”是动词，“reusing”是动名词形式，“reused”是过去分词形式，不能作定语修饰名词，所以选C。
3. The waste paper should be _____ to save resources.A. recycledB. recycleC. recyclingD. recycles答案：A。
解析：“should be + 过去分词”构成被动语态，表示“应该被……”，“recycled”是“recycle”的过去分词，在这里表示“废纸应该被回收”，“recycle”是动词原形，“recycling”是现在分词，“recycles”是第三人称单数形式，所以选A。
4. At the waste recycling factory, they mainly deal with _____ materials.A. recyclableB. recycledC. recycleD. recycles答案：A。
雅思阅读造纸
造纸是古代中国的四大发明之一，具有悠久的历史。
以下是关于造纸的雅思阅读文章：Title: The Invention of PaperChina is credited with the invention of paper, a crucial development in the history of communication. As early as the 2nd century BC, the Chinese were using mulberry bark, hemp, and old rags as raw materials to produce a thin, fibrous material called "papermaking". This innovation was initially used for writing and soon became a highly prized commodity throughout Asia.The process of papermaking involved soaking the raw materials in water, beating them into a pulp, and then draining and flattening the pulp between screens. The resulting sheets were soft, light, and durable, making them suitable for a variety of purposes. Over time, the Chinese perfected the art of papermaking, utilizing different materials and techniques to create a range of paper types with different textures and colors.The spread of paper throughout Asia occurred gradually, facilitated by the Silk Road trade routes. By the 7th century, paper had reached the Middle East, and by the 8th century, it had reached Europe. However, it was not until the 12th century that Europeans began to produce paper on their own, adopting the necessary techniques and machinery from the Arabs.The popularity of paper in Europe and the West grew rapidly in the 15th and 16th centuries, leading to an increase in printing and the spread of knowledge. The Gutenberg printing press, invented in the 15th century, revolutionized the production of books, making them more widely available and affordable. This period marked a significant turning point in the history of communication and learning.In conclusion, the invention of paper marked a crucial milestone in the development of civilization. It facilitated the spread of knowledge, ideas, and culture across Asia and eventually throughout the world. Today, paper remains a vital component of our daily lives, utilized in a variety of ways, from writing and printing to packaging and hygiene products.The invention of paper was a remarkable achievement that had far-reaching consequences for global communication and learning. The Chinese people's ingenuity in creating this versatile material is a testament to their innovative spirit and its impact on our world continues to be felt today.这篇文章详细介绍了造纸的历史、制作过程以及它在全球范围内的传播和影响。
经济学相关论文期刊
经济学相关论文期刊Title: The Impact of Technological Innovation on Economic Growth: A Literature ReviewAbstract:Technological innovation has long been considered a key driver of economic growth and development. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the impact of technological innovation on economic growth, with a focus on the mechanisms through which innovation drives growth, the factors that influence the rate and direction of technological change, and the implications of technological innovation for income inequality and labor markets.The paper begins by outlining the theoretical foundations of the relationship between technological innovation and economic growth, drawing upon the work of seminal economists such as Schumpeter, Romer, and Solow. It then reviews empirical studies that have examined the impact of innovation on economic growth, including cross-country studies, industry-level analyses, and case studies of specific technologies such as the internet and biotechnology.The paper also reviews the factors that influence the rate and direction of technological change, including the role of government policy, the importance of research and development (R&D) investment, and the impact of intellectual property rights. It discusses the implications of technological innovation for income inequality, highlighting the potential for innovation to exacerbateincome disparities through the creation of winner-take-all markets and the displacement of workers through automation.Finally, the paper examines the implications of technological innovation for labor markets, discussing the potential for innovation to create new job opportunities while also leading to job displacement and skill mismatches. It concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the literature reviewed, including the need for policies that support innovation while also addressing the potential negative consequences for income inequality and labor markets.Keywords: Technological innovation, economic growth, income inequality, labor markets, policy implicationsIntroduction:Technological innovation has long been recognized as a key driver of economic growth and development. From the steam engine to the internet, innovations in technology have transformed industries, created new markets, and improved living standards for billions of people around the world. Despite the centrality of technological innovation to economic progress, however, the relationship between innovation and economic growth remains a subject of debate among economists and policymakers.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the impact of technological innovation on economic growth. It begins by outlining the theoretical foundations of the relationship between innovation and growth, drawing on the work of seminaleconomists such as Schumpeter, Romer, and Solow. It then reviews empirical studies that have examined the impact of innovation on economic growth, including cross-country studies, industry-level analyses, and case studies of specific technologies.The paper also discusses the factors that influence the rate and direction of technological change, including government policies, R&D investment, and intellectual property rights. It examines the implications of technological innovation for income inequality, highlighting the potential for innovation to exacerbate income disparities through winner-take-all markets and job displacement.Finally, the paper discusses the implications of technological innovation for labor markets, including the potential for innovation to create new job opportunities while also leading to job displacement and skill mismatches. It concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of the literature reviewed, including the need for policies that support innovation while addressing the potential negative consequences for income inequality and labor markets.Overall, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on the impact of technological innovation on economic growth, highlighting the mechanisms through which innovation drives growth, the factors that influence technological change, and the implications of innovation for income inequality and labor markets.References:Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2018). The race between man and machine: Implications of technology for growth, factor shares, and employment. American Economic Review, 108(6), 1488-1542.Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1991). Quality ladders in the theory of growth. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(1), 43-61.Jones, C. I. (1995). R&D-based models of economic growth. Journal of Political Economy, 103(4), 759-784.Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), S71-S102.Solow, R. M. (1957). Technical change and the aggregate production function. The Review of Economics and Statistics,39(3), 312-320.。
绿色消费英语
绿色消费英语In recent years, green consumption has become a hot topic and has gained increasing attention worldwide. Green consumption refers to the practice of purchasing and using products and services that have minimal impact on the environment. It is an important concept that promotes sustainable development and fosters a harmonious relationship between humans and nature.Firstly, green consumption is closely related to ourdaily lives. It encompasses various aspects such as energy-saving, environmental protection, and sustainable development. For example, when we buy groceries, we can choose organic products that are grown without harmful pesticides or chemicals. By opting for organic food, we not only protectour health but also support agriculture practices that are beneficial to the environment.Secondly, green consumption extends beyond our personal choices. It plays a significant role in addressing global challenges such as climate change and resource depletion. By choosing energy-efficient appliances and vehicles, we can reduce carbon emissions and contribute to mitigating climate change. Additionally, by using renewable energy sources like solar panels or wind turbines, we can decrease our relianceon fossil fuels and promote the development of clean energy alternatives.Moreover, green consumption promotes the circular economy concept. Instead of the traditional linear consumptionpattern of "take-make-dispose," the circular economy aims to minimize waste and maximize resource utilization. This can beachieved through practices such as recycling, upcycling, and reducing single-use products. By embracing the principles of the circular economy, we can reduce environmental pollution, conserve resources, and create a more sustainable future.Furthermore, green consumption can also bring economic benefits. With the increased demand for environmentally friendly products and services, companies are encouraged to develop innovative and sustainable solutions. This creates opportunities for green industries to thrive and stimulate economic growth. Moreover, consumers' purchasing power can shape market trends and drive companies to adopt more sustainable practices, thus promoting corporate social responsibility.To conclude, green consumption is an essential part of our daily lives and contributes to a more sustainable future. By making conscious choices and adopting eco-friendly lifestyles, we can minimize our environmental footprint and protect our planet for future generations. Let's embrace green consumption and contribute to a greener and healthier world.。
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Circular economy of a papermaking park in China:a case study Yuzhong Li*,Chunyuan MaSchool of Energy and Power Engineering,Shandong University,Jinan250061,PR Chinaa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received26June2014Received in revised form28October2014Accepted30December2014 Available online8January2015Keywords:Circular economyCleaner productionIndustrial ecologyEco-industrialPapermaking industryCoalfired power generation industry a b s t r a c tPapermaking is regarded as an industry that consumes a great amount of energy and produces serious pollution.The papermaking industry in China,which has a large population and rapid economic development,is indispensable and presents a trend of rapid development.China and the rest of the world pay considerable attention to resource conservation and environmental protection.Therefore, determining how the papermaking industry can realize cleaner production and sustainable development is an urgent issue that should be addressed.This paper introduces Guangdong Silver Island Lake(GSIL) Papermaking Park,which realizes cleaner production and sustainable development by developing cir-cular economy(CE).This park constructs a CE industrial mode by recycling energy,water,and materials. After10years of implementation,the CE plan of GSIL Papermaking Park has integrated the resources of the papermaking and power industries horizontally,thus forming the unique development mode of its CE.The resource consumption,resource comprehensive utilization,and pollutant emission indexes of the park have reached the advanced level in the papermaking industry of China.©2015Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe development of the industrial economy increases energy consumption and environmental pollution.To solve this problem, several countries,including China,are attempting to save resources and reduce pollution.The Chinese government and various enter-prises are developing a resource-saving,environment-friendly so-ciety by implementing circular economy(CE)and eco-industry.The papermaking industry is closely associated with the life and economic operation of people.This industry has a large production and wide variety of products,including household paper,packing paper,and newsprint,and is indispensable in China,which has a large population and rapid economic development.According to the National Bureau's statistics data(Website of the China Paper Association,2013),by the end of September of2013,the number of papermaking enterprises in China was7158,in which,the number of pulp-making plants was61,that of papermaking plants was2903,and that of paper products manufacturing plants is4194. From January to September in2013,the production of paper,pulp and paper products were87.66,12.67and37.94million tons respectively.Moreover,the papermaking industry consumes large amounts of energy(e.g.,coal and electricity)and resources(e.g.,water and trees)and inevitably emits pollutants,including air pollutants(e.g.,SO2,NOx,andfly ash)and water pollutants(e.g., chemical oxygen demand,ammonia nitrogen,and suspended solids).Energy saving and environmental protection have been public concerns all over the world.Thus,the papermaking industry faces enormous challenges.Determining ways to realize cleaner pro-duction as well as harmonious and sustainable development be-tween the economy and the environment are important subjects. The Chinese government and various enterprises explored this issue and concluded that developing CE helps to realize cleaner production and sustainable development.In2007,the National Development and Reform Commission(NDRC),the Ministry of Environmental Protection(MEP),and four other departments jointly issued a document(Website of the National Development and Reform Commission,2007)that lists the papermaking in-dustry as one of the11key industries for developing a CE,and presents Guangdong Silver Island Lake(GSIL)Papermaking Park as one of the20CE pilot parks.The current paper introduces the CE planning of the GSIL Papermaking Park and its implementation effect.Numerous studies(Su et al.,2013;Ma et al.,2014;Wu et al., 2014)have discussed the concept of CE,and thus it will not be described in this study.Several documents have focused on in-dustrial ecology(IE)and eco-industrial parks(Chertow,2000; Korhonen,2001a;Fang et al.,2007;Yang and Feng,2008;Yuan*Corresponding author.E-mail address:lyz@(Y.Li).Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Cleaner Production journal ho me page:www.elsevier.co m/locate/jclepro/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.0980959-6526/©2015Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Journal of Cleaner Production92(2015)65e74et al.,2010).In this section,a brief overview of the relationship between CE and IE is provided.Ma et al.(2014)suggested that establishing an eco-industrial park would be the best development mode for an industrial CE.Su et al.(2013)and Li et al.(2010) considered the eco-industrial park as the meso and regional level of CE respectively.The scope of the CE concept is wider than that of the IE.CE can involve agriculture,service,and other industries,and it can be classified geographically,such as city,province,and even country.In China,the national CE pilot industrial park and the eco-industrial demonstration park basically have the same concept and characteristics.However,the former is in charge of NDRC,MEP,and four other departments,whereas the latter is under MEP.For example,Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area was listed as a national eco-industrial demonstration park in2000 (Shi et al.,2010)and a national CE pilot park in2005(Website of National Energy Administration,2005).The GSIL Papermaking Park introduced in this paper is a national CE pilot park and is thus the same as an eco-industrial park.Among these national CE and eco-industrial pilot parks,most of them had developed for many years and their total output values were on relatively high levels,but their developing modes were not CE or eco-industrial ones before they were ranked as pilot parks. The purpose of ranking them as CE or eco-industrial pilot parks was to encourage them to establish CE or eco-industrial modes and to create some demonstrations.For these parks,the method to develop CE or eco-industrial modes was usually to create material and energy linkages among existing factories within the park.The way to develop CE in these relatively mature parks was a way to transform the parks.Unlike the mature parks,the GSIL Paper-making Park's industrial basic was not rich;therefore,the way to develop CE in the GSIL Papermaking Park was a way to create a CE park.To create a CE park is different from to transform one.This paper mainly focuses on how to create a CE park.To draw up and implement a CE planning may be a sound method to create a CE park.The GSIL Papermaking Park is introduced as a case to discuss this topic.GSIL Papermaking Park is located in Xinhui District,Jiangmen City,Guangdong Province.The park was named after the adjacent Silver Island Lake,which is actually a river,specifically,the lower part of Tan River in the Pearl River system.At the end of Silver Is-land Lake is the access to the sea.GSIL Papermaking Park was established in2004.At that time,Guangdong Province made plans according to the characteristics of the papermaking industry.It attempted to replace backward papermaking plants,which are characterized by small production,high energy consumption,and heavy pollution,with large and advanced papermaking enterprises and to gather new papermaking industries in the industrial park. The plan aimed to realize the model of centralized energy supply and concentrated pollution control and to facilitate the industrial upgrading of the papermaking industry.GSIL Papermaking Park was established against this background.The park,which was expected to be completed in2020,was planned to have a production capacity of10million tons per year. Its products include household paper,cultural paper,newsprint, packing paper,etc.Household and high-grade cultural paper should use the original wood pulp imported from other places, including foreign countries,because no pulping plant is available locally,and plans are not afoot to build local pulping plants. Newsprint and packing paper should use waste paper to make pulp;the waste paper is purchased from other places,including foreign countries.GSIL Papermaking Park was planned to integrate a power plant and several newly-built papermaking plants to realize cross-industry horizontal resource integration,thus increasing the energy utilization rate.The plan aims tofind a distinctive method to save energy and reduce emission by devel-oping CE.2.Basis of the CE planning2.1.Industrial characteristics before planningBefore the planning,the main production mode of the paper-making industry in China was characterized by self-sufficient en-ergies and backward pollutant control.Most papermaking plants, regardless of their size,had their own coal or oilfired boilers to provide the necessary steam,and even steam turbine generator to provide power for paper making.The self-provided boilers of those plants were generally small,mostly between several steam tons and dozens of steam tons.Thus,these boilers had low efficiency, high energy consumption,backward pollutant treatment,and high emissions.In addition,their scattered arrangement made super-vision of the environmental protection department difficult.The Chinese government introduced the policy of eliminating backward small boilers and developing a centralized heat supply to solve the heavy pollution produced by the small boilers.Prior to the GSIL Papermaking Park planning,the power in-dustry of China had two main production modes.One was the condensing power plant that only supplied power;the other was the combined heat and power(CHP)plant that provided both steam and power.CHP plants mainly provided the heating service for residents in North China during winter.Some CHP plants also provided the commercial steam required in industrial production. The residents in Guangdong Province,which is in a tropical and subtropical region,did not require heating.The industrial heat was also mainly self-sufficient.Thus,the power industry in Guangdong Province was mainly composed of condensing power plants,rather than CHP ones.2.2.Regional characteristics before planningBefore planning to construct a CE papermaking park,the region had a power plant called Shuang Shui Power Plant(SS Power Plant). The plant had a2Â150MW capacity and was equipped with two boilers with an evaporation amount of480t/h.Steam pressure was 13.7MPa,and boiler efficiency was90%.The boilers were of the circulatingfluidized bed(CFB),which discharged less NOx and adopted internal-spray-calcium desulfurization.In addition,SS Power Plant was equipped with electrostatic precipitators at the tails.The pollutant emission of the power plant met national standards.Before the planning,the plant sold only electricity,not steam,to the China Southern Power Grid Company.The region had small packing papermaking,household paper-making,and chemical plants.Those plants were equipped with5t/ h to10t/h coal-fired boilers to provide steam with1MPa pressure for their production.Boiler efficiency was only70%,which led to high energy consumption.The plants had no desulfurization equipment,and their equipment for waste water treatment was obsolete,leading to serious pollutant emissions.SS Power Plant was the dominant industry in the region before the CE papermaking park was planned.The papermaking plants were few and small,and thus papermaking was not an advanta-geous industry.The local government planned to construct a CE papermaking industrial park to introduce a large number of advanced papermaking enterprises.It also aimed to nurture and guide the papermaking industry in becoming another leading and advantageous industry,thus improving the regional economic development.In other words,the starting point of this CE paper-making industrial park was almost zero.Planning and construction of the park were carried out according to the CE concept,which wasY.Li,C.Ma/Journal of Cleaner Production92(2015)65e74 66different from CE or IE constructed based on a certain industrial scale(Shi et al.,2010;Liu et al.,2010).3.CE planning for GSIL Papermaking ParkThe objectives of the CE plan for the papermaking park are as follows:(i)to shut down the original small boilers and transform the original SS Power Plant into a CHP plant that will be a public energy supply island in the park to realize centralized heat,power, and cold supply,as well as to achieve energy recycling,as shown in Fig.1;(ii)to construct centralized industrial water supply and waste water treatment plants for recycling water,as shown in Fig.2;and(iii)to construct a centralized solid waste treatment system for recycling solid materials,as shown in Fig.3.The following sections discuss the CE plan.3.1.Recycling of energyFig.1depicts the recycling of energy resources in the paper-making park.The CHP plant burns coal through the boiler and converts the chemical energy in coal into heat energy,which is carried by the high pressure(HP)steam.The HP steam works in the steam turbine and converts heat energy into mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is passed to the generator through the main shaft and is converted into electric energy through the electro-magnetic effect.Most of the electric energy produced by the CHP plant is transmitted to the public grid.The rest of the electric en-ergy is to be transmitted to the local electricity grid of the paper-making park to directly supply electricity for papermaking plants, the centralized water supply plant,the waste water treatment plant,and the refrigeration station.In addition,when the HP steam works in the steam turbine,the pressure of the steam continues to reduce.A part of the low pressure(LP)steam is taken from the middle of the steam turbine.The LP steam carries heat energy and transmits it to the papermaking plants for centralized heat supply. The papermaking plants absorb the heat energy of LP steam in the pulp-drying process to convert LP steam into high-temperature condensate.The residual heat in the high-temperature conden-sate and the waste heat of the boilerflue gas are also transmitted to the refrigeration station for waste heat utilization.The cooling water produced from the refrigeration station provides the centralized cold supply to the thermal power,papermaking, centralized water supply,and waste water treatment plants in the papermaking park.However,the direct power supply is not implemented according to the diagram because of several reasons, which will be explained later.3.1.1.Centralized heat supplyThe centralized heat supply is the most basic circular chain for the papermaking park to develop CE.Both the power and paper-making plants need steam.The former requires high-temperature and high-pressure superheated steam,referred to as HP steam in this paper.The higher the steam pressure,the higher the power generation efficiency.Thus,the steam pressure of the power gen-eration set is being developed to be a high-level one(e.g.,super-critical and ultra-supercritical).SS Power Plant in the papermaking park adopts steam with a pressure of13.7MPa and a temperature of 540 C.The power plant uses the enthalpy drop of steam to operate and generate electricity.The latent heat of vaporization of the steam emitted while condensing the steam into water is released to the environment through the cooling water,known as cold end loss (CEL).The papermaking plants need the saturated steam with pressure ranging from1to2MPa,namely,LP steam.The LP steam can operate and generate electricity,but its generation efficiency is relatively low.In fact,the papermaking plants mainly use the latent heat of vaporization of the LP steam to dry paper productsand Fig.1.Energy cycles diagram of GSIL Papermaking Park.Y.Li,C.Ma/Journal of Cleaner Production92(2015)65e7467drain high-temperature condensates.The steam pressure re-quirements of power generation and paper making are different, which provides conditions for the stepwise use of it.The CHP plant uses HP steam to generate power efficiently,whereas the paper-making plant uses the latent heat of vaporization of the LP steam. Thus,the utilization rate of heat energy,which is known as the co-production of heat and power,increases(Korhonen,2001b).Therefore,the centralized heat supply has an enormous energy-saving effect.For example,the steam used by the papermaking plant was originally produced by small boilers with a boiler effi-ciency of70%.Those boilers lack a desulfurization device.After realizing the centralized heat supply,the steam is produced by large boilers with a boiler efficiency of90%and a desulfurization efficiency of90%.The amount of energy saved by the centralized heat supply is calculated as follows(with1kg LP steam as the unit): the enthalpy value of LP steam extracted from the turbine of the CHP plant is approximately2800kJ/kg and that of the condensate after being used by the papermaking plants is547kJ/kg;the amount of energy saved per1kg LP steam is(2800e547)/70%e (2800e547)/90%¼715.24kJ.In addition,the enthalpy of the tur-bine exhaust steam is2568kJ/kg.If not supplying heat,this part is wasted in the form of CEL.If supplying heat,the latent heat of vaporization is used by the papermaking plant.The amount of energy saved in this part is as follows:(2568e547)/ 90%¼2245.56kJ.The loss rate of the centralized heat supply steam pipe network is approximately5%.Thus,the amount of energy saved by the centralized heat supply per1kg LP steam is converted into the standard coal as follows:(715.24þ2245.56)/ 29,400Â(1e5%)¼0.096kg standard coal.In2013,the GSIL Papermaking Park had1,086,322tons of centralized heat supply in the form of LP steam.According to the calculation method above, the amount of energy saved should be about104,000tons of standard coal.The centralized heat supply also contributes to the reduction of air-pollutant emissions.The sulfur content of coal is assumed to be 1%,and80%of the sulfur is converted into SO2to be emitted with theflue gas.If1kg of LP steam is produced by the small boilers without the desulfurization device,the SO2emission is(2800e 547)/70%/29,400Â1%Â(64/32)Â80%¼1.75Â10À3kg.However, if the LP steam is produced by the large boilers with a desulfur-ization rate of90%,the SO2emission amount is(2800e547)/90%/ 29,400Â1%Â(64/32)Â80%Â(1e90%)¼1.36Â10À4kg.Thus,the emission reduction amount of SO2per1kg LP steam is1.75Â10À3 e1.36Â10À4¼1.61Â10À3kg.According to the calculation method,the total SO2emission reduction through the centralized heat supply in2013was about1750tons.With the centralized heat supply,the papermaking plants in the park do not need to construct small boilers.Therefore,the occupied land area and initial investment are reduced,and the costs of boiler operation and technical management are decreased,thus reducing the steam cost by about50%.Meanwhile,the CEL of the CHP plant is reduced,thus improving energy efficiency and increasing the benefit.Therefore,the centralized heat supply in the papermaking park is a win e win pattern and serves as the foundation of CE planning.3.1.2.Direct power supplyThe papermaking enterprises in the papermaking park consume a considerable amount of power.The planned papermaking ca-pacity of10million tons per year indicates that the power load is about1100MW.At present,the power generation size of SS Power Plant is2Â150MW.The2Â600MW heat and power cogeneration units are planned for construction in the future.Finally,the power generation size in the park basically matches the power load.Ac-cording to the CE plan,SS Power Plant provides the low-voltage,close,and direct power supply and direct transaction to the papermaking enterprises.The direct power supply mode is opposite of the public mode of the power supply from the public power grid.The public mode is as follows:the SS Power Plant generates electricity,which is then transmitted to the access points of the public power grid over long distances after increasing the voltage to220kV.The papermaking plants obtain electricity from the public power grid through the long-distance transmission,power distribution,and step-by-step voltage reduction.The voltage is generally reduced to10kV or 6kV forfinal use.The direct power supply mode for the papermaking park saves energy and reduces emission more than the public power supply mode.In March2009,the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China organized an industrial energy-saving advi-sory and research activity attended by academicians and experts. The data provided by the research group showed that“the rate of electricity loss from the transmission line in Guangdong Province is very high.According to the calculation,among the238.3billion kW$h of industrial electricity in Guangdong,about23.8billion kW$h is wasted from the transmission line.”That is to say,if the enterprises in the papermaking park obtain electricity from the public power grid,then the rate of electricity loss is up to10%. However,the rate of electricity loss from the transmission line is expected to decrease to3.5%if the papermaking park realizes the direct power supply because of the reduction of transmission dis-tance and transformation loss.If thefinal power capacity consumed by the papermaking park is approximately1100MW,the direct power supply mode can save up to880million kW$h of electricity every year.The saved electricity can be converted into approxi-mately308,000tons of standard coal,equivalent to about5000 tons of SO2emission reduction.Thus,the direct power supply in the GSIL Papermaking Park has great energy-saving and emission-reduction benefits.However,the direct power supply mode violates the National Electrical Codes,which state that only the State Grid Corporation and the China Southern Power Grid Company are licensed to supply power and that power plants cannot sell electricity to end users directly.Therefore,the mode of supplying power from the CHP plant directly to papermaking plants has not been implemented in this park.To promote the development of CE,the SS Power Plant has applied to franchise a direct power supply to papermaking plants.In fact,the laws allow enterprises that consume large amounts of electricity,such as huge electrolytic aluminum,steel,chemical, and papermaking plants,to construct their own CHP plants to generate power for private use.This mode utilizes energy within a plant without electricity trading and is thus in accordance with the National Electrical Codes.This CE plan actually hopes to expand the heat and power cogeneration mode from a papermaking plant to the industrial park to achieve cogeneration in the whole park. Unfortunately,the CE plan has encountered the illegal power trading issue,which suggests a problem that CE is something new, and the awareness and behavior of people reflect a gap(Liu and Bai, 2014).CE inevitably conflicts with the original system or laws and meets barriers and challenges(Geng et al.,2009;Xue et al.,2010). The eco-industrial economy can be developed only if the govern-ment removes difficulties in implementing the CE plan through reform or legislation.3.1.3.Centralized cold supplyGuangdong Province,where the papermaking park is located, has a tropical and subtropical climate with long hot days.Hence, two-thirds of a year requires refrigeration and cold supply.Scat-tered electricity-driven refrigeration was the main refrigerationY.Li,C.Ma/Journal of Cleaner Production92(2015)65e74 68method before CE planning.However,electricity-driven refrigera-tion poses two problems:(1)it uses high-quality energy,which means high comprehensive energy consumption,and(2)it in-creases the power supply load of the power grid,especially during hot days,thus causing electricity shortage.The papermaking park planned to realize centralized refrigeration by using waste heatfirst and then supplying cold in papermaking enterprises,offices,and residential areas in the park.Specifically,the plan aims to build several centralized refrigeration stations with large lithium bro-mide absorption refrigerating machines to use waste heat for refrigeration.Waste heat can be obtained in three ways:(1)LP steam supplied by the CHP plant can be used as the heat source,(2) the condensate at110 C e130 C produced after the use of steam supplied by the CHP plant to the papermaking enterprises can be used as the heat source,and(3)theflue gas waste heat of the boilers can be used for refrigeration.In the third mode,dry calcium-based desulfurization in the CFB boiler of the SS Power Plant simultaneously removes sulfur trioxide in theflue gas.Thus,the dew point offlue gas is decreased,which provides conditions to utilize theflue gas waste heat.The plant has added a waste heat recovery exchanger next to the induced fan to collect the waste heat offlue gas,with water as the circular me-dium,and supply it to the lithium bromide absorption refrigerating machines for refrigeration.This energy-saving project has been implemented with a refrigeration capacity of4200kW.The system can provide720tons of6 C air-conditioning cooling water per hour and saves approximately12,000tons of standard coal annu-ally.In addition,the system received nationalfinancial rewards for energy-saving projects.Waste heat is low-quality energy.Utilizing waste heat for refrigeration realizes the comprehensive utilization of resources;the larger the quantities of waste heat collected,then the easier and better the utilization of it.Owing to the industrial cluster in the papermaking park,the waste heat resources are rich and the cooling load is concentrated,providing conditions for the comprehensive utilization of waste heat for refrigeration.This utilization conforms to the policy of China on co-generating heat, power,and cold and developing distributed energy.3.2.Recycling of waterRecycling of water resources is another important part of the CE planning of the papermaking park.Water-resource recycling in-cludes small-scale recycling in enterprises,medium-scale recycling among enterprises,and large-scale recycling in regions(Geng et al., 2009;Liu and Zhang,2013).The present study mainly introduces the latter two forms constructed through centralized water draw-ing and supply,stepwise use,centralized waste water treatment, and centralized discharge.Fig.2shows the water circulation, including its four types.Thefirst type of water circulation is for heat utilization.Pure demineralized water produced by a water treatment workshop is supplied to the boiler to produce HP steam,which enters the steam turbine to produce the condensate that returns to the boiler.Thus, water circulation in the CHP plant is completed.LP steam extracted from the steam turbine is supplied to the papermaking plants through the steam pipe.The papermaking plants use the heat of the steam and discharge the high-temperature condensate,which en-ters the centralized refrigeration station to release waste heat,and then returns to the water treatment workshop for purification. Finally,the condensate is supplied to the boiler to complete the water circulation of the whole park.A part of the water in thetwo Fig.2.Water cycles diagram of GSIL Papermaking Park.Y.Li,C.Ma/Journal of Cleaner Production92(2015)65e7469water circulations is drained to the environment because of boiler blowdown and water drainage.Therefore,fresh water must be pumped from the river and then added to the circulation after deionization.The second type of water circulation is forflue gas waste heat recovery.The circulation is conducted between the waste heat re-covery exchanger after the induced draft fan of the boiler and the lithium bromide absorption refrigerating machine in the central-ized refrigeration station to absorb theflue gas waste heat and transmit it to the refrigerating machine for refrigeration.This cir-culation can continue without water loss.The third type of water circulation is for air-conditioning cooling water.This water circulation is conducted between the centralized refrigeration station and fan-coil air conditioners in the thermal power,papermaking,centralized water supply,and centralized waste water treatment plants to supply the cooling water produced by the refrigeration station for cold air users.This water circulation also involves no water loss.The fourth type of water circulation is for the industrial water in the papermaking plant.This type reflects the CE characteristics of the papermaking park.The CHP plant pumps fresh water from the river to cool the turbine condenser.Next,the used cooling water is supplied to the papermaking plants for production.After being stepwise used,the drained waste water is centrally treated and drained.Details of this circulation are presented in the following section.3.2.1.Centralized water drawing and supplyCentralized water drawing.The SS Power Plant needs to pump a large amount of water during power generation to cool the steam discharged by the steam turbine.Prior to the CE planning,the cooling water was drained to the river after use.However,dis-charging the cooling water directly to the river was wasteful because it wasfiltered during use,not polluted.If the cooling water can be supplied to the papermaking plants for use,the paper-making plants will not need to build water pumping houses and usefiltration devices,leading to lower investment and operation costs.Therefore,the original water pumping house of the SS Power Plant is considered the centralized pumping house of the whole park in CE planning.The water pumping house has a pumping capacity of45,216t/h,enough to satisfy the industrial water de-mand of the whole papermaking park.Centralized water supply.The cooling water drained by the CHP plant needs to be purified further and then supplied to the papermaking plants.According to the CE planning,the paper-making park has constructed a centralized industrial water supply plant with40,000tons of daily water supply.Afterflocculation, precipitation,and disinfection,the cooling water drained by the CHP plant is purified to industrial water standard with the following indicators:turbidity＜3NTU,coloration＜5mg/l, hardness＜100mg/l,and ClÀcontent＜120mg/l.The purified cooling water is supplied to the papermaking plants through the industrial water supply pipe network,which realizes the central-ized water supply in the papermaking park.3.2.2.Stepwise water utilizationTo ensure stepwise water utilization between the two in-dustries,CE planning indicates that the industrial water used by the papermaking plants is the cooling water drained by the CHP plant. The papermaking enterprises also abide by the principle of step-wise utilization when distributing industrial water.That is,the industrial water isfirst supplied to papermaking plants with the original wood pulp as the raw material,which are marked as Class A papermaking plants,including household and high-grade cul-tural papermaking plants,in Fig.2.Class A papermaking plants have high-quality requirements for the industrial water and are thus placed at the upper part of the water circulation chain.The waste water drained by Class A papermaking plants is lightly polluted.After treatment by the centralized low-concentration(LC) waste water treatment plant,the waste water is supplied to Class B papermaking plants for stepwise water utilization.Class B paper-making plants are those that use waste paper as raw materials,and include newsprint and packing papermaking plants.After the stepwise utilization,the industrial water isfinally drained to the centralized high-concentration(HC)waste water treatment for centralized treatment.Supplying the waste water of Class A papermaking plants to Class B ones after treatment has no precedent and is thus innova-tive.The papermaking park conducted a pilot test on the influence of chemicals and remainingfibers in the waste water drained by Class A papermaking plants to Class B ones.The following conclu-sion was drawn:When the capacity proportion of the household paper in the upstream to the packing paper in the downstream is 1:2,the stepwise utilization can match the amount of water and the chemicals in the upstream has no negative influence on down-stream production.Waste water in the upstream can be recycled for screening,felt,pulp dilution,and other processes in the down-stream after purification to clean thefiber.This conclusion indicates thatflocculation and sedimentation processes are added when constructing the LC waste water treatment plant to reach the water use requirements of Class B papermaking plants.At present,the waste water(i.e.,15,000tons per day)drained by Class A paper-making plants is supplied to Class B ones after the LC waste water treatment in the park.Stepwise water utilization is estimated to reduce fresh water utilization by1.9Â107m3and the chemical oxygen demand(COD) emissions by1500tons per year according to the planning capacity of the papermaking park.Therefore,the water resources are saved and protected.3.2.3.Centralized waste water treatmentCentralized waste water treatment is another practice that re-flects the CE characteristics of the papermaking park.Traditionally, papermaking plants construct their own small waste water treat-ment equipment,some of which have backward technology.The environmental protection departmentfinds supervising the scat-tered water treatment equipments difficult.In the papermaking park,the centralized waste water treatment plant is large and thus easy to supervise and manage.Two types of centralized waste water treatment plants have been built according to the CE plan-ning.One is the LC waste water treatment plant to treat the waste water of Class A papermaking plants,and the other is the HC waste water treatment plant to treat the waste water of Class B paper-making plants.Centralized LC waste water treatment plant.The papermaking park constructed an LC waste water treatment plant with the treatment capacity of20,000tons per day.The main processes are as follows:grillage/regulating reservoir/integrated oxidation ditch/high-performancefiberfilter/flocculation and sedi-mentation.The waste water drained by Class A papermaking plants meets the following indicators:COD concentration＜200mg/l and SS＜100mg/l.After treatment,the waste water should meet the following indicators based on the environmental protection drainage standard:COD concentration＜50mg/l and SS＜10mg/l. The waste water can then be drained or supplied to Class B papermaking plants for use.Centralized HC waste water treatment plant.The paper-making park constructed an HC waste water treatment plant with a capacity of20,000tons per day.The main processes are as follows: screen/super-efficient shallow air-floating/regulatingY.Li,C.Ma/Journal of Cleaner Production92(2015)65e74 70。