2013年本科自考重点学习资料-工程应用英语缩小版
2013年10月自考英语(二)真题及解析
2013年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）试卷（课程代码00015）本试卷共8页，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。
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第一部分选择题一、阅读判断（第1-10题，每题1分，共10分）下面的短文后刊出了10个句子，请报据短文内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。
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Farms Appear in CitiesWhen you hear the word‘‘farm”, you may imagine the countryside with cows and crops.（1）But scientists say the farms of the future could be built in tall buildings in some large cities.It may be difficult to believe but in fact the technology for growing crops indoors already exists. Farming in the city is already happening. （2）Some vegetables are already grown in greenhouses. Even the scientists at the South Pole research station can enjoy fresh vegetables they grow in their own greenhouse.（3）Experts say indoor farming solves many problems. First, traditional farmingtakes up a lot of land. Growing crops in tall buildings-called vertical farming（垂直农业）can solve the problem.（4）Also, and vegetables grown indoors would not face serious threats from insects and bad weather.（6）Though vertical farms don't exist yet, experts have created a plan for recycling in such farms. The water from indoor fish ponds would be used to water crops. Gases from crop waste would be used to heat the building. Waste from chicken or pigs would be reused as a source of energy.（7）But experts believe vertical farming is not going to be easy.（8）They say it can be difficult to control climate conditions indoors. Besides, plants differ in their weather and lighting needs.（9）For example. Some plants like warm, sunny weather, but other plants prefer cooler temperatures.T hat’s not to say these difficulties won’t be overcome—but it will take time. Most experts suggest it may take about 5 to 15 years before the first vertical farms could be created.（10）1.The word “farm” may make you think of the countryside.A.TrueB. FalseC. Not Given答案：A解析：根据第一段第一句“When you hear the word “farm”, you may imagine the countryside with cows and crops.”关键词“imagine the countryside”，可知看到农场这个词会想起乡村。
2013秋工本大学英语2期末复习指导(2013.10)
工大业余专升本13级各专业大学英语（2）期末复习提要考试题型：1．Word Building （10%，10小题，每题1分）2. Choice （25%，25小题，每题1分）3．Reading Comprehension （30%，三篇短文，15小题，每题2分）4．Blank-filling (10 %，10小题，每题1分)5．EC Translation（10 %，5小题，每题2分）6．CE Translation （15%，5小题，每题3分）考试时间：90分钟复习练习题：I. Word BuildingDirections: Complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of the word given in blanket on the right of each sentence.1. Experience in a related field is a _requirement______ for this job. (require)2 The boys looked wonderfully ___healthy____ with their bright eyes and glowing cheeks. (health)3. The film, though amusing_____, is not likely to engage the attention of a thinking audience. (amuse)4. Larry said that it was _overwork______ that made his father ill. (work)5. __Cruelity______ to children or animals is a crime in many countries. (cruel)6. If you use this chemical to clean your shirt, the stains will _disappear_____ immediately. (appear)7. Looking up, I saw his eyes fixed on me in __curiosity______. (curious)8. A straight line is the shortest __distance______ between two points. (distant)9. I couldn’t see the road properly because of th darkness_______. (dark)10. Some students can be hard on themselves in judging the __behavior_____ of cheating. (behave)11. He lacks self-confidence. He always ___distrusts_______ his own judgment. (trust)12. I’d like to book a table for four at 6 o’clock, but the waitress said that there would be no table _available______ this evening. (avail)13. Everybody knows that pure water is a ____colorless_____ liquid. (color)14. What are you going to ___title______ your new book. (title)15. The old professor made a number of very ___constructive____ suggestions concerning soil conservation inthe area. (construction)16. His ___frankness____ has earned him more friends than enemies. (frank)17.As the young man was short of money, it was likely that he would apply for the _dangerous___ jobadvertised in the paper. (danger)18.I can say with __certainty____ that our performance will be a success. (certain)19.With such bad weather condition, the search for the missing boat will prove_____hopeless____.(hope)20. By making on-the-spot ____observation_____, the young scientists obtained first-handinformation they needed in their research work. (observe)II. ChoiceDirections: For each of the following blanks, four choices are given. Choose the most appreciate one.1. The newcomers found it impossible to ________ themselves to the climate sufficiently tomake permanent homes in the new country.A. suitB. adaptC. register C. alter2. A lot of children have been ________ a normal home life in times of war.A. deprived ofB. described asC. designed forD. disappointed in3. The challenge to finish the task ahead of schedule met with immediate ________.A. suppliesB. appliesC. responsesD. steps4. The article is so disorganized that we will have to ________ it a great deal.A. recordB. repairC. refineD. revise5. While all the other passengers made for the exit, he alone remained in his seat as if_______to leave the seat.A. unwellB. unwillingC. he is unwillingD. willing6. We were struck by the extent ________ which teachers’ decisions served the interests ofthe school rather those of the students.A. withB. forC. inD. to.7. At the conference he expressed some personal views which later brought him into_______ with the Party leadership.A. actionB. crisisC. conflictD. power8. No one has yet succeeded in explaining the _______ of how life began.A. answerB. causeC. puzzleD. magic9. The British naturalist went all his way to India so that he could _______ first-handinformation about the cobra.A. obtainB. observeC. objectD. preserve10. The world market is _______ changing. We must anticipate the changes and maketimely adjustment.A. steadilyB. constantlyC. scarcelyD. regularly11. The bridge club ____________ his application for membership.A. suggestedB. believedC. foundD. rejected12. He talked in detail about the _________ of setting up an experimental school in thesmall village.A. responsibilityB. reliabilityC. feasibilityD. suitability13. _________ mainly for the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell devotedhis life to helping the deaf.A. He is rememberedB. To rememberC. While rememberingD. Though remembered14. _______ is needed to play the part of Alfred in this new play.A. A red-haired boyB. A red-haired-boyC. A red-hair boyD. A red hairboy15. Wilson ______ to find that there is only one other guest besides himself.A. is surprisingB. is surprisedC. surprisedD. surprises16. They ______ with their guests --- officers and their wives.A. are seatedB. are seatingC. have seatedD. were seating17. The school ________ one class of twenty-four boys, ranging in age from seven to fourteen.A. is consistedB. composed ofC. consisted ofD. made up of18. The two boys had so much _______ that they soon became good friends.A. in commonB. in detailC. on purposeD. in general19. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature _________.A. takingB. takenC. takeD. took20. I don’t like the cold winter in New York, but we all have to ________ it, don’t we?A. live onB. live byC. live up toD. live with21. Cathy’s father insisted that he _______ a two-week rest before going to work.A. tookB. takeC. would takeD. must take22. ________ excellent weather conditions, they could get valuable information.A. In spite ofB. In caseC. In stead ofD. Because of23. His manner was so bright and pleasant that Arthur felt ________ with him at once.A. at lossB. at easeC. at leastD. at first24. Before ______ from jail, Vingo wrote a letter to his wife asking if she would have him back.A. releasingB. releasedC. relievingD. relieved25. The sleeping cat lay too near the fire and had its tail slightly ________.A. burnedB. burningC. to be burnedD. to burn26. They launched a campaign to ______ money for a new hospital.A. riseB. ariseC. raiseD. arouse27. Investigation has ______ that retirement tends to cause psychological troubles for somepeople.A. revealedB. receivedC. releasedD. recovered28. The two animals are _______ in appearance, but they belong to different species.A. sameB. similarC. likeD. common29. They refuse to ______ on the situation in the Middle East.A. stateB. explainC. commentD. express30. Everyone tried to know who is ____________ the school.A. arrangingB. judgingC. teachingD. running31. People often make comment _________ activities which are relatively easy and satisfying.A. toB. onC. withD. in32. What does this mean _______ our flying saucer program is concerned?A. as far asB. as long asC. as soon asD. as well as33. ________ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to become muchbetter.A. NowB. ForC. SinceD. Despite.34. Everybody should know how to ______ himself.A. come to terms withB. come to the terms ofC. come to terms ofD. come to the terms with35. I have ______ for the job and I hope I will get it.A. appliedB. appointedC. providedD. presented36. Where there is a will, there is a way. Your success in the experiment is _________.A. a caseB. a case in pointC. a pointD. in case37. In 1971, the people of that country were _________ to every danger----- flood, famine,disease and war.A. sufferedB. entitledC. exposedD. related38. I hadn’t seen Peter for twenty years, and when we met, he had changed so much that Icould hardly ________ him.A. recognizeB. recommendC. remindD. reveal39. Because of the __________ emphasis placed on classroom work, the instructor willreport your absence to the adviser.A. largeB. strongC. hardD. high40. A healthy life is frequently thought to be ______ with the open countryside andhomegrown food.A. tiedB. boundC. involvedD. associated41. The market was full of salted fish, ________ the worst smell that you can imagineA. giving offB. give offC. given offD. to give off42. Once I made a considered decision, I no longer ______ it.A. dwelt onB. lived withC. coped withD. opened up43. He came into the store, _________ the size he wanted, and left.A. decided onB. lifted upC. picked upD. brought out44.M an must stop _____ the earth’s atmosphere.A. fillingB. emittingC. pollutingD. wasting45.I t took Tom an hour to _________ this complicated problem.A. work outB. work atC. work forD. work over46.B ob tried in vain to trick h is brother _________ some money from their mother’s purse.A. to stealB. to stealingC. into stealD. into stealing47. A tiger can’t be tamed _______ caught very young.A. whenB. lestC. unlessD. after48. Only if my safety is guaranteed in writing ________ to join the experiment.A. I am willingB. I willC. am I willingD. do I will49. This watch is ______ the one he bought in quality.A. far better toB. too better thanC. too superior toD. far superior to50. He was ill for about a week, _______ has really set him back in his study.A. thatB. whenC. whichD. while51. ________ all his homework, he went to bed.A. DoingB. To doC. He had doneD. Having done52. At the end that term, the students had their oral test ______ in the classroom.A. in generalB. in termC. in turnD. in form53. Because of her beautiful voice, she was ______ for special training.A. singled outB. sent outC. found outD. left out54. The rude manners of the shop assistants create a bad impression ________ potentialcustomers.A. atB. ofC. onD. for55. Does the doctor think the elderly lady is ______ to survive the operation?A. likeB. alikeC. unlikelyD. likely56. The loss of the mother is a _____ to the family, who has been the only bread-earner.A. disasterB. damageC. spoilD. destroy57. ________ in1980, the tower is still the highest construction in the city.A. Being builtB. BuiltC. Having been builtD. Having built58. They took _________ of the opponents’ weakness and won the game.A. measuresB. referenceC. advantageD. disadvantage59. The global temperature will reach _____degrees ______ it is impossible for life to survive.A. such… s oB. so … asC. so … thatD. such … that60. In this university high-achieving students are ______ as examples for other students tofollow.A. looked upB. held upC. used upD. taken upPart III Reading ComprehensionPassage 1The basic flag of the United States is one of the world’s oldest national flags. Only the flags of Austria, Denmark, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland are older.During the discovery and settlement of what is now the United States, the flags of various European nations were flown over the land, as symbols of possession. Later, the colonial and Revolutionary War periods, flags representing famous persons, places, and events were flown in the American colonies.The first official flag of the United States was created by Congress on June 14, 1777. It consisted of 13 alternate red and white stripes and 13 white stars in the field of blue, representing the 13 colonies that had declared their independence in 1776. Congress adopted a new flag of 15 stars and 15 stripes in 1795, to give representation to the two new states admitted into the Union, Vermont and Kentucky.By 1817, there were 20 states in the Union, and it became apparent that adding on stripe for each new state would destroy the shape of the flag. As a result, congress in 1818 restored the original design of 13 stripes and provided that each state was to be represented by one star. In 1912 President William H. Taft made the first official provision for the arrangement of the stars. He ordered that there be six even rows of eight stars each. Previously the arrangement of the stars had been left to theflag-maker’s fancy.The evolution of the Stars and Stripes reflects the growth of the United States. After the admission of Hawaii into the Union in 1959, the flag was officially changed for the 26th time since its creation.There are many government flags flown in the United States in addition to the national flag. Among them are the president’s and vice-president’s flags and those of the federal departments and some federal agencies. Each state in the Union has an official flag. The United States Navy uses special flags for signaling.1. The basic flag of the United States is _______.A. the oldest national flag in the worldB. one of the national flag in the worldC. the most beautiful flag in the WestD. as old as the basic flags of some European nations2. The first official flag of the United States was adopted ________.A. before the Independent WarB. right after the Independent WarC. when independence was declared in 1776D. during the War of Independence which ended in 17833. The 13 red and white stripes and 13 white stars represent ________.A. 13 independent statesB. the colonies that declared independence in 1776C. the United States congressD. 13 famous fighters in the American colonies4. The original design of 13 stripes restored in 1818 because ________.A. too many stripes would destroy the shape of the flagB. Congress insisted 13 is the best numberC. that was a decision made by President TaftD. the American people suggested it5. Which of the following is true?A. All federal departments and agencies have flags of their own.B. The newly admitted state of Hawaii does not have an official flag.C. No other flags than the national flag and the president’s flag are flown in theUnited States.D. the United States has a number of government flags.Passage 2I don’t often lose things and I’m especially careful with money, so I was quite surprised when I reached for my wallet and it was n’t there. At first, I thought it was possible that I could have left it at home. Then I remembered taking it out to pay for the taxi, so I knew I had it with me just before I walked into the restaurant. I wondered if it was possible that it could have slipped out of my pocket while I was eating dinner. Thinking about that possibility, I turned and walked back to the table where I had been sitting. Unfortunately, there were several people sitting at the table at the time, so I called a waiter and explained to him that my wallet had fallen out ofmy pocket while I was sitting at the table a few minutes earlier. I had the waiter go over to the table to see if my wallet was on the floor. While the waiter was looking for it, the manager of the restaurant came up to me and asked me if anything was wrong.I didn’t want to get a lot of people involved in the problem, but I knew I had to get the wallet back. I told the manager what had happened. He had me describe the wallet to him, and then he insisted that I report the missing wallet to the police. I told him that I didn’t particularly want to get the police involved in it; besides, I was in a hurry because I had an appointment with my doctor in just a few minutes. I explained to him that my biggest worry at the moment was how I was going to pay the check. He told me not to worry about that. He had me write down my name and address, and he said he would send me a bill.6. Why was the writer so sure he had brought his money with him?A. He remembered that he didn’t leave it at home.B. He always felt his pocket for the wallet before he left home.C.He believed his own memory.D.He had taken it out to pay the taxi-driver.7. According to the passage, the writer most probably lost his wallet when ________.A. he took it out to pay for the taxiB. he walked into the restaurantC. he was eating dinnerD. he was ordering his dish8. Why did the writer walk back to the table where he had been sitting?A. He was sure his wallet was still there.B. It was possible that he could find his wallet there.C. He could ask someone there about his wallet.D. He saw the wallet lying on the floor near the table.9. The manager ____.A. didn’t appear till very lateB. didn’t come at all because he was very busyC came up pretty soon to see what had happenedD. came to the table and found the wallet10. As the writer didn’t want to get a lot of people involved in the problem, ________.A. he only told the manager what had happenedB. he didn’t tell the manager anythingC. he reported to the police immediatelyD. he only told the story to the manager and waiter.Part IV Blank-filling Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.go out of one’s way at ease smell of live with proceedbring back fish out make comment act onjoin income to terms with live with handleappreciate alert tobe capable of for granted pick out as toagree ona case in point give off set back based ontend to1. The fire that broke out in the plant during the night was still seen __givingoff________ a lot of smoke the next morning.2. Noticing that my daughter was very shy, our hostess _went out of her way _______ to make her feel at home.3. The movie we are going to watch is said to be _based on_______ the life of a Chinese general.4. After a sleepless night, during which Joe smoked a whole pack of cigarettes, his eyes werebloodshot and his breath __smelt of________ tobacco.5. The school master invited me into the room and __proceeded_______ to ask me a lot of questions.6. I don’t enjoy hot weather in summer, but we have to _live with______ it, don’t we?7. Many American people hope to _bring back___ the death penalty and thePresident clean up the country.8. A good hunting dog is __ alert to___ every sound and movement in the field.9. Where there is a will, there is a way. Your eventual success in the experimentis ___ a case in point ______.10. The storm ___set back______ the construction of the railway for at least three months.11. I always took it _for granted________ that I was far more intelligent than he was.12. They often talked with a lonely salesman _picking out________ pictures of his family.13. People often _____make comment____ about activities which are relatively easy and satisfying.14. I __appreciate_____ this oil painting much more you have explained it to me.15. We had a long debate ____as to___ whether we should spend so much money on space technology.16. The American does not __join in_____ the argument but watches the other guests.17. They ___acted on____ the previously determined plan and finished the work ahead of schedule.18. After some dispute about the price, the two sides finally _agreed on_____ each other.19. Computers ___are capable of_____ solving complicated problems in second.20. I had the knowledge and skill to ___handle____ any surgical situation inpractice.V. Translate the following into Chinese1. A woman’s reaction in any crisis is to scream. And while a man may feel like it, he has that ounce more of control than awoman has. And that last ounce is what really counts.2. His first impulse is to jump back and warn the others, but he knows the commotion would frighten the cobra into striking.3. This was the last straw. I was very young: the prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indignity.4. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government,I should not hesitate a moment hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.5. He looked at me with an air of surprised disapproval, as a colonel might look at a private whose bootlaces were undone.6. Einstein had developed theories that were profound and capable of exciting relatively few scientists.7. There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and act on it with effect, those who take the otherside will of course resent your actions.8. He needs confidence to encourage him in trying moments when he’s bothered by the doubts and uncertainties that are part ofthe practice of medicine.9.Being short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied for the post advertised in the local newspaper.10.I knew that when I was out in practice I would inevitably err at one time or another and operate on someone who didn’tneed surgery or sit on someone who did.11.There is no surgical patient you cannot treat competently, treat just as well as or better thanany other surgeon --- then, you are indeed a surgeon.12. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength.Part VI. Translate the following into English1. 医疗队并没有一味地抱怨（complain）当地医院较差的工作条件。
自考本科【00015】【英语二】
英语（二）讲义【00015】【内部资料】课程介绍一、课程性质英语（二）是高等教育自学考试各专业（英语专业除外）本科阶段的公共基础课。
目录第一部分语法知识 (4)第一单元名词形容词副词介词 (4)第一章名词 (4)第二章形容词 (5)第三章副词 (8)第四章介词 (10)第二单元谓语动词 (11)第一章系动词 (12)第二章情态动词 (12)第三章时态 (13)第四章英语语态 (16)第三单元非谓语动词 (17)第一章动词不定式 (18)第二章分词 (19)第四单元从句 (21)第一章名词性从句 (21)第二章形容词从句（定语从句） (21)第三章副词从句（状语从句） (21)第五单元并列结构 (22)第二部分应对技巧 (24)第一章阅读判断 (24)第二章阅读选择 (28)第三章概括段落大意和补全句子 (33)第四章填句补文 (36)第五章填词补文 (38)第六章完形补文 (40)第七章短文写作 (41)第一部分语法知识第一单元名词形容词副词介词第一章名词一、概念名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
如：person，phone，China，time二、用法1.名词作主语和宾语。
●Knowledge is power.（知识就是力量。
）●I love English.（我喜欢英语。
)2.名词可以作定语修饰名词①作定语的名词往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等②被修饰的名词变复数时，一般情况下，作定语用的名词不需要变为复数形式。
●a diamond ring(一枚钻戒)●orange juice(橙汁)●English lessons(英语课)3.名词分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词出现时，要么是复数名词，要么前面加限定词，如冠词（a、an或the），不可数名词永远是单数形式。
●He has a girlfriend.（他有一个女朋友。
）●He has two girlfriends.（他有两个女朋友。
062691310高等教育自学考试 工程应用英语试题
2013年10月高等教育自学考试《工程应用英语》试题课程代码：06269一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)1. Selecting a mode to haul freight follows a similar （A ）A. approachB. serviceC. advantageD. invention2. As these change time, the transportation system will also be changed. （B ）A. duringB. overC. afterD. by3. Engineers often work as to architectural or construction firms. （C ）A. workersB. managersC. consultantsD. carders4. the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations. （A ）A. ClearingB. CleaningC. ConstructingD. Cultivating5. The of windshield wipers, fresh air ventilating systems, had result in greater vehiclesafety. （C ）A. reviewB. regainC. redesignD. retain6. No attempt was made to control content or to secure compaction. （A ）A. moistureB. netC. grossD. protein7. Today, scientific data permit the engineer to make careful calculations （D ）A. inaccuratelyB. in no trendC. lateD. in advance8. The word 'contract' is derived from the Latin 'contractum', meaning together. （C ）A. pullB. pushC. drawnD. press9. Relocation and reduction in height of the has meant that the driver's total reactiontime has been reduced. （B ）A. door latchB. brake pedalC. steering wheelD. emergency lights10. is the dominant transportation mode in passenger travel. （B ）A. Air transportationB. Highway transportationC. Railway transportationD. Water transportation11. The simplest and generally least costly form of interchange is the （A ）A. diamondB. trumpetC. directD. cloverleaf12. In ground survey, a is only used for measuring the vertical heights of objects. （A ）A. levelB. total stationC. transitD. tape13. If Party A commissions Party B to execute the construction work, then Party B is referredto as （B ）A. the employerB. the contractorC. the tenderD. the carrier14. In different transportation modes, is not an advantage of highway transportation. （A ）A. Fast speedB. FlexibilityC. Providing door-to-door serviceD. Carrying a variety of parcel sizes15. According to civil engineering contract terms, the force-account work should be checkedand approved daily by （D ）A. the employerB. the contractorC. the carderD. both A and B16. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and techniques. （ C ）A. electronicB. electricalC. soil stabilizationD. mechanical17. In civil engineering, construction is a process on almost all engineering projects. （B ）A. easyB. complicatedC. simpleD. likely18. Material for embankment commonly comes from roadway cuts or designated （C ）A. fillsB. waste depositsC. borrow areasD. sites19. As a structural material, concrete is very （D ）A. definiteB. infiniteC. constantD. versatile20. Steel has great tensile strength while concrete has great compressive strength, thus, the twosubstances each other. （C ）A. counteractB. offsetC. complementD. nullify二、阅读理解题（本大题共20小题，每小题2分，共40分）Passage OneThe contractor is not entitled to receive payment in full until the work is satisfactorily completed. That work must be completed to the satisfaction of the employer, or his representatives, does not give the employer the right to demand an unusually high standard of quality throughout the works, in the absence of a prior express agreement. Otherwise the employer might be able to postpone indefinitely his liability to pay for the works. The employer is normally only entitled to expect a standard of work that would be regarded as reasonable by the competent persons with considerable experience in the class of work covered by the particular contract. The detailed requirements of the specification will have a considerable bearing on these matters.21. The civil engineering work must be completed to the satisfaction of （B ）A. the contractorB. the promoter or his representativeC. the auditorD. the workers22. It does not give the employer the right to demand （D ）A. an usually high standard of quality throughout the worksB. an usually high requirements for the work to be doneC. the Ministry standard of quality throughout the worksD. an unusually high standard of quality throughout the works23. In the absence of a prior express agreement, the employer might be able to hisliability to pay for the works. （C ）A. terminate immediatelyB. postpone definitelyC. postpone indefinitelyD. postpone unjustly24. The employer is normally only entitled to expect a standard of work would be regarded asreasonable by （C ）A. employersB. top personsC. competent personsD. all the participantsPassage TwoA civil engineer must understand different stresses the structure withstands when it is in use. Altogether, three forces can act on a structure: vertical--those that act up or down; horizontal—those that act sideway; and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion. Forces that act at an angle are combination of horizontal and vertical forces. Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance. The vertical forces, for example, must be equal to each other. If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight. The horizontal forces must also equal each other so that there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left. And forces that might pull the structure around must be countered with forces that pull in the opposite direction.25. Horizontal forces （B ）A. act up or downB. act sidewaysC. act upon it with rotating or turning motionD. in a round way26. Forces acting at an angle are combination of （A ）A. horizontal and vertical forcesB. horizontal and rotating forcesC. turning and vertical forcesD. vertical and rotating forces27. The horizontal forces must equal each other so that （D ）A. there is not too much thrust either up or downB. there is not too much thrust either rotating or turningC. it can work in a reasonable wayD. there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left28. Which of the following is tree? （B ）A. Three forces acting on a structure need not be kept in balanceB. Three forces acting on a structure must be kept in balanceC. Three forces acting on a structure must be lessD. Three forces acting on a structure must be morePassage ThreeAs we all know, vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the driver and his passengersin case an accident occurs due to some other failure in the highway system. Examples of this type of design are safety belts and shoulder harnesses, safer door latches, non-shattering windshields, and energy absorbing steering columns. Improvements are made constantly in the parts of a vehicle which are obvious to the driver. These parts include windshield wipers, headlamps, brakes, steering suspension, and the exhaust system. The introduction of front and rear directional signals contributes greatly to motor vehicle safety. Stop lights, backup lights, and four-way emergency flashers also aid in vehicle safety. Four-way emergency flashers have become standard equipment for vehicles.29. According to the passage, which is NOT mentioned? （C ）A. safety beltsB. safer door latchesC. brake pedalD. stop lights30. According to the passage, which has become the standard equipment for vehicles? （D ）A. energy absorbing steering columnsB. guard railC. ventilating systemD. four-way emergency flashers31. Which of the following is tree? （B ）A. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the vehiclesB. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the personswho drives the vehiclesC. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the pedestriansD. Vehicular safety design usually centers on creating comfort of the passengers and thepedestrians32. According to the passage, which design is described? （A ）A. vehicular safetyB. vehicular structureC. vehicular powerD. vehicular fashionPassage FourEngineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education. In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variables such as water pressure on the foundations, impact, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered.33. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering so （D ）A. everyone is supposed to pass itB. it is nearly stressedC. it is not stressedD. it is greatly stressed34. In mathematics, statistics deals with （B ）A. listening and speakingB. gathering, classifying and using pieces of informationC. reading and writingD. the study of mathematics35. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is （A ）A. probabilityB. different factorsC. variablesD. numbers36. Which one of the following is the main meaning of the passage? （B ）A. Physics is very important in all branches of engineeringB. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineeringC. Chemistry is very important in all branches of engineeringD. All subjects are important for university studentsPassage FiveIn road construction, clearing the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations. Site clearing in rural areas may sometimes merely require that grass, shrubs, and other plants or crops be removed. However, it sometimes can involve removing trees and tree stumps and disposing of the debris. The accepted procedure is to remove practically all vegetable matter from the original ground and from fill material, since, if allowed to remain; it may decay and leave voids that result in settlement. Selective clearing in adjoining areas may at times be required.37. According to the passage, which is the main topic? （B ）A. ExcavationB. Site clearingC. EmbankmentD. Sweeping of the floor38. According to the passage, is NOT removed in rural areas. （C ）A. shrubsB. cropsC. earthD. grass39. If all vegetable is allowed to remain, （D ）A. it may cause shortage of vegetable in the marketB. it may grow fastC. it may grow again in the new seasonD. it may decay and leave voids40. Sometimes it is required selective clearing in （A ）A. adjacent areasB. far areasC. rural areasD. mountain areas三、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）41. Computers are useless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information.42. Ordinarily large projects employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a systemsengineer43. Major drainage structures are usually large bridges and multi-span culverts44. Both steel and cement , the two most important construction materials of modem times,were introduced in the nineteenth century.45. The term embankment describes the fill added above the low points along the roadway toraise the level to the bottom of the pavement structure.46. People select air transportation to carry important goods when time is at a premium.47. In preliminary location survey, the benefit-cost ratio method is used for evaluating theeconomical and environmental feasibility of the alternative routes.48. In reconnaissance survey, a unique bridge site or a mountain pass also may become aprimary control point49. In most cases, the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted.50. The weight of all the people, cars, furniture, and machines and so on that the structure willsupport when it is in use is live load 四、英译汉题（本大题共5小题，每小题3分，共15分）51. They also work for consulting firms that carry out the planning and engineering tasks forthese organizations.译：他们也为咨询公司工作，这些公司为一些单位进行规划和工程设计方面的事物。
2013级本科《大学英语》复习资料答案
2013级本科《大学英语》复习资料答案Part One: Reading ComprehensionDirections:There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write down the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Hyperinflation (极度通货膨胀) is defined as an economic condition during which there is a steep increase in prices. In accordance with the laws of economics, three factors combine to create this condition. First, demand must be much greater than the supply of available goods. Second, the country must continuously create and thereby build up an ever increasing supply of money. Third, the governmental processes that are used to collect taxes must be crippled. Let’s imagine a country where production is barely accomplishing its goal to keep up with demand. When this happens, the government should decrease the salaries of the workers by raising taxes. But the government is powerless to collect the taxes, so it prints more money to compensate for (补偿) the goods it must purchase. This new money goes to the workers who produced the goods: as a result, the people are forced to give up certain things for a while—they actually become richer. While this might appear to be a positive step, it is actually regressive. Every month the government is forced to print more and more money, thereby increasing its liabilities(债务) until it is destroyed. The only way to prevent total economic collapse in such a situation is for the government to increase taxes in a manner that is characterized by impartiality(公正) to everyone involved.1.Which of the following might occur during hyperinflation?A. A slight increase in prices.B.Rapid growth of economic.C.Decrease of worker’s salary.D.Soaring prices.2.The author states that during hyperinflation_______________.A. goods appear to be overabundantB. the country has to supply more moneyC. government may become richer by collecting more taxesD. people are forced to give up certain things3. The passage implies that _____________.A. hyperinflation is just a passing phase in the economic developmentB. people could benefit a lot from hyperinflationC. hyperinflation is used by a government to raise taxesD. hyperinflation may cause the downfall of a government4. The word “regressive” probably means___________.A. harmfulB. negativeC. going backD. progressive5. The tone of the author can be said to be___________.A. seriousB. mildC. subjectiveD. objectivePassage 2Education is not an end, but a means to an end. In other words, we do not educate children only for the purpose ofeducating them. Our purpose is for life.In some modern countries, it has been fashionable to think that by free education for all--- whether rich or poor, clever or stupid one can solve all the problems of society and build a perfect nation. But we can already see that free education for all is not enough; we find in such countries a far larger number of people with university degrees, they refuse to do what they think “low” work. In fact, work with hands is thought to be dirty and shameful in such countries. But we have only to think a moment to understand that the work of a completely uneducated farmer is far more important than that of a professor. We can live without education, but we would die if we have no food. If no one cleaned out streets and moved the rubbish away our houses, we should get terrible diseases in our towns.In fact, when we say that all of us must be educated to fit us for life, it means that we must be educated in such a way that, firstly, each of us can do whatever work suited to his brains and ability and, secondly, that we can realize that all jobs are necessary to society, and that is very bad to be ashamed of one’s work. Only such a type of education can be considered valuable to society.6. The author of this passage thinks that ______.A. education can settle all of the world’s problem s.B. free education won’t help to solve social problems.C. free education for all probably leads to a perfect worldD. all the social problems can’t be solved by education7. The author wants to prove that ______.A. our society needs all kinds of jobsB. our society needs free education for allC. a farmer is more important than a professorD. people with university degrees refuse to do what they think “low” work8. One can learn from the passage _______.A. work with hands is dirty and shameful workB. work with hands is low workC. work with hands is the most importantD. we can’t regard work with hands as low work9. The purpose of education is ______.A. to choose the system of educationB. to prepare children mainly for their future workC. to build a perfect worldD. to let everyone receive education fit for him10. The passage mainly tells us about ______ of education.A. the meansB. the systemC. the valueD. the typePassage 3Everybody in this world is different from one another. But do you know that understanding differences can help you better manage your money?As we grow up, we gradually develop a set of our own values or beliefs. These are influenced by society, our family, the education we receive and so on. Once this value system is set up, it’s not easy to change later in life. Financial experts say that every one also has their own belief of how to manage their finances. This is part of our value system and it has a great impact on the way we look after our money. According to our different values, experts put us in three categories. They are: the ant, the cricket and the snail.The ant---works firstJust like ants who work heart and soul in summer in order to store food for winter, these people don’t care about enjoying the moment. They work very hard and save money they earn so that they can enjoy life when they get old and retire. The ant loves to save but they could make more out of their money if they were willing to invest in some funds and stocks with low risk.The cricket---fun firstThe cricket wants to enjoy everything now and doesn’t think too much about the future. They even borrow money when they really want something. Many young people now belong to this group. These people have little saving. When they get old, they might have problems. They should learn to save and buy insurance.The snail---lives under pressureThe snail refers to people who make life difficult for themselves. They take big long-term loans from the bank in order to buy things such as luxury houses. They are happy to take big loans even though they are not sure they can afford it. This can cause problems in the future. They should plan more carefully.11. According to the passage, by looking into the differences of people, you will_____.A. know different ways of saving moneyB. find people’s different ways of managing their financesC. easily set up your value systemsD. easily change your value system12. Value system_____.A. is a set of our own values or beliefsB. is the way we look after our moneyC. will not change later in timeD. is belief of how to manage our finances13. People who live like ants_____.A. will store food in summer for winterB. don’t enjoy their workingC. may enjoy lift when they get old and retireD. love saving money instead of making investment14. Which of the following is true?A. the crickets always think they have no futureB. the crickets borrow money because they would like to enjoy everything nowC. the snails will take more loans if they realize that they can afford it.D. the snails enjoy life because they have luxurious houses.15. The author’s purpose in writing this passage is_____.A. to state that we are the same as animalsB. to make fun of the three kinds of foolish peopleC. to make us understand we should spend our own moneyD. to make us understand the differences of people and manage our money betterPassage 4Stories of a mysterious island called Atlantis date from around 400 BC. Ever since then, people have been searching all over the world for it.It was Plate, a Greek philosopher, who first wrote about the long-lost civilization. He said that more than 9000 years before, Atlantis had been a great and wealthy nation. He described Atlantis as a beautiful place where all the people were happy. Herds of elephants and horses lived on the island. There was enough money and food for everyone, and the people spent their time building temples and gardens. Sadly for the people ofAtlantis, this happy life did not last forever. Plato described how a huge earthquake destroyed the island, the following flood covered it with water and Atlantis disappeared beneath the sea.It is an Amazing story of a beautiful city hidden for thousands of years beneath the sea. Unfortunately, apart from Plate’s writing, there is no evidence to suggest that Atlantis ever existed. Plato said that it was in the Atlantic Ocean near Gibraltar, but after hundreds of years of searching, nothing has been found.16.The first person to write about Atlantic was a __________.A.Turkish researcherB.Greek historianC.Spanish sailorD.Greek philosopher17. According to Plato, Atlantis first existed _____________.A. 90 years beforeB. 900 years beforeC. 9000 years beforeD. sometime before, but he didn’t know when18. The people of Atlantis _______________.A. built temples and gardensB. swam in the seaC. worked hardD. searched all over the world19. Their happy life changed when ___________________.A. an earthquake destroyed the islandB. everyone left the islandC. the people disappearedD. no one could find the island20. Atlantis may have existed _________________.A. because there are many books about itB. but there is no evidence to prove itC. because there is a city under the sea near GreeceD. because it is in TurkeyPart Two: Vocabulary and StructureDirections: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then write down the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.21. When a company starts to sell goods in a new market, they often do some market research to see ifthe plan is ______.A. flexibleB. feasibleC. reasonableD. adequate22. The disease almost_________ the population of the island.A. wiped outB. wiped offC. wiped upD. wiped away23. No two person’s finger-prints are ___________.A. individualB. indefiniteC. initialD. identical24. The ________ indicated that our theory is wrong.A. debtB. dashC. dataD. date25. Father ________ the oak tree to the backyard.A. transplantedB. plantedC. settledD. cut26. The number of tickets ______ will be determined by the size of the stadium.A. adaptableB. acceptableC. advisableD. available27. Too many hotels have been built and this has ____ prices, making holidays cheaper.A. cut shortB. cut outC. cut offD. cut down28. He is a very honest official and never ______ any gifts from the people who sought his help.A. acceptedB. receivedC. took upD. excepted29. He was not ______ to the club because he wasn’t a member.A. allowedB. admittedC. permittedD. approved30. Although he doesn’t like that law, he will _____ with it.A. confineB. conformC. complyD. contend31. In the power plant, more than ______ out of _____ workers are on strike.A. five, twelfthsB. fifth, twelfthsC. five, twelveD. fifths, twelfths32. The traveler didn’t know _____ which direction to go.A. inB. atC. toD. \33. The pen I ______ I ______ is on my desk, right under my nose.A. think; lostB. thought; had lostC. think; had lostD. thought; have lost34. The customer didn’t choose ______ of the coats and went away without looking at a third one.A. bothB. allC. anyD. either35. Mr. Smith, ______ of the ______ speech, started to read a novel.A. tired; boringB. tiring; boredC. tired; boredD. tiring; boring36. --- Is anything _______?--- I can’t decide which dress I should wear at my friend’s wedding party.--- I don’t think it ______.A. the matter; the matterB. the matter; mattersC. matter; mattersD. matter; the matter37. Playing football and watching TV ______ both interesting.A. wereB. wasC. areD. is38. It must be he that has stolen Mr. Smith’s purse, _______?A. hasn’t heB. isn’t heC. mustn’tD. isn’t it?39. In which play is ______ your brother appears?A. that whereB. this whenC. it thatD. it where40. The nurse took _______ of my blood to test.A. an exampleB. an instanceC. a caseD. a sample41. I walk out of the cinema, ______ to return to see the wonderful film the next Sunday.A. determineB. being determinedC. determinedD. to be determined42. We were very disappointed at the ______ to our advertisement, and our product didn’t sell well.A. repliesB. responseC. answersD. words43. My suggestion yesterday was that a meeting _____ to discuss the matter.A. should holdB. must be heldC. would be heldD. be held44. Before the guests come, I must get the glasses _____.A. washedB. to be washedC. being washedD. to wash45. Who would you rather have ____ the computer, Mr. Lin or Mr. Chen?A. repairedB. repairC. repairingD. to repair46. When you study in the United States, usually you have to buy your own health _____.A. insuranceB. expenseC. evidenceD. payment47. The ship was ______ in a storm off Jamaica.A. drownedB. sunkC. wreckedD. submitted48. No one has _____ been able to trace the author of the poem.A. stillB. yetC. alreadyD. just49. More than one-third of the Chinese in the United States live in California, ______ in San Francisco.A. previouslyB. predominantlyC. practicallyD. permanently50. The new secretary has written a remarkably ______ report only in a few pages but with all the details.A. conciseB. clearC. preciseD. elaborate51. We gather together on this ______ day to commemorateDr. Sun Yat-sen.A. significantB. sensibleC. gloriousD. brilliant52. Our foreign trade has _____ during recent years.A. widenedB. extendedC. expandedD. lengthened53. The warlord ______ people for their religion.A. persecutedB. perceivedC. persistedD. postponed54. Cathy is so busy that she works 12 hours ______ each day.A. on averageB. on the wholeC. in summaryD. in conclusion55. If you play around all day, I ______ that you’ll fail in the final exam.A. representB. guaranteeC. assumeD. negotiate56. The cartoon characters Snoopy and Charlie Brown were______by Charles M.Schultz.A. devisedB. inventedC. createdD. arranged57. Jacks is a promising man. His colleagues pay a high______ to his ability.A. praiseB. prideC. contributionD. tribute58. They haven’t fixed a ______ date for their wedding yet but it will be this summer.A. specialB. particularC. specificD. peculiar59. Let’s go out during the break to _____ legs.A. extendB. expandC. moveD. stretch60. Although we have made frequent attempts to ______ his parents, we have so far not been successful.A. contractB. contactC. contrastD. contraryPart Three: ClozeDirections:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then write down the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.From the time each of my children started school, I packed their lunches. And in each lunch, I __61_ a note. Often written on a napkin (餐巾), it might be a thank-you for a 62 moment, a reminder of something we were happily expecting, or a bit of 63 for the coming test or sporting event.In early grade school they 64 their notes. But as children grow older they becomes self-conscious (有自我意识的), and 65 he reached high school, my older son, Marc, informed me he no longer 66 my daily notes. Telling him that he no longer needed to 67 them but I still needed to write them, I 68 until the day he graduated.Six years after high school graduation, Marc called and asked if he could move 69 for a couple of months. He had spent those years well, graduating from college, 70 two internship (实习) in Washington D.C., and 71 , becoming a technical assistant in Sacramento. 72 short vacation visits, however, he had lived away from home. With his younger sister leaving for college, I was 73 happy to have Marc back. Since I was 74 making lunch for his younger brother, I 75 one for Marc, too. Imagine my 76 when I got a call from my 24-year-old son, 77 his lunch.“Did I do something 78 ? Don’t you love me 79 , Mom?” were just a few of the questions he threw at me as I 80 asked him what was wrong.“My note, Mom,” he answered. “Where’s my note?”61. A. carried B. found C. included D. held62. A. difficult B. special C. comfortable D. separate63. A. congratulation B. improvement C. explanation D. encouragement64. A. loved B. answered C. wrote D. examined65. A. lately B. by the law C. by the time D. gradually66. A. received B. understood C. enjoyed D. collected67. A. copy B. read C. take D. send68. A. held up B. gave up C. followed D. continued69. A. out B. home C. to college D. to Sacramento70. A. organizing B. planning C. comparing D. completing71. A. hopefully B. finally C. particularly D. certainly72. A. Because of B. Instead of C. Except for D. As for73. A. especially B. immediately C. equally D. generally74. A. once B. again C. still D. even75. A. packed B. fetched C. bought D. filled76. A. fear B. surprise C. anger D. disappointment77. A. waiting for B. worrying about C. caring for D. asking about78. A. wrong B. funny C. strange D. smart79. A. any more B. enough C. once more D. better80. A. interestingly B. bitterly C. politely D. laughinglyPart Four: TranslationDirections:Read the following sentences carefully and translate it into Chinese. Write down your translation on the Answer Sheet.81. Another concern arises from the centralization of information.另一个问题来自信息的集中化。
工程应用英语缩小版
工程应用英语Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20’)1.Engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education.2. Computer programming is now included in almost all engineering curricula3. Current trend is to require students to take courses in the social science and the language arts.4. Active recruiting for engineers often begins before the student‟s last year in the university.5. Indeed, the civil engineer‟s choice is large and varied.6. Computers can‟t solve complicated problems unless they are given a good program.7. Construction can be very dangerous .8. Civil engineering projects are almost always distinctive.9. Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on its other part.10.The weight of all the people, cars, furniture, and machines and so on that the structure will support when it is in use is live load.11.In tension, the material is pulled apart.12. vertical force acts up and down.13.Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century.14.The transit is used to measure angles in both vertical and horizontal planes, and the level to measure elevation difference.15.Electronic distance measuring(EDM) not only can measure the distance between objects but also determine the direction.16.Prestressed concrete is an improved form of reinforcement.17.A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by two or more parties.18. volume change would result in differential settlement or swell between adjacent areas.19.There are two basic procedures for controlling the embankment density: …manner and method‟ and result.20.A main source of accidents, the problem of drinking driving is the most serious of all.Part II Filling Blanks (10’)21. Engineers often work as consultants_ to architectural or construction firms.22. Young engineers may choose to go into _environmental_ or sanitary engineering.23. When planning a structure, an engineer must take into account four factors: deadload, live load_, impact and safety factor.24. One party to the contract is _liable_ for breach of contract if he fails to performhis part of the agreement.25. clearing_ the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations.26. Loose rock includes materials such as _weathered or totten_ rock, or earth mixedwith boulders.27. No attempt was made to control moisture_ content or to secure compaction.28. The _rearview_ of windshield wipers, fresh air ventilating systems, had result ingreater vehicle safety.29. The safe performance of the brake system has been ensured by the use of heavyduty_ brake fluid.30. Relocation and reduction in height of the brake _pedal_has meant that thedriver‟s total reaction time has been reduced.Part III Reading Comprehension (40’)Passage OneResearch is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and the testing of new structural materials.31. Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice.32. A researcher is often employed in a laboratory.33. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with scientists and engineers.34. Which of the following is true?Civil engineering research doesn‟t include only soil mechanics and soil stabilization, but also the development of new structural materialsPassage TwoThe current tendency is to develop lighter materials. Aluminum, for example, weighs much less than steel but has many of the same properties. Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings.Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability, and with a lighter weight. One system that helps cut concrete weight to some extent uses polymers, which are long chainlike compounds used in plastics, as part of the mixture.35. The current trend of structural materials is to develop lighter materials36. Aluminum weighs much less than steel.37. Aluminum has many of the same properties of steel.38. Which of the following is true? Aluminum beams can be used for not only bridge construction but also the framework of a few buildingsPassage ThreeSteel and concrete also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tension will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bonds—the force that unites them—that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.39. Steel and concrete have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion.40. Reinforced concrete is steel rods which are embedded in concrete beams41. Which of the following is true? Csteel does not rust in concrete42. Concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acidPassage FourThe employer or promoter of civil engineering works normally determines the conditions of contract, which define the obligations and performances by some form of competitive tendering and any contractor who submits a successful tender and subsequently enters into a contract is deemed in law to have voluntarily accepted the conditions of contract adopted by the promoter.The obligations that a contractor accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to tender. In most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted and may, even then, be withdrawn if the acceptance is stated by the promoter to be …subject to formal contract‟ as is often the case.43. The conditions of contract are normally determined by the promoter44. This conditions define the obligations and performances to which the contractorwill be subject.45. The obligations that the contractor accepts when he submits a tender aredetermined by the form of the invitation to the tender.46. in most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted. Passage FiveMaterials are usually described as …rock‟, …loose rock‟, or …common‟, with …common‟signifying all material not otherwise classified. Rock, sometimes called …solid rock‟, nearly always must be drilled and blasted, then loaded with a front-end loader or power shovel into trucks or other hauling units. Blasted rock may be moved or drifted for short distances by means of a bulldozer, which is, in effect, a huge tractor-mounted blade. Loose rock often is dug with loaders or shovels without any previous blasting.47. According to the passage, which material signifying all material not otherwiseclassified. . common48. Which of the following is NOT true? rock, is sometimes called …loose rock‟49. According to the passage, which of the following is true? loose rock is often dug without any previous blasting50. Loose rock often is dug with loaders or shovels without any previous blasting. Part IV Translate the sentences into Chinese (15’)51. Engineering graduates have to pass an examination, similar to the barexaminations for a lawyer.工程专业的毕业生必需通过考试，就类似于律师要通过职业考试一样52. Conventional ground surveys were the original location techniques available tohighway engineers until developments in electronics. The most important equipments used were the transit, the level, and the tape.最初的公路定位技术一直使用传统地面测量技术直到电子技术的发明为止。
2013新版自考英语(二)讲义超级完整版
2013年新版英语二讲义（全）Unit 1 The Power of LanguageI. New w o rd s an d ex p ress io n sNe w wor ds1. c r itic a l a dj. 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎）的2. no n-f ic tion n. 纪实文学3. pos iti on n. 观点；态度；立场4. s tatem ent n. 说明；说法；表态5. qu es tio n v. 表示疑问；怀疑out of ques ti on / ou t of the q ues ti on6. e va luat e v. 估计；评价；评估7. c ont ex t n. 事情发生的背景，环境，来龙去脉8. v al ue n. v al ues [p l.]是非标准；价值观va lu abl ein va lua bl e=pr ic el es sva lu eles s9. r epr es e nt v. 描述；表现r epr es enta tiv e a dj./n.10. as s er ti on n. 明确肯定；断言11. s uf f ic ient a dj. 足够的；充足的Suf f ic ienc y ins uf f ic ient12. s tat is tic n. s tat is ti c s [pl.]统计数字；统计资料13. inte gr ate v.（使）合并，成为一体14. a uth or it y n.专家；学术权威；泰斗an/th e a uthor it y o n s th.auth or i ze15. c om par e v. 比较；对比c om par e A w ith Bc om par e A t o B16. s ubj ec t n. 主题；题目；题材17. c ons is tent adj. 相符的；符合的18. inc ons is t enc y n. 不一致19. as s um ption n. 假定；假设20. c as e n. 具体情况；事例in c as ein c as e of f ir ein c as e t hat…a c as e i n po intc onf irm ed/s us pec ted c as es21. d ir ec tl y a d v. 直接地；径直地22. ide ntif y v. 找到；发现23. va lid adj. 符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的va lid it y n. 有效性，正确（性）in val i d24. c r ed ib le a dj. 可信的；可靠的inc r ed ibl e=unb el ie vab le25. lan dm ark n.（标志重要阶段的）里程碑26. r e le van t adj. 紧密相关的；切题的r ele vanc y n. 关联；恰当ir r ele va nt27. c ur r ent adj. 现时发生的；当前的28. a ppr o pr iat e adj. 合适的；恰当的ina ppr opr iat eIt's (not) ap pr opr i ate t hat ….29. b ia s n. 偏见；偏心；偏向30. c ons ider a bl y a dv.非常；很；相当多地c ons iderc ons ider ingc ons ider a bl ec ons ider a tec ons ider a tio n31. D em oc r at n. （美国）民主党党员，民主党支持者民32. R epu bl ic an n. （美国）共和党党员，共和党支持者33. r ef lec t v. 显示；表明；表达34. inf or m ed adj. 有学问的；有见识的wel l-inf or m edil l-inf or m edPhr as es a nd Ex pr es s i ons1. ap pl y t o 使用；应用2. pu t f or th 提出；产生3. tak e … i nto ac c oun t 考虑到；顾及4. ac c ept/tak e … at f ac e v alu e 相信表面；信以为真5. wi th a gr ai n of s alt有保留地；持怀疑态度地II. T ext L earn in gCr itic a l R e ad ing① (1)Cr itic a l r ead ing app lies to n on-f ic tio n wr i tin g in whic h th e a uthor pu tsf or th a pos it io n or s e ek s to m ak e a s tatem ent. C r itic a l r ea di ng i s ac tiv er eadi ng. It in vo lv es m or e than j us t（不只是，不仅仅是）und er s tand ing what an a uthor is s a yi n g. Cr itic a l r ea din g in vol v es ques t ion ing an d e v alu ati ng what t he auth or is s a yi n g, and f or m ing yo u r own o pi nio ns ab out w hat t he auth or is s a yi ng. H er e ar e the t hi ngs yo u s hou ld do t o be a c r itic al r ea der.（启下句）本部分重点及难点：1. Cr it ic al r ead ing ap pli es to non-f ic tio n wr iti ng in whic h t he aut hor putsf or th a pos it io n or s e ek s to m ak e a s tatem ent.app l y to s b./s th.= b e ap pl ic abl e to s b./s t h.app l y的派生词：a p plic a tio n, a pp lic a nt, a ppl ic ab le② C ons ider t he c o nte x t of wh at is wr itte n. You m a y b e r ea di ng s om ething that w as wr itt en b y a n aut hor f r om a diff er ent c u ltur a l c ont ex t th an your s.(2)O r, you m a y b e r e adi ng s om ethin g wr it t en s om e tim e ago in a dif f er ent tim e c ontex t tha n yo ur s. (3)In eit her c as e, you m us t r ec ogn i ze an d tak e into ac c ount a n y dif f er enc es bet ween yo ur v al u es and att itud es an d t hos er epr es ente d b y t he a u thor.本部分重点及难点：2. O r, yo u m a y be r ea din g s om ething wr itt e n s om e tim e ago in a dif f er ent tim e c ontex t tha n yo u r s.s om e tim e注意区分：s om etim e / s om etim es / s om e tim es3. I n eit her c as e, you m us t r ec ogn i ze and ta k e into ac c ount a n y d i ff er enc es bet we en yo ur v al ues and att itud es an d t hos e r epr es e nted b y t he auth or. 不论哪种情况，你必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所述的价值观和态度有何不同。
06269-工程应用英语(已做)
课程代码：06269 工程应用英语课程自学辅导材料●配套教材：《专业英语》●主编：李嘉●出版社：人民交通●版次：2012年版●适应层次：本科内部教学使用目录第一部分自学指导第1章：土木工程的基本知识 (1)第2章：公路与交通工程 (2)第二部分复习思考题一．单选题 (3)二．填空题 (15)三．阅读理解题 (17)四．英译汉题 (32)五．汉译英题 (38)第三部分参考答案一．单选题 (41)二．填空题 (41)三．阅读理解题 (41)四．英译汉题 (42)五．汉译英题 (46)第一部分自学指导第1章：土木工程的基本知识一．主要内容1．土木工程中的职业2．现代建筑和结构材料3．公路测量4．预应力混凝土5. 结构设计原理6. 土木工程合同二．重点1．土木工程中的职业（Careers in Civil Engineering）2．现代建筑和结构材料(Modern Buildings and Structural Materials) 3．公路测量(Highway Survey)4．预应力混凝土(Prestressed Concrete)5. 结构设计原理（Philosophy of Structural Design）6. 土木工程合同(Civil Engineering Contracts)三．难点1．课文翻译。
2．单词记忆。
第2章：公路与交通工程一．主要内容1．交通运输系统2．公路定线3．线形设计4．立交与互通式立交5. 路面6. 沥青面层7. 公路排水8. 高速公路9. 公路施工二．重点1．交通运输系统(Transportation System)2．公路定线(Highway Location)3．线形设计(Design of the Alignment)4．立交与互通式立交(Grade separations and Interchanges)5. 路面(Pavement)6. 沥青面层(Bituminous Surface Courses)7. 公路排水(Highway Drainage)8. 高速公路（Freeways）9. 公路施工(Highway Construction)三．难点1．课文翻译。
自考本科英语推荐资料
自考本科英语推荐资料
自考本科英语推荐资料
自考本科英语考试是自考生必修的一门课程，对于自考生而言，英语学习的重要性不言而喻。
下面给大家推荐几本适合自考本科英语学习的资料。
1.《自考本科英语》教材：这是自考本科英语课程的教材，包
括听力、阅读、写作、翻译等各个方面的内容。
通过学习这本教材，可以全面提高自己的英语水平，掌握考试所需的语言知识和技巧。
2.《新编英语四级考试词汇精选》：这本书是为自考四级英语
考试准备的词汇书，包含了四级考试中常见的词汇和短语。
通过背诵这本书中的单词，可以拓宽自己的词汇量，提高自己的阅读和听力能力。
3.《练习分册系列》：这是一套针对自考本科英语的练习册，
包括听力、阅读、写作等各个方面的练习题。
通过做这些练习题，可以巩固教材中的知识点，提高自己的应试能力。
4.《英语六级考试真题解析》：这本书收录了近年来英语六级
考试的真题及详细解析，可以帮助自考生更好地了解考试的出题规律和解题技巧。
通过做这本书中的习题，可以提高自己的阅读和听力能力，为考试做好充分的准备。
5.《新东方·英语听力突破》：这是一套针对英语听力的培训
教材，包括听力材料和相应的练习题。
通过学习这套教材，可以提高自己的听力理解能力，为自考本科英语听力考试做好准备。
以上是我为大家推荐的几本适合自考本科英语学习的资料，希望能对大家的学习有所帮助。
自考本科英语考试需要进行系统性的学习和大量的练习，希望大家能够认真学习，早日通过考试。
加油！。
(完整版)自考英语二重点讲解复习资料
自考英语二重点讲解复习资料自考英语二复习资料第一章重点单词扩充讲解：1. organizational: a 组织上的由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织； organization: n 组织； organizer: n 组织者请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空：1). Last week, our school ________ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the high est _________ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade __________. 4). He is the _ _________ of the speech contest.Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的 3. predict: v 预言、预示；由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言； predictable: a 可预测的； predictor: n 预言家 4. simplify: v 简化由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的； simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地； simplification: n 简化； simplified: a 被简化的。
Exercises for the above words:1). The machine is _____ in operation but complex in structure.2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while ___ _ edition is quite easy.3). There is no point in arguing about it, because it is _______ a question of proced ure. 4). The ______ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answer s: simple; simplified; simply; simplification5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…， tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter. Or old peop le tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的；由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营； management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者； manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。
2013大英三辅导材料
2013下半年期终考试复习资料1. 阅读部分Passage 1Today a pilot is totally dependent on what the air traffic controller on the ground tells him. He can not see enough to be safe. Flightwatch is an instrument intended to help him.On a screen in front of the pilot, there will be a map of the airspace around the plane. The pilot’s own flight level or height and his own plane at the centre of the screen will show up. On the map any other planes in the airspace will appear as blobs （点状）of light with “tails” showing the direction of their flight. The flightwatch map is unusual, for the other planes are not shown at their true ranges （范围）, but at their distance away in flying time. That gets over the problem of fast planes being too far away to be seen but likely to make contact in seconds and slow planes that are close enough to be seen but so slow that there’s no chance of contact for, say, ten minutes.The pilot will be able to see on the screen whether another plane’s course conflicts with his own. The screen will show him the flight number of the other plane, so he can contact air traffic control and ask them about the other plane’s course, then he can take avoiding action if necessary. The screen will show him whether his action puts him in danger from yet another aircraft.Technically, the system will be quite complex. Computers will be necessary on the ground and in each aircraft to enable flightwatch to collect data about the planes’courses and to calculate the distances between planes. But such small computers are now quite cheap, simple and reliable.1. A pilot is dependent on ___C____ for his safe flight.A. flightwatchB. the air traffic controller in the planeC. the command of the air controller on the groundD. the pilot himself2._____C____ can help the pilot to keep contact with the air traffic controller.A. a computerB. the screenC. flightwatchD. the passage dosen’t mention it3.The flightwatch is ____A____ to use.A. quite simpleB. quite complexC. expensiveD. not mentioned4.the main components of the flightwatch are ____A_____.A. a screen and certain computersB. computersC. a flightwatch map and small computersD. blobs and tails5.The computers are ____C_____.A. largeB. neither large nor smallC. smallD. not mentionedPassage 2For most people, life is easier and more comfortable than ever before. Convenience foods from the supermarket simplify shopping and cooking. Household appliances like the vacuum cleaner and the washing machine have taken the drudgery out of housework. Released from these household chores, many wives have found jobs outside the home. Women are achieving economic independence.Families, too, are simpler today. In America, it is not customary for parents to live with their married children. With our greater mobility, relatives have scattered, the parents retiring to Florida or Arizona and the young people, after they marry, going wherever their jobs or their parents or their interests take them.Young adult women have new freedom, too. While attending college, they often live away from home, sometimes far from their parents or their relatives. After college, they move to the city, find a job, and set up a ‘bachelor’ apartment. This is the era of women’s liberation.But all this freedom and affluence have had an unforeseen and in some respects a devastating effect on marriage.6. In the U.S. , families are becoming __B___.A. biggerB. smallerC. easierD. freer7. Why are women able to achieve economic independence? ___C___A. Because they have their own salary.B. Because convenience foods are available.C. Because they are free away from drudgery.D. Because they attending college.8. Hard housework was taken away by ___D___.A. liberated womenB. retired parentsC. supermarketsD. modern equipment9. Which of the following statements is not true according to the text? ___D____.A. Women’s liberation has made it possible for them to study.B. Comfortable life adversely influences marriage in America.C. Adults can go wherever they want.D. Women prefer to be bachelors.10. The text implies that the author __D___.A. highly praises the liberation of womenB. heartily enjoys this freedom and affluenceC. strongly recommends such kind of social lifeD. greatly worries about the bond of marriagePassage 3Ever since I was very small, I have had the sense that I ought to be somewhere else. I remember watching trains flash by and wishing I was on board. I remember going to the airport with my parents when I was 13 and reading the destinations board, seeing all the places that I could go to: Los Angeles, Chicago, London.But the trains passed by and the planes took off without me, so I wandered the world through books. I went to Victorian England in the pages of Middlemarch and A little Princess, and to St. Petersburg before the fall of the tsar （沙皇）with Anna Karenina.My home was in a pleasant place outside Philadelphia. But I really lived, somewhere else. I lived within the covers of books. In books I traveled, not only to other worlds, but into my own. I learned who I was and whom I wanted to be, what I might achieve, and what I might dare to dream about my world and myself.I travel today in the way I once dreamed of traveling as a child---on airplanes and trains. And the irony is that I don’t care fir it very much. I am the sort of person who prefers to stay at home, surrounded by family, friends, books. The only thing I do like about traveling is the time on airplanes spent reading.It turns out that when my younger self thought of taking wing, she wanted only to let her spirit soar. Books are the plane, and the train, and the road. They are the real destinations, and the journey too. They are home.11. What did the writer do as a curious child? ___C____A. She visited Victorian England and Tsarist Russia.B. She flew to Los Angeles, Chicago and London with her parents.C. She read all kinds of books.D. She spent lots of time traveling on trains.12. How does the author feel about travel today? ___A____A. She doesn’t like it very much.B. She takes great pleasure in it.C. She feels tired of it.D. She feels as excited as when she was young.13. What did the author learn from books as a child? ___C___A . About many foreign places.B. About many historical figures.C. About the outside world as well as her own self.D. About the ironies of life.14. We can infer from the passage that when traveling by air, the author spends most of her timeon the way ___A__.A. reading booksB. resting herselfC. imagining thingsD. letting her spirit soar15. In this passage the author mainly talks about __C___.A. the wonders of travelB. her growth from an innocent child to a learned womanC. the benefits of readingD. the difference between childhood dreams and life’s realitiesPassage 1Museums are places where collections of objects are preserved and displayed. The objects may be anything found in nature or made by man. There are museums devoted to art, science, history, industry, and technology. But museums are no longer just storehouses for collections. Today nearly all museums, large or small, carry on educational programs. Museums offer guided tours, lectures, films, music recitals, art lessons, and other attractions.Museums work constantly to improve their collections and ways of playing them. All museums are always on the watch for new additions to their collections. Works of art are bought from art dealers and private collectors or at auction sales. Museums also accept gifts and bequests（遗物）, but the large museums no longer accept everything that is offered to them. They accept only objects or collections that meet their high standards.What is to be gained from visiting museums? Museums exhibits can teach us about the world in which we live-----the materials it is made of, the trees and plants that cover it, and the animals that have lived on it since its beginning. We can learn about the activities of man-----his history and development and his accomplishments in arts and crafts.1.The first paragraph deals with___D___.A. what museums preservesB. what kind of objects museums displayC. where museums obtain their objectsD. how museums function2.Which statement is not true? CA. Museums are not only storehouse for collections.B. Museums are places where you can learn something.C. Museums preserve and display only things found in nature.D. Museums carry on educational and research programs.3.Where do objects at museums usually come from? DA. From auction sales.B. From art dealers and private collectors.C. From gifts and bequests.D. All the above.4.The large museums accept___C___.A. everything offered to themB. all the gifts and bequestsC. only objects that meet their high standardsD. only things that small museums do not have5.The last paragraph is about___A__.A. the knowledge one gets from visiting museumsB. the things one can see in museumsC. the world and the people living in itD. museum collections from other landsPassage 2Cars of 2000 will travel the nation’s highways in never-before-dreams-of safety, comfort, and convenience. These cars will float along never touching the ground, and therefore will have no need for wheels.Annoying highway vibrations, caused by the rotations of the disc-and-tire wheels, will be things of the past. The coming highway passenger cars will literally fly above the road, supported on columns of air compressed by turbine-driven fans.The car without wheels has been called a “flying car”, and, in a sense, that’s just what it is; however, it will not back out of the family garage, start down the street, and then suddenly go quickly upward heading for some distant point. On the contrary, to avoid problems in aerial navigation, the wheel-less vehicle probably will travel no more than three inches above road surface. It will travel over fairly rough road and even over smooth water.The inevitable problems of maritime regulations, severe weather conditions, and running out of fuel in remote areas all will require new concepts of operation, servicing, and vehicle regulation.6.The author believes that cars of the future__C___A. will be replaced by airplanesB. will have wheels unlike those of todayC. will use columns of air instead of wheelsD. will use wheels without tires7.Cars of the future will run__A___A. without annoying noiseB. without fuelC. much more smoothlyD. on a number of fans8.The car without wheels has been called a “flying car” because__A___A. it travels a few inches above the groundB. it can fly as a plane doesC. it moves at a very high speedD. it can travel over smooth water9.Where is a wheel-less car least fit to travel? DA. over soft landB. over rough country roadsC. over highwaysD. over waterfalls10.Wheel-less cars will___B __A. eliminate all traffic problemsB. create new traffic problemsC. eliminate parking problemsD. both A and CPassage 3Students can travel in the United States without spending too much money if they follow these suggestions.A travel agent can give you information on special economy fares for trains, buses and planes. Think about hiking or biking for a part of your trip, too. You’ll not only save money, but you’ll also see a lot more of the country.Some students may want to travel by car. Be sure to think about going with other students—many colleges have “ride boards” that list when and where other students plan to travel. Many radio stations provide the same sort of service—they announce who’s driving where, when, how many riders they will take and what the expenses will be.There are many inexpensive, older hotels near bus or train stations. Check your travel guide for names of the best. Many parts of the country also have youth hostels where young people can stay for only a few dollars a night.You don’t have to eat in restaurants all the time, but we don’t recommend a diet of candy and cola, either. You can usually get a healthy, cheap breakfast in a restaurant. If the weather is warm, you can buy food in supermarkets or at roadside stands and have a picnic for lunch. For dinner you can get the names of good, cheap restaurants from travel guides or friends.11.The passage tells students___C__.A. how to make travel plansB. how to get help while travelingC. how to use less money while travelingD. how to choose hotels12.To see more of the country, you’d better travel___D__.A. by planeB. by busC. by trainD. by bike13.If you want to share rides with others, you can get information__B___.A. on the blackboards in classroomsB. from school administratorsC. through certain radio programsD. from travel agents14.According to the passage, staying at youth hostels is__A___.A. cheapB. convenientC. comfortableD. enjoyable15.To save money, you can___C__.A. have more candy and colaB. invite your friends for a picnic]C. take some food with youD. eat in restaurants sometimesPassage 1Reading newspapers has become an important part of everybody’s life. Some people read newspapers as the first thing to do in the morning. Others read newspapers as soon as they have free time during the day so that they can learn what is happening in the world.Sometimes, we do not have enough time to read all the news carefully, so we just take a quick look at the front page. At other times, we may be in such a hurry that we only have a few minutes to look at the headlines of the passages.Newspapers can be found everywhere in the world. We can get many different kinds of newspapers in big cities, but some mountain villages we can see few newspapers.Some newspapers are published once a week, but most of the papers are published once a day with many pages, some even published twice a day! You know different people enjoying reading different newspapers. Some like world news, and other prefer short stories. They just choose what they are interested in.Today newspapers in English have the largest number of readers in the world. The English language is so popular that many Chinese students are reading English newspapers such as China Daily or 21st Century. Also they bring us more and more information with Internet.1. People read newspapers in order to B .A. learn the latest newsB. meet their own different needsC. read the short storiesD. find the morning news2. From the passage we can see that C when people get newspapers.A. they read them very carefullyB. they just read the headlineC. not everyone reads all the pagesD. they have no time to read them3. News papers have so many pages because B .A. more and more people like to read themB. people enjoy reading something differentC. newspapers become cheaperD. more pages mean more money4. Newspapers A are the most popular in the world.A. in EnglishB. in ChineseC. in other languagesD. with many pages5. According to the passage, besides newspapers, people also get information from D .A. magazinesB. advertisementsC. e-mailsD. InternetPassage 2If there is any single factor that makes for success in living, it is the ability to profit by defeat. Every success I know has been achieved because the person was able to analyze defeat and actually profit by it in his next undertaking. Confuse defeat with failure, and you are doomed indeed to failure, for it isn’t defeat that makes you fail: it is your own refusal to see in defeat the guide and encouragement to success.Defeats are nothing to be ashamed of. They are routine incidents in the life of every man who achieves success. But defeat is a dead loss unless you do face it without feeling ashamed, analyze it and learn why you failed. Defeat, in other words, can help to cure its own cause. Not only does defeat prepare us for success, but nothing else can arouse within us such a compelling desire to succeed. If you let a baby grasp a rod and try to pull it away, he will cling more and more tightly until his whole weight is suspended. It is this same reaction that should give you new and greater strength every time you are defeated. If you fully use the power which defeat gives, you can accomplish with it far more than what you are capable of.6. The author _____D_____.A. orders you to analyze defeatB. wants you to face defeatC. advises you to let a baby grasp a rodD. warns you not to confuse defeat with fail7. Defeat is valuable _____C_____.A. because it is a factorB. because it isn’t defeat that mak es you failC. because it provides the guide and encouragement to successD. because it is not a thing to be ashamed of8. What does the author know? ______B_____.A. He knows every success in lifeB. He knows the factor making for successC. He knows every man who is able to analyze defeatD. He knows the life of every man9. The person who was able to analyze the defeat is likely _____C______.A. to be a successorB. to face it with feeling ashamedC. to achieve successD. to be ashamed of it10. What does the author advise one to do with the power which defeat gives? One should ___A__.A. explore itB. explain itC. let a baby grasp a rodD. learn itPassage 3Why don’t birds get lost on their long flights from one place to another? Scientists have puzzled over this question for many years. Now they’re beginning to fill in the blanks.Not long ago, experiments showed that birds rely on the sun to guide them during daylight hours. But what about birds that fly by night? Tests with artificial stars have proved that certain night-flying birds are able to follow the stars in their long-distance flights.A dove had spent its lifetime in a cage and had never flown under a natural sky. Yet it showed an inborn ability to use the stars for guidance. The bird’s cage was placed under an artificial star-filled sky. The bird tried to fly in the same direction as that taken by his outdoor cousins. Any change in the position of the artificial stars caused a change in the direction of his flight.But the stars are apparently their principal means of navigation. When the stars are hidden by clouds, they apparently find their way by such landmarks as mountain ranges, coast lines, and river courses. But when it’s too dark to see these, the doves circle helplessly, unable to find their way.11. The reasons why birds don’t get lost on long flights ____B_____.A. have been known to scientists for yearsB. have only recently been discoveredC. are known by everyoneD. will probably remain a mystery12. During daylight hours, birds _____C____.A. fly aimlesslyB. rely on landmarksC. use sun for guidanceD. are more likely to get lost13. By “his outdoor cousins” the author means _____C____.A. other experimentersB. the other doves of the same broodC. doves under the natural skyD. other birds in general14. The experiment with the dove indicated that ____D_____.A. birds have to be taught to navigateB. a bird that has been caged will not fly long distanceC. some birds cannot fly at nightD. some birds seem to follow the stars when they fly at night15. In total darkness, doves _____B____.A. use landmarksB. don’t know which way to flyC. fly back homeD. wait for the stars to appear2.词汇部分16. --- How long will it take to arrive in Australia?--- ___C_____ .A. Two hours laterB. Before two hoursC. Two hoursD. In two hours17 --- ____B____ ?--- I have a headache, a sore throat and I’m feeling rather weak.A. What are youB. What’s the matter with youC. How are you todayD. What can I do for you18 --- Don’t you think that’s expensive?--- ___A_____ .A. Not at all. That’s the best price in townB. Believe it or not. It’s goodC. It’s impossible to cost so muchD. It’s cheap enough19 --- Would you do me a favour?--- ____C____ .A. It’s goodB. That’s OKC. I’m glad toD. No problem20 -- Please show me your library card.--- _____D___ .A. This is my cardB. My pleasureC. Give it to youD. Here you are21 —Could I leave a message?—_______C_______A. Please speak.B. Say your messageC. Sure. Go ahead, pleaseD. Do what you like22.—Sorry for the inconvenience it may cause you.—______B________A. You are welcomeB. Never mind.C. It’s OKD. Nothing else23.—What’s the problem?—____A____ .A. I have a meeting now. Do you mind if we postpone it to a later timeB. I have a meeting now. Do you think if we postpone it to a later timeC. I have a meeting now. How do you feel if we postpone it to a later timeD. I have a meeting now. What about if we postpone it to a later time24.—OK. Does next Tuesday suit you? .—______D_____A. It is a good dayB. I’m pleased.C. I’m OK.D. Yes, it’s fine with me.25.—I wonder if it is possible for us to arrange a meeting this week?—_____A______A. I’m afraid I can’t make it this weekB. I’m sure it’s impossibleC. There is no way.D. It’s a problem to make it..26. I ____D____ for two hours but nobody has arrived yet.A. am waitingB. waitedC. have waitedD. have been waiting27. Tom as well as two of his classmates ____A____ invited to the party.A. wasB. wereC. hasD. are28. He gave ____D____ answer as I did.A. as sameB. sameC. as the sameD. the same29. She glanced shyly ____A____ him and then lowered her eyes.A. atB. offC. onD. with30. I would rather you _____D___ tomorrow than today.A. comeB. will comeC. cameD. would come31. We were ____D____ to leave before the train started.A. longB. keenC. worriedD. anxious32. She intended to make teaching her ___A_____ .A. professionB. workC. employmentD. occupation33. The difference was ____B____ cross the river.A. where toB. how toC. what toD. which to34. Mercury freezes if it is cooled to ____B____ .A. a low too temperatureB. a too low temperatureC. too low temperatureD. too low a temperature35. When it ____D____ to table-tennis, you can never defeat him.A. goesB. isC. aboutD. comes16. --- Good afternoon. I’m going to invite some friends to dinner. Please reserve atable for six at about eight this evening.--- ____D____A.I know, I will do it.B.I’m clear, don’t worry about it.C.Sure, it doesn’t matter.D.I see, I’ll make the reservation at once.17. --- Come on. Let’s try the Chinese food.--- ____C____A.You are so kind to let me have a taste.B.Yes, I will try.C.Mm… it’s so delicious.D.They are all good food.18. --- Take a seat here, Mr. Brown. Let’s try the food.--- ____B___A. All right, you are very kind to let me sit down.B. Thank you. Oh, the dishes look so nice.C. I see, I will sit downD. You’re welcome.19. --- Which do you prefer, wine or sprites?--- _____D___A. Let me drink some wine.B. I enjoy wine.C. I like wine better than spirits.D. I’d like to have a little wine first.20. --- I’d like to cash this check, please.--- _____A___ .A. What kind of notes do you want?B. How do you want?C. What do you want?D. What can I do for you?21. He walked into the office and shook hands with a smiling man ____B____ Mr. Black.A. namingB. namedC. by namedD. calling22. The hostess ____D____ until the quests were seated.A. sat downB. was sitting downC. was to sit downD. did n’t sit down23. The new employee finished the report and ________ ..A. turned it inB. turned in itC. turned it upD. turned it on24. If I ________ you, I ________ that job.A. was, would takeB. were, wouldtakeC. was, would have taken.D. were, wouldhave taken25. I’m very interested ________ plants, animals and geography.A. onB. toC. overD. in26. A friend of mine, after 10 years of studying ballet, succeeded ________ becoming a dancer.A. inB. onC. withD. of27. With her yellow hair, Jane is ________ girl as a fairy.A. as beautiful aB. as a beautifulC. as a more beautifulD. so a beautiful28. The lake shone ________ glass in the moonlight and she _______ it very much.A. liking, likedB. liked, likeC. like, likedD. like, likes29. He was willing to do all ________ he could to help his friends.A. whichB. thatC. howD. what30. As we were leaving, we saw the ________ man and his friends entering.A. red hairB. red-hairC. red-hairedD.red-hairing31. ________ , he bought his wife a present..A. On his way to homeB. On his way homeC. In his way homeD. In his way to home32. There are scientific ways ________ which man solves problems.A. inB. withC. atD. on33. I have no idea ________ he has said about the matter.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. how34. We are looking forward to ________ the Great Wall again.A. visitB. visitingC. having visitedD. being visited35. Just for today, I’m not going to insist that everything I do ________ perfect.A. wasB. isC. beD. are16. —Do you know what day is today?—_______A_______A. Today is Wednesday.B. It is a fine day.C. It is February 11.D. It is raining.17. —My mother is ill. Could I leave tomorrow?—_______C_______A. Good. You can go.B. Quite well. Please leave.C. No problem. Please do.D. Not bad, if you like.18. —I have never been to a Chinese village, have you?—_______B_______A. Yes, I haven’t..B. No, I haven’t either.C. No, I haven’t too..D. No, I have.19. —When will the performance begin?—_____C______A. About one hour.B. After one hour.C. In one hour.D. At one hour.20.—I wonder if I could take a few days off work.—_____C______A. I’m sure you could leave off work.B. I should say a few days is no problem.C. Why, what’s the matter with you?D. No, you mustn’t go away21. We were ____C____ to leave before the train started.A. longB. keenC. worriedD. anxious22. She intended to make teaching her ___A_____ .A. professionB. workC. employmentD. occupation23. The difference was ____B____ cross the river.A. who toB. how toC. what toD. which to24. Mercury freezes if it is cooled to ____D____ .A. a low too temperatureB. a too low temperatureC. too low temperatureD. too low a temperature25. When it ___D_____ table-tennis, you can never defeat him.A. goesB. isC. aboutD. comes26. At no time during his speech ___C_____ that he would make another film soon.A. he mentionedB. he should mentionC. did he mentionD. should he mention27. A selfish person doesn’t ____D____ other people’s problem.A. to careB. caresC. careD. care about28. It is necessary that ___C_____ before 10 o’clock.A. she returns homeB. for her to return homeC .she return home D. she will return home29. The teacher had no idea ____B____ these two students argued about.A. whoB. whatC. thatD. why30. I’d rather you ____C____ say anything about it for the time being.A. don’tB. wouldn’tC. didn’tD. shouldn’t31. I had a lot of trouble ____C____ the car ________ this morning.A. to get; startedB. to get; startingC. getting; startedD. getting; starting32. She didn’t like to ____A____ the hotel bedroom with a stranger.A. shareB. liveC. stayD .borrow33. We ____D____ advertisements everywhere that they become largely invisible.A. used to seeingB. used to seeC. get used to seeD. get used to seeing34. You’d better ____D____ your luggage in case you have missed something.A. find outB. work outC. pick outD. check out35. I am ____B____ Florida on business.A. in my way toB. on my way toC. at my way inD. along my way for3.完形填空A few months ago, Mr. Smith and Mrs. Smith had a big problem. He had a chance to get a promotion at work. Naturally, she wanted him to get it. She wanted him to 36 his best and to make a really good impression at work. She worked very hard to 37 his clothes look clean, but in spite of all her work, she could never get his shirts 38 white as she wanted them to be.Then one day, a good friend happened to visit Mrs. Smith. She 39 her how to solve the problem. “I’d advise you to use new Miracle Gleem! 40 much better than ordinary laundry detergents,” she said.41 Mrs. Smith took her friend’s advice. Now Mr. Smith’s shirts are as 42 as he wants them to be and his company wants him to be their new 43 manager. And now Mrs. Smith wants him to get an even better job. She wants him to 44。
工程专业英语复习资料.doc
cost control 成本控制 construction project manager planning horizon 规划周期 net benefit 净专英复习资料单词翻译the real estate developer 房地产开发商 project management 项 目管理 architect 建筑师 architector 设计师 contract price 合同价格shop drawings 施工图，安装图 bottom-up design 自下而上的设计 top-down design 自 上而下 的设计 construction operations 施工作业 bids and quotations 投标和报价 field management 现场管理 bill of quantities 工程量清单项目经理 Cost Indices 成本指数 net annual cash flow 年净现金流 Net Present Value 净现值 Net Future Value 净终值 Net Annual Value 净年值tax exempt 免税 project finance 项 目融资gross sale amount 毛销售额 overdraft 透支Lump Sum Contract 总价合同 Unit Price Contract 单价合同 construction planning 施工计戈U design drawing 设计图纸resource oriented 以资源为导向的 activity-on-branch network 双代号网络图 activity-on-node network 单代号网络图 earliest start times 最早开始时间 latest start times 最迟开始时间 network diagrams 网络计划图time horizon 时间基准 network model 网络模型Estimated total cost 预计总成本 Cost to Date 到期成本inspector 检查人员 total quality control 全面质量管理句子翻译1)With the exception of the speculative hosuing market , where the residential units may be sold as built by the real estate developer,most constructed facilities are custom made in consultation with the owners.除了投机性住宅市场，在那里住宅单位由负责建造的房地产开发商销售之外， 大多数的建筑设施都是在与业主协商一致的基础上定制的。
自考-工程应用英语全复习资料
131. Engineers often work as to architectural or construction firms.132. Young engineers may choose to go into or sanitary engineering.133. It is sufficient in order to create a legally , if the parties express their agreement and intention to enter into such a contract. 134. One party to the contract is for breach of contract if he fails to perform his part of the agreement.135. the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations.136. Loose rock includes materials such as rock, or earth mixed with boulders.137. No attempt was made to control content or to secure compaction.138. The of windshield wipers, fresh air ventilating systems, had result in greater vehicle safety.139. The safe performance of the brake system has been ensured by the use of brake fluid.140. Relocation and reduction in height of the brake has meantthat the driver’s total reaction time has been reduced.141. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and ______ techniques.142. Modern cement, called ______, was invented in 1824.143. Material for embankment commonly comes from roadway cuts or designated ______.144. Causes of automobile accidents can be categorized into four major groups: the vehicles, the road, the driver, the ______ .145. Another improvement in driver visibility is the introduction of the remote-controlled outside ______ mirror.146. Rock nearly always must be drilled and blasted, then loaded with a front-end loader or ______ into trucks or other hauling units.147. The three forces that can act on a structure are , horizontal force, and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion. 148. Highway pavements are divided into two main categories: ______ and flexible.149. Flexible pavements are further divided into three subgroups: high type, ______, and low type.150. The constructing steps of the transportation system are to plan, design, build, operate and _____.151. The unit price contract is adapted to highway engineering, because usually it is not possible to determine exact quantities of some items of work ______ construction is completed.152. The word ‘contract’ is derived from the Latin ‘contractum’, meaning ______together.153. As a structural material, the enormous advantage of steel is its ______.154. ______ is the dominant transportation mode in passenger travel. 155. The Portland cement concrete commonly used for rigid pavements consists of Portland cement, coarse aggregate, ______, water.156. Rigid highway pavement can be divided into three general types: plain concrete pavements, simply reinforced concrete and ______pavements.157. The simplest and generally least costly form of interchange is the ______.158. If distances are great and time is at a premium, ______ transportation will be selected.159. Signing for freeways should be planned concurrently with the ______ design.160. Major drainage structures are usually large bridges and multi-span______.161. The weight of the structure itself is known as .162. concrete is an improved form of reinforcement.163. A simple contract consists of an entered into by two or more parties.164. This sum is known as ‘money’and serves to insure the employer against any defects that may arise in the work.165. Thus, training can be acquired to translate theory into practice to the supervisors.166. Large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a .167. Traffic loads are transferred by the wearing surface to the underlying supporting materials through the interlocking of aggregates, the frictional effect of , and cohesion of the fine materials.168. Excavation is the process of loosening and removing earth or rock and transporting it to a fill or to a .169. When planning a structure, an engineer must take into account four factors: dead load, , impact and safety factor.170. The new design standards require rails and other structures to lessen a vehicle’s impact.171. People select to carry important goods when time is at a premium.172. The benefit-cost ratio method is used for evaluating the and environmental feasibility of the alternative routes.173. A unique bridge site or a mountain pass also mat become a primary .174. The radius of a tangent is , and that of a curve is finite.ing collector-distributor roads can overcome weaving movement of the interchange.三．阅读理解题：Passage OneResearch is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and the testing of new structural materials.176. Research is one of ______ aspects of scientific and engineeringpractice.A. the most uselessB. the most importantC. the most unnecessary177. A researcher is often employed .A. on a farmB. in a libraryC. in a laboratory178. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with .A. farmers and scientistsB. engineers and farmersC. scientists and engineers179. Which of the following is true?A. Civil engineering research doesn’t include only soil mechanicsand soil stabilization, but also the development of newstructural materialsB. Civil engineering research doesn’t include soil mechanics andsoil stabilizationC. Civil engineering research doesn’t include the development ofnew structural materialsPassage TwoThe current tendency is to develop lighter materials. Aluminum, for example, weighs much less than steel but has many of the same properties. Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings.Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability, and with a lighter weight. One system that helps cut concrete weight to some extent uses polymers, which are long chainlike compounds used in plastics, as part of the mixture. 180. The current trend of structural materials is .A. to develop heavier materialsB. to develop lighter materialsC. to develop less materials181. Aluminum weighs .A. much less than steelB. the same as steelC. much heavier than steel182. Aluminum has .A. no properties of steelB. few properties of steelC. many of the same properties of steel183. Which of the following is true?A. Aluminum beams can’t be used for bridge constructionB. Aluminum beams can be used for not only bridge constructionbut also the framework of a few buildingsC. Aluminum beams can’t be used for the framework of a few buildingsPassage ThreeSteel and concrete also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tension will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bonds—the force that unites them—that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.184. Steel and concrete have .A. different rate of contractionB. different rate of expansionC. almost the same rate of contraction and expansion185. Reinforced concrete is .A. steel rods which are embedded in concrete beamsB. concrete which is embedded in steel rodsC. steel rods which react with concrete186. Which of the following is true?A. steel can rust in concreteB. concrete can corrode steelC. steel does not rust in concrete187. Concrete has .A. some kind of chemical that corrodes steelB. an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acidC. some kind of acidPassage FourThe employer or promoter of civil engineering works normally determines the conditions of contract, which define the obligations andperformances by some form of competitive tendering and any contractor who submits a successful tender and subsequently enters into a contract is deemed in law to have voluntarily accepted the conditions of contract adopted by the promoter.The obligations that a contractor accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to tender. In most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted and may, even then, be withdrawn if the acceptance is stated by the promoter to be ‘subject to formal contract’ as is often the case.188. The conditions of contract are normally determined by .A. the government officialB. the contractorC. the promoter189. This conditions define the obligations and performances to which ______ will be subject.A. the employerB. the officialC. the contractor190. The obligations that ______ accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to the tender.A. the employerB. the auditorC. the contractor191. In most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until .A. the promoter has enough moneyB. it has been acceptedC. the tender approved by the governmentPassage FiveMaterials are usually described as ‘rock’, ‘loose rock’, or ‘common’, with ‘common’signifying all material not otherwise classified. Rock, sometimes called ‘solid rock’, nearly always must be drilled and blasted, then loaded with a front-end loader or power shovel into trucks or other hauling units. Blasted rock may be moved or drifted for short distances by means of a bulldozer, which is, in effect, a huge tractor-mounted blade. Loose rock often is dug with loaders or shovels without any previous blasting.192. According to the passage, which material signifying all material not otherwise classified.A. loose rockB. commonC. rock193. Which of the following is NOT true?A. rock, is sometimes called ‘solid rock’B. rock, is sometimes called ‘loose rock’C. rock, is usually called ‘hard rock194. According to the passage, which of the following is true?A. loose rock nearly always must be drilled and blastedB. loose rock is often dug without any previous blastingC. blasted rock may be moved for long distances by bikes195. Loose rock often is dug with ______ without any previous blasting.A. track or ripperB. loaders or shovelsC. roller or bulldozerPassage SixIn the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, but particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics is very important in allbranches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variables such as water pressure on the foundations, impact, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered.196. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering so .A. it is greatly stressedB. it is nearly stressedC. it is not stressed197. Statistics deals with .A. listening and speakingB. gathering, classifying and using pieces of informationC. reading and writing198. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is .A. probabilityB. different factorsC. variables199. Which is the main meaning of the passage?A. physics is very important in all branches of engineeringB. mathematics is very important in all branches of engineeringC. chemistry is very important in all branches of engineeringPassage SevenCivil engineering projects are almost unique; that is, each has its own problems and design features. Therefore, careful study is given to each project even before design work begins. The study includes a survey both of topography and subsoil features of the proposed site. It also includes a consideration of possible alternatives, such as a concrete gravity dam or an earth-fill embankment dam. The economic factors involved in each of the possible alternatives must also be weighed. Today, a study usually includes a consideration of the environmental impact of the project. Many engineers, usually working as a team that includes surveyors, specialists in soil mechanics, and experts in design and construction, are involved in making these feasibility studies.200. Civil engineering projects areA. almost always distinctiveB. the similarC. alike201. Each project _______ before design work beginsA. may not be consideredB. can’t be studiedC. must be studied carefully202. The study, which must consider not only structural features but also economic factors and possible alternatives or other choices, is called .A. system engineeringB. feasibility studyC. structural design203. Which of the following is true?A. today civil engineering project need consider the environmentalimpact of the projectB. today the study about civil engineering project needn’t considerthe environmental impact of the projectC. today the study about civil engineering project needn’t considerthe resource impact of the projectPassage EightClearing the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations. Site clearing in rural areas may sometimes merely require that glass, shrubs, and other plants or crops be removed. However, it sometimes can involve removing trees and tree stumps and disposing of the debris. The accepted procedure is to remove practically all vegetable matter from the original ground and from fill material, since, if allowed to remain; it may decay and leave voids that result in settlement. Selective clearing in adjoining areas may at times be required.204. According to the passage, which is the main topic?A. excavationB. site clearingC. embankment205. According to the passage, _______ is NOT be removed in rural areas.A. shrubsB. cropsC. earth206. If all vegetable remained, .A. it may cause shortage of vegetable in the marketB. the vegetable grow fastC. it may decay and leave voids207. Sometimes it is required clearing .A. adjacent areasB. far areasC. rural areasPassage NineVehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the driver and his passengers in case an accident occurs due to some other failure in the highway system. Examples of this type of design are safety belts and shoulder harnesses, safer door latches, non-shattering windshields, and energy absorbing steering columns. Improvements are made constantly in the parts of a vehicle which are obvious to the driver. These parts include windshield wipers, headlamps, brakes, steering suspension, and the exhaust system. The introduction of front and rear directional signals contributes greatly to motor vehicle safety. Stop lights, backup lights, and four-way emergency flashers also aid invehicle safety. Four-way emergency flashers have become standard equipment for vehicles.208. According to the passage, which is NOT mentioned?A. safety beltsB. safer door latchesC. brake pedal209. According to the passage, which becomes standard equipment for vehicles?A. four-way emergency flashersB. guard railC. ventilating system210. Which of the following is true?A. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting thepassengers and the vehiclesB. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting thepassengers and the persons who drives the vehiclesC. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting thepassengers and the pedestrians211. According to the passage, which design is described?A. vehicular safetyB. vehicular structureC. vehicular powerPassage TenIn the 1930s engineers found that superior embankments could be constructed by spreading the material in relatively thin layers and compacting it at moisture content close to optimum. The improvement resulted largely because greater density was obtained, which resulted in higher “strength” in the soil mass and in decreased settlement and rutting. Layered construction also produced greater uniformity in the material itself and in its density and moisture content. This was beneficial since any subsequent consolidation or swelling would be relatively uniform. 212. In the 1930s engineers found embankments could be constructed byA. compacting it at density and spreading the material in relatively thick layersB. compacting it at a moisture content and spreading the material inrelatively thin layersC. compacting it at borrow area213. According to the passage, which cause higher “strength”?A. greater density was obtainedB. moisture content close to minimumC. more material was used214. Which of the following is true?A. layered construction produced greater difference in the material and etc.B. layered construction produced greater disagreement in its densityC. layered construction produced greater unanimity in its density andmoisture content215. Which of the following words is the closest meaning of ‘optimum’?A. worstB. bestC. differentPassage ElevenAltogether, three forces can act on a structure: vertical—those that act up or down; horizontal—those that act sideway; and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion. Forces that act at an angle are combination of horizontal and vertical forces. Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance. The vertical forces, for example, must be equal to each other. If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficientstrength to counterbalance that weight. The horizontal forces must also equal each other so that there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left. And forces that might pull the structure around must be countered with forces that pull in the opposite direction.216. Horizontal forces .A. act up or downB. act sidewaysC. act upon it with rotating or turning motion217. Forces acting at an angle are combination of .A. horizontal and vertical forcesB. horizontal and rotating forcesC. turning and vertical forces218. The horizontal forces must equal each other so that .A. there is not too much thrust either to up or to downB. there is not too much thrust either rotating or turningC. there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left219. Which of the following is true?A. three forces acting on a structure need not be kept in balanceB. three forces acting on a structure must be kept in balanceC. three forces acting on a structure must be lessPassage TwelveWe all enter into contracts almost every day for the supply of goods, transportation and similar service, and in all these instances we are quite willing to pay for the services we receive. Our needs in these cases are comparatively simple and we do not need to enter onto lengthy or complicated negotiations and no written contract is normally executed. Nevertheless, each party to the contract has agrees to do something, and is liable for breach of contract if he fails to perform his part of the agreement.In general, English law requires no special formalities in making contracts but, for various reasons, some contracts must be made in a particular form to be enforceable and, if they are not made in that special way, then they will be ineffective. Notable among these contracts are contracts for the sale and disposal of land, and ‘land’, for this purpose, includes anything built on the land, as, for example, roads, bridges and other structures.220. Which of the following is true?A. we all enter into contracts almost everyday.B. we don’t enter into any contract.C. only teachers enter into contracts.221. We enter into contracts for the supply of goods and transportation, in this case, .A. we need to enter into lengthy negotiations.B. we should prepare for long time.C. we don’t need to enter into lengthy negotiations.222. The contracts for the sale and disposal of land .A. require no special formalities.B. must be made in a particular form.C. should be written in two texts of English and Chinese.223. Two parties of the contract have agreed to do something if one party fails to perform his part of the agreement, then .A. it is nothing to do with him.B. he can declare the contract invalid himself.C. he is liable for breach of contract.Passage ThirteenThat work must be completed to the satisfaction of the employer, or his representatives, does not give the employer the right to demand an unusually high standard of quality throughout the works, in the absence of a prior express agreement. Otherwise the employer might be able topostpone indefinitely his liability to pay for the works. The employer is normally only entitled to expect a standard of work that would be regarded as reasonable by the competent persons with considerable experience in the class of work covered by the particular contract. The detailed requirements of the specification will have a considerable bearing on these matters. 224. The work must be completed to the satisfaction of .A. the contractor.B. the promoter or his representative.C. the auditor.225. It does not give the employer the right to demand .A. an usually high standard of quality throughout the works.B. an unusually high standard of quality throughout the works.C. the Ministry standard of quality throughout the works.226.The employer might be able to _______ his liability to pay for the works.A. terminate immediatelyB. postpone definitelyC. postpone indefinitely227. A standard of work would be regarded as reasonable by .A. employers.B. top persons.C. competent persons.Passage FourteenThe importance of safety in all modes of transportation, especially highway safety is well recognized. Traffic accidents take a tremendous toll of human lives, personal property, and cause untold grief and misery. In 1978, there were a total of 18,300,000 highway traffic accidents. These accidents resulted in 49,400 deaths, 1,400,000 personal injuries, property damage of $16,900,000, and total costs of $34.3 billion. Of the 154,100,000 registered vehicles and 142,200,000 licensed drivers in 1978, 31,500,000 were involved in accidents; the accidents occurred during 1,520 billion miles (2,446 billion km).228. According to the passage, the safety is well recognized, especiallyA. the highway safety.B. the channel safety.C. the subway safety.229. Which is the best topic according to the passage?A. traffic accidents take a tremendous toll of human lives and personal property.B. the traffic accidents are very important thing we must consider.C. statistical figures of accidents show.230. According to this passage, how many licensed drivers are involved in accidents in 1978?A. 49.400B. 142,200,000C. 31,500,000231. According to this passage, how many persons were injured in 1978?A. 18,300,000B. 49,400C. 1,400,000Passage FifteenThe Federal Highway Administration requires each state to establish a highway safety improvement program from the standpoint of roadway design and control. The objectives of the program are to identify and eliminate hazardous locations on the state highway systems. The program provides for the correction of locations or elements which (a) are identified as hazardous by accident analysis, (b) can be expected to produce a measurable reduction in the number and severity of accidents, and (c)compare favorably with safety work for which the relation of reduction in accident costs to costs of improvement has been determined.232. According to the passage, the Federal Highway Administration requires .A. each state to make a highway regulation.B. each state to establish a highway safety program.C. each state to establish a highway safety law233. The aid of the improvement program is to identify and eliminate .A. hazardous feeder highway.B. hazardous locations.C. hazardous vehicles234. According to the passage, the main topic is .A. Federal Highway Administration set the highway safety program.B. Federal Highway Administration set the railway safety program.C. Federal Highway Administration set the railway fee program. 235. According to the passage, which of the following is Not true?A. the correction of locations or elements can be expected not to produce.B. the correction of locations or elements is identified as hazardous.C. the correction of locations or elements compare favorably with safety work.第三部分参考答案一．选择题：1.B2.B3.C4.B5.C6.B7.D8.B9.C 10.A 11.D 12.C 13.B 14.D15.C 16.A 17.D 18.D 19.B 20.D 21.D 22.B 23.C 24.D 25.C 26.B27.A 28.A 29.A 30.B 31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.B 36.B 37.D 38.B39.A 40.C 41.B 42.C 43.D 44.D 45.C 46.A 47.C 48.A 49.D 50.C51.D 52.A 53.A 54.C 55.B 56.C 57.C 58.B 59.A 60.D 61.A A62.B63.C 64.C 65.B 66.A 67.B 69.C 70.C 71.B 72.A 73.A 74.C 75.D76.C 77.A 78.D 79.B 80.B 81.D 82.B 83.A 84.D 85.B 86.A 87.C88.B 89.A 90.C 91.C 92.C 93.C 94.D 95.A 96.D 97.B 98.C 99.A100.B 101.B 102.D 103.A 104.A 105.D 106.B 107.B 108.B 109.A110.C 111.C 112.A 113.A 114.B 115.D 116.B 117.C 118.A 119.A120.C 121.B 122.D 123.B 124.A 125.A 126.B 127.B 128.B 129.D130.A二．填空题：131.consultants 132. environmental 133.binding 134.liable 135.Clearing136.rotten or weathered 137.moisture 138.redesign 139.heavy-duty 140.pedal 141.soil stabilization 142.Portland cement 143.borrow areas 144.pedestrain 145.rearview 146.power shovel 147.vertical force 148.rigid 149.intermediate 150.maintain 151.before 152.drawn 153.tensile strength 154.Highway transportation 155.fine aggregate 156. continuously reinforced concrete 157.diamond 158.air 159.geometry 160.culverts 161.dead load 162.Prestressed 163.agreement 164.retention 165.On-the-job 166.systems engineer 167.granular materials 168.waste deposit 169.live load 170.guard 171.air transportation 172.economical 173.control point 174.infinite 175.cloverleaf三．阅读理解题：176.B 177.C 178.C 179.A 180.B 181.A 182.C 183.B 184.C 185.A 186.C 187.B 188.C 189.C 190.C 191.B 192.B 193.B 194.B 195.B 196.A 197.B 198.A 199.B 200.A 201.C 202.B 203.A 204.B A205.B 206.C 207.A 208.C 209.A 210.B 211.A 212.B 213.A 214.C 215.B 216.B 217.A 218.C 219.B 220.A 221.C 222.B 223.C 224.B 225.B 226.C 227.C 228.A 229.A 230.C 231.C 232.B 233.B 234.A 235.A四．英译汉题：236.工程专业毕业生必须通过考试，就类似于律师要通过职业考试。
全国2013年10月高等教育自学考试
全国2013年10月高等教育自学考试D. overseas experiencesA. lookedC. a foolA. boastingB. friendsC.shopA.didA.waitD.kindB.express1.many people spend little time in pursuit of physical fitness许多人花很少的时间追求身体健康2.His faithful old dog accompanied him everywhere he went.他的忠诚的老狗跟着他到处走。
3.At any time,don’t feel sad for a(n) ungrateful man.在任何时候，不要为一个伤心（N）忘恩负义的人。
4.Often they are competing fiercely with fellow Spaniards for contracts .他们往往是激烈的竞争与西班牙人的合同5.The war was followed by a long period of peace and prosperity战争结束之后很长时间的和平和繁荣6.The service at the famous hotel failed to live up its reputation1、senior managers enjoy certain privileges,such as company cars and private healthcare.高级管理人员享有某些特权，如汽车和医疗保健服务的私营公司。
2、Japanese consumers also remain prone to saving,notspending ,as the recession deepens.日本消费者也仍然易保存，不消费，随着经济衰退的加深。
3、In Africa,for example,poverty has actually risen over the past decade.在非洲，例如，贫困实际上已经在过去的十年中上升4、Although he’s over eighty his mind is still remarkably alert虽然他是在他的头脑是安静的remarkably警报815、The terrible scene was engraved on his memory.那可怕的情景铭刻在他的记忆里。
全国2013年10月自考英语(二)真题及答案
绝密★后用前UU82013年10月高等教育白学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）试卷（课程代码00015）本试卷共甘页，清分IOO分,考试时间150分钟口考生答注章事项：1本卷所有试题必氛在答腰卡上作答。
答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草fift诲。
2-搭一部分为谁择ISn必缢对应试卷上的题号使用箱笔将"答聪卡”的相应代码涂3第二部分为非选择题。
必筑注明大、小I®号，使用G5豪米廨色字逸签字峨作善。
4.合理安排答迎空间,超出答JM区域无效p第一部分选择题—■阅谈判断《第1~1。
题，群距1分，共10分）下面的短立后列蜜了m个句子,谐根据粗文的内容舛每个句子作出判断.如果该句提供的炬正确信忠，选择A,如果咳句提供的是藉腰信息，迭雄土如果该句的信息文中没有提及.选择在答堰卡相应位歪上将答案逸咬涂#.米涂.路、冬瞄少渝均无分-'电—Farms Appear in CiliesWhen you Iieai die word M（arin you may imagine the countryside with cows and crops. But scientists say Uie farms of lhe fimire roti Id he hnilt in tall buildings in some large ckic^It may be difficult to believe, but in fact, the technology for growing crops indoors already Farming in the city U filrc^dy Imppciiing. Sunm vegetables are already grown in gjeenhou^cs. Even the scientists at the South Foie research station can enjoy fresh vegetables tliey grow in dieii own gr^enhuuse.Experts say indoor farming solves inanv pivblems First, traditional farming takes up a lot of land. Crowing crops in tan builduiKS^-^callcd vcitical farming （塞直农主：）一can solve the problem. Also, fniits arwl vegernhles grown indoors would not face iuus threais （rcni tnsecis and bad weather.Though vertical fart ns don't exist yet, experts have created a plan forrecycling in such farms. The water from indoor fish ponds would be used to water crops. Gases from crop wai>tc would be L&cd to heat the building. Waste from chicken or pigs wotikl be reustul a$ a source of energy.But experts believe vertical farming is not going to be easy. They say it can be difficult to control climate condilions indoors. Besides, plains differ in their weather and lighting needs. For example, some plants like warm, sunny weather, but other plants prefer cooler temperatures.Thai's not to say these difficulties won"t be overcome—but it will fake time. Most experts suggest it may take about 5 to 15 years before the first vertical farms could be created.1. The word "farnf' iwty nikke you tliiiik of the countrys ide.A.Tme B . False C. Not Given2* It is still a dream for people to grow crops indoors.A.True B t False C, Not Given3- Scientists at the South Pole research station live a hard life.A.True B・ False C- Not Given4.Vertical farming does nor need as much land as traditional farming.A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given5.Fresh fruits and vegetables are very expensive in cities.A. True B, False C- Not Giveo6.Crops grown indoors would not be badly haiined by insects.A. TrueB. False C_ Not Given7* Scientists do not know how to reuse the animal waste in vertical farms.A. TrueB. FakeC. Not Given8.Some experts say vertical farming could be ditficulE.A. True B* False C. Not Given9.Indoor phnts need the same weather and lighting.A. True B, Folse C. Not Given10.The Hist venical farms appeared 5 years ago*A. I'nte B, False C, Not Given萸语【二）试卷第w页（共s二•阅读选择（M 11-15 每贿2分，共1。
2013年房屋建筑工程概论自学考试复习资料
第一章绪论1、建筑构造是研究房屋建筑构造原理和构造方法的学科。
主要任务是根据建筑物的使用功能、建筑技术和建筑形象的要求，提供结构合理、技术先进的构造方案。
2、建筑按照使用性质分类可分为三大类：工业建筑、农业建筑、民用建筑。
3、民用建筑的分类：居住建筑，公共建筑。
4、民用建筑按主要承重结构的材料分类分为：钢结构、钢筋混凝土结构、砖混结构、其他结构。
4.1民用建筑的主要组成部分有：基础、墙、柱、楼板层、室内地坪、楼梯、屋顶、门窗等。
5、建筑按耐火等级分，多层建筑物的耐火等级分为四级；高层建筑的耐火等级应分为一、二两级。
6、建筑物的耐火等级是按组成建筑物构件的燃烧性能和耐火极限来确定。
7、构件的燃烧性能可分为三类，即非燃烧体、难燃烧体、燃烧体。
（复习这三个名词的概念以及书上列举的材料）8、建筑物一般由承重结构、围护结构、饰面装修和附属部件组成。
9、建筑构件是指建筑中承重的部分，如墙体构件、基础构件、楼板等。
建筑配件是指建筑中非承重的部分，如门窗、隔断、栏杆、台阶、坡道、细部装修等。
10、基本模数：我国现行的《建筑模数协调统一标准》（GBJ2-86）规定基本模数的数值为100mm，用M表示。
即1M=100mm。
11、扩大模数：基本模数的整倍数。
分模数：整数除基本模数的数值。
扩大模数数列适用建筑物开间（柱距），进深（跨度）；构配件尺寸；门窗洞口尺寸；建筑物高度、层高等。
分模数数列适用缝隙，构造节点，构配件截面尺寸等。
12、实际工程建设有三种尺寸，分别是标志尺寸、构造尺寸、实际尺寸。
（熟悉这三个概念）标志尺寸——用来标注建筑物定位轴线之间的距离（如开间、进深、层高等），应符合模数数列。
构造尺寸——建筑制品、构配件等的设计尺寸。
实际尺寸——是建筑制品、构配件等的实有尺寸。
其相互间的关系：构造尺寸+缝隙尺寸=标志尺寸。
实际尺寸±允许误差值=构造尺寸。
规定三种尺寸的原因：为保证建筑制品、构配件等有关尺寸件的统一协调。
工程应用英语辅导材料-带答案
1.Engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized ____D__ education.a. elementary schoolb. high schoolc. middle schoold. university2. Computer programming is now included in almost all engineering ___B___.a. coursesb. curriculac. lessonsd. areas3. Current trend is to require students to take courses in the ____C__ science and the language arts.a. computerb. chemicalc. sociald. biology4. Active ____B__ for engineers often begins before the student‟s last year in the university.a. employb. recruitingc. hired. firing5. Indeed, the civil engineer‟s choice is ____C__ and varied.a. smallb. finec. larged. tiny6. Computers can‟t solve complicated problems unless they are given _D_____.a. a good air-conditionb. a young civil engineerc. a good computer engineerd. a good program7. Construction can be very _A____.a. dangerousb. safec. easyd. secure8. Civil engineering projects are almost always __A____.a. distinctiveb. the similarc. aliked. the same9. Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on ___A__.a. its other partb. itselfc. the walld. the ground10.The weight of all the people, cars, furniture, and machines and so on that the structure will support when it is in use is ___B___.a. dead loadb. live loadc. impactd. safety factor11.In tension, the material is ___B___.a. pressedb. pulled apartc. pushedd. compressed12.____A__ force acts up and down.a. verticalb. horizontalc. rotating motiond. turning motion13.Both ____A__, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century.a. steel and cementb. wood and brickc. stone and tiled. ash and plastic14.The transit is used to measure angles in both vertical and horizontal planes, and the level to measure ____C_.a. distancesb. central anglesc. elevation differenced. length15.Electronic distance measuring(EDM) not only can measure the distance between objects but also determine ____A__.a. the directionb. the sizec. the frequencyd. the width16.Prestressed concrete is an ____B__ form of reinforcement.a. originalb. improvedc. samed. low17.A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by ____D___.a. engineersb. one partyc. companyd. two or more parties18.____B__ change would result in differential settlement or swell between adjacent areas.a. weightb. volumec. aread. no19.There are two basic procedures for controlling the embankment density: …manner and method‟and …____A__‟.a. resultb. combinationc. layer thicknessd. moisture control20.A main source of accidents, the problem of ____C__ driving is the most serious of all.a. drinkb. drinkingc. drunkend. drank21Computers are _____B___ unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information.a. usedb. uselessc. usefuld. uselessly22. The relationship between engineering and society is getting ____C____.a. higherb. fartherc. closerd. lower23. For the student who is preparing to become a _____C__ engineer, these specialized courses may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying, soil mechanics.a. computerb. socialc. civild. chemical24. The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction, ___B_____, maintenance, or even in sales.a. analysisb. supervisionc. pland. fee25. Civil engineers work on many different kinds of ____C___.a. buildingsb. projectsc. structuresd. roads26. In designing buildings, civil engineers often work as ____B____ to architectural or construction firms.a. workersb. consultantsc. employeed. students27. Dams, bridges and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a _____D___ engineer who is in charge of the entire project.a. mainb. chiefc. masterd. system28. Construction is a _____B___ process on almost all engineering projects.a. simpleb. complicatedc. easyd. likely29. In compression, the material is ___C____ together.a. stretchedb. apartc. pushedd. tense30.When a saw cuts easily through a piece of wood, the wood is _____A___.a. in tensionb. in compressionc. in pressd. in push31.We defined ______D_ as the tendency of a material to fracture along the lines of stress.a. tensionb. compressionc. pushd. shear32.The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and ___C____,stone, or tile, and similar materials.a. steelb. aluminumc. masonry brickd. plastic33.Modern cement is a mixture of ___B_____.a. bricksb. limestone and clayc. wood and ashd. plastic34.Concrete is very _____D___.a. constantb. the samec. definited. versatile35.Steel has great tensile strength while concrete has great compressive strength, thus, the two substances _____C___ each other.a. counteractb. offsetc. complementd. nullify36.One system that helps ____A____ concrete weight to some extent uses polymers.a. cutb. acceleratec. addd. keep37. The retention money serves to insure ___D____ against any defects that may arise in the work.a. the managerb. the contractorc. the carrierd. the employer38.The civil engineering work must be completed to the satisfaction of the employer, or his _____D___.a. wifeb. friendc. lawyerd. representative39.For moderate and longer hauls, self-loading scrapers pulled by rubber-tired hauling units and push-loaded by tractors offer _____B___ cost.a. higherb. lowerc. the samed. different40.Highway maintenance activities can be grouped and classified according ____D____the purpose of the treatment.a. withb. forc. forwardd. to41. ____B____ is very important in alll branches of engineering,so it is greatly stressa. chineseb. Mathematicsc.physicsd. hitory42.An important aspect of statistical mathrmatics is ____A____.a. probilityb. realityc. fidalityd.direction43.In a prestressed concrete beam , a compressive force presrewsses concrete B the application of loads.a. inferior tob. beforec. superior tod. ahead44.Cracking is C in reinforced concrete.a. deficientb. perspicuousc. irretrievabled. changeable45.The steel in the reinforced concrete member does not A the concrete cracking,a.keep … fromb. help …toc. know …from d . get… to46. The nomal steel does not exert any force of its own on the momber , C the action of prestressing steel.a. similar …tob. comparable …toc. contrary ..tod. despite … to47.The geometry of prestressed section usually A flanged sections with thin webs,a. consists …ofb. is considered asc. is divided of48 .Many scientists C a great deal art and science of design of prestressed concrete.a. subject….tob. devote….toc. supp ly….tod. privode ….to49. The extensive use of prestressed structure has been due in C the advances in the technology.a. in all directionsb. not in any wayc. in a large extendd. in great deal50Transportation system in a developed nation consists of a network fo modes that have C overmany years.a. involvedb. evolvedc. existedd. extended.51. Each mode offeres a set of service characteristics C travel time ,frenquency,comfortand so on..a.in respect ofb. in virture ofc. in terms ofd. in fact of52.The automobile is considered to be a reliable,comfortable and A form of personalteansportation for many people.a. existing everywhereb. uniguec.freed.expensive53.If cost is important and time is not A ,the intercity bus may be used.a. at a standstillb. freec. quited. valuable54.The transportation sustem can be considered to be in a state of D .a. equilateralb. considerablec. balanced.coordination55.The designed highway alignment must meet the technical A of highway engineering.a.standardsb.philosophyc. policyd.deisign56.Office study is usually carried out C any field or photogrammetric inverstigation.a.privilege ofb.preference toc. prior tod. in advance57.They decided that the route that would traverse important building should be B further consideration.a.kept fromb.excluded fromc.includedd.forbidden from58.The feasible routes identifiedare then D on potographic maps.a. copiedb. designedc.pointedd. plotted59.The highway construction may also cause C impact on the surroudings.a. helpfulb.profitablec.adverse d useful60.The designers must C certain techical standards of the highway engineering when they begin to design a highway.a. set aboutb. keep c adhere to d . study61.A design that achieves horizontal curves with large radii at A steep or long grades is a poor design.a. the expense ofb.at the risk ofc.connectedd.in respect of62.In order to ensure road safety of the horizontal curve , the minimum radius should be determined B .a.prudentlyb.justlyc.severelyd.correctly63.The radius of a tangent is B ,and that of a curve is finite.a.indefiniteb. infinitec. incredibled. definite64.Transition curve are placed between tangents and curves or between two D circular curves having substantially different radii..a.nearbyb.adversec.aboutd.adjacent.65.Many different _____A___ and government agencies have competed for the servide of engineers in recent years.a. corporationsb. institutesc. unitsd. offices66.For permanent bridge , the most commonly used materials are C .a. masonry and concreteb. timber an steelc.steel and concreted.earth and timber67.Deck bridges are perferable to through bridges for the former C .a.are more economicalb. are easier to be constructedc.provide a better view of the area.68.A rocky gorge area is ideal for A .a. an arch bridgeb. a simple-spanbridgec. a continuous spansd.a deck bridge69. For a multi-span bridge , the substructure consists of B .a. the two piers and one or more abutmentsb.the two abutment and one or more piersc. one or more piers and abutmentsd.one abutment and one pier70. There is clear dividing line between B .a. superstructure and substrureb. deck and through type bridgec. medium-and long-span briged. continuous span bridge71.The connection between the suspend span and the edge of the cantilever is called an D .a. slabb. spandrelc. archd. articulation72. C structure articlation the arch can be fixed or hinged.a.Regard tob. Includingc. As ford.Supposingrge navigational A required may dictate the use of particular types such as arches , cantilever bridges and so on.a. headroomb. place . c space d area74. C structural honestly this is necessary as it is instinctive to expect such support.a. Sinceb. Speakingc. In terms ofd. In spite of75.Historically , arch bridge are associated with stone masonry , this C to brickwork in the nineteenth century.a. became less useful thanb.led the way toc.give way tod. took the place of76. The main span of the Runcom-Widness Bridge is 330 in C the side spans are only 76m,a little smaller than is usual.a. asb. althoughc.whilstd. even if77.A multi-span bridge is made up of substructure and superstructure , and the substructure contains C .a. pylonb. postc. abutmentd.embankment78.Bridge abutment is usually not consists of D .a. masonryb. plain concretec.reinforced concreted.prestressed concrete79.An abutment generally consists of A .a.the wing walls ,breast and back wallb.bent cap ,breast wall and wing wallc. superstructure and foundationd. prestressed concrete80.In assuming the preliminary dimensions the design of an abutment depends on the type ofC .a. the superstrure onlyb.the foundation and retaining wallc.the superstrure and foundationd.the footing and embankment.81.The breast wall may fail by tenisile cracks and the wall may tilt and slide forward due to some reasons , so A of a bridge abutment should be checked to avoid these failures.a. the final designb. the preliminary designc.the constructruction staged.the feasibility82. Civil engineer may work on many different kinds of ___C___.a. buikdingsb. projectsc. structuresd. roads83．They may prefer to work with one of the government agencies that B with water resources.a.doesb.dealsc.livesd.argues84.Indeed , the choice is C and varies.a. smallb. finerged. tiny85.The civil engineer may work in research,design,construction, D maintennance,or even in sales.a. analysisb. supervisionc. pland.fee86.Electrical and menichenical engineers works on the A of the power-house and its equipment.a. designb. buildingc.structured. power87. It involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equpment and the materials so that costs arekept as C as possible.a. highb. preciousc. lowd. expensive88. In addition , the building of skyscrapers , bridges and tunnels must also progress ujder all kindsof D conditions.a. designb. damsc. bridgesd. weather89.In Rome , most of the people lived in B , great tenement blocks that were foten ten stories high.a. outdoorsb. insulsec. the sead. the sky90. The weight of all the people , cars ,furnitures machines and so on that the struvture will support when it is in use is B .a. dead loadb. live loadc. impactd. safety factor91. A force acts up or down.a. Verticalb. Horisontalc. Rotating motion d . turnign motion92.Modern cement is a mixture of B .a. bricksb. limstone and clayc. wood and ashd. plastics93.Concrete is very D .a. constantb. the samec. definited. versatile94.Different proportions of the ingredients produce concrete with A strength and weight.a.differentb. the samec. similard. unknown95.Steel has great tensile strength ,concrete has great strength under compression, thus , the two substances C each other.a. counteractb. offsetc. complementd. nullify96. D rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strength.a. Concreteb. Brickc. Plasticd. Steel97. A concrete has made it possile to develop buildings with unusual shapes.a.Prestressedb. Reinforcementc. Mixtured.Steel98.The modern engineer must also understand the C stresses to which the materials in a structure are subject.a. alikeb. similarc. differentd. the same99.When a saw begins to bind , the wood is A because the fibers in it are being pushed together.a. in compressionb. in tensionc. in pull apartd. in stretching100. B in not entitled to any payment if he abandons the woek prior to completion,a. the managerb. the contractorc. the carrierd. the employer101.In the employer‟s interest that all contracts should avoid possibility fo work being D prior to completion.a. continuedb. destroyedc. changedd. abandoned102.Generally, civil engineering contracts provide for the issue of B at various stages of the works .a. progress chartb. interim certificatesc. progress reportd. interim report103.It does not give the employer the right to demand an A high standard of quality throughout the works.a. unusuallyb. usuallyc. ordinaryd. unchangeable104.The employer is entitled to know the reasoning underlying the C choice of contract.a. contrcator‟sb. designer‟sc. engineer‟sd. manager‟s105.The law relating to contracts imposes on each party to a contract D to perform.a. an irksome taskb. an easy experimentc. a good pland. a legal obligation106.Some contracts must be made in a B form to be enforceable.a. simpleb. particularc. conplicated. clear107. If there is no written agreement and C arises in respect of the contract.a. an amendmentb. an appointmentc. a disputed. a quarrel108.Types of contracts are virturally classified by their D system: price-bases and cost-baseda. constructionb. designc. tenderd. payment109.Where material is moved less than about 60m or steeply downhill. Driffting with a track or wheel type bulldozer is A .a. cheapestb. expensivec. unknownd. the same110.The rubber-tired tractor units have difficulty in operating on D , slippery roadbeds.a. looseb. dryc. driedd. wet111.The term D describes the fill added above the low points along the roadaway to raise the level to the bottom of the pavement structure.a. site clearingb. excavationc. earthmovingd. embankment112.Mondern practice requires that embankment construction be A executed and controlled.a. carefullyb. urgentlyc. easyd. hardly113. Construction of pavement over high fills often was B for a year or more after completion of the fil to allow this settlement to occur.a. aheadb. deferredc. advancedd. the same time114.In fills constructed by end dumping or by placing in thick layers, material, density, and moisture content could C greatly from one spot to another.a. be the sameb. be alikec. varyd. be equal115.In this case , layer thickness, moisture control, and the number of passes by a roller of specified type and weight are A .a. predeterminedb. not determinedc. unknownd. postdeterminedyered construction also produced greater uniformity in the material D and in its density and moisture content.a. himselfb. myselfc. themselvesd. itself117.There are two basic procedures for controlling the embankment density : ‘manner and mathod’and A .a. resultb. combinationc. layer thicknessd. moisture control118.Loose rock is handled by C units as is done with ‘common’excavation.a. tractor-scraperb. push-loaded scraperc. power shoveld. roller119.The needs generated by the great increase D vechicle nembers and kilometers of road have given rise to major research programs in traffic planning.a. onb. atc. underd. in120.The actual degree of safety one experiences on a given highway is determiner by decisions made on B levels.a. sameb. differentc. distingushd. undistinguish121.The actual cost of any single highway traffic accident is extremely C to determine.a. easyb. liablec. difficult d apt122.The people do not want to pay the costs and suffer the restrictions necessary to produce A in traffic.a. safetyb. dangerousc. urgentd. safe.123.No figures B avaliable to justify it.a. isb. arec. am d, was124. For the druver‟s vision, in the body of the automobile, both side and rear windows have been greatly D in area.a. shourtenedb. lackedc. smalld. enlarged125.Relocation and reductuon in the dieght of the brake pedal has meant that the brake can be applied A rapidlya. muchb. morec. lotd. rather126.The use of uniform traffic control devices will reduce driver reaction time A confusion.a. as well asb. as good asc. as much asd. as long as127.The highway can require mental and A responses.a.physicalb. chemicalc. sociald. phonological128.A main source of accidents, the problem of C driving is the most serious of all.a. drinkb. drinkingc. drunkend. drank129.To avoid the driving after drinking one of the methods is B .a. law studyb. breath testc. take a examd. driving study130.V ehicular safety design usually centers B protecting the driver and his passengers.a. inb. uponc. underd. upPart II Filling Blanks131. Engineers often work as _ __consultants_____ to architectural or construction firms. 132. Young engineers may choose to go into ____environmental _ __ or sanitary engineering. 133. When planning a structure, an engineer must take into account four factors: dead load, __live load __, impact and safety factor.134. One party to the contract is ___ liable_______ for breach of contract if he fails to perform his part of the agreement.135. ____clearing_______ the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations. 136. Loose rock includes materials such as ____weathered or totten____ rock, or earth mixed with boulders.137. No attempt was made to control ___moisture__ content or to secure compaction.138. The ___ rearview __ of windshield wipers, fresh air ventilating systems, had result in greater vehicle safety.139. The safe performance of the brake system has been ensured by the use of _____heavy duty ________ brake fluid.140. Relocation and reduction in height of the brake ____pedal_______ has meant that the driver‟s total reaction time has been reduced.141.Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and _soil stabilization__ techniques.142.Modren cement, called__ portland cement_______, was invented in 1824.143.Material for embankment commonly comes from roadway cuts or designated __borrow areas ____.144.Causes of automobile accidents can be categorized into four major groups: the vehicles, the road, the driver, the ______pedestrian___________.145.Another improvement in driver visibility is the introduction of the remote-controlled outside ____ rearview ____________ mirror.146.Rock nearly always must be drilled and blasted, then loaded with a front-end loader or __________power shovel ______________ into trucks or other hauling units.147.The three forces that can act on a structure are __________vertical force ______________, horizontal force, and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion.148.Highway pavement are divided into two main categories: ___rigid _____________ and flexible.149.Flexible pavements are further divided into three subgroups: high type, ___intermediate type_____, and low type.150.The constructing steps of the transportation system are to plan, design, build, operate and ______maintain_______.151.The unit price contract is adapted to highway engineering, because usually it is not possible to determine exact quantities of some items of work __when_______ construction is completed. 152.The word …contract‟ is derived from the Latin …contractum‟, meaning _____drawn______ Together.153.As a structural material, the enormous advantage of steel is its ______ tensile strenght_________.154._________highway transportation___________________ is the dominant transportation mode in passenger travel.155.The Portland cement concrete commonly used for rigid pavements consists of Portlandcement, coarse aggregate,_________fine aggregate______________, water.156.Rigid highway pavement can be divided into three general types: plain concrete pavements, simply reinforced concrete and _______continuously______________ reinforced concrete pavement.157.The simplest and generally least costly form of interchange is the ____diamond_________. 158.If distances are great and time is at a premium, ___air_____ transportation will be selected. 159.Signing for freeways should be planned concurrently with the _____geometric______ design.160.Major drainage structures are usually large bridges and multi-span ___culverts161.In the design of the bridge , variables such as water pressure on the foundations , impact, the Effects of different wind forces , and many other factors must be considered. 162.This is known as dead load , which is the weight of the structure itself. 163.It is now common practice to test scale models of bridges in wind tunnels for aerodynamic resistance.164.The enormous advanteges of steel is its tensile strenght..165.New alloys have further increased the strength of steel and eliminated some of its problems , such as, fatigue , which is a tendency for it to weaken as a result of continual changes in stress.166. Prestressed concrete is an improved form of reinforcement .167.The most commonly used remote sensing method is aerial photography, usually referred to as photogrammetry.168.Areas of thick forest , such as tropocal rain forests, that completely cover the ground surface.puter graphics, when used for highway location , is usuallu the combination of photogrammetry and computer technics.170.Such an imposed longitudinal force is called a prestressing force .171. circular prestredding , used in liguid containment tanks , pipes, and pressure reactor vessels.172.The reinforcement in the reinforced concrete member does not exert any force of its own on the member.173.V ery large spans such as segmental bridges or cable-stayed bridges can only be constructed through the use of prestressed.174.A structural engineering project can be divided into three phase:planning, planning ,and construction175.There is today rapidly growing tendency to base the design on the ultimate strength and serviceability.176.The selection of the service conditions and the allowable stress intensities provides a margin of safetyAgainst failure.177.When proportioning is done on the strength basis, the anticipated service loading is first multiplied by a suitable .laod factor .178.A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by two or moreparties.179.Each party to be the contract has agreed to do something , and is liable for breach of contract if he fails to perform his part of the agreement.180.It is sufficient in order to create a legally binding contract .181.The unit price contract includes an estimate of the number of unit price basis. 182.Some organizations now use lump-sum bidding to cover items that traditionally have been bid on a unit price basis.183.In some cases , it is preferred to have thie type of work done on a force-account basis,that is , the work may be done by the contractor.184. The retention money serves to insure the employer against any defects that may arise in the work.185.When a saw begins to bind , the wood is in compression because the fibers in it are being pushed together.186.The transit is used to measure angles in both vertical and horizontal planes, and the level to measure ___elevation difference __.187.Electronic distance measuring(EDM) not only can measure the distance between objects but also determine ___the direction___.188.Prestressed concrete is an ____improved __ form of reinforcement.189.The obligations that a contractor accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to tender190.In most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted. 191.The employer does not uaually bind himself to accept the lowest or indeed any tender and this is often stated in the advertisement.192.Transportation system in a developed nation consists of vehicles, guideways, terminal facilities , and control systems.193.The term level of service is used to describe the relative values of these attributes. 194.The principal modes of .intercity freight transportation are highways , railroads ,water, and popeline.195.Urban passenger travel involves auto or public transit .196.Trucks have the advantages of flexibility and the ability to provide door-to-door service .197.Construction of a haighway at any location will have a significant impact on its surroundings.198.The vertical and horizontal layouts of the highway make up the alignment .。
06269-工程应用英语-1
52. Conventional ground surveys were the original location techniques available to highway engineers until developments inelectronics. The most important equipments used were the transit, the level, and the tape.最初的公路定位技术一直使用传统地面测量技术直到电子技术的发明为止。
这些重要的设备是经纬仪、水准仪、和卷尺。
53.An urban transportation system is a basic component of an urban area‟s social, economic, and physical structure.城市的交通系统是城市的社会、经济和物质结构的基本组成成分。
24.Causes of automobile accidents can be categorized into four major groups: the vehicles, the road, the driver, the _pedestrian_.28.Highway pavement are divided into two main categories: __rigid__ and flexible.29.Flexible pavements are further divided into three subgroups: high type, _intermediate type_, and low type.30.The constructing steps of the transportation system are to plan, design, build, operate and _maintain_.51.The structural design of any structure first involves the establishment of the load and other design conditions that must be resisted by the structure and therefore must be considered in its design.任何结构的设计首先应包含确定荷载和其他设计因素，这些因素由结构来抵抗，因此在设计中必需考虑。
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2013工程应用英语Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20’)1.Engineering is a prof ession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education.2. Computer programming is now included in almost all engineering curricul a3. Current trend is to require students to take courses in the social science and the language arts.4. Active recruiting f or engineers of ten begins before the student‟s last year in the university.5. Indeed, the civil engineer‟s choice is large and varied.6. Computers can‟t solve complicated problems unless they are given a good program.7. Construction can be very dangerous .8. Civil engineering projects are almost always distinctive.9. Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on its other part.10.The weight of all the people, cars, f urniture, and machines and so on that the structure will support when it is in use is live load.11.In tension, the material is pulled apart.12. vertical f orce acts up and down.13.Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century.14.The transit is used to measure angles in both vertical and horizontal planes, and the level to measure elevation difference.15.Electronic distance measuring(EDM) not only can measure the distance between objects but also determine the direction.16.Prestressed concrete is an improved f orm of reinf orcement.17.A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by two or more parties.18. volume change would result in diff erential settlement or swell between adjacent areas.19.There are two basic procedures f or controlling the embankment density: …manner and method‟ and result.20.A main source of accidents, the problem of drinking driving is the most serious of all.Part II Filling Blanks (10’)21. Engineers of ten work as consultants_ to architectural or construction f i rms.22. Young engineers may choose to go into _environmental_ or sanitary engineering.23. When planning a structure, an engineer must take into account f our factors: deadload, live load_, impact and saf ety factor.24. One party to the contract is _liable_ f or breach of contract if he f ails to perf ormhis part of the agreem ent.25. clearing_ the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations.26. Loose rock includes materi als such as _weathered or totten_ rock, or earth mixedwith boulders.27. No attempt was made to control moisture_ content or to secure compaction.28. The_rearview_ of windshield wipers, f resh air ventilating systems, had result ingreater vehicle safety.29. The saf e perf ormance of the brake system has been ensured by the use of heavyduty_ brake f luid.30. Relocation and reduction in height of the brake _pedal_has meant that thedriver‟s total reaction time has been reduced.Part III Reading Comprehension (40’)Passage OneResearch is one of the most important aspects of scientif ic and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is of t en employed in a laboratory that is f inanced by government or industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and the t esting of new structural materials.31. Research is one of the most important aspects of scientif ic and engineering practice.32. A researcher is of t en employed in a laboratory.33. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with scientists and engineers.34. Which of the f ollowing is true?Civil engineering research doesn‟t include only soil mechanics and soil stabilization, but also the development of new structural materialsPassage TwoThe current tendency is to develop lighter materials. Aluminum, f or example, weighs much less than steel but has many of the same properties. Aluminum beams have already been used f or bridge construction and f or the framework of a few buildings.Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability, and with a lighter weight. One system that helps cut concrete weight to some extent uses polymers, which are long chainlike compounds used in plastics, as part of the mixture.35. The current trend of structural materials is to develop lighter materials36. Aluminum weighs much less than steel.37. Aluminum has many of the same properties of steel.38. Which of the f ollowing is true? Aluminum beams can be used for not only bridge construction but also the framework of a few buildingsPassage ThreeSteel and concret e also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They theref ore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are f actors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinf orced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tension will develop. Concrete and steel also f orm such a strong bonds—the f orce that unites them—that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.39. Steel and concrete have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion.40. Reinf orced concrete is steel rods which are embedded in concret e beams41. Which of the f ollowing is true? Csteel does not rust in concrete42. Concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acidPassage FourThe employer or promoter of civil engineering works normally determines the conditions of contract, which def ine the obligations and perf ormances by some f orm of competitive tendering and any contractor who submits a successf ul tender and subsequently enters into a contract is deemed in law to have voluntarily accepted the conditions of contract adopted by the promoter.The obligations that a contractor accepts when he submits a tender are det ermined by the f orm of the invitation to tender. In most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted and may, even then, be withdrawn if the acceptance is stated by the promoter to be…subject to f ormal contract‟as is of ten the case.43. The conditions of contract are normally determined by the promoter44. This conditions def ine the obligations and perf orm ances to which the contractorwill be subject.45. The obligations that the contractor accepts when he submits a tender aredetermined by the f orm of the invitation to the tender.46. in most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted. Passage FiveMaterials are usually described as …rock‟, …loose rock‟, or …common‟, with …common‟signif ying all material not otherwise classif ied. Rock, sometimes called …solid rock‟, nearly always must be drilled and blasted, then loaded with a f ront-end loader or power shovel into trucks or other hauling units. Blasted rock may be moved or drif ted f or short distances by means of a bulldozer, which is, in eff ect, a huge tractor-mounted blade. Loose rock of ten is dug with loaders or shovels without any previous blasting.47. According to the passage, which material signif ying all material not otherwiseclassi f ied. . common48. Which of the f ollowing is NOT true? rock, is sometimes called …loose rock‟49. According to the passage, which of the following is true? loose rock is of ten dug without any previous blasting50. Loose rock of ten is dug with loaders or shovels without any previous blasting. Part IV Translate the sentences into Chinese (15’)51. Engineering graduates have to pass an examination, similar to the barexaminations f or a lawyer.工程专业的毕业生必需通过考试，就类似于律师要通过职业考试一样52. Conventional ground surveys were the original location techniques available tohighway engineers until developments in elect ronics. The most important equipments used were the transit, the level, and the tape.最初的公路定位技术一直使用传统地面测量技术直到电子技术的发明为止。