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大理学院毕业设计（论文）从《红字》看十七世纪新英格兰清教主义Seventeenth Century Puritanism in New England Reflected inthe Scarlet Letter学院：外国语学院专业：英语年级班级：08级英本4班学生学号：2008123411学生姓名：高丽兰指导教师：顾向阳起止日期：2011-08—2012-03制表日期：2011 年12月03日Seventeenth Century Puritanism in New England Reflected inthe Scarlet LetterGao LilanEnglish 2008-4Gu Xiangyang (Lecturer)December 3, 2011摘要纳撒尼尔·霍桑是十九世纪美国著名的小说家。

他的代表著《红字》，自1850年出版以来就受到文学界强烈的关注，被誉为是19世纪美国文学史中最优秀的长篇小说之一。

迄今为止，国内外学者已从写作手法，霍桑的清教观，原罪等不同方面对《红字》进行了大量细致的研究。

本文由五个部分组成，主要结合国内外学者的研究，通过对海斯特，齐林沃斯，狄梅斯代尔，州长贝林汉，威尔逊牧师等人物的遭遇及特点的分析，旨在说明《红字》中十七世纪新英格兰清教主义违背人性，且是对人性极大的摧残和迫害。

关键词：十七世纪新英格兰清教主义；虚伪；摧残；迫害AbstractNathaniel Hawthorne is a famous American novelist of the nineteenth century. His masterpiece, the Scarlet Letter, has received extensive literary attention from the circle of literature since its publication in 1850, and is regarded as one of the most famous novels in the nineteenth century American literary history. To date, domestic and foreign scholars have made a great amount of research about the novel from writing techniques, Hawthorne’s Puritanism view, and the original sin and so on. This thesis consists of five parts. With the help of the domestic and foreign scholar’s research, it aims to illustrate that the Seventeenth century Puritanism in New England reflected in the Scarlet Letter is against human nature and is a great destruction and persecution about human nature by analyzing the characteristics or encounter of Hester, Roger Chillingworth, Dimmesdal, Governor Bellingham, priest Welson and some other characters.Key words:seventeenth century Puritanism in New England; hypocrisy; destruction; persecution英文目录范本1：Contents(居中, Time News Roman，三号粗体)Introduction (1)1.The Verb Phrase (2)1.1 Preliminary C onsideration ........................................... .. (2)1.1.1 Finite and Non-finite (2)1.1.2 Concord (3)1.1.3 Verb C lasses (5)1.2 The A uxiliaries (6)1.2.1 The forms (9)1.2.2 Negation (11)1.2.3 Inversion (13)2. Tense, Phrase and Aspect (14)2.1 Syntax of the Primary A uxiliaries (14)2.1.1 Basic P aradigms (16)2.1.2 Infinitivals, Participials and I mperatives (19)2.2 Tense (21)2.2.1 Time R elations (21)2.2.2 Reported S peech (23)3. Voice (25)3.1 The P assive (25)3.2 Related S tructures (27)3.2.1 “Case” Relations (29)3.2.2 “Pseudo-passives” (32)Conclusion (34)Notes (35)Bibliography................................................................. (36)Acknowledgements…………………………………………. ………………Appendix…………………………………………. …………………………（注：一级小标题四号，其余小标题小四号，所有标题一律用粗体，标题体系应一致。

每一级次标题比上一级标题缩后一位。

目录中的各标题及其序号必须与正文部分的所有各标题及其序号相一致，注意页码要对齐。

）IntroductionNathaniel Hawthorne and the Scarlet LetterNathaniel Hawthorne was an American famous writer in the 19th century. Born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts, America, Hawthorne was a descendent of a long line of Puritan ancestors, including John Hawthorne, a presiding magistrate in the Salem witch trials. The Puritanism had a great effect on him, and many of his novels are about Puritanism.His masterpiece, the Scarlet Letter, has received extensive literary attention from the circle of literature since its publication in 1850. The story happens in the 17th century. The Scarlet letter mainly tells a love tragedy which happens in the North America colony, New England, during the middle of the seventeenth century. The heroine, Hester is a young beautiful English lady. She marries a frail, pale, deformed, and old scholar, Roger Chillingworth. On their way immigrating to Boston Massachusetts, Roger Chillingworth is captured. In her later windowed life, Hester falls in love with priest Demmisdal and gives birth to a daughter. After the adultery, Hester is regarded as a specimen of reprimanding evil by the Puritans and is punished to wear a scarlet letter “A”(the first letter of the word “Adultery”) on her breast. When Roger Chillingworth comes back to New England, he deliberately plans to torture pastor Demmisdale. In the end, Demmisdale admits his guilt to the public and dies after giving his last sermon. And Hester spends the rest of her life in shame. While Roger Chillingworth dies after the death of Demmisdal because of spirit collapsing.The origin of Puritanism and Seventeenth century PuritanismThe Puritanism is a kind of religious sects derived from the Church of England during the second half of the sixteenth century. It advocates reforming the Church of England basing on the Calvin theory, acknowledges the Bible as the only authority and is against the tyranny of the king and the bishop. The word “Puritanism” derived from the word “Puritan” which is a Latin word “Purus”, and means “clean and pure”.The Puritanism is the generalization of the Puritan thoughts and acts. The Puritanism is not only a concept of faith, but also the ethnical concept of value. The cores of the Puritanism are devoutness, honesty, frugality, diligence, abstinence, and self-improvement. These qualities play a very important role in Americans’ real life.At the beginning of the seventeenth century, a large number of English Puritans immigrated to North America, New England colony. Initially, the Puritanism had played a positive role in Puritans’ life. It was against the tyranny of the Pope and the corruption of society. It advocated people to pay high attention to ration, to pursuit their dreams, to restraint their desire. Therefore, the Puritans always were strict and restraint, rejecting any action which may cause moral corruption. However, by the seventeenth century, the Puritans pursued a strict moral dogma, promoted asceticism, and condemned any pursuit of pleasure to the world. The intolerance and the negative side of the Puritanism began to appear.The writer of this essay tries to analysis the negative side of the Seventeenth century Puritanism in New England reflected in the Scarlet Letter.1. Puritanism reflected in the details1.1 The prison-door and the pillory in the colonyThe writer writes at the very beginning of the novel, “The founders of a new colony, whatever Utopia of human virtue and happiness they might originally project, have invariably recognized it among their earliest practical necessities to allot a portion of the virgin soil as a cemetery, and another portion as the site of a prison”. “The rust on the ponderous iron-work of its oaken door looked more antique than anything else in the New World.”That’s to say, the tragedy in the novel is just an epitome of the age. The colonialists hew out their road with the help of fire and sword. They kill the black, the Indians and also the oppressed of the white. All are Puritans, but there exists class and bureaucracy, with a few pastors having their full swing, and the bulk being partitioned by others at will.About the pillory, the writer says, “It was, in short, the platform of the pillory;and above it rose the framework of that instrument of discipline, so fashioned as to confine the human head in its tight grasp, and thus hold it up to the public gaze.” The machine is so structured that there is no outrage in the world against our common nature- “whatever be the delinquencies of the individual- no outrage more flagrant than to forbid the culprit to hide his face for shame.”However, such an inhuman machine was most of the normal but an agent in the promotion of good citizenship at that time. From this we can see the cruelty of the Puritanism upon people at that time.1.2 The dialogue of the women in the market-placeBefore Hester is punished to wear the scarlet letter to give an exhibition to the parishioners, one dame says, “This woman has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die. Is there not law for it? Truly there is, both in the Scripture and the statute-book.”Seeing Hester comes from the prison with the scarlet letter, another dame said, she was glad to bestow a rag of rheumatic flannel, to make a nicer red letter “A” for Hester. All are women, but facing with the situation when their partner is going to be humiliated in public, they not only don’t show their sympathy, but hope to punish her more severely. These are people who grew up in the upbringing of Puritanism and effected by it day and night.1.3 The mariners in New England festivalIt’s very interesting that, Hester is punished to wear the shameful letter “A”, even nearly be sentenced to death just because she commits adultery, which is against the Puritan rules but doesn’t bring any harm to others. And since then, she has been left out in the cold; no one dares to get close to her. No matter where she goes, she would draw people’s strange stare and find herself the object of preaching. However, the mariners, who quaffed draughts of wine or aqua-vitae or smoke in the street which are also intolerable by the Puritanical rules, who are no doubt guilty of depredation on the Spanish commerce, who can be called pirates, can have a familiar talk with the most reputable citizens. And if they are willing to, at any time, they can give up their career, and become at once, men of probity and piety on land. The Puritanical rulers could be so indulgent to the fierce pirates; however, they couldn’t allow their parishioner to make a small mistake.2．Puritanism reflected on the Puritan rulersIn the novel, there are other persons who are not the protagonists but can catch up readers’ eyeballs easily. They are Governor Bellingham, priest Welson, and some other dignitaries of the church. These people also have nasty souls and disgusting faces as Roger Chillingworth. As Puritan rulers, they should respect the will of God, set an example for their parishioners, and lead their parishioners to abide the Puritanism. However, they do what they wish without restraint relying on the fact that they are rulers. The writer doesn’t use a lot of paper to depict these persons, but the depth of exposure and the power of lash are unprecedented in the history of American literature. And from that we can see, the essence of the Puritanism isn’t what it is any more.2.1 Governor BellinghamGovernor Bellingham, on the one hand, “speak and think of human existence as a state merely of trial and warfare”, and advocates his parishioners to lead a plain life, wear simplely and discipline strictly. On the other one hand, he himself dresses in splendid, “wore a dark feather in his hat, a border of embroidery on his cloak, and a black velvet tunic beneath…” What’s more, he makes an utmost effort to manage the facilities of earthly pleasure. As the writer writes in the novel “there was the freshness of the passing year on its exterior, and the cheerfulness, gleaming forth from the sunny windows, of a human habitation, into which death had never entered. It had, indeed, a very cheery aspect; the walls being overspread with a kind of stucco, in which fragments of broken glass were intermixed; so that, when the sunshine fell aslant-wise over the front of the edifice, it glittered and sparkled as if diamonds had been flung against it by the double handful. The brilliancy might have befitted Aladdin's palace, rather than the mansion of a grave old Puritan”. Artificially, he gives others a rigid and severe impression just like being frost-bitten with more than autumnal age. But actually he tries his best to keep any worldly enjoyment which is close his hand. Except that, he has a servant. As we know, the Puritans advocate theidea that all people are created equal. But Governor Bellingham, the leader and governor of the colonial Puritans, has a “bond-servant; a free-born Englishman, but now a seven years' slave. During that term he was to be the property of his master, and as much a commodity of bargain and sale as an ox, or a joint-stool. The serf wore the blue coat, which was the customary garb of serving-men at that period, and long before, in the old hereditary halls of England.”Up to now, the hypocrisy of the Puritans is showed incisively and vividly.2.2 Priest WilsonAs to John Wilson, the eldest clergyman of Boston, he’s never willing to give up the enjoyment even the extravagance in his grasp. “The old clergyman, nurtured at the rich bosom of the English Church, had a long-established and legitimate taste for all good and comfortable things; and however stern he might show himself in the pulpit, or in his public reproof of such transgressions as that of Hester Prynne, still, the genial benevolence of his private life had won him warmer affection than was accorded to any of his professional contemporaries.”This is extremely sarcastic. Such a hypocritical priest can gain his popularity among people by his hypocrisy. “He looked like the darkly engraved portraits which we see prefixed to old volumes of sermons; and had no more right than one of those portraits would have, to step forth, as he now did, and meddle with a question of human guilt, passion, and anguish.” This is a priest worshiped by the Puritans.2.3 The other eminent charactersAnd to the other eminent characters, by whom Governor Bellingham is surrounded, the writer says, “They were, doubtless, good men, just, and sage. But, out of the whole human family, it would not have been easy to select the same number of wise and virtuous persons, who should be less capable of sitting in judgment on an erring woman's heart, and disentangling its mesh of good and evil, than the sages of rigid aspect towards whom Hester Prynne now turned her face.”That’s to say, it’s impossible to find out villains who are worse than these. They have no rights to judgeHester Prynne.3. Puritanism reflected on the avengerRoger Chillingworth is a deformed old ugly scholar with the left shoulder higher than the other. He knows that young and beautiful Hester doesn’t love him. But he combines with her out of his selfish desire. It’s he who buries Hester’s youth and beauty. Except that, when Hester finds her true lover, Dimmesdale, the pastor, he takes a long-term crazy revenge on Dimmesdale and wrecks his rival’s spirit relentlessly. He cures the pastor carefully instead of killing him directly not because he is kind to him and forgives him but in order to make him suffer more. He knows clearly that it’s better for Dimmesdale to die. Still, he doesn’t give up. He lives to take revenge, just as he himself says, “it was the constant shadow of my presence!-the closest propinquity of the man whom he had most vilely wronged!-and who had grown to exist only by this perpetual poison of the direst revenge! Yea, indeed!- he did not err!- there was a fiend at his elbow! A mortal man, with once a human heart, has become a fiend for his especial torment!” To some extent, he himself is a victim, and should be sympathized. However, he turns himself into a fiend, a real fiend who is filled with revenge that when his rival dies, he lost his aim of life and living fun, withers rapidly and dies before long. Even if Roger Chillingworth is such an ugly and evil man, he is regarded as a good friend by the Puritans. From this we can see the hypocrisy and cruelty of the Puritanism.What’s more when Hester and Roger Chillingworth talk about Dimmesdale near the sea, the later says: “My finger, pointed at this man, would have hurled him from his pulpit into a dungeon- thence, peradventure, to the gallows!” The reason why Roger Chillingworth is so unbridled is not because he has magic power, but because he relies on the dark government of the Puritanism and the ethics made by the Puritans. That’s to say’ Roger Chillingworth is not only a fiend from the hell, but also the incarnation of the criminal Puritan ruling class.4. Puritanism reflected on the victimsHester and Dimmesdale, the protagonists of the love tragedy in the novel, are the victims and preys of the dark domination of Puritans. And they are not the real sinners. Although they are guilty at that time according to the Puritanism, they are definitely not the guiltiest. Roger Chillingworth, the old physician, is guiltier than them. His revenge plan is more evil and darker than their sin. By watching Dimmesdale living in guilt and remorse painfully, he violates a sacred heart. But Hester and Dimmesdale have never done such a thing. In my opinion, although the love between Hester and Dimmesdale is against the commandment of the Puritanism, they show their objection to unreasonable marriage and their pursuit for free and pure love, therefore they are worth being sympathized. What’s more, their devout atonement and tragic end are more than sufficient to compensate for the mistake they make.4.1 Hester’s “A”Originally, it’s human nature to yearn for love and pursuit for it. What’s more, the marriage between Hester and Roger Chillingworth is a mistake. When she has wainted for her husband for two years and at the same time meets the man she loves, everything happened so smoothly. However, what she does is despised and considered unforgivable crime by the Puritans. She is then punished to wear the shameful “A”, which stands for adultery, and endures the great pain the letter bring to her since then.The morning she stood under the gallows, she bears all that nature can endure. The old clergyman is addressing to the parishioners a discourse on sin, and he mentions the ignominious letter now and then. His address is so powerful that the more he mentions the letter; the more terrible the letter is in the heads of the hearers. And it seems that the letter came from the flames of the infernal pit. But, with her intractable character, she doesn’t escape from the shame by a faint. “Her spirit couldonly shelter itself beneath a stony crust of insensibility”. She supports herself by an unnatural tension of the nerves.When she is set free from the prison, she suffers more than what she has suffered when she stands under the gallows and all men are summoned to point their fingers to her. She can’t depend on the future to support her, to help her to go through the grief. There will be another trail again tomorrow, so will the next. Everyday, there is a new trail, and every new trail is unbearable the same. She has to go forward with the great suffering which she can’t escape all through her life. Day in and day out, year after year, she will cumulate her pain in the stigma. She is doomed to devote all her life to sacrifice personality, and becomes the typical who reflects female frailty and evil passion. They will gather the young pure ladies to watch her. She is regarded as the incarnation, the embodiment and the existence of evil.Because of Hester’s scarlet letter, no one dares to go close to her. She doesn’t have a single friend. And her only companion is her little daughter, Pearl. Even so, Pearl, the living scarlet letter, brings to her both happiness and misery. As Hester’s only companion and relative, she doubtlessly gives Hester warmth and joy. But because of her innocence, she often inadvertently asks the meaning of the scarlet letter, and imitates her mother to make a same letter on her breast. And all these touch Hester’s deepest pain. She links Hester and the scarlet letter forever so that when Hester thrown the letter in the forest, the child refuses to recognize her. She gives Hester the living courage, but also punishes her severely. She is Hester’s comfort as well as the most powerful satire to Hester’s sin.Although she is abodoned by society, Hester puts her heart and soul into helping others. She treats the poor as a charity case, and gives them help, but they requite love with hate. When she enters the door of the elevated rank because of her occupation, the women “were accustomed to distil drops of bitterness into her heart; sometimes through that alchemy of quiet malice, by which women can concoct a subtile poison from ordinary trifles; and sometimes, also, by a coarser expression, that fell upon the sufferer's defenceless breast like a rough blow upon an ulcerated wound.” Because ofher letter “A”, she is suffering the sarcasm of others now and then.The insidious Puritan court invents endless trails to torture her so that her pain is in throbbing pain. When the priest stops in the street to release an admonishment to her, there will be a group of people surrounding to watch her with despising smile on their faces. When she enters the church, and think that she can share the Sabbath smile of the Universal Father, “it was often her mishap to find herself the text of the discourse.”Even the most innocent children, because of accepting a fuzzy concept from their parents, scare her. They often let her go first, then make a hullabaloo about far behind.She has once tries to leave the place bravely which brought to her sorrow and pain with the man she beloved. But their plan is destructed by her ex-husband. Her husband-in-law, the one she never loves follows them closely and take revenge on them. What’s more, because of being tortured for a long time, Dimmesdale dies after his giving his last sermon. She lives on strongly, and helpes the poor selflessly and never asks retunes. Finally she changes the meaning of the scarlet letter in people’s heads and is regarded as an angel. However, throughout her life, Hester is depressed and unhappy. And the scarlet letter, which is wore on her breast but gives its pain to her heart, will not only torture her when she is alive, but will also be the only evidence to show that she has once lived in the world and will be engraved on her gravestone.4.2 DimmesdaleThe hero of the novel, Dimmesdale, was a very complex character. He is thought to have double identities. He is the victim of the Puritanism as well as the spokesman of the hypocritical Puritanism. On the one hand, he has suffered a lot from the Puritanism, on the other one hand, he is a Puritan preacher.4.2.1 the clergy’s love tragedyPriest Dimmesdale graduates from a famous university in Britain. His eloquence andreligious zeal makes him a peer in rising above the common herd. His talent is very high, and he has a scholar’s accomp lishment. His sermons, “with a freshness, and fragrance, and dewy purity of thought, which, as many people said, affected them like the speech of an angel.” He racks his brain to complete the parish work. He often has fast and vigils in order not to let the vulgar earthly life cover or tarnish his spirit lamp. Therefore, some people say that if Dimmesdale makes up his mind to die, he has sufficient reason, because the world isn’t worth his feet trampling on. He has achieved prominent fame. He is regarded as a divine miracle. People think he is the mouthpiece to convey the wisdom of God. In their eyes, the land he has trampled is also consecrated. The girls in her parish are full of passion towards him, and this passion is full of religious feelings. He is a priest who is famous for his gifted intellect, knowledge, eloquence and his most flawless private life. And because of this, his religious education is very well. He is a man being deified, and he is regarded as a saint by people.He thinks it’s his responsibility to transform the vulgar commercialized society, and recovery the control of Christian rules over human beings. He regards preaching as his mission, complying his every word and action with the Puritanism. He owns ingrained “divinity”, and tries to use this “divinity”to put out his “human nature”. But when meeting Hester, his “human nature”wakes up. “The young woman was tall, with a figure of perfect elegance on alarge scale. She had dark and abundant hair, so glossy that it threwoff the sunshine with a gleam, and a face which, besides beingbeautiful from regularity of feature and richness of complexion, hadthe impressiveness belonging to a marked brow and deep black eyes.” Dimmesdale eventually overcomes his “divinity”, and falls in love with Hester.However, the Puritanism persecutes on him like opium. The Puritanism ingrained in his mind has killed his desire for love and happiness. As a Puritan preacher, his love story is doomed to be a tragedy from the very beginning.4.2.2 The pain brought by beliefDimmesdale, as a devout religious believer, he undoubtedly acquires all theachievements and praise in the religious area. Some of his enthusiastic admirers think that he can compare with the apostolic appointed by God. And as long as he has the life span of ordinary people, he can make a great contribution to the New England church, just as the ancient saints in early Christianity do.However, a serious sin intrudes his fragile body and soul every hour and moment. As a priest, he is a devout who has received the early Christian baptism. Fasting and prayer have been his spiritual light. God once was the whole of his life. His every word and action is completely in accordance with the dogmas. Unfortunately, God plays a big jock on him. He takes a step that a priest should not take——having an affair with Hester and becomes the carrier of evil. This totally betrays his soul and the Puritanism he believes. Since then his heart is every hour and moment stabbed by the invisible sword of belief, and also be stimulated by the miserable situation of love. On the one hand, either to acclaim to the public or to continue to camouflage, but in any case he cannot accept the idea to be hypocritical. On the other one hand, he dare not acknowledge his sin. On the trial of the general assembly presided by governor Bermiham, he hypocritically persuades Hester to tell the name of the adulterer in order to maintain his divine status as a priest. When he is make “admonition”to Hester publicly, he is suffering from the complex state of mind: on the one hand, he feels guilty for his escaping from the duty; on the other hand, he feels sorrow because his lover is being condemned. Being at a loss between flesh and spirit, God and love, submission and rebellious glen, he suffers from the double tortures of physical pain and heart disease. The pain of his heart drives him to lock himself in a secret chamber, and to whip his shoulder with a bloody whip. He regards hunger strike as a behavior of penance and introspection. And he doesn’t stop until his knees shake. He always stays up, being companied by a dim light. Except that, he engraves a scarlet letter “A”on his chest, hoping that this self ——conscious introspection can clear his shame and thus gain a moral redemption. The pain he suffers makes him try to commit suicide in order to escape from the mental damage and persecution the Puritanism brought to him.Originally, “Mr. Dimmesdale was a true priest, a true religionist, with thereverential sentiment largely developed, and an order of mind that impelled itself powerfully along the track of a creed, and wore its passage continually deeper with the lapse of time. In no state of society would he have been what is called a man of liberal views; it would always be essential to his peace to feel the pressure of a faith about him, supporting, while it confined him within its iron framework.” Just because so, he always refuse the diagnosis and treatment of the doctor in an elegant and refined manner. When the suburban deacon tells him that it’s a sin to reject the rescue which is so clearly showed by God, he just agrees to have a talk with the doctor. When the posing doctor persuade him that the person who believes in God will step into the golden avenue of Jerusalem, there is a flush of pain appears on his face, and he puts one of his hands on his chest, he says, if he has the qualifications to there, he is willing to work harder. So far, we can see that Dimmesdale has always believed in God and the Puritanism blindly. However, his belief destines that he can only be the slave of Puritanism, at the mercy of it and being teased by it. And this is also the reason why he cannot live with Hester in daily life and is subjected to the condemnation and lashing of discarding the classics and rebelling against orthodoxy.4.2.3 The spokesman of the hypocritical PuritanismDimmesdale, on the one hand, is a covert priest full of repentance, on the other one hand; he is a hypocritical speaker harboring dark designs. From the novel, we can see the inconsistence of the appearance of the saints and their inner essence. For an example, priest Dimmesdale is seemingly pious but actually leads a life of hypocritical saint. He is the typical of hidden criminals. He not only doesn’t have the courage to stand up to admit his guilt, but also deceive himself and others that although he has hidden his evil, he warmly embraces the glory of God and human happiness. He dare not acknowledge his darkness and filth to the public, because if he does so, he will never be able to do good deeds in the name of God or not be able to atone for his previous sin. Although he has escaped from the moral and legal sanction temporarily, he is subjected to punishment of God in his heart, and is filled with evil spirit. And at last, his spirit is completely destroyed.。