临床药学英语第一课Lesson1ScopeofPharmacy解读
药学英语-01(1)
somat(o)-体，躯体
somatoblast原体细胞 somatesthesia躯体感觉
-some,-plast 小体，颗粒， 生物体的基本组织单位 microsome 微粒体 chromoplast色质体
splen(o)- 脾
splenocyte脾细胞 splenemia脾充血 hepa-, hepat- 肝 hepatopancreas肝胰腺 hepatoma肝癌 ren-, nephr- 肾 nephridia肾管 nephritis肾炎 nephron肾单位 renal肾脏的 hepatocyte 肝细胞
ultr- 超
ultra-acoustics 超声学 ultra-structure超微结构 ultraviolet紫外线 Infra- 下，低，远 infralittoral 潮下带，远岸的 infrared红外线的 infrastructure下部构造, 下部组织, 基础
表示动物不同器官和组织的词素
poly- multi- mult- 多，复合
polyacrylate聚丙烯酸酯 polymerase 聚合酶 multichain多链的multinucleate 多核的 multicistronic mRNA多顺反子 multicopy多拷贝
chrom(o)-色
chromat(o)- 色 ,染色质
介绍专业英语的特点
一、文体特点
二、词汇特点
三、句法特点
（一）科技英语的文体特点
科技英语（English for Science and Technology）泛指一切
论及或谈及科学或技术的英文书面语和口头语，具体包括： （1）科技著述、科技论文、科技报告、实验报告等； （2）各类科技情报及其它文字资料； （3）科技使用手册（仪器、仪表、机械和工具等的结构描述和
药店药品说明书常用英语
药店药品说明书常用英语药店药品说明书常用英语导语：进口药的说明书大部分都是简短的中文说明之后便是大段大段的英文说明。
因此，掌握一些英文药品说明书的关键词和关键句可是性命攸关的大事情，它可以帮助我们更好地了解进口药的性能、用法和注意事项，以免用错药。
下面就简要介绍英文药品说明书中的一些关键点。
1. 药物名称常见的名称有下列几种情况：(1) 给出药物商品名，并在括号内给出正名，下附包装形式。
如：Benemicin 利福平 (Rifampicin) (利福霉素) Capsules 胶囊(2) 给出药名，在右上方用小字标明“药用”，如：For the Medical Profession 药用Dihydrostreptomycin Sulphate BP 硫酸双氧氢链霉素英国药典(3) 不仅给出药物商品名，在右上方标明“药用”，还给出正名：For the Medical Profession 药用 Aerosporin Brand 嗜气芽胞菌素商标 Polymyxin B sulphate 硫酸多粘菌素(4) 给出药名，说明类别及用法，有时并附另名：Kanendomycin 卡南多霉素 A new broad-spectrum antibiotic 新广谱抗生素 For injection 注射用 Fungizone Intravenous 丰吉中静脉内用 Amphotericin B For Injection USP 两性霉素B 注射用美国药典2. 药物成分介绍此项常用标题为Composition(成份)，Introduction(介绍)或Description(说明)。
有的开门见山就介绍药物的potency(疗效)或pharmacology(药理学)，有的则详细介绍physical and chemical properties(物理和化学性质)，有的标题则仅列出properties(性能)。
本项常用句型有：It is active against... 本品对……有效It is relatively insensitive to... 本品对……不太敏感It is (an antifungal antibiotic) derived from...本品系衍生于……的(抗真菌抗菌素)3. 适应症此项常用标题为Indication(适应症)，或者Indications and Posology(适应症和剂量)。
药学英语Unit4 Text A注释及译文
Unit FourText A The Scope of PharmacologyIn its entirety, pharmacology embraces the knowledge of the history, source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanisms of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion, and therapeutic and other uses of drugs. Since a drug is broadly defined as any chemical agent that affects living processes, the subject of pharmacology is obviously quite extensive.1.entirety [en'taɪərɪti:] n.整体,全面in its entirety作为一个整体2. compounding ['kɑmpaundiŋ] n.配料；组合；复合3. Mechanism ['mekənizəm] n. 机械装置；构造, 机制；办法, 技巧, 途径4. absorption [əb'sɔrpʃən] n.吸收；吸收过程；吸收作用；专注，专心致志；合并；同化5. distribution [,distri'bju:ʃən] n.分发, 分配；散布, 分布6. biotransformation [,baiəu,trænsfə'meiʃən] n.生物转化metabolism [mɪ'tæbə,lɪzəm] n.新陈代谢7. excretion [eks'kri:ʃən] n.(动植物的)排泄,排泄物8. therapeutic [,θerə'pju:tik] adj.治疗(学)的;疗法的；对身心健康有益的9. living ['liviŋ]adj.活(着)的；现存的, 在使用中的；逼真的, 生动的n.生计, 生存之道；生活方式整体而言，药理学包括药学发展的历史，药物的来源、理化性质、配伍，药物对机体的生化过程和生理功能的影响，药物的作用机制，药物的吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄，药物的治疗作用和其他作用。
药学英语资料讲解
药学英语资料讲解药学英语名词缩写NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振M S: mass spectrometry 质谱法USP: the United State Pharmacopoeia 美国药典N F: National Formulary 国家处方集GC: gas chromatography 气相色谱法HTS high-throughput screening 高通量筛选NCE Novel chemical entities新化学试体RNA ： ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸DNA： deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸OTC: over-the-counter-drugs非处方药SFDA: the state food and drug administration 国家药品食品监督管理局NDAs: new drug applications 新药申请词素分析：microbiology 微生物学 micro- 微，小； - biology 生物学virology 病毒学 viro-病毒,毒；-ology…学…论bacteriology细菌学bacteri-细菌; -ology …学…论biopolymers 生物聚合物 bio-生...，生物...; -polymers 聚合物streptomyces 链霉菌属 strepto-链,链霉； - myces 真菌学,霉菌学polysaccharide 多糖,聚糖 poly- 聚合物,聚合体; -saccharide 糖,糖类cytotoxic 细胞毒的,细胞毒性的cyto-细胞；-toxic中毒的,毒物的,毒素的phagocyte吞噬细胞phago-(吞)噬,食；-cyte细胞macrophage巨噬细胞 macro- 巨,大,长,宏观; -phage噬,食,食…者,噬…者hydrochloric acid 盐酸hydro 氢 chloric 氯pro-drug前药 pro-前 -drug药ADME药物体内吸收过程Absorption吸收distribution分布metabolism代谢elimination排泄动态的平衡：dynamic equilibrium 血浆：blood plasma浆水：plasma water 不含蛋白质的血浆：protein-free plasma 内皮细胞：endothelium 简化：simplification给药：administered 排除：elimination递送：delivery 静脉：vein动脉：arterial 体循环systemic circulation渗透：permeation 配方：formulations生物膜：biological membranes 肝门循环：hepatic portal circulation 溶解：solution体液：biological fluids 生物药剂学：biopharmaceutics生物利用度bioavailability胃肠道屏障 gastrointestinal barrier 分解dissolution合成：synthesized 多巴胺：dopamine拮抗剂： antagonists 抑制剂：inhibitors噻嗪类：thiazide 灌注的器官：perfused organs分子轮盘赌：molecular roulette 生化学：biochemical血液学：hematological 生育能力：effects on fertility诱变：mutagenicity 致癌：carcinogenicity离体组织：isolated tissues 尽可能：as possible急性：acute慢性：chronic 亚细胞的：subcellular药效：efficacy 提纯：purifiedlevodopa左旋多巴 angina心绞痛peptic ulcer消化性溃疡teratogenic致畸mutagenicity诱变converting enzyme inhibitor hypertension转换酶抑制剂the endocrine and nervous system 内分泌和神经系统theendocrine and nervous systems神经系统和内分泌系统immune system 免疫系统coordinating systems调节系统the cardiovascular system 心血管系统the respiratory system 呼吸系统the digestive system 消化系统the reproductive system 生殖系统organ 器官liver 肝脏intestine 肠component 成分enzymes 酶titrant 滴定剂 Acetic acid 乙酸sodium hydroxide solution NaOH溶液 quenching 抑制quinine 奎宁 stoichiometry 化学计量学 manipulation 操作步骤volume analysis 容量分析法 hydroxide .羟基equilibrium constant 平衡常数equivalence point 平衡点 the titration end point 滴定终点gas chromatography 气相色谱法 copper 铜gas-solid chromatography 气固色谱法 solute 溶质gas-liquid chromatography 气液色谱法 volatility 挥发性decomposition 分解 column 色谱柱determination 测定 assay 分析desired component 待测组分 alkali 碱stearic acid 硬脂酸 magnesium 镁potassium biphthalate 领苯二甲酸氢钾 insert gas 惰性气体column 色谱柱 gas cylinder气缸compendium 提纲；摘要 specification 规格specimen 样品 attribute 特质；属性solubility 溶解度 melting point 熔点boiling point 沸点 refractive index 折射率spectral properties 光谱性质 density .密度interfering substance 干扰组分 sensitivity 灵敏度inert .惰性的refractive index折射率 nonaqueous .非水的quantitatively 定量的 complexometric络合滴定的standardize 标定处方药 Prescription drugs 脉冲释放 pulse delivery one交叉感染 cross infection缓释 sustained-release 定量分析 quantitatively analytical 副作用 side effects 不良反应 adverse reaction分析技术 analytical technique 体循环 systemic circulation滴定分析 titrimetric analysis分离技术 separation technique 新药研发 development of new drugs OTC:over-the-counter-drugs非处方药SFDA: the state food and drug administration 国家药品食品监督管理局NDAS: new drug application 新药申请Physiology心血管系统的组成：1、heart心2、blood血液3、blood vessels血管心血管系统的作用（the cardiovascular system）:Transport oxygen and nutrients from the externalenvironment to the cells and blood vessels.右心室的功能：the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to thelungs where it absorbs oxygen from the air左心室的功能：the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood returningfrom the lungs to the rest of body to supply thetissues呼吸系统的作用（the respiratory system）:⑴ The energy required for performing the various activitiesof the body is ultimately derived fromrespiration.⑵ the oxidation of foodstuffs to release the energy theycontain⑶ excrete carbon dioxideFirstly they are bounded by a limiting membrane, the plasma membrane. Secondly, they have the ability to break down large molecules to smallerones to liberate energy for their activities. Thirdly,at some pointin theirlife history, they possess a nucleus which contains geneticinformation inthe from of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA).首先他们有界膜，即细胞膜。
大学药学基础英语教材
大学药学基础英语教材IntroductionEnglish is widely recognized as a global language, and proficiency in English has become increasingly important in various academic disciplines, including pharmacy. To facilitate the learning process and enhance students' knowledge in pharmacy-related subjects, a comprehensive and well-structured English textbook for pharmacy students is of great significance. This article aims to outline the key components and desired features of a high-quality university-level English textbook for pharmacy students.Content OrganizationA suitable framework for the textbook should cover essential topics in pharmacy, enabling students to develop a solid foundation in both English language skills and pharmaceutical knowledge. The content can be divided into the following sections:1. Introduction to Pharmacy- Definition of pharmacy- Historical development of pharmacy- Overview of pharmacy education and practice2. Pharmaceutical Science- Basics of drug discovery and development- Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics- Medicinal chemistry- Pharmaceutical analysis- Dosage forms and drug delivery systems3. Pharmacy Practice- Introduction to patient care and counseling- Pharmaceutical calculations- Drug interactions and adverse effects- Dispensing and compounding- Pharmacy laws and regulations4. Medication Management- Rational drug use- Pharmacovigilance and drug safety- Clinical pharmacy practice- Pharmaceutical care and patient-centered approach 5. Emerging Trends in Pharmacy- Biotechnology and pharmacogenomics- Personalized medicine- Pharmaceutical nanotechnology- Regulatory affairs and quality controlLanguage Skills DevelopmentApart from the comprehensive coverage of pharmacy-related content, the textbook should also prioritize the development of English language skills specific to the field of pharmacy. The incorporation of the following language exercises and activities will enable students to enhance their language proficiency while learning pharmacy:1. Glossary and Terminology- Include a comprehensive glossary of pharmaceutical terms with clear definitions and pronunciations.- Provide contextual examples to help students understand and correctly use the terminologies in different scenarios.2. Reading Comprehension- Offer a variety of reading passages related to pharmacy, such as research papers, case studies, and drug monographs.- Accompany each passage with comprehension questions, encouraging students to analyze and interpret the text.3. Writing Practice- Provide writing exercises that require students to summarize pharmaceutical research articles, write patient counseling leaflets, and prepare drug monographs.- Offer guidance and examples on scientific writing conventions, such as referencing and structuring academic papers.4. Listening and Speaking- Incorporate listening exercises related to pharmacy, such as patient-doctor consultations, drug information inquiries, and pharmaceutical presentations.- Integrate speaking activities that simulate real-life pharmacy scenarios, such as role-plays between pharmacists and patients.Visual Aids and Supplementary MaterialsTo enhance the learning experience, the textbook should include visually appealing illustrations, diagrams, and charts. These visual aids can aid students in understanding complex concepts and reinforce their knowledge. Additionally, supplementary materials such as online resources, audio recordings, and interactive exercises should be provided to further support independent learning and self-assessment.ConclusionA well-designed university-level English textbook for pharmacy students should cover a wide range of topics within pharmacy and simultaneously develop English language skills specific to the field. By organizing the content effectively, incorporating relevant language exercises, and providing visual aids and supplementary materials, the textbook can effectively support students in their pursuit of knowledge in pharmacy and English proficiency.。
药学英语1复习重点资料
Unit4 TextAchemotherapy化学疗法pharmacology药理学pharmaceutics药剂学Toxicology毒理学pharmaceutical analysis药物分析pharmacognosy 生药学pharmacopoeia 药典hybrid science交叉学科approach vt. (着手)探讨/处理,(开始)对付biotransformation n. 生物转化chemotherapeutic(al)adj.化学治疗的; n .化学治疗剂clinician n. 临床医生diagnosis n. 诊断(法)edema n. 浮肿,水肿embrace vt. 包含,包括excretion n. 排泄(物),分泌(物) extrapolate v. 推断,推知; ~ to 推广到... genetics n. 遗传学immunological adj. 免疫的,免疫学的intoxication n. 中毒; 醉酒parasite n. 寄生生物pathology n. 病理学; 病理,病状pharmacognosy n. 生药学,药材学pharmacotherapeuticsn. 药物治疗学,药物疗法preclinical adj. 临床用以前的,临床前的renal adj. 肾（脏）的saluretic adj. (促)尿食盐排泄的; n.(促)尿食盐排泄剂renal physiology and of the pathogenesis of edema.肾脏生理学和水肿发病机制therapy n. 疗法,治疗(力,效果) pharmacology embraces the knowledge of包含以下内容any chemical agent化学物质absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion吸收、分布、生物转化及排泄dosage剂量concentration 浓度intensity强度biochemistry and enzymology生物化学和酶学the active and passive transfer主动和被动转移及分布biological membranes生物膜biochemical and physiological effects生化生理作用mechanisms of action 活性机制an experimental medical science 实验医学pharmacodynamics.药效学ramification 分支correlation 相互关系structure-activity relationships“结构-活性”关系animal pharmacology and comparative pharmacology动物药理学和比较药理学the prevention and treatment 防治stimulate or depress 促进或抑制symptoms症状eliminate除去，杀灭desired effects 积极作用undesired effects.消极作用adverse effects副作用intoxication.中毒，喝醉carcinogenicity致癌性teratogenicity致畸性mutagenicity致突变diverse clinical signs and symptoms.各种临床症状和体征Idiosyncratic特异性反应pathophysiology病理生理学genetic or immunological遗传学和免疫学occur infrequently .发生率较低continuous reactions持续反应long-term drug use长期用药delayed reactions延迟反应alkylating agents leading to carcinogenesis烷化剂致癌teratogenesis致畸end-of-use reactions停药反应withdrawal syndromes戒断-综合征discontinuation停止antidepressants ：抗抑郁depressants 镇静剂fatality-fatalities死亡hepatic or renal disease肝肾疾病Intrinsic ：内在因素surveillance pharmacovigilance监视药物警戒性high degree of sensitivity and specificity高度的敏感性和针对性detect rare but severe 罕见但严重predisposing factors易感因素Continued surveillance is mandatory持续性监测成为了一种强制性措施Early (phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ) trials are important for assessing the tolerability and dose-response relationship of new therapeutic agents.早期（Ⅰ/Ⅱ期）试验对于评价新药的耐受性和量效关系非常重要。
英语药剂第1节.
Tablets
Their shape and dimensions are determined by use of various shaped punches and dies. 它们的形状和大小是由不同形状的冲 它们的形状和大小是由不同形状的冲 冲模决定的 头和冲模决定的
Types of Tablets
Compressed Tablets (C.T.)
压制片
Types of Tablets
In addition to the medicinal agent(s), compressed tablets usually contain a number of pharmaceutical adjuncts including (a) diluents or fillers, which add the necessary bulk to a formulation to prepare tablets of the desired size; 除了药物以外，压制片通常含有一些药用辅料， 除了药物以外，压制片通常含有一些药用辅料，包括 (a)稀释剂或填充剂，用于使片剂具有必需的体积 稀释剂或填充剂， 稀释剂或填充剂
Types of Tablets
The various types of tablets are described as follows, with their common abbreviations in parentheses. 各种各样的片剂将在下面讨论， 各种各样的片剂将在下面讨论，它们的简写在相应的括 号中。 号中。
Types of Tablets
Tablets for oral, buccal, sublingual or vaginal administration may be prepared by compression. 用于口服、口腔、舍下或阴道给药的片剂可以压制而成。 用于口服、口腔、舍下或阴道给药的片剂可以压制而成。
《药学英语》PPT教学课件-unit 1
中国制药行业的外资情况
尽管存在着文化、种族和法规的差异， 越来越多的外国公司开始在中国进行多个 实验中心的三期临床实验。
The basic means of China's absorption of foreign investments
1. Sino-foreign joint ventures 2. Cooperative businesses 3. Exclusively foreign-owned enterprises 4. Joint exploitation 5. Foreign-funded share-holding companies 6. New types of foreign investment
中国制药行业的外资情况
追溯到1980年，日本大冢制药有限公司在 中国创立了第一个中外合资制药企业：中国大 冢制药有限公司。紧接着，1982年，瑞典法玛 西亚制药公司在中国建立了第一个欧洲合资企 业：无锡中国瑞典制药公司。到1995年，根据 PJB出版的1997年中国制药市场指南统计：在 中国已经有1500家中外合资制药企业注册。
Eighteen of the top 20 global pharmaceutical giants have entered into these arrangements. Germany's Bayer has nine joint ventures in China, with a total investment of US $160 million investment. Switzerland Roche has seven, and a US $130 million investment.
【药学专业英语】PPT课件
body to certain substances.
There is a lot of fat here, suggesting one risk factor for atherosclerosis. 大量脂肪是动脉粥样硬化的危险因素。
.
15
antibiotics
biotic [ bai'ɔtik ] .a. 生命的(生物的)
How do microbes beat antibiotics? 微生物如何战胜抗生素？
我们首先给予血管扩张药物例如硝普钠或钙离子拮抗剂如维拉帕米皮层的皮质的cortex皮层促肾上腺皮质激素adj皮质甾类的皮质类固醇的类固醇甾体类hormoneproducedadrenalcortexsaikl?ufsfmaidphospho表示磷的含磷的之义spore孢子saikl?usp?
Part 1 Special Terms for Pharmacology
Antianginal drug
Consequently, stand or fall of patient angina symptom. 因而，病人心绞痛症状时好时坏。
Angina pectoris: It is acid that the banana has a kind of natural making to a healthy function of easing pain. 心绞痛：香蕉对身体有一种天然的制酸性，有镇痛作 用。
临药药学英语名解及翻译
名词解释（用英语简短回答）1. Pharmaceutical care: a practice model discribed originally by Charles D. Helper & Linda Strand as the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life.2．Half-life: also refers to "elimination half-life", the time it takes for a drug to lose half of its plasma concentration, an important pharmacokinetic parameter, usually denoted by the abbreviation t1/2.3．First-pass metabolism: also called First-pass effect or First-pass elimination. A phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.4．Bioavailability: A measurement of the extent of a therapeutically active drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is available at the site of action. It’s one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs.5．Area under the concentration/time curve (AUC)：The most reliable measure of bioavailability；Directly proportional to the total amount of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation；Calculating the relative efficiency of different drug products.6. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation. MIC is generally regarded as the most basic laboratory measurement of the activity of an antimicrobial agent against an organism.7. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) is the lowest concentration of antibiotic required to kill an organism.8. Forced Expiratory V olume in 1 second (FEV1): The maximum volume of air that can be expired from the lungs in the first second when starting from maximum inspiration.9. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC): The maximum volume of air that a person can exhale after maximum inspiration.10. Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF): The maximum flow generated during expiration performed with maximal force and started after a full inspiration.1.At a global level, ‘Good Hospital Pharmacy practice’ guidelines basedon evidence should be developed. These guidelines should assist national efforts to define standards across the levels, coverage, and scope of hospital pharmacy services and should include corresponding human resource and training requirements.1、应在全球范围内，以循证为基础制订“优良医院药房规范”指南，此指南应有助于各国制定的医院药学服务的水平、内涵及范围等，并应包括相关的人力资源和培训需求。
药学专业英语Pharmacology English 课件
homework
• Every three students make a team. Form
your own team and hand in the name lists next class.
• In the future, group work will be done by
group members and scores are given accordingly.
• 三期临床
•
为新药上市前扩大的临床试验，其用药方法 类似常规药物治疗学的方法，以进一步确定新药 的安全性和有效性。该期要求完成试验药品的病 例数在300例以上，通常视具体研究的药物而定， 而对照病例数则无具体规定。在国外，三期临床 是上市前研究，即申报新药生产所必须呈报的临 床试验资料。而在我国，在二期临床试验后即可 申请新药生产，在批准试生产期间，再进行三期 临床试验。
• Read and translate common package
insert.
• Master some basic knowledge about
pharmacology.
Scores are given according to
• 1 Performance in class 15% • 2 Group work after class 15%--20% • 3 Final exam 65%--70%
用治疗量的药物后所出现的治疗目的以外的药理作用。药 物正作用是主要的.一种药物常有多方面的作用，既有治 疗目的的作用也并存有非治疗目的的作用。如抗胆碱药阿 托品，其作用涉及许多器官和系统，当应用于解除消化道 痉挛时，除了可缓解胃肠疼痛外，常可抑制腺体分泌，出 现口干、视力模糊、心悸、尿潴留等反应。后面这些作用 是属于治疗目的以外的，且可引起一定的不适或痛苦，因 此称为副作用。副作用和治疗作用在一定条件下是可以转 化的，治疗目的的不同，也导致副作用的概念上的转变。 如在手术前为了抑制腺体分泌和排尿，阿托品的上述副作 用又转化为治疗作用了。副作用常为一过性的，随治疗作 用的消失而消失。但是有时候也可引起后遗症。
药学英语名词解释整理（3）
药学英语名词解释整理（3）药学英语名词解释整理18. 最小有效量/最小有效浓度(minimal effective dose/concentration)：引起效应的最小药量或最小药物浓度,即阈剂量或阈浓度。
19. 治疗量（常用量，therapeutic dose）比最小有效量大比最小中毒量小得多的量20. 极量（最大治疗量 maximal dose）疗效最大的剂量21. 最小中毒量：出现中毒症状的最小剂量。
22. 量反应：效应强弱随剂量增减呈连续性量的变化；形成足直型曲线。
23. 质反应：药理效应随剂量表现为反应性质变。
用阳性率或阴性率表示效应。
形成S型曲线。
24. 半数有效量（ED50）：量反应中能引起50%最大效应强度的药量；质反应中引起50%实验对象出现阳性反应的药量。
（尽可能小则好）25. 半数致死量（LD50）：引起50%实验对象死亡的药量。
（尽可能大则好）26. 治疗指数（therapeutic index/TI）:以药物LD50与ED50的比值来表示药物的安全性。
一般TI值大于3称药物安全。
27. 最大效应（Emax）/效能（efficacy）:药理效应达到的不再随剂量或浓度的增加而增强的极限效应。
28. 效价强度（potency）：引起等效应的相对浓度或剂量。
剂量越小，效价强度越大。
（亲和力:药物与受体结合的能力。
内在活性：药物与受体结合时发生效应的能力。
）29. 激动药（agonist）:既有亲和力又有内在活性的药物,能与受体结合并激动受体产生效应。
30. 部分激动药：较强的亲和力但内在活性不强（α<1）。
特点：只引起较弱的激动效应，增加浓度也达不到Emax；31. 拮抗药（antagonist）：有较强的亲和力而无内在活性（α=0）的药物，与受体结合不激动受体，反因占据受体而拮抗激动药效应。
32. 竞争性拮抗药:可逆性地与激动药竞争相同的受体；增加激动药的浓度可与拮抗药竞争结合部位，可使激动药量效曲线平行右移，但斜率和最大效应不变。
药学英语上册考点整理
Introduction1、Pharmacy:①药学；②药店。
Pharmacodynamics(药物效应学)Pharmacology(病理学)Pharmacokinetic (药物代谢动力学)<ADME>Pharmaceutics(药剂学)2、Plural forms-a(-ae) : mocosa →mucosae formula →formulae(处方)-um(-a) : bacterium →bacteria spectum →spectra(光谱)-us(-i) : fungus →fungi coccus →cocci(球菌)4、Cell : basic living unit of structures & functions of the body①general cell structures & components②general mechanisms for changing nutritions to energy③deliver end products into their surrounding fluid④almost all have the ability to reproduceNotes:(1)WEBSITES:CDA. FDA. WHO.(2)ADME:Absorbtio(吸收) →Distribution(分布) →Mechanism(代谢) →Excretion(排出)(3)formula prescription recipe 中药处方UNIT 1 TEXT A1、Physiology(生理学):Phisiology isa the functions of living matter.It is concerned with how an organisn performs its varied activities.Pathology（病理学）:Pathoology is the science of disease.Pathophysiology(病理生理学):Pathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in response to disease or injury.2、人体组成分级、类别cells(细胞)→tissues(组织)→organs(器官)→organ systems(系统)→organism(人体)3、The principle types of tissuesepithecal(上皮组织) connective(结缔组织) nervous(神经组织) muscular(肌肉组织)4、Cardiovavascular system(心血管组织)①组成：1）the heart 心脏2）blood vessels 血管3）associated tissues 相关联的组织②心脏结构：four chambers,two atria(心房) and two venticles(心室).③血循环过程1）Pulmonary circuit(肺循环): The right ventricles pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygen from the air.2）Systemtic circuit(体循环): The left ventricles pumps oxygenated blood returning from the lungs to the rest of body to supply the tissues.5、Anabolism(合成代谢)Catabolism(分解代谢)6、内分泌和神经系统特点和区别：1）The nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information very rapidly to specific cells. 2）The endocrine system secretes chemical agents,homones,which travel in the bloodstream to the cells upon which theyexert a regulary effect.7、Homeostasis （稳态）：①定义：1)The process of stabilization of the internal environment/2)Maintanance of relatively constant chemical/physical conditions of the internal environment[stabl e≠rigidity]②作用：Homeostasis regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable,constant condition of properties like temperature or pH.8、How to regulate the internal environment(one example)P5[Taking one example,the beating``````]Notes:Body Fluids 体液Extracellular fluid (ECF) 细胞外液→internal environment（内环境）Intracellular fluid (ICF) 细胞内液UNIT 3 TEXT B1、Antibiotic: chemical produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of another microorganism.分类：①(?) 1）Antibacterial antibiotics(抗菌抗生素) 2）Antineoplastic antibiotics(抗癌抗生素)②1）cell wall inhibitors2）protein synthesis inhibitors3）folic acid inhibitors4）DNA synthesis inhibitors5）RNA synthesis inhibitors2、cross-infection(交叉感染)Super-infection(双重感染)3、不良反应：1）anaphylactic shock(过敏性休克)2）gastrointestinal disorder 肠胃失调；sore mouth 口腔溃疡；cramps 痉挛；diarrhea 腹泻；anal itch 肛痒UNIT 4 TEXT B1、Adverse drug reactions(ADR):unwanted effects caused by normal therapeutic does.2、Type A 和Type B 的区别1）Type A:①a consequence of the drug’s main pharmacological effect/predictable from pharmacological(药理学的) effect;②dose-related and usually mild;③usually due to incorrect dosage.2）Type B:①not predictable from the drug’s main pharmacological action;②not dose-related and severe with considerable mortality(死亡率);③The underlying pathophysiology (潜在的病理)of type B reactions is poorly if at all understood,and often has a genetic or immunological (免疫学的)basis;④occur infrequently(罕见的).3、Type C、D、E的概念Type C ：continuous reactions due to long-term drug useType D ：delayed reactionsType E ：end-of-use reactions3、Phase I/II/III Trials①Early(phase I/II) tials are important for assessing the tolerability and dose-response relationship of new therapeutic agents.②Phase III clinical trials can establish the incidence of common adverse reactions and relate this to therapeutic benefit. UNIT 5 TEXT B1、Lead compounds(先导物)①定义②特点2、Strategies in the Search for New Lead Compounds①②③④UNIT 7 TEXT B1、Controlled-release Technology 控释技术分类：①biodegradable polymers(可生物降解的聚合物);②maze escape(迷宫逃脱);③transmucosal delivery(透膜传递系统);④osmotic devices(渗透装置);⑤liposomes(脂质体)2、Liposomes 脂质体P1003、脂质体被机体视为外来入侵物应如何解决？P101UNIT 8 TEXT A1、Analysis chemistry(分析化学) is concerned with the chemical characterization of matter and the answers to two important questions:what is it qualitative and how much is it quantative.2、Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses[pl]区别：①Qualitative analyses deal with the identification of elements(元素),ions(离子),or compounds(化合物) present ina sample;②Quantitative analses deal with the determonation of how much of one or more constituents(成分) is present.4、P110(In comparing qualitative versus quantitative analysis``````)介绍分析化学的应用：奥运会对违禁药品(bannedsubstances)的检验等UNIT 10 TEXT A1、USP(the United States Pharmacopoeia)美国药典内容: ①drugs; ②biologics; ③medical devices(医疗器械);④dietary supplements(补充剂);⑤compounded preparations(联合用药).UNIT 11 TEXT A1、P161 (The package insert,by legal definition``````)2、P162(American Academy of Pediatrics``````)Off-label useUNIT 12 TEXT A1、Drug development aims to produce a novel therapeutic agent which is superior in efficacy to existing remedies andwhich causes less frequent or less severe adverse effects.2、Drug development strategies①Random screening(随机筛选)②molecular roulette(分子轮盘赌);③Minor structural cahnges in existing agents(在已有药物上做小的改变)④Programmed basic research with synthesis of specific chemical(有计划地研究特定化合物合成)⑤Clinical observation of drug action in practice(临床实验观察药物作用)3、LD50 : the dose that kills 50% of animals(半数致死量)ED50: the dose causing 50% of maximum pharmacological response(半数有效量)治疗指数Therapeutic index(Ti) = LD50/ED504、三致反应：teratogenic effect 致畸mutagenicity 致突变carcinogenicity 致癌5、Enteral(经肠的) oral — swallowingThe route of administration intramuscular(IM) 肌肉注射Parenteral（非经肠的）subcutaneous(SC) 皮下注射Intravenous(IV) 静脉注射Intraperitoneal(IP) 腹腔注射6、Experimental pharmacology(实验期药理学)mouse（小鼠）→rat（大鼠）→hare（兔子）→dog →monkeyTEXT B1、Clinical EvaluationPhase 1 : determine whether the drug can be given to man without serious symptoms or toxicity, and whether it has the desired(强烈的) pharmacological effects.Phase 2 : determine whether the new drug has the desired effect on patients with the appropriate disease.Phase 3 : progression to large scale clinical trials to determine how the new drug compares in clinical practice with existing remedies,and to establish its profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.Phase 4 : collect the information on low-frequency adverse effects.UNIT 14 TAXT A1、A good number of products found in the grocery or drug store are regulated by the FDA.(①food;②drugs;③cosmetics;④the use of radiological products;⑤all of these products are honestly and informatively labeled.)2、FDA’s goal is to ensure industry’s compliance with federal laws regulating products in commerce.UNIT 14 TAXT B1、FDA审评新药的根本原则：the benefits outweigh the risks(收益风险比)2、1938年法案：Providing evidence of safety before marketing was first required.(第一次规范性规定安全性证明)1962年法案：It was first required to show a drug’s effectiveness before marketing.(反应停事件为背景，药物上市前的有效性提出法案)2、新药研发Lead conpound →NCEs →animals →clinical trials →NDA新药申请：IND(investigational new drug application): before the clinical trialsNDA(new drug applications): after the phase III for marketing3、Review Time: always longer than 180 workdays.Average approval time is more like 2 years.4、Why the reviewer purge trade secrets from documents requested under the Freedom of Information Act?5、Priorities1)AIDS drugs; 2) drugs that offer a significant medical advance over existing therapies for any other disease.6、be approved for marketingFinal Actions: be approvable provided minor changes are madeBe not approvable because of major problemsIn the last case, the applicant can then amend or withdraw the NDA or ask for a hearing.7、”grandfathered”:most prescription and over-the-counter(OTC) drugs that were on the market before the Federal Food,Drug,and Cosmetic Act passed in 1938.That means they are allowed on the market without the stringent proof of safety and effectiveness required of later drugs.。
药学英语课本学习知识翻译课后翻译节选中英双语对照第四版
本篇包括人卫第四版Unit 3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇课文Unit 3 Text B The Other Side of Antibiotics抗生素的另一面Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle” drugs1. The American press, radio, and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. What′s more, any shortcomings on their part have been more than made up for by the aggressive public relations activity of the pharmaceutical companies which manufacture and sell antibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。
药学实用英语
一、常见句型举例 例: Mean peak serum concentrations of tobramycin occur between 30 and about 60 minutes after intramuscular administratlon。
肌注后约30～60分钟之间妥布霉素的平均血药 浓度达到高峰。
药学实用英语
本项中出现频率最高的是疾病名称以及微生 物(尤其是致病菌)的名称，
如：angina pectoris 心绞痛 cancer 癌 diabetes(mellitus) 糖尿病microorganism(bacteria) 革兰氏阳性菌 virus病毒
在临床试验中该药显示其对于改善和恢复已改 变的脑循环以及治疗与四肢动脉血流不畅有关 的疾病高度有效。
药学实用英语
例:Halcion is a potent short acting hypnotic agent，which produces its hypnotic activity from the first night of administration. 海乐神是一种强力短效催眠药，它从服药后的 第一个夜晚开始产生催眠作用。
药学实用英语
思考题 1.药品说明书的作用是什么?
—————————————— 2.药品说明书的结构通常包括哪些项目?
———————————————— 3.请归纳出一些常见化学基团的英文词缀。
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药学实用英语
第二节 性状
许多药品说明书正文的第一项Description(性状)。 其原意是“描写”，在药品说明书及药典中一般 都译为“性状”。其内容主要是介绍药品的理化 性质、组成成分、结构、特征等。这一项最常用 的标题是Description，可能有其他的表示法， 如:Chemical Structure化学结构，Appearance外 观，Physicochemical Properties 理化性质， Composition 组成成分，Features、 Characteristics 特征