Preparation and Spectroscopic Properties of Pr~(3+)-doped Transparent Glass-ceramic
冶金工程专业英语词汇
冶金工程专业英语词汇1. 冶金学冶金学是冶金工程专业的核心课程，主要讲授钢铁冶金和有色金属冶金过程的基本原理、工艺及装备，包括炼铁、炼钢、精炼、连铸、铝冶金、铜冶金、稀土冶金等内容。
中文英文冶金学metallurgy钢铁冶金iron and steel metallurgy有色金属冶金nonferrous metal metallurgy炼铁ironmaking炼钢steelmaking精炼refining连铸continuous casting铝冶金aluminum metallurgy铜冶金copper metallurgy稀土冶金rare earth metallurgy高炉blast furnace转炉converter电炉electric furnace真空精炼vacuum refining钢包ladle结晶器crystallizer铝电解槽aluminum electrolytic cell铜闪速熔炼copper flash smelting稀土萃取分离rare earth extraction and separation熔盐电解法molten salt electrolysis method冶炼产品smelting products生铁pig iron钢水molten steel铝锭aluminum ingot铜阳极泥copper anode slime稀土氧化物rare earth oxides冶炼渣smelting slag炉渣性质slag properties脱硫desulfurization脱磷dephosphorization脱氧deoxidation合金化alloying溅渣护炉splashing slag lining protection终点控制endpoint control中文英文出钢操作tapping operation凝固传热机制solidification heat transfer mechanism凝固结构与缺陷solidification structure and defects氧化还原反应oxidation-reduction reaction造渣反应与造渣制度slagging reaction and slagging system2. 冶金物理化学冶金物理化学是冶金工程专业的基础理论课程，主要讲授冶金过程中涉及的物理化学原理和方法，包括平衡与相图、溶液理论、电化学、表面与胶体化学、传递现象等内容。
纳米二氧化硅的改性与应用及聚倍半硅氧烷结构和性能研究
复旦大学碾士学位论文１．４．６复合材料中纳米二氧化硅的形貌表征图１—１１和１－１２是纳米二氧化硅ＳＰｌ和Ａ２００分散在丙烯酸树脂中的透射电镜照片。
与纳米二氧化硅在醋酸丁酯中的分散性一样，用ＭＡＰＴＳ改性的二氧化硅相对未改性的二氧化硅来说，具有较好的分散性，这点对于ＳＰｌ来说尤为明显（见图１—１ｌａ和１．１ｌｂ）。
另外，通过原位聚合制备的纳米复合材料中，二氧化硅的分散性优于通过共混法制各的（见图１－ｌｌｂ和】．１ｌｃ），这是由于改性的二氧化硅中含有可与丙烯酸酯单体反应的基团，在原位聚合中，与丙烯酸酯链段有较强作用，有利其分散。
然而这些对于纳米二氧化硅Ａ２００来说都不是那么明显（见图１－１２），无论是否改性，无论使用原位或者共混得方法，对于Ａ２００在丙烯酸树脂中的分散性没有很大影响。
这可能是纳米二氧化硅Ａ２００相对ＳＰｌ而言，本身就具有较小的比表面积以及较低的羟基含量，使其在丙烯酸树脂中具有比较好的分散性，所以通过ＭＡＰＴＳ对其改性，欲使其更易分散并没有在Ａ２００中体现出来。
（ａ）复旦大学硕士学位论文（ｃ）图１－ｌｌ含有ＳＰｌ的复合涂层的ＴＥＭ照片（ａ）含有共混的未改性的二氧化硅（ｂ）含有共混的改性的二氧化硅（ｃ）含有原位生成改性的二氧化硅Ｆｉｇｕｒｅ１－１１ＴＥＭｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｓｏｆｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇＳＰＩｐｒｅｐａｒｅｄｂｙ【ａ）ｂｌｅｎｄｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｕｎｍｏｄｉｆｉｅｄｎａｎｏ－ｓｉｌｉｃａ，（ｂ）ｂｌｅｎｄｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｍｏｄｉｆｉｅｄｎａｎｏ·ｓｉｌｉｃａａｎｄ（ｃ）ｉｎ—ｓｉｔｕｍｅｔｈｏｄｗｉｔｈｍｏｄｉｆｉｅｄｎａｎｏ－ｓｉｌｉｃａ（ａ）（ｂ）复旦大学硕士学位论文（ｃ）图１－１２含有Ａ２００的复合涂层的ＴＥＭ照片（ａ）含有共混的未改性的二氧化硅（ｂ）含有共混的改性的二氧化硅（ｃ）古有原位生成改性的二氧化硅Ｆｉｇｕｒｅ１－１２ＴＥＭｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｓｏｆｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇＡ２００ｐｒｅｐａｒｅｄｂｙ（ａ）ｂｌｅｎｄｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｕｎｍｏｄｉｆｉｅｄｎａｎｏ－ｓｉｌｉｃａ，（ｂ）ｂｌｅｎｄｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｍｏｄｉｆｉｅｄｒｉａｎｏ－ｓｉｌｉｃａａｎｄ（ｃ）ｉｎ－ｓｉｔｕｍｅｔｈｏｄｗｉｔｈｍｏｄｉｆｉｅｄｎａｎｏ．ｓｉｌｉｃａ１．４．７改性对复合树脂Ｔｇ的影响图１．１３至图１．１５为纳米复合树脂的ＤＭＡ损耗曲线。
仿制药晶型研究的技术指导原则英文
仿制药晶型研究的技术指导原则英文Technical Guidance Principles for the Study of Generic Drug Polymorphs1. Comprehensive Literature Review:Conduct a thorough review of existing literature on the polymorphic forms of the reference drug substance. Identify the different polymorphs reported and their characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and spectroscopic techniques.2. Sample Preparation:Ensure that the sample preparation technique maintains the integrity and purity of the reference drug substance. Use appropriate methods such as crystallization, recrystallization, or solvent evaporation to obtain the desired polymorphs for characterization.3. Controlled Crystallization Conditions:Conduct crystallization experiments under controlled conditions to promote the formation of specific polymorphs. Factors such as temperature, solvent selection, cooling rate, and agitation should be considered and optimized to achieve reproducible results.4. Polymorph Characterization:Employ a combination of analytical techniques to characterize the obtained polymorphs. X-ray diffraction is essential to confirm the crystalline nature and determine the crystal structure. Use thermal analysis techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis to investigate thermal behavior. Complement these techniques with spectroscopic tools like infrared spectroscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance to confirm structural differences.5. Physical Property Comparison:Compare the physical properties (e.g., melting point, solubility, density) of the newly formed polymorphs with those of the reference drug substance. Any significant differences may indicate a new polymorphic form.6. Stability Studies:Conduct stability studies to evaluate the stability of the polymorphs under different environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, and light exposure. Monitor changes in physical properties and assess any potential degradation or transformation.7. Bioavailability Studies:Perform bioavailability studies to determine if the newly formedpolymorphs exhibit similar or improved bioavailability compared to the reference drug substance. In vitro dissolution testing and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies can provide valuable insights into the drug's performance.8. Regulatory Compliance:Ensure that the research and development of generic drug polymorphs adhere to applicable regulatory guidelines, such as those set by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency (EMA). Demonstrate the equivalence or superiority of the polymorphs through rigorous scientific evidence.9. Documentation and Reporting:Maintain detailed records of all experimental procedures, data, and observations. Prepare comprehensive reports that summarize the research findings and provide sufficient evidence to support the conclusions drawn.10. Intellectual Property Considerations:Respect existing patents and intellectual property rights when conducting research on generic drug polymorphs. Ensure compliance with applicable legal requirements and consider seeking legal advicewhen necessary.Note: It is important to consult specific guidelines and requirements from regulatory authorities or professional organizations when conducting research on generic drug polymorphs.。
氨基酸功能化碳量子点的制备与表征英文
氨基酸功能化碳量子点的制备与表征英文Preparation and characterization of amino acid-functionalized carbon quantum dotsAbstract:Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have arisen as a promising type of nanomaterials with outstanding optical, electrical, and chemical properties. The functionalization of CQDs with various functional moieties presents a vast potential for tailoring their functional properties for various applications. Herein, we developed a facile method to prepare amino acid-functionalized carbon quantum dots (AA-CQDs) via a one-step microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The as-prepared AA-CQDs were characterized by a series of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, and were found to exhibit excellent optical properties, good watersolubility, and low cytotoxicity. The AA-CQDs may have potential applications in bio-imaging, bio-sensing, and drug delivery.Introduction:Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have attracted great attention in various research areas, such as bio-imaging, bio-sensing, drug delivery, solar cells, and energy conversion. CQDs have unique properties, such as high photoluminescence quantum yield, excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, and excellent light-harvesting properties. The functionalization of CQDs with various functional moieties presents a vast potential for tailoring their functional properties for various applications.Amino acids are important building blocks of proteins, and are essential for many biological processes. Amino acid-functionalized carbon quantum dots (AA-CQDs) have gained much attention due to their potential in bio-imaging, bio-sensing, and drug delivery. The amino acid moieties on the carbon dots could provide a surface charge, which makes them more resistant to nonspecific binding and degradation in biological environments.In this work, we developed a facile method to prepare AA-CQDs via a one-step microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, and characterized their physical and chemical properties by a series of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques.Experimental Section:Materials:L-phenylalanine (99.5%), L-tryptophan (99.5%), L-cysteine (99.5%), and sodium bicarbonate (99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methanol was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Water was deionized by a Millipore Milli-Q purification system (Milford, MA, USA).Synthesis of AA-CQDs:In a typical synthesis, 500 mg of L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, or L-cysteine was dissolved in 20 mL of deionized water by stirring for 15 min. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 9.0 by dropwise addition of 1 M sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was treated by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method at 200 °C for 5 min. Aftercooling down to room temperature, the solution was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min to remove the unreacted amino acids and other insoluble impurities.Characterization:The as-synthesized AA-CQDs were characterized using a series of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. UV-Vis absorption spectra and Photoluminescence (PL) spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer and a PerkinElmer LS 55 luminescence spectrometer, respectively. The size and morphology of the AA-CQDs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (FEI Tecnai G2 F20, USA). Zeta potential measurements were carried out on a Zetasizer Nano-ZS (Malvern Instruments, UK).Results and discussion:In this work, we developed a facile method to prepare AA-CQDs via a one-step microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. Amino acids such as L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, and L-cysteine were used as functional moieties to functionalize theCQDs. The as-prepared AA-CQDs exhibited excellent optical properties, good water solubility, and low cytotoxicity.Figure 1 shows the UV-Vis absorption spectra and PL spectra of AA-CQDs synthesized withdifferent amino acids. The AA-CQDs exhibited characteristic absorption peaks around 280 nm due to the π-π* transition of amino acids, and a broad PL band with an emission wavelength around 450 nm. The emission intensity of AA-CQDs prepared with L-cysteine was higher than those prepared with L-phenylalanine or L-tryptophan. This may be attributed to the thiol group (-SH) of L-cysteine, which may enhance the fluorescence intensity of the AA-CQDs.The TEM images of AA-CQDs prepared with L-cysteine are shown in Figure 2. The AA-CQDs appeared as monodisperse and spherical nanoparticles with an average size of around 3-4 nm. The AA-CQDs exhibited a highly fluorescent property, which may be attributed to their size-dependent quantum confinement effect.The zeta potentials of AA-CQDs prepared with different amino acids are shown in Figure 3. The AA-CQDs exhibited negative zeta potentials due to the presence of carboxyl groups on the surfaces of CQDs and amino acids. The zeta potentials of AA-CQDs prepared with L-phenylalanine and L-tryptophan were around -9.7 mV and -13.6 mV, respectively, while the zeta potential of AA-CQDs prepared withL-cysteine was around -23.1 mV. The higher zeta potential of AA-CQDs prepared with L-cysteine may be attributed to the thiol group (-SH) of L-cysteine, which may provide a stronger negative charge on the surface of the AA-CQDs.Conclusion:In summary, we developed a facile method to prepare AA-CQDs via a one-step microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, and characterized their physical and chemical properties. The AA-CQDs exhibited excellent optical properties, good water solubility, and low cytotoxicity. The AA-CQDs may have potential applications in bio-imaging, bio-sensing, and drug delivery. Further studies areneeded to evaluate the biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo toxicity of the AA-CQDs.。
materials characterization审稿意见
Materials Characterization审稿意见IntroductionMaterials characterization is an essential aspect of scientific research and industrial applications. In this article, we will discuss the importance of materials characterization and explore various techniques used in the field. Additionally, we will address the key considerations for reviewers when evaluating materials characterization studies.Importance of Materials CharacterizationMaterials characterization plays a crucial role in understanding the properties and behavior of various materials. It involves the analysis and evaluation of the structure, composition, and physical properties of materials. By characterizing materials, scientists and engineers can make informed decisions about their applications and optimize their performance.Techniques used in Materials Characterization1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)SEM is a widely used technique for characterizing materials at high resolution. It uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a sample, providing detailed information about its topography, composition, and elemental analysis. SEM is particularly useful for studying microstructures, surface morphology, and particle distribution.2. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)XRD is a technique that analyzes the crystal structure of materials. It works by shining X-rays onto a sample and measuring the diffraction pattern produced. This pattern contains information about the arrangement of atoms in the material, allowing researchers to determineits crystal structure, lattice parameters, and phase composition. XRD is commonly used to identify crystalline phases and study phase transformations in materials.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)FTIR is a spectroscopic technique used to identify functional groups and chemical bonds in organic and inorganic materials. It measures the absorption of infrared radiation by the sample, providing a unique fingerprint that can be used for identification. FTIR is widely used in materials characterization to determine the presence of specificchemical groups, analyze molecular structures, and investigate surface properties.4. Thermal AnalysisThermal analysis techniques, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), are used to study thethermal behavior of materials. DSC measures the heat flow in a sample as a function of temperature, providing information about phase transitions, thermal stability, and thermal properties. TGA measures the weight loss of a sample as it is heated, allowing for the analysis of composition, decomposition, and moisture content.Key Considerations for ReviewersWhen evaluating materials characterization studies, reviewers should consider several key aspects to assess the quality and significance of the research. These considerations include:1.Sample Preparation: Reviewers should evaluate the adequacy of thesample preparation techniques used in the study. Proper samplepreparation is vital to obtain accurate and representative results.2.Characterization Techniques: Reviewers should assess thesuitability and reliability of the characterization techniquesemployed. The chosen techniques should be appropriate for theresearch objectives and should provide sufficient evidence tosupport the conclusions.3.Data Analysis: Thorough data analysis is essential for materialscharacterization studies. Reviewers should evaluate thestatistical methods, data interpretation, and conclusions drawnfrom the analysis. It is important to ensure that the conclusions are supported by the data presented.4.Reproducibility: Reviewers should consider the reproducibility ofthe results presented in the study. Materials characterizationstudies should provide sufficient information to allow otherresearchers to reproduce the experiments and obtain similarresults.5.Limitations and Future Directions: It is important for authors toacknowledge the limitations of their study and propose futuredirections for research. Reviewers should assess whether theseaspects are adequately addressed and if the study contributes tothe existing knowledge in the field.ConclusionMaterials characterization is an integral part of scientific research and technological advancements. By employing various characterization techniques, researchers gain insights into the properties and behavior of materials, leading to the development of new materials with enhanced functionalities. Reviewers play a crucial role in ensuring the quality and validity of materials characterization studies by thoroughly evaluating the sample preparation, characterization techniques, data analysis, reproducibility, and future directions of the research.。
导电聚合物PEDOT的制备及导电性能
导电聚合物PEDOT的制备及导电性能崔琛琛;王茗【摘要】文章采用化学氧化聚合法，以过硫酸铵为氧化剂，质子酸为掺杂剂合成了聚乙烯二氧噻吩(PEDOT)导电聚合物，研究了掺杂剂种类、聚合温度以及试剂比例对聚合速率及电导率的影响。
研究结果表明：盐酸、冰醋酸及樟脑磺酸掺杂后能显著提高聚合物的电导率，其中樟脑磺酸掺杂后的电导率最高；质子酸掺杂和升高聚合温度可以明显加快聚合速率；当单体与氧化剂的摩尔比为1∶1时聚合物的电导率最高。
%10.3969/j.issn.1003-5060.2012.11.024【期刊名称】《合肥工业大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2012(000)011【总页数】5页(P1541-1545)【关键词】化学氧化聚合;导电聚合物;聚乙烯二氧噻吩(PEDOT)【作者】崔琛琛;王茗【作者单位】桂林理工大学材料科学与工程学院,广西桂林 541004;桂林理工大学材料科学与工程学院,广西桂林 541004【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O6331900年聚乙烯二氧噻吩（PEDOT）首次被合成出来［1］，采用的合成方法是将该聚合物的单体（EDOT）直接加入到聚合电解质水溶液中聚合，最后得到分散性良好的聚乙烯二氧噻吩。
由于该共聚物的单体EDOT的3、4位被双氧次乙基取代，阻止了聚合时噻吩环的α－β连接，双氧次乙基的引入还增加了噻吩环上的电子密度，从而降低了单体的氧化电位和聚合物分子的氧化掺杂电位，增强了其在水中的溶解度并使其导电的掺杂状态更稳定。
由于具有高的电导率、优异的环境稳定性以及透明和易加工成膜特性，PEDOT在有机发光材料和有机太阳能电池等领域具有重要的应用前景［2－3］，并受到很多学者的关注［4－6］。
目前，合成PEDOT的方法主要有化学氧化聚合［7－10］、电化学聚合［11－15］、化学气相沉积法［16－17］等，其中应用最多的是化学氧化聚合法，该方法设备简单，且易于聚合。
EDOT化学氧化聚合方式如下：单体EDOT被氧化为自由基阳离子（P＋·），自由基阳离子脱去2个质子形成二聚体，二聚体再被氧化成二聚体自由基阳离子，该自由基阳离子与单体自由基阳离子偶合形成三聚体，以此类推，最后聚合成PEDOT，从机理上该聚合属于逐步聚合，反应过程为：导电聚合物是由交替的单双键组成的共扼大π键体系，电子在整个主链上离域，单体的分子轨道相互作用，最高占有轨道（HOMO）形成价带，最低空轨道（LUMO）形成导带。
光谱分析仪分析流程
光谱分析仪分析流程英文回答：Spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.It provides valuable information about the composition, structure, and properties of materials. Spectroscopy instruments, known as spectrometers, are used to measure and analyze the intensity and wavelength of electromagnetic radiation.The analysis process using a spectrometer typically involves several steps. Here is a general outline of the spectroscopy analysis workflow:1. Sample Preparation: The first step is to prepare the sample for analysis. This may involve cleaning, grinding, or diluting the sample depending on its nature. It is essential to ensure that the sample is representative and homogeneous.2. Instrument Calibration: Before starting the analysis, the spectrometer needs to be calibrated. Calibrationinvolves measuring known reference samples to establish a baseline for accurate measurements. This step ensures that the instrument is properly adjusted and provides reliable results.3. Measurement: Once the sample is prepared and the instrument is calibrated, the measurement can begin. The sample is placed in the spectrometer, and the instrument measures the intensity of the radiation at different wavelengths. The resulting data is called a spectrum.4. Data Analysis: After obtaining the spectrum, thenext step is to analyze the data. This involvesinterpreting the peaks, patterns, and intensities in the spectrum. Various mathematical and statistical techniques can be applied to extract meaningful information from the data.5. Identification and Quantification: Based on theanalysis of the spectrum, the next step is to identify and quantify the components present in the sample. This can be done by comparing the obtained spectrum with reference spectra or using spectral databases. Quantification involves determining the concentration or amount of each component.6. Data Reporting: Finally, the analysis results are documented and reported. This includes summarizing the findings, presenting the spectra and their interpretations, and providing any additional relevant information. The report may also include recommendations or further analysis suggestions.Spectroscopy analysis can be performed using various techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, among others. Each technique hasits specific principles and applications, but the general analysis workflow remains similar.中文回答：光谱分析仪是一种用于分析物质与电磁辐射相互作用的技术。
稳定同位素质谱仪操作指南
稳定同位素质谱仪操作指南英文回答：Stable isotope mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a powerful analytical technique used to measure the isotopic composition of elements in a sample. It is widely used in various fields, including geology, biology, environmental science, and forensics. Operating a SIMS instrument requires careful attention to detail and a good understanding of the instrument's components and settings. In this guide, I will provide step-by-step instructions on how to operate a stable isotope mass spectrometer.Step 1: Preparation.Before starting the instrument, ensure that the sample is properly prepared. This may involve purification, extraction, or other pre-treatment steps depending on the nature of the sample. It is important to follow established protocols and use appropriate reagents and equipment.Step 2: Instrument Startup.Turn on the power to the mass spectrometer and any associated peripherals, such as the gas chromatograph or elemental analyzer. Allow sufficient time for the instrument to warm up and stabilize. Check the instrument's software and make sure it is properly calibrated and up to date.Step 3: Sample Loading.Load the prepared sample onto the sample introduction system. This may involve injecting a liquid sample into a gas chromatograph or directly introducing a solid sample into the mass spectrometer. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for sample loading and ensure that the sample is properly sealed and secured.Step 4: Instrument Calibration.Perform instrument calibration using known isotopicstandards. This step is crucial for accurate measurement of isotopic ratios. The calibration procedure may involve running a series of standard solutions or reference materials with known isotopic compositions. Follow the instrument's software instructions for calibration and ensure that all necessary parameters are set correctly.Step 5: Data Acquisition.Start the data acquisition software and set the desired measurement parameters, such as the number of scans, integration time, and mass range. Begin the dataacquisition process and monitor the instrument's performance. It is important to regularly check for any anomalies or drifts in the signal and take appropriate corrective actions if necessary.Step 6: Data Analysis.Once the data acquisition is complete, analyze the acquired data using appropriate software. This may involve peak integration, background subtraction, and calculationof isotopic ratios. Compare the measured isotopic ratios with known reference values to ensure accuracy andreliability of the results.Step 7: Instrument Shutdown.After completing the analysis, properly shut down the instrument. This may involve purging the system with inert gas, turning off the power, and cleaning the sample introduction system. Follow the instrument's manufacturer instructions for shutdown procedures to avoid any damage or contamination.中文回答：稳定同位素质谱仪（SIMS）是一种用于测量样品中元素同位素组成的强大分析技术。
聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备及表征
定量称取 ＰＭＤＡ、 ＯＤＡ 和 ＤＭＦ， ＰＭＤＡ 与 ＯＤＡ 的摩尔比 控制在 １畅１ ～１畅２ 之间， 按实验设计步骤， 通入氮气， 将 ＯＤＡ 加入 ＤＭＦ 中搅拌 ２０ ｍｉｎ， 使 ＯＤＡ 全部溶解， 然后将 ＰＭＤＡ 缓 慢加入到烧瓶中， 搅拌均匀， 反应温度控制在 ３５ ～４０ ℃之间，
反应 ４ ｈ 后得到聚酰胺酸（ＰＡＡ） 溶液。
１畅３ 聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备
将醋酸酐、 ＤＭＦ 按照一定的配比混合， 然后与聚酰胺酸溶 液以 １００砄３０ ～１００砄４０ 的质量比混合， 在 ０ ℃以下环境中搅拌 均匀， 用涂布器在离型膜上涂膜， 先后放入 １２０ ℃和 ３００ ℃烘 箱中， 脱水固化后得到聚酰亚胺薄膜。
３畅３ 剥离强度分析
剥离强度是指粘贴在一起的材料， 从接触面进行单位宽度 剥离时所需要的最大力。 它可以反应材料的粘接强度。 将聚酰 胺酸在低温烘箱中放置 ５０ ｓ， 在高温烘箱中放置 ６０ ｓ 制得聚酰亚 胺薄膜， 根据剥离强度标准， 用 涂布器调整合适厚度涂胶， 在
图 ２ 聚酰亚胺薄膜的 ＴＧＡ Ｆｉｇ畅２ Ｔｈｅ ＴＧＡ ｏｆ ｐｏｌｙｍｉｄｅ ｆｉｌｍｓ
从图 ２ 中可以看出， 聚酰亚胺从 ４００ ℃的时候可以热分解， 在 ４５０ ℃时分解速度最快， 说明该聚酰亚胺薄膜可以承受的最 高温度为 ４００ ℃， 可以应用在大部分高温场合。
４ 结 论
（１） 凝胶膜成膜时间对聚酰亚胺薄膜的抗张强度有影响， 成膜时间过长或过短都会降低薄膜的抗张强度， 成膜时间为 ５０ ｓ 时薄膜的抗张强度最大。
［４］ 任小龙，国外聚酰亚胺 薄膜工业发展 概况［ Ｊ］ ．绝 缘 材 料，２０１２，４５ （６） ：３４ －４２．
［５］ ＺＨＡＮＧ Ｑ Ｙ，ＣＨＥＮＧ，ＺＨＡＮＧ Ｓ Ｂ．Ｓｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓ ａｎｄ ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｎｏｖｅｌ ｓｏｌｕｂｌｅ ｐｏｌｙｉｍｅｄｉｓ ｈａｖｉｎｇ ａ ｓｐｉｒｏｂｉｓｉｎｄａｎｅ ｌｉｎｋｅｄ ｄｉａｎｈｙｄｒｉｄｅ ｕｎｉｔ ［ Ｊ］ ． Ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒ，２００７，４８：２２５０ －２２５６．
Eu3+掺杂的红色荧光粉制备及荧光性能研究
ＬＥＤ是一种高效理想的绿色光源，集固体化、环保、无污染、 长寿命、高效节能、无频闪、色彩丰富等特点于一身，拥有巨大 的发展前景【ｌ“。目前高性能的白光ＬＥＤ的制造用近紫外ＬＥＤ芯片 和ＢａＭｇＡｌｌｏＯｌ７：Ｅｕ”（蓝粉），ＺｎＳ：Ｃｕ＋，Ａ１”（绿粉），Ｙ２０２Ｓ：Ｅｕ３＋（红 粉）制成。可是红色荧光粉的效率比绿色和蓝色低。达到商业用途 的ＰＤＰ（等离子显示器）荧光粉包括：Ｙ２０３：Ｅｕ”（Ｙ，Ｇｄ）Ｂ０３：Ｅｕ”（红
Ｃｕｋａ（ｋ＝０．１５４０５６ ｎｍ），电压为４０ ｋＶ，电流是４０ ｍＡ，步长设置为
利用溶胶一凝胶法制备Ｅｕ３＋不同掺杂浓度的Ｙ２．ｘ０３：Ｅｕ３＋ｘ前 驱体凝胶，经６００℃焙烧后，在１０００℃下晶化２ ｈ得到的相应 Ｅｕ３＋掺杂浓度的Ｙ２．，０３：Ｅｕ３＋ｘ样品，测得样品的荧光光谱如图２。
０．０２０。Ｙ２。０３：Ｅｕｔ荧光粉的激发光谱和发射光谱应用日本日立 公司的Ｆ４６００荧光光度计，扫描电压为７００ Ｖ，狭缝宽度为２．５ ｒｉｍ
Ｗａｖｅｌｅｎｇｔｈ／ｎｍ
图２
Ｙｈ０３：Ｅｕｔ的激发光谱和发射光谱
Ｔｈｅ ｅｘｃｉｔａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ ｓｐｅｃｔｒｕｍ ｏｆ Ｆｉｇ．２ Ｙ２．ｘ０３：Ｅｕ’＋ｘｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｄ ｂｙ Ｅｕ３’ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎ
［收稿日期］２０１５—０４—２０ 【作者简介】闫风巧（１９８３．）女，河北沧州人，硕士，助教，主要从事稀土发光材料和催化等领域的研究。
２００３，３：４－８．
量１５００
２
１０００
【４】杨翼，金尚忠，沈常宇，等．白光ＬＥＤ用碱土金属硅酸盐荧光粉的光 谱性质叨．发光学报，２００８，２９（５）：８００－８０２． ｆ５］Ｆｅｉ Ｑｉｎ，Ｃｈａｎｇ Ｃｈｅｎｇｋａｎｇ，Ｍａｏ Ｄａｌｉ，ｅｔ ａ１．Ｌｕｍｉｎｅｓｃｅｎｔ ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ ｏｆＳｔ２
仿制药分析方法开发流程
仿制药分析方法开发流程Developing an analysis method for generic drugs is a crucial process in ensuring the quality and safety of these pharmaceutical products. 仿制药分析方法的开发是保证这些药物的质量和安全的重要过程。
It involves a series of systematic steps and considerations to accurately and effectively assess the composition, purity, and stability of generic drugs. 这涉及一系列系统的步骤和考虑，以准确有效地评估仿制药的成分，纯度和稳定性。
From choosing the appropriate analytical techniquesto validating the method, each stage of development requires meticulous attention to detail. 从选择合适的分析技术到验证方法，每个开发阶段都需要对细节进行细致的关注。
The first step in developing an analysis method for generic drugs isto thoroughly understand the composition and characteristics of the drug substance. 开发仿制药分析方法的第一步是彻底了解药物成分和特性。
This involves conducting a comprehensive literature review and gathering information on the reference drug and its active pharmaceutical ingredients. 这涉及进行全面的文献综述，并收集参考药物及其活性药物成分的信息。
压片法荧光光谱仪操作流程
压片法荧光光谱仪操作流程英文回答：To operate a tablet press fluorescence spectrometer,the following steps need to be followed:1. Preparation: First, ensure that the instrument is clean and in proper working condition. Check if all the necessary accessories and reagents are available. Also, make sure to wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and safety goggles.2. Calibration: Before starting the analysis, it is crucial to calibrate the instrument. This involves setting the excitation and emission wavelengths, adjusting the sensitivity, and verifying the accuracy of the instrument using standard reference materials.3. Sample preparation: Prepare the samples by compressing the powders into tablets using a tablet press.The tablet press should be set to the desired compression force and speed. Ensure that the tablets are uniform in size and shape to obtain accurate and reproducible results.4. Excitation and emission: Place the tablets in the sample holder of the fluorescence spectrometer. Set the excitation wavelength to the desired value and select the appropriate emission wavelength range. Start the measurement and record the fluorescence spectra.5. Data analysis: Analyze the obtained fluorescence spectra using appropriate software. This may involve peak identification, quantification of fluorescence intensity, and comparison with reference spectra or known standards.6. Interpretation: Interpret the results obtained from the fluorescence spectra. This may involve identifying the presence of specific compounds or functional groups based on their fluorescence characteristics. Compare the results with known standards or previous data to draw conclusions.7. Cleaning and maintenance: After completing theanalysis, clean the instrument thoroughly to remove any residues or contaminants. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for cleaning and maintenance to ensure the longevity and proper functioning of the instrument.中文回答：操作压片法荧光光谱仪的步骤如下：1. 准备工作，确保仪器干净且正常工作。
Spectroscopic Studies of Biopolymers and Complexes
Spectroscopic Studies of Biopolymersand ComplexesBiopolymers and complexes are an important class of compounds in biochemistry and biophysics. These compounds play crucial roles in biological processes such as DNA replication, protein synthesis, and cell signaling. Spectroscopic techniques have been extensively used to study the chemical and structural properties of biopolymers and complexes. In this article, we will discuss the applications of various spectroscopic techniques in the study of biopolymers and complexes.UV-Vis SpectroscopyUV-Vis spectroscopy is a widely used technique in the study of biopolymers and complexes. UV-Vis spectra provide information about the electronic transitions of the compounds. Biopolymers such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides exhibit characteristic UV-Vis spectra due to the presence of chromophores such as aromatic amino acids, nucleotide bases, and sugar moieties.One of the most important applications of UV-Vis spectroscopy in biopolymers is the determination of protein concentration. Proteins absorb UV light at 280 nm due to the presence of tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine residues. The Beer-Lambert law can be used to calculate protein concentration from the UV absorbance at 280 nm.In addition to protein concentration determination, UV-Vis spectroscopy can also be used to study the conformational changes of proteins and nucleic acids. Changes in the electronic environment of chromophores in response to changes in the conformation of the biopolymer can be detected by UV-Vis spectroscopy. This technique is commonly used to monitor protein folding and DNA denaturation.Fluorescence SpectroscopyFluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful technique for studying biopolymers and complexes. Fluorescence occurs when a molecule absorbs light at a certain wavelengthand then emits light at a longer wavelength. Fluorescence spectra provide information about the electronic and structural properties of the compounds.Proteins and nucleic acids contain fluorescent chromophores such as tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine residues. These residues can undergo fluorescence emission when excited by UV light. By monitoring the fluorescence emission of these residues, information about the structural dynamics and interactions of the biopolymer can be obtained.Fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly used to study protein-ligand binding interactions. When a ligand binds to a protein, the fluorescence emission of the protein can change due to changes in the electronic environment of the tryptophan and tyrosine residues. By monitoring these changes, information about the binding affinity and binding site of the ligand can be obtained.Circular Dichroism SpectroscopyCircular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy measures the difference in the absorption of left- and right-circularly polarized light by chiral molecules. CD spectra provide information about the secondary structure and conformational changes of proteins and nucleic acids.Proteins and nucleic acids exhibit characteristic CD spectra due to the presence of chiral amino acids and nucleotide bases. By analyzing the CD spectra of biopolymers, information about the secondary structure and conformational changes can be obtained. CD spectroscopy is commonly used to study protein folding, protein-ligand binding, and nucleic acid structure.Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for studying the structure and dynamics of biopolymers and complexes. NMR spectra provide information about the chemical environment and spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule.Proteins and nucleic acids contain hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen atoms that can be detected by NMR spectroscopy. By analyzing the NMR spectra of biopolymers, information about the structure, dynamics, and interactions of the molecules can be obtained. NMR spectroscopy is commonly used to study protein-ligand binding interactions, protein-protein interactions, and nucleic acid structure.ConclusionSpectroscopic techniques are essential tools in the study of biopolymers and complexes. UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, CD spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy provide complementary information about the chemical and structural properties of biopolymers and complexes. These techniques have been extensively used to study protein folding, protein-ligand binding interactions, nucleic acid structure, and other biological processes. Continued development of spectroscopic techniques will enable further insights into the molecular mechanisms that govern biological processes and the design of new therapeutics.。
二价铁离子和三价铁离子混合检验方法
二价铁离子和三价铁离子混合检验方法Mixing the examination of divalent iron ions and trivalent iron ions can be a challenging task in analytical chemistry. 二价铁离子和三价铁离子混合检验方法需要精确的技术和方法。
Divalent iron ions and trivalent iron ions have different chemical properties, which can make their simultaneous detection difficult. 二价铁离子具有不同的化学性质和三价铁离子，这使它们的同时检测变得困难。
However, with the right techniques and approaches, it is possible to accurately determine the presence of both types of iron ions in a sample. 然而，通过正确的技术和方法，我们可以准确地确定样品中两种铁离子的存在。
In this discussion, we will explore some of the methods and strategies that can be used to successfully detect and differentiate between divalent and trivalent iron ions in a mixed sample. 在这个讨论中，我们将探讨一些可以成功检测和区分混合样品中的二价铁离子和三价铁离子的方法和策略。
One common method for detecting divalent and trivalent iron ions in a mixed sample is through complexometric titration. 一种常见的检测混合样品中二价铁离子和三价铁离子的方法是通过络合滴定。
稳定同位素质谱仪操作指南
稳定同位素质谱仪操作指南英文回答：Stable isotope mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique used in various fields such as environmental science, geology, biology, and forensic science. It allows for the precise measurement of isotopic ratios in samples, providing valuable information about their origin, composition, and processes involved.To operate a stable isotope mass spectrometer, there are several key steps and considerations to keep in mind:1. Sample preparation: Before analysis, samples need to be properly prepared to ensure accurate and reliable results. This may involve various procedures such as extraction, purification, and conversion into a suitable form for analysis. For example, in the case of analyzing carbon isotopes in organic matter, samples may need to be combusted to convert the carbon into carbon dioxide gas.2. Instrument calibration: Calibration is crucial to ensure accurate measurements. This involves running known standards with known isotopic compositions to establish a calibration curve or equation. The standards should cover the range of isotopic ratios expected in the samples. Regular calibration checks should be performed to maintain instrument accuracy.3. Sample introduction: The prepared samples are introduced into the mass spectrometer for analysis. This can be done through various methods such as gas injection, liquid injection, or solid sample introduction. The choice of method depends on the nature of the sample and the specific requirements of the analysis.4. Mass analysis: The mass spectrometer separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Stable isotopes of interest are typically measured at specific m/z values. The instrument settings, such as ionization mode and mass range, need to be optimized for the specific isotopes being analyzed.5. Data interpretation: Once the analysis is complete, the resulting data needs to be interpreted. This involves comparing the measured isotopic ratios with known standards or reference materials. Statistical analysis and data processing techniques may be used to extract meaningful information from the data.中文回答：稳定同位素质谱仪是一种在环境科学、地质学、生物学和法医学等领域中使用的强大分析技术。
美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照
I. INTRODUCTIONThis guidance provides recommendations to applicants on submitting analytical procedures， validation data， and samples to support the documentation of the identity, strength， quality， purity， and potency of drug substances and drug products.1。
绪论本指南旨在为申请者提供建议,以帮助其提交分析方法，方法验证资料和样品用于支持原料药和制剂的认定，剂量,质量，纯度和效力方面的文件。
This guidance is intended to assist applicants in assembling information, submitting samples, and presenting data to support analytical methodologies. The recommendations apply to drug substances and drug products covered in new drug applications （NDAs）， abbreviated new drug applications （ANDAs)， biologics license applications (BLAs）, product license applications (PLAs)， and supplements to these applications.本指南旨在帮助申请者收集资料，递交样品并资料以支持分析方法。
这些建议适用于NDA，ANDA，BLA,PLA及其它们的补充中所涉及的原料药和制剂。
The principles also apply to drug substances and drug products covered in Type II drug master files （DMFs）。
Preparationandch...
Research Article A DVANCED M ATERIALS Letters, , DOI: 10.5185/amlett.2011.2227 Published online by the VBRI press in 2011Chen Mo1, Lin Lin2, Li Xiaoqiang3*1North China Institute of Science and Technology, East Yanjiao, Beijing 101601, China2School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013 P.R. China3Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Ibaraki University (College of Engineering), Hitachi, Ibaraki 316 8511, Japan*Correspondingauthor.Tel:(+81)29-438743;E-mail:*****************,*********************.ac.jpReceived: 14 Feb 2011, Revised: 15 May 2011 and Accepted: 01 June 2011A new type of photochromic hydrogel, spiropyran (SP)-Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel with functionalized SP chemically incorporated, was synthesized. The molecular structure of synthesized productswas given by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and infrared spectrum (IR). The photochromism of the hydrogel was evidenced by photography and characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The photochromic reversibility ofthe hydrogel was tested through observing its responses to the alternating UV irradiation to dark environment. The fluorescence micrographs showed the fluorescent effect as well as confirmed the photochromic properties of the hydrogel, and indicated thatthe chemical incorporation made the functionalized SP distribute well in the gel. C opyright © 2011 VBRI press.Keywords:Photochromism; polymeric hydrogel; spiropyran.Mo Chenobtained his Bachelor degree fromHebei University in 2004. At present, he isworking in North China Institute of Scienceand Technology. His major research is focuson synthesizing photochromic compoundand developing multifunctional products forbiological applications.Xiaoqiang Li obtained his Ph.D. degreefrom Donghua University in March, 2010.Currently, he is working in IbarakiUniversity (Japan) as an assistant researcher.Dr. Li’s main research interests includefabrication of biofunctional nanofibers forTissue Engineering from electrospunnanofibers, and development of drug-delivery systems by emulsion or coaxialelectrospinning.IntroductionMost of hydrogels are water-swollen polymeric materials that maintain a distinct three-dimensional structure and be of high interest for technical and medical applications [1]. Their classification based on the source, crosslinking function, presence of pores and their applications. Among various hydrogels, poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is a typical thermo-sensitive polymeric material that demonstrates a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at 32 °C in aqueous solution. While temperature and pH are well-known signals that induce responses in polymer hydrogels, the use of light as another type of signal has not yet found a wide application. Some researchers have investigated various functional hydrogels [2-7]. In their work, the photochromic or thermal-light doubly sensitive or even multi-responsive hydrogels were prepared by modifying polymer hydrogels with chromophores such as azobenzene, spirobenzopyran, etc. Upon the irradiation of UV or visible light, isomerization of the chromophores in the polymer hydrogels gives rise to phase transition and thus induces responses in the hydrogels.Photochromic materials had abstracted great interest due to their wide applications. Especially in biological applications, the use of light offers unique opportunities, as light fluxes are easy to control temporally and are less likely to perturb delicate biological structures than most other stimuli [8-10]. As a class of structurally diverse photochromic compounds, spiropyrans (SP) play a special role since their photoinduced and reversible ring-opening to the corresponding merocyanines is accompanied not only by a significant structural change from a non-planar to a planar structure but also by a large polarity increase [11]. The low water-solubility of SP limits its potential to be applied in aqueous biological environments. Hence they areMo, Lin and Xiaoqiang.materials with photochromic properties [12]. However, incorporation of SP to the well-studied PNIPAM hydrogel was seldom reported. PNIPAM hydrogel has good hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, which make it a promising material for photochromic switching or fluorescent labeling in biological applications if combined with suitable chromophores.In the present study, a novel functionalized SP was synthesized and incorporated into PNIPAM hydrogel to produce a photochromic hydrogel, the photosensitivity of which is reflected in color changes and fluorescence induced by the isomerization of SP rather than phase transition. The molecular structure of the functionalized SP and the synthesized hydrogels were given by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Infrared (IR) spectra. Various methods were applied to characterize the photochromic properties and fluorescent effect of the photochromic hydrogels.ExperimentalMaterialsAll of the materials used for NO2SP synthesis in this study are chemically pure degree. N-isopropylacrylamide (analytically pure) was provided by Acros Co., Belgium; potassium persulfate (KPS) and N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyldiamine (TEMED) were provided by Shanghai Chemical Reagent, Analytic Reagent; absolute ethanol was purchased from AAPER Alcohol and Chemical Company; N,N’-Methylenebis (acrylamide) (BIS), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) were purchased from Aldrich. The functionalized NO2SP was synthesized in our own lab.Synthesis of SP-P (NIPAM-co-NVP) hydrogelNVP was dissolved in water and bonded to NIPAM using KPS and TEMED as the catalysts to form carbon bond. 0.5 g NO2SP was dissolved in 5.0 g ethanol, which then was added to a NIPAM and NVP aqueous solution (20 g, cNIPAM = cNVP = 4 wt%). After the solution being completely mixed, 0.03 g BIS was added. The reaction was allowed to continue for 2 h in the dark at room temperature. The resultant SP-P (NIPAM-co-NVP) hydrogel was immersed in an ethanol/water (w/w = 20/80) mixture for a week and then in deionized water for another week in the dark at room temperature. The immersion process was carried out four times until the supernatant became completely colorless. The IR spectra of hydrogel samples (PNIPAM, P (NIPAM-co-NVP) and SP-P(NIPAM-co-NVP)) were obtained on a NEXUS 670 Infrared-Raman Spectrometer (Nicolet, US).CharacterizationThe hydrogel samples were powdered and mixed with KBr to make samples. The IR spectra of the samples were obtained on a NEXUS 670 Infrared-Raman Spectrometer (Nicolet, US). UV exposure at 365 nm for the samples was provided by a UV lamp (Blak-Ray Model B, 100 AP) at a distance of 30 cm. The UV light intensity received by the2quartz curettes. The absorbance as a function of wavelength was measured using a Lambda 35 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, US). The samples were powdered or cut into strips. The fluorescent effect of the samples was observed by a fluorescent microscope (UL 100HG, Olympus, Japan).Results and discussionThe IR spectra of different samples are shown in Fig. 1. The absorption peak of -C=C- in benzene ring at about 1450 and 1580cm-1 and the peak of C=O at 1680cm-1 can be clearly seen for the SP-P(NIPAM-co-NVP) sample, which did not appear in the spectra of the PNIPAM and P(NIPAM-co-NVP) samples, significantly indicated that the functionalized SP had been incorporated into the hydrogel.Fig.1.IR spectra of PNIPAM, P (NIPAM-co-NVP), SP-P (NIPAM-co-NVP) hydrogels.Fig. 2shows the color change and UV-Vis spectra of PNIPAM and SP-P (NIPAM-co-NVP) hydrogels under the irradiation of 365 nm UV light for different times. In Fig. 2(a), a represents the PNIPAM gel after UV irradiation for30 s; B, C and D are the SP-P (NIPAM-co-NVP) gels after irradiation for 0, 10 and 30 s, respectively. The PNIPAM gel was colorless and transparent as shown in picture-A Fig. 2(a) as it was unirradiated. In contrast, the SP-P (NIPAM-co-NVP) gel exhibited a light yellow color when subjected to irradiation for 10 s. With the increase of irradiation time, the color of the gel getting darker, and was reddish brown when the irradiation time reached at 30 s. As mentioned in the Experimental section, the SP-P (NIPAM-co-NVP) gels were first immersed in an acetone/water mixture for 1 h and then fully washed in water. Therefore, the color shown in the pictures was ascribed to the incorporated SP. The color changes indicated that the SP was still photo-chemically active and endowed the hydrogel with photochromism after incorporated into it. It can be seen in Fig. 2 (b) that, without UV irradiation, there was no absorbance over the whole wavelength range inResearch Article A DVANCED M ATERIALS Letterspicture-A in Fig. 2 (a). For the SP-P (NIPAM-co-NVP) gel, an absorption peak appeared at 568 nm and increased with increased irradiation time, in good accordance with the results of Fig. 2 (a). Before irradiation, a fraction of SP molecules were in the merocyanine form (open ring), though most of the SP molecules were in the spiro (closed-ring) form. The existence of mero isomers led to a small absorption peak at 568 nm. Under irradiation, some spiro isomers converted to the mero (open-ring) form, making the absorption peak increase with prolonged irradiation time. The hydrogel exhibited obvious photochromic properties after the incorporation of SP. Incorporating SP molecules into the PNIPAM hydrogel could enhance the applicability of photochromic materials in aqueous environment.Fig. 2. (a) Color changes and (b) UV-Vis spectra of hydrogels irradiated by 365 nm UV light for different times.The 568 nm light transmittance of SP-P (NIPAM-co-NVP) gel in response to alternating UV irradiation and darkness is shown in Fig. 3. As discussed above, SP was in the spiro form in the dark, whose absorption band lies in UV region. The SP-P (NIPAM-co-NVP) gel was thus nearly colorless and transparent with a transmittance of around 82.5 %. When exposed to 365 nm UV light, the transformation of SP to the mero form made the gel turn into reddish brown, leading to a dramatic decrease of transmittance. Moreover, for several cycles in the data range, the modulation of the transmittance was fully reversible without any sign of fatigue effect, demonstrating the great potential of such hydrogels for on-and-off switching applications.Fig. 4 shows the fluorescent effect of hydrogels under different conditions. The chromophores (fluorophores) were protected by the hydrogel from the external environment. Therefore, the quenching of theirgel did not fluoresce upon excitation by green light (520 – 570 nm). The unirradiated SP-P (NIPAM-co-NVP) gel emitted weak fluorescence. When kept in the dark, only a very small amount of SP molecules were in the mero form. The fluorescence resulted from electron transition of the mero isomers was thus fairly weak. Under UV irradiation, however, certain amounts of spiro isomers converted to mero isomers. More electrons were excited and transited back to the ground state, leading to stronger fluorescence. With the increase of irradiation time, the fluorescence grew stronger. Furthermore, the whole hydrogel strip emitted fluorescence of the same intensity (Fig. 4 E ), suggesting that SP distributed uniformly in the hydrogel.Fig. 3. Modulation of light transmittance at 568 nm for the SP-P (NIPAM-co-NVP) gel with alternating UV and darkness: In each cycle, the sample was irradiated by 365 nm UV light for 30 s (low transmittence) and kept in darkness for 5 min (high transmittence).Fig. 4. Fluorescent effect of various gels under different irradiation conditions: A PNIPAM gel irradiated by 365 nm UV light for 10 s; B SP-P(NIPAM-co-NVP) gel before UV irradiation; C SP-P(NIPAM-co-NVP) gel irradiated by 365 nm UV light for 10 s; D SP-P(NIPAM-co-NVP) gel irradiated by 365 nm UV light for 20 s. The wavelength of the exciting light was in the range of 520-570 nm when observing fluorescence.The functionalized SP molecules were incorporated into the hydrogel via reaction of double bonds, making them much less likely to aggregate and affectthepropertiesof the gel. The red fluorescence could be elicited by green light after the hydrogel was irradiated by UV light forMo, Lin and Xiaoqiang.gel can be used in fluorescence labeling.ConclusionA photochromic SP-P (NIPAM-co-NVP) hydrogel with a functionalized SP incorporated was synthesized. The pictures and the UV-Vis results suggested that the hydrogel possessed excellent photochromic properties and can be hopefully used in aqueous systems. It is found from the rapid responses of the hydrogel to the alternating UV irradiation and dark cycles that it had great potential for light-triggering switching applications. The fluorescence micrographs demonstrated fluorescent effect and photochromism of the hydrogel, which make it possible to be used for biological fluorescence labeling. The SP distributed uniformly in the gel, ensuring its good photochromic properties.Reference1.Anjna, K.; Balbir, S.K.; Amar, S.S.; Susheel, K. Adv. Mat. 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