ITP_Heat Exchanger
板式换热器资料
number of transfer units of the heat exchan-
ger
axial dispersive Peclet number, w_ L=AcD capacity rate ratio in the channels, w_ a2=w_ a1 capacity rate ratio of the combined flow,
Keywords: Plate heat exchanger; Maldistribution; Dispersion; Backmixing
1. Introduction
Plate heat exchangers (PHE) have been the most successful type of heat exchangers, which have taken major
w_ g2=w_ g1 characteristic rate ratio of the combined
flow, srg2/srg1 ratio Ua2/Ua1 wall heat capacity rate ratio, Cw/C1 characteristic time ratio in channels, sra2/sra1 transformed time variable in Laplace do-
equations free flow area in a channel [m2]
diagonal matrix, Eq. (41) heat capacity of resident fluid (s) [J KÀ1] specific heat capacity of fluid (s) [J kgÀ1 KÀ1] axial dispersion coefficient [W mÀ1 KÀ1]
API Heat Transfer 产品介绍说明书
OPTIONPatented built-inSurge-Cushion ® bypassOptional Surge-Cushion ®The Surge-Cushion ® is a patented protective device designed to internally bypass a portion of the oil flow during cold start conditions, or when sudden flow surges temporarily exceed the maximum flow allowed for a given cooler. This device may replace anexternal bypass, but it is not intended to bypass the total oil flow.0822EK Series – Finned Tube Bundle Shell & Tube Water to Oil CoolingThe EK Series – the ‘Green’ cooler – is the most efficient heat exchanger offered in the water-cooled series. The aluminum finned tube bundle design provides an increased surface area that allows for optimal heat rejection with low water usage. An optional Surge-Cushion ® bypass is available for cold start up protection or flow surges. Sea water service options are also available. The low cost, compact design is ideal for general purpose hydraulic power unit installations.TTP’s XSelector sizing program can help dial in sizing to optimize water usage.FeaturesCompact sizeInterchangeable with TTP K series 3/16" tube size High pressure ratingsCooling Tube Side Material Options Multiple Connection Options End Bonnets Removable For ServicingMounting Feet Included (May be rotated in 90° increments)Sea water applications, end model code with CN-W-NP**▪ Standard Steel▪ Copper Nickel▪ NPT x NPT ▪ SAE x NPT▪ SAE Code 61 x NPT ▪ SAE Code 61 x BSPP RatingsMaximum Operating Pressure - Shell Side 500 PSI Maximum Operating Pressure - Tube Side 150 PSI Maximum Operating Temperature 250°F Heat removal up to 400 HP (300 KW)Oil flow rates up to 80 U.S. GPM (300 L/MIN) Maximum viscosity - 150 cStMaterialsTubes Copper/Copper Nickel Tubesheet Steel/Copper Nickel Shell Steel Baffles SteelEnd Bonnets Cast Iron/ Electroless Nickel PlateMounting Brackets Carbon Steel Gaskets Nitrile Rubber/ Cellulose FiberNameplate Aluminum FoilModel SeriesModel Size SelectedSurge CushionTubeside PassesCooling Tube MaterialBaff l e SpacingBlank - Copper CN - Copper NickelBlank - Cast IronNP - Electroless Nickel PlateBlank - Steel W - Copper NickelEnd Bonnet MaterialTubesheet MaterialEK = NPT Shell Side connections x NPT Tube Side connections.EKS = SAE O-Ring Shell Side connections x NPT Tube Side connections.EKM = BSPP Shell Side connections x BSPP Tube Side connections.EKF = SAE 4 Bolt Flange (Tapped SAE) Shell Side connections x NPT Tube Side connections.EKFM = SAE 4 Bolt Flange (Tapped Metric) Shell Side connections x BSPP Tube Side connections.505, 508, 510, 512, 514, 518, 524, 536, 708, 712, 714,718, 724, 736, 1012, 1014, 1018, 1024, 1036, 1048(See Performance Curve Chart on pages 3-5 for sizes or XSelector* sizing program)Blank - None R - Surge CushionO - One Pass T - Two Pass F - Four PassBlank - 500, 700, 1012, and 1014EK-1036 - 6 or 9 & EK-1048 - 6 or 8(Baffle spacing is dependent on applicable sizes found in sizing charts on pages 3-5 or can be determined by using XSelector* sizing program)How to Order* To register for X Selector please go to /get-in-touch/ and complete the X Selector Inquiry form and submit.Download the X Selector for both Apple and Android formats by searching for X Selector in their App Stores. You must first register for X Selector before using it on mobile devices.** For Salt Water applications a Zinc Anode needs to be plumbed in the water inlet of the cooler to prevent corrosion.Selection Procedure5060708090100150200250300400500.5.6.7.8.9123451.52.5Oil Viscosity Correction MultipliersOil Viscosity - SSUV i s c o s i t y C o r r e c t i o nABPerformance Curves are based on 100SSU oil leaving the cooler 40°F higher than the incoming water temperature (40°F approach temperature).STEP 1 D etermine the Heat Load. This will vary with different systems,but typically coolers are sized to remove 25 to 50% of the inputnameplate horsepower. (Example: 100 HP Power Unit x .33 = 33 HP Heat load.)If BTU/HR is known: HP = BTU/HR 2545STEP 2 D etermine Approach Temperature.Desired oil leaving cooler °F – Water Inlet temp. °F = ActualApproachSTEP 3 D etermine Curve Horsepower Heat Load. Enter the informationfrom above:HP heat load x 40 x Viscosity = Curve Actual Approach Correction A HorsepowerSTEP 4 E nter curves at oil flow through cooler and curve horsepower.Any curve above the intersecting point will work.STEP 5 D etermine Oil Pressure Drop from Curves. Multiply pressure dropfrom curve by correction factor B found on oil viscosity correctioncurve.l = 5 PSI n = 10 PSI s = 20 PSIOil TemperatureOil coolers can be selected by using entering or leaving oil tempertures.Typical operating temperature ranges are: Hydraulic Motor Oil 110°F - 130°F Hydrostatic Drive Oil 130°F - 180°F Lube Oil Circuits 110°F - 130°F Automatic Transmission Fluid 200°F - 300°FDesired Reservoir TemperatureReturn Line Cooling: Desired temperature is the oil temperature leaving the cooler. This will be the same temperature that will be found in the reservoir.Off-Line Recirculation Cooling Loop: Desired temperature is the temperature entering the cooler. In this case, the oil temperature change must be determined so that the actual oil leaving temperature can be found. Calculate the oil temperature change (Oil #T) with this formula:Oil #T=(BTUs/HR)/GPM Oil Flow x 210).To calculate the oil leaving temperature from the cooler, use this formula:Oil Leaving Temperature = Oil Entering Temperature - Oil #T.This formula may also be used in any application where the only temperature available is the entering oil temperature.Oil Pressure Drop: Most systems can tolerate a pressure drop through the heat exchanger of 20 to 30 PSI. Excessive pressure drop should be avoided. Care should be taken to limit pressure drop to 5 PSI or less for case drain applications where high back pressure may damage the pump shaft seals.Recirculation LoopWater Cooled Hydraulic Oil Coolers Basis:▪ 40°F Entering temperature difference (Maintain reservoir 40°F above theincoming water temperature)▪H eat removal 30% of input horsepower ▪ H ydraulic system flow (GPM) x 3 = Gallons; reservoir size ▪ 1 GPM cooler flow per HP heat to be removed ▪T urn-over reservoir 3-4 times per hour ▪ Maximum flowsOil Viscosity Correction Multipliers Incorrect installation can cause premature failure.Maximum Flow Rates1:1 Oil to Water Ratio – High Water Usage8910152025304050607080901001502002503004005007653242.5Oil Flow (GPM)H o r s e p o w e r R e m o v e d i n C o o l e r8910152025304050607080901001502002507653242.5Oil Flow (GPM)H o r s e p o w e r R e m o v e d i n C o o l e r2:1 Oil to Water Ratio – Medium Water UsageFor additional sizing information consider using TTP’s X Selector online sizing Program.** To register for X Selector please go to /get-in-touch/ and complete the X Selector Inquiry form and submit.Download the X Selector for both Apple and Android formats by searching for X Selector in their App Stores. You must first register for X Selector before using it on mobile devices.4:1 Oil to Water Ratio – Low Water Usage7:1 Oil to Water Ratio – Lower Water8910152025304050607080901001507653242.5Oil Flow (GPM)H o r s e p o w e r R e m o v e d i n C o o l e r89101520253040506070809010076534Oil Flow (GPM)H o r s e p o w e r R e m o v e d i nC o o l e rFor additional sizing information consider using TTP’s X Selector online sizing Program.*10:1 Oil to Water Ratio – Lowest Water Usage8910152025304050607076534Oil Flow (GPM)H o r s e p o w e r R e m o v e d i n C o o l e rFor additional sizing information consider using TTP’s X Selector online sizing Program.*NOTE: All dimensions in inches. We reserve the right to make reasonable design changes without notice.MDNEAHJ BL K CF GXYZ (4 PLACES)NOTE: All dimensions in inches. We reserve the right to make reasonable design changes without notice.DCGEF MA HLKPNJ BXY Z (4 PLACES)NOTE: All dimensions in inches. We reserve the right to make reasonable design changes without notice.PJ BRNLD CGF A MEHKXY Z (4 PLACES)。
ProMax软件使用手册-0423
目录
1 ProMax 软件简介 .......................................................................................................................... 1 ProMax 软件用途 ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 ProMax 的安装与配置 ....................................................................................................... 3 1.3 ProMax 菜单 ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.常用模块（shape） .................................................................................................................... 16 2.1 辅助模块/ProMax Auxiliary Objects................................................................................. 17 2.
英文翻译
Heat exchangerFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another, whether the media are separated by a solid wall so that they never mix, or the media are in direct contact[1] .They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, and natural gas processing. One common example of a heat exchanger is the radiator in a car, in which a hot engine-cooling fluid, like antifreeze, transfers heat to air flowing through the radiator.Flow arrangementHeat exchangers may be classified according to their flow arrangement. In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger at the same end, and travel in parallel to one another to the other side. In counter-flow heat exchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends. The counter current design is most efficient, in that it can transfer the most heat. In a cross-flow heat exchanger, the fluids travel roughly perpendicular to one another through the exchanger.For efficiency, heat exchangers are designed to maximize the surface area of the wall between the two fluids, while minimizing resistance to fluid flow through the exchanger. The exchanger's performance can also be affected by the addition of fins or corrugations in one or both directions, which increase surface area and may channel fluid flow or induce turbulence.The driving temperature across the heat transfer surface varies with position, but an appropriate mean temperature can be defined. In most simple systems this is the log mean temperature difference (LMTD). Sometimes direct knowledge of the LMTD is not available and the NTU method is used.Types of heat exchangersShell and Tube heat exchangerShell and tube heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes. One set of these tubes contains the fluid that must be either heated or cooled. The second fluid runs over the tubes that are being heated or cooled so that it can either provide the heat or absorb the heat required. A set of tubes is called the tube bundle and can be made up of several types of tubes: plain, longitudinally finned etc. Shell and Tube heat exchangers are typically used for high pressure applications (with pressures greater than 30 bar and temperatures greater than 260°C.[2] This is because the shell and tube heat exchangers are robust due to their shape.There are several thermal design features that are to be taken into account when designing the tubes in the shell and tube heat exchangers. These include: Tube diameter: Using a small tube diameter makes the heat exchanger both economical and compact. However, it is more likely for the heat exchanger to foul up faster and the small size makes mechanical cleaning of the fouling difficult. To prevail over the fouling and cleaning problems, larger tube diameters can be used. Thus to determine the tube diameter, the available space, cost and the fouling nature of the fluids must be considered.Tube thickness: The thickness of the wall of the tubes is usually determined to ensure:There is enough room for corrosion.That flow-induced vibration has resistanceAxial strengthAbility to easily stock spare parts costSometimes the wall thickness is determined by the maximum pressure differential across the wall.Tube length: heat exchangers are usually cheaper when they have a smaller shell diameter and a long tube length. Thus, typically there is an aim to make the heat exchanger as long as possible. However, there are many limitations for this, including the space available at the site where it is going to be used and the need to ensure that there are tubes available in lengths that are twice the required length (so that the tubes can be withdrawn and replaced). Also, it has to be remembered that lone, thin tubes are difficult to take out and replace.Tube pitch: when designing the tubes, it is practical to ensure that the tube pitch (i.e. the centre-centre distance of adjoining tubes) is not less than 1.25 times the tubes' outside diameter.Plate heat exchangerAnother type of heat exchanger is the plate heat exchanger. One is composed of multiple, thin, slightly-separated plates that have very large surface areas and fluid flow passages for heat transfer. This stacked-plate arrangement can be more effective, in a given space, than the shell and tube heat exchanger. Advances in gasket and brazing technology have made the plate-type heat exchanger increasingly practical. In HVAC applications, large heat exchangers of this type are called plate-and-frame; when used in open loops, these heat exchangers are normally of the gasketed type to allow periodic disassembly, cleaning, and inspection. There are many types of permanently-bonded plate heat exchangers, such as dip-brazed and vacuum-brazed plate varieties, and they are often specified for closed-loop applications such as refrigeration. Plate heat exchangers also differ in the types of plates that are used, and in the configurations of those plates. Some plates may be stamped with "chevron" or other patterns, where others may have machined fins and/or grooves. Regenerative heat exchangerA third type of heat exchanger is the regenerative heat exchanger. In this, the heat from a process is used to warm the fluids to be used in the process, and the same type of fluid is used either side of the heat exchanger (these heat exchangers can be either plate-and-frame or shell-and-tube construction). These exchangers are used only for gases and not for liquids. The major factor for this is the heat capacity of the heat transfer matrix. Also see: Countercurrent exchange, Regenerator, Economizer Adiabatic Wheel heat exchangerA fourth type of heat exchanger uses an intermediate fluid or solid store to hold heat, which is then moved to the other side of the heat exchanger to be released. Two examples of this are adiabatic wheels, which consist of a large wheel with fine threads rotating through the hot and cold fluids, and fluid heat exchangers. This type is used when it is acceptable for a small amount of mixing to occur between the two streams. See also: Air preheater.Fluid heat exchangersThis is a heat exchanger with a gas passing upwards through a shower of fluid (often water), and the fluid is then taken elsewhere before being cooled. This is commonly used for cooling gases whilst also removing certain impurities, thus solving two problems at once. It is widely used in espresso machines as an energy-saving method of cooling super-heated water to be used in the extraction of espresso.Dynamic Scraped surface heat exchangerAnother type of heat exchanger is called "dynamic heat exchanger" or "scraped-surface heat exchanger". This is mainly used for heating or cooling with high-viscosity products, crystallization processes, evaporation and high-fouling applications. Long running times are achieved due to the continuous scraping of the surface, thus avoiding fouling and achieving a sustainable heat transfer rate during the process.Phase-change heat exchangersIn addition to heating up or cooling down fluids in just a single phase, heat exchangers can be used either to heat a liquid to evaporate (or boil) it or used as condensers to cool a vapor and condense it to a liquid. In chemical plants and refineries, reboilers used to heat incoming feed for distillation towers are often heat exchangers. [3][4]Distillation set-ups typically use condensers to condense distillate vapors back into liquid.Power plants which have steam-driven turbines commonly use heat exchangers to boil water into steam. Heat exchangers or similar units for producing steam from water are often called boilers or steam generators.In the nuclear power plants called pressurized water reactors, special large heat exchangers which pass heat from the primary (reactor plant) system to the secondary (steam plant) system, producing steam from water in the process, are called steam generators. All fossil-fueled and nuclear power plants using steam-driven turbines have surface condensers to convert the exhaust steam from the turbines into condensate (water) for re-use.[5][6]In order to conserve energy and cooling capacity in chemical and other plants, regenerative heat exchangers can be used to transfer heat from one stream that needsto be cooled to another stream that needs to be heated, such as distillate cooling and reboiler feed pre-heating.This term can also refer to heat exchangers that contain a material within their structure that has a change of phase. This is usually a solid to liquid phase due to the small volume difference between these states. This change of phase effectively acts as a buffer because it occurs at a constant temperature but still allows for a the heat exchanger to accept additional heat. One example where this has been investigated is for use in high power aircraft electronics.HV AC air coilsOne of the widest uses of heat exchangers is for air conditioning of buildings and vehicles. This class of heat exchangers is commonly called air coils, or just coils due to their often-serpentine internal tubing. Liquid-to-air, or air-to-liquid HVAC coils are typically of modified crossflow arrangement. In vehicles, heat coils are often called heater cores.On the liquid side of these heat exchangers, the common fluids are water, a water-glycol solution, steam, or a refrigerant. For heating coils, hot water and steam are the most common, and this heated fluid is supplied by boilers, for example. For cooling coils, chilled water and refrigerant are most common. Chilled water is supplied from a chiller that is potentially located very far away, but refrigerant must come from a nearby condensing unit. When a refrigerant is used, the cooling coil is the evaporator in the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. HVAC coils that use this direct-expansion of refrigerants are commonly called DX coils.On the air side of HVAC coils a significant difference exists between those used for heating, and those for cooling. Due to psychrometrics, air that is cooled often has moisture condensing out of it, except with extremely dry air flows. Heating some air increases that airflow's capacity to hold water. So heating coils need not consider moisture condensation on their air-side, but cooling coils must be adequately designed and selected to handle their particular latent (moisture) as well as the sensible (cooling) loads. The water that is removed is called condensate.For many climates, water or steam HVAC coils can be exposed to freezing conditions. Because water expands upon freezing, these somewhat expensive and difficult to replace thin-walled heat exchangers can easily be damaged or destroyed by just one freeze. As such, freeze protection of coils is a major concern of HVAC designers, installers, and operators.The introduction of indentations (1/08/1934) placed within the heat exchange fins controlled condensation, allowing water molecules to remain in the cooled air. This invention allowed for refrigeration without icing of the cooling mechanism. Inventor John C. Raisley Patent number 2,046,968 issued July 7th 1936.[7] The heat exchangers in direct-combustion furnaces, typical in many residences, are not 'coils'. They are, instead, gas-to-air heat exchangers that are typically made of stamped steel sheet metal. The combustion products pass on one side of these heat exchangers, and air to be conditioned on the other. A cracked heat exchanger is therefore a dangerous situation requiring immediate attention because combustion products are then likely to enter the building.Spiral Heat ExchangersA spiral heat exchanger (SHE), may refer to a helical (coiled) tube configuration[8], more generally, the term refers to a pair of flat surfaces that are coiled to form the two channels in a counter-flow arragement.[9]Each of the two channels has one long curved path. A pair of fluid ports are connected tangentially to the outer arms of the spiral, and axial ports are common, but optional[10].The main advantage of the SHE is its highly efficient use of space. This attribute is often leveraged and partially reallocated to gain other improvements in performance, according to well known tradeoffs in heat exchanger design. (A notable tradeoff is capital cost vs operating cost.) A compact SHE may be used to have a smaller footprint and thus lower all-around capital costs, or an over-sized SHE may be used to have less pressure drop, less pumping energy, higher thermal efficiency, and lower energy costs[11] .Self cleaningSHE's are often used in the heating of fluids which contain solids and thus have a tendency to foul the inside of the heat exchanger. The low pressure drop gives the SHE its ability to handle fouling more easily. T he SHE uses a “self cleaning” mechanism, whereby fouled surfaces cause a localized increase in fluid velocity, thus increasing the drag (or fluid friction) on the fouled surface, thus helping to dislodge the blockage and keep the heat exchanger clean. "The internal walls that make up the heat transfer surface are often rather thick, which makes the SHE very robust, and able to last a long time in demanding environments."[12] They are also easily cleaned, opening out like an oven where any build up of foulant can be removed by pressure washing.ApplicationsThe SHE is ideal for applications such as pasteurization, digester heating, heat recovery, pre-heating (see: recuperator), and effluent cooling. For sludge treatment, SHE‟s are generally smaller than other types of heat exchangers.[citation needed]SelectionDue to the many variables involved, selecting optimal heat exchangers is challenging. Hand calculations are possible, but many iterations are typically needed. As such, heat exchangers are most often selected via computer programs, either by system designers, who are typically engineers, or by equipment vendors.In order to select an appropriate heat exchanger, the system designers (or equipment vendors) would firstly consider the design limitations for each heat exchanger type. Although cost is often the first criterion evaluated, there other several other important selection criteria which include:High/ Low pressure limitsThermal PerformanceTemperature rangesProduct Mix (liquid/liquid, particulates or high-solids liquid)Pressure Drops across the exchangerFluid flow capacityCleanability, maintenance and repairMaterials required for constructionAbility and ease of future expansionChoosing the right heat exchanger (HX) requires some knowledge of the different heat exchanger types, as well as the environment in which the unit must operate. Typically in the manufacturing industry, several differing types of heat exchangers are used for just the one process or system to derive the final product. For example, a kettle HX for pre-heating, a double pipe HX for the …carrier‟ fluid and a plate and frame HX for final cooling. With sufficient knowledge of heat exchanger types and operating requirements, an appropriate selection can be made to optimise the process[13] .Monitoring and maintenanceIntegrity inspection of plate and tubular heat exchanger can be tested in-situ by the conductivity or helium gas methods. These methods confirm the integrity of the plates or tubes to prevent any cross contamination and the condition of the gaskets.Condition monitoring of heat exchanger tubes may be conducted through Nondestructive methods such as eddy current testing.The mechanics of water flow and deposits are often simulated by computational fluid dynamics or CFD. Fouling is a serious problem in some heat exchangers. River water is often used as cooling water, which results in biological debris entering the heat exchanger and building layers, decreasing the heat transfer coefficient. Another common problem is scale, which is made up of deposited layers of chemicals such as calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate.FoulingFouling occurs when a fluid goes through the heat exchanger, and the impurities in the fluid precipitate onto the surface of the tubes. Precipitation of these impurities can be caused by:Frequent use of the Heat ExchangerNot cleaning the Heat Exchanger regularlyReducing the velocity of the fluids moving through the heat exchangerOver-sizing of the heat exchangerEffects of fouling are more abundant in the cold tubes of the heat exchanger, than in the hot tubes. This is because impurities are less likely to be dissolved in a cold fluid. This is because solubility increases as temperature increases.Fouling reduces the cross sectional area for heat to be transferred and causes an increase in the resistance to heat transfer across the heat exchanger. This is because the thermal conductivity of the fouling layer is low. This reduces the overall heat transfer coefficient and efficiency of the heat exchanger. This in turn, can lead to an increase in pumping and maintenance costs.MaintenancePlate heat exchangers need to be dissembled and cleaned periodically. Tubular heat exchangers can be cleaned by such methods as acid cleaning, sandblasting, high-pressure water jet, bullet cleaning, or drill rods.In large-scale cooling water systems for heat exchangers, water treatment such as purification, addition of chemicals, and testing, is used to minimize fouling of the heatexchange equipment. Other water treatment is also used in steam systems for power plants, etc. to minimize fouling and corrosion of the heat exchange and other equipment.A variety of companies have started using waterborne oscillations technology to prevent biofouling. Without the use of chemicals, this type of technology has helped in providing a low-pressure drop in heat exchangers.Counter current Heat ExchangersHeat exchangers occur naturally in the circulation system of fish and whales. Arteries to the skin carrying warm blood are intertwined with veins from the skin carrying cold blood, causing the warm arterial blood to exchange heat with the cold venous blood. This reduces the overall heat loss in cold waters. Heat exchangers are also present in the tongue of baleen whales as large volumes of water flow through their mouths[1] [2]. Wading birds use a similar system to limit heat losses from their body through their legs into the water.In species that have external testes (such as humans), the artery to the testis is surrounded by a mesh of veins called the pampiniform plexus. This cools the blood heading to the testis, while reheating the returning blood.Heat Exchangers in IndustryHeat exchangers are widely used in industry both for cooling and heating large scale industrial processes. The type and size of heat exchanger used can be tailored to suit a process depending on the type of fluid, its phase, temperature, density, viscosity, pressures, chemical composition and various other thermodynamic properties.In many industrial processes there is waste of energy or a heat stream that is being exhausted, heat exchangers can be used to recover this heat and put it to use by heating a different stream in the process. This practice saves a lot of money in industry as the heat supplied to other streams from the heat exchangers would otherwise come from an external source which is more expensive and more harmfulto the environment.Heat exchangers are used in many industries, some of which include:Waste water treatmentRefrigeration systemsWine-brewery industryPetroleum industryIn the waste water treatment industry, heat exchangers play a vital role in maintaining optimal temperatures within anaerobic digesters so as to promote the growth of microbes which remove pollutants from the waste water. The common types of heat exchangers used in this application are the double pipe heat exchanger as well as the plate and frame heat exchanger.Other Types of Heat ExchangersThe human lungs also serve as an extremely efficient heat exchanger due to their large surface area to volume rati.References[1] Sadik Kakaç and Hongtan Liu (2002). Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating and Thermal Design, 2nd Edition, CRC Press. ISBN 0849309026.[2] Saunders, E. A. (1988). Heat Exchanges: Selection, Design and Construction. New York: Longman Scientific and Technical.[3] Kister, Henry Z. (1992). Distillation Design, 1st Edition, McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-034909-6.[4] Perry, Robert H. and Green, Don W. (1984). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049479-7.[5] Air Pollution Control Orientation Course from website of the Air Pollution Training Institute[6] Energy savings in steam systems Figure 3a, Layout of surface condenser (scroll to page 11 of 34 pdf pages)[7] Patent 2,046,968 John C Raisley[8] Sentry Equipment Corp Spiral tube Heat Exchangers[9] Alfa Laval Spiral Heat Exchangers[10] /techdb/manual/cooltext.htm[11] Alfa Laval Spiral Heat Exchangers[12] /spiral-heat-exchangers.htm[13] White, F.M …Heat and Mass Transfer‟ © 1988 Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. p602-604http://www.geothermie.de/egec-geothernet/prof/heat_exchangers.htm …Heat Exchangers‟ Kevin D. Rafferty, Gene Culver Geo-Heat Center © 1996-2001 Last Accessed 17/3/08 …For manufacturing engineers who use heat processing equipment- Heat exchanger basics‟ BNP Media © 2007 Last Accessed17/3/08Coulson, J. and Richardson, J (1999). Chemical Engineering- Fluid Flow. Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer- Volume 1; Reed Educational & Professional Publishing LTD换热器来自维基百科，自由的百科全书换热器是一种高效率的将热从一种介质传到另一种介质的装置，无论这种介质是否是被坚实的挡板所隔开，而从未混合，还是直接接触的介质都可以[ 1 ]。
API Heat Transfer产品维护指南说明书
At this time, by visual inspection of the anode, determination of future inspection intervals can be made, based on the actual corrosion rate of the zinc metal.The zinc anodes must be replaced when 70% of the zinc volume has been consumed.It may be necessary to drain the water chambers of the exchanger to protect it from damage by freezing temperatures. Drains are provided in most standard models.The oil chamber of the exchanger may become filled with sludgeaccumulation and require cleaning. It is recommended that the unit be flooded with a commercial solvent and left to soak for one-half hour.Backflowing with the solvent or regular oil will remove most sludge. Repeated soaking and backflowing may be required, depending on the degree of sludge buildup.It may be necessary to clean the inside of the cooling tubes to remove any contamination and/or scale buildup. It is recommended that a 50/50 percent solution of inhibited muriatic acid and water may be used. For severe problems, the use of a brush through the tubes may be of some help. Be sure to use a soft bristled brush to prevent scouring the tube surface causing accelerated corrosion. Upon completion of cleaning, be certain that all chemicals are removed from the shellside and the tubeside before the heat exchanger is placed into service.When ordering replacement parts or making an inquiry regarding service, mention model number, serial number, and the original purchase order number.Piping Hook-up CORE ASSEMBLY/ MOTOR SERVICEInstallationThe satisfactory use of this heat exchange equipmentis dependent upon precautions which must be taken at the time of the installation.1. C onnect and circulate the hot fluid in the shell side (over small tubes) and the cooling water in the tube side (inside small tubes). Note piping diagrams.2. I f an automatic water regulating valve is used, place it on the INLET connection of the cooler. Arrange the water outlet piping so that the exchanger remains flooded with water, but at little or no pressure. The temperature probe is placed in the hydraulic reservoir to sense a system temperature rise. Write the factory for water regulating valve recommendations.3. T here are normally no restrictions as to how this cooler may be mounted. The only limitation regarding the mounting of this equipment is the possibility of having to drain either the water or the oil chambers after the cooler has been installed. Both fluid drain plugs should be located on the bottom of the cooler to accomplish the draining of the fluids. Drains are on most models.4. I t is possible to protect your cooler from high flow and pressure surges of hot fluid by installing a fast-acting relief valve in the inlet line to the cooler.5. I t is recommended that water strainers be installed ahead of this cooler when the source of cooling water is from other than a municipal water supply. Dirt and debris can plug the water passages very quickly, rendering the cooler ineffective. Write the factory for water strainer recommendations.6. F ixed bundle heat exchangers are generally not recommended for steam service. For steam applications, a floating bundle exchanger is required. Note: When installing floating bundle unit, secure one end firmly and opposite end loosely to allow bundle to expand and contract. Consult factory for selection assistance.7. P iping must be properly supported to prevent excess strain on the heat exchanger ports. If excessive vibration is present, the use of shock absorbing mounts and flexible connectors is recommended.ServiceEach heat exchanger has been cleaned at the factory and should not require further treatment. It may be well to inspect the unit to be sure that dirt or foreign matter has not entered the unit during shipment. The heat exchanger should be mounted firmly in place with pipe connections tight.CautionIf sealant tape is used on pipe threads, the degree of resistance between mating parts is less, and there is a greater chance for cracking the heatexchanger castings. Do not overtighten. When storing the unit, be sure to keep the oil and water ports sealed. If storage continues into cold winter months, the water chamber must be drained to prevent damage by freezing.Performance information should be noted and recorded on newly installed units so that any reduction in effectiveness can be detected. Any loss in efficiency can normally be traced to an accumulation of oil sludge, or water scale.RecommendationsReplace gaskets when removing end castings. It is recommended that gaskets be soaked in oil to prevent corrosion and ensure a tight seal.Salt water should not be used in standard models. Use salt water in special models having 90/10 copper-nickel tubes, 90/10 tube sheets, bronze bonnets and zinc anodes on the tube side. Brackish water or other corrosive fluids may require special materials of construction.When zinc anodes are used for a particular application, they should be inspected two weeks after initial startup.Maximum Tubeside Flow Rates Allowed COLW 20/20W 12 GPM COLW 40/40W 12 GPM COLW-8028 GPM COLW-100116 GPMCOLW SeriesCOLW-20, 40, 20W, 40W, 802143COLW-1004321Hot Fluid InCooling Water InCooled Fluid OutCooling Water Out4321*Note: For all two pass and four pass heat exchangers: connections and may be reversed, and connections and may be reversed with no effect on performance.43210916Electrical1. C AUTION to prevent possible electrical shock, it is important to make sure this unit is properly grounded.2. C onnect motor only to a power supply of the same characteristics as shown on the motor nameplate. Be sure to provide proper fusing to prevent possible motor burnout. Before starting motor, follow manufacturer’s recommendations. Turn fan manually to eliminate possible motor burnoutin the event the fan has been damaged in shipment. Observe operation after motor is started for the first time.MaintenanceInspect the unit regularly for loose bolts and connections, rust and corrosion, and dirty or clogged heat transfer surfaces (cooling coil).MotorKeep outside surface free of dirt and grease so motor will cool properly. All motors use sealed shaft bearings. As a result, they do not require greasing. Repair or Replacement of PartsWhen ordering replacement parts or making inquiry regarding service, mention model number, serial number and the original purchase order number. Any reference to the motor must carry full nameplate data.FILTERInstallation▪Check that the pressure value of the selected filter is higher than the system’s maximum operating pressure (the maximum pressure valueis shown on the data plate).▪Check that the filter body contains the filter cartridge.▪Check that the operating fluid is compatible with the material of the body, cartridge, and seals.▪Secure the filter using the relevant threaded holes, to rigid brackets. Rigid installation makes it possible to unscrew the housing without introducing flexing of the hydraulic fittings, limiting any points of stress transfer. Install the filter in an accessible position for correct and trouble-free maintenance and visibility.▪Start the machine and check for the absence of oil leaks from the filter and relative fittings.▪Repeat the visual inspection when the system arrives at the operating temperature of the oil.Maintenance▪All maintenance operations must be performed only by suitably trained personnel.▪The hydraulic system must be depressurized before performing maintenance operations (except in the case of LMD duplex filters)▪Maintenance must be carried out using suitable tools and containers to collect the fluid contained in the filter body. Spent fluids must be disposed of in compliance with statutory legislation.▪Do not use naked flames during maintenance operations.▪Use the utmost caution in relation to the temperature of the fluid. High temperatures can lead to residual pressure with resulting undesirable movements of mechanical parts.Changing the Filter Element▪The date on which the filter elements are changed must be entered in the machine datasheet.▪Spare parts installed must be in compliance with the specifications given in the machine operating and maintenance manual.▪Filter bodies and tools must be thoroughly cleaned prior to each maintenance operation.▪After having opened the filter to change the filter element, check the condition of the seals and renew them if necessary. Clean thoroughly before reassembling.Changing the Filter Procedure▪Depressurize the system and clean the filter.▪Unscrew the oil drain plug collecting the fluid in a suitable container. When the operation is terminated, screw the plug by tightening it fully down and check the condition of the seal. Unscrew housing using the appropriate tools and extract the filter element.▪Collect the spent oil and cartridge in a suitable container and dispose of them in compliance with statutory legislation▪WARNING! To avoid damaging the components, clean seals, surfaces, and threads of the housing and the head.▪Lubricate the filter element seal with the operating fluid. Insert the filter element in the filter housing. Insert the cartridge in the head spigot.▪Check the condition of seals if renewing, lubricate the new seals with the operating fluid before installing.▪Screw the housing onto the head using the correct tool. WARNING: Screw the housing fully home into the head. DO NOT APPLY EXCESSIVE TIGHTENING TORQUE.▪Start the machine and check for the absence of leaks. Repeat the check when the machine has reached its operating temperature.PUMP SERVICECorrosionFretting: To reduce the corrosion due to fretting effect we recommend to grease the motor shaft with dedicated products (samples: lubricants based on MoS2, Loctite® 8008, Molykote® G-n plus, Turmopast® MA2).Fretting: To reduce the corrosion due to fretting effect, we recommend to check the electric motor ground connection and to check that the shaft residual currents are within the norms.Leakage Prevention: In case of wear of shaft seal to avoid leakage, all pump flanges with hallow shaft have a threaded ¼” gas thread that can be used for drainage connection to the tankPiping/Valves▪Piping connected to pump MUST be independently supported and not allowed to impose strains on pump casing including allowing for expansion and contraction due to pressure and temperature changes.▪To prevent foaming and air entrainment, all return lines in re-circulating systems should end well below liquid surface in reservoir. Bypass liquid from relief pressure and flow control valves should be returned to source (tank, reservoir, etc.), NOT to pump inlet line.▪Shut-off valves should be installed in both the suction and discharge lines so pump can be hydraulically isolated for service or removal. All new piping should be flushed clean before connecting to pump▪Pipe strain will distort a pump. This could lead to pump and piping malfunction or failure.▪Return lines piped back to pump can cause excessive temperature rise at pump which could result in catastrophic pump failure.▪Use relief valves to protect pumps from overpressure. They need to be connected to pump discharge lines as close to pumps as possible and with no other valves between pumps and relief valves. Relief valve settings should be set as low as practical.▪DO NOT set relief valve higher than maximum pressure rating of pump, including pressure accumulation at 100% bypass. Relief valve return lines should NOT be piped into pump inlet lines because they can produce a loop that will overheat pump. This pump is a positive displacement type. It will deliver (or attempt to deliver) flow regardless of back-pressure on unit. Failure to provide pump overpressure protection can cause pump or driver malfunction and/or rupture of pump and/or piping.Suction Line/ Suction Strainer/Filter▪The suction line should be designed so pump inlet pressure, measured at pump inlet flange, is greater than or equal to the minimum required pump inlet pressure (also referred to as Net Positive Inlet Pressure Required or (NPIPR). Velocity in suction line should be kept within 1.6-4 ft/s (0,5-1,2 m/s). Suction line length should be as short as possible and equalto or larger than pump's inlet size. All joints in suction line must be tight and sealed. If pump cannot be located below liquid level in reservoir, it necessary either to position the suction or install a foot valve so liquid cannot drain from pump while it is shut down. When pump is mounted vertically with drive shaft upward, or mounted horizontally with inlet port opening other than facing upward, a foot valve or liquid trap should be installed in suction line to prevent draining. The suction line should be filled before pump start-up.▪DO NOT operate the pump without liquid or under severe cavitation▪Pump life is related to liquid cleanliness. Suction strainers or filters should be installed in all systems to prevent entry of large contaminants into pump.▪The purpose of a suction strainer or filter is for basic protection of internal pumping elements. It should be installed immediately ahead of inlet port. This location should provide for easy cleaning or replacement of strainer element. Appropriate gages or instrumentation should be provided to monitor pump pressure. Pressure drop across a dirty strainer must not allow inlet pressure to fall below NPIPR. The pressure drop across the strainer should preferably not exceed 1.45 PSIG (0,1 BAR) at maximum flow rate and normal operating viscosity. General guidelines for strainer sizing are as follows:▪When pumping relatively clean viscous liquids (over 1000 cSt), use 10 to 12 mesh screens or those with about 1/16 inch (1,5mm) openings.▪When pumping relatively clean light liquids such as distillate fuels, hydraulic oil and light lube oils, use suction strainers of 100 to 200 mesh.▪When pumping heavy crude oils, use 5 to 6 mesh strainer screens or those with or about 1/8 inch (3mm) openings.▪When pumping relatively clean distillate fuels in high pressure fuel supply systems, use 25 micron “absolute” filters for three screw pumps and10 micron “absolute” filters for gear pumps.▪Make sure size/capacity of strainer or filter is adequate to prevent having to clean or replace elements too frequently.GaugesP ressure and temperature gauges are recommended for monitoring the pump’s operating conditions. These gauges should be easily readable and placed as close as possible to pump’s inlet and outlet flangesPumped LiquidsNEVER operate a pump with straight water (water/glycol is okay). The pumpis designed for liquids having general characteristics of oil. In closed orre-circulating systems, check liquid level in tank before and after start-up to be sure it is within operating limits. If initial liquid level is low, or if it drops as system fills during start-up or pumping operations, add sufficient clean liquid to tank to bring liquid to its normal operating level. Only use liquid recommended or approved for use with the equipment. Regular checks should be made on the condition of the liquid. In closed systems, follow supplier’s recommendations for maintaining liquid and establishing when liquid is to be changed. Be sure temperature is controlled so liquid cannot fall below its minimum allowable viscosity which occurs at its maximum operating temperature. Also, ensure that maximum viscosity at cold start-up does not cause pump inlet pressure to fall below its minimum required value.NEVER operate a pump without liquid in it!O perate only on liquids approved for use with pump.。
Modine 气缸高低强度红外热器 IHR 系列和 IPT 系列说明书
MODEL IHR MODEL OHP MODEL IPT29-123.539-123.5This catalog describes the design and construction features and benefits, typical applications, dimensional data, and configurations available for the IHR and ITP Series.Modine’s IHR Series is a gas-fired, high intensity ceramic infrared heater. Ideal for spot heating, the IHR series offers simple gas and power connections, as well as inexpensive maintenance.Modine's IPT Series sets the industry standard for low intensity infrared heating performance and installation versatility. The comfort and uniform heating provided by the IPT Series are second to none.Refer to page 3 for information regarding the Breeze ® AccuSpec Sizing and Selection ProgramWARNING Do not locate ANY gas-fired unit in areas where chlorinated, halogenated or acid vapors are present in the atmosphere.As Modine Manufacturing Company has a continuous product improvement program, it reserves the right to change design and specifications without notice.Table of ContentsGeneral Unit Applications .......................................................... 2 Infrared Heating Defined .......................................................2 Advantages of Infrared Heating ............................................2 T ypical Applications ...............................................................2Modine Breeze ® AccuSpec Sizing and Selection Program ........3Features and Benefits - Model IHR ............................................4Features and Benefits - Model IHR ............................................5Features and Benefits - Model IPT ............................................6Performance and Dimensional Data - Model IHR ...................7-8Performance and Dimensional Data - Model OHP ....................9Performance, Utilities, and Clearance - Model IPT ..................10Dimensional Data - Model IPT .................................................11Specifications and Model Nomenclature - Model IHR .............12Infrared Heating DefinedInfrared heating systems rely upon the transfer of radiantenergy from hot heat exchanger surfaces (up to 1850°F for high intensity heaters) through the air to cooler surfaces, without the use of an air mover. Since radiant energy always travels in a straight line from its source, people and objects within a direct line-of-sight of the heat exchanger become warmed immediately.While capable of being used for total building heating or large area heating, they are ideally suited for spot heatingapplications. Spot heating involves small areas such as loading dock doors and single person work cells.Advantages of Infrared Heating• N o air mover, reducing electricity and maintenance costs while increasing worker comfort from the absence of drafts and annoying fan noise.• Q uick temperature recovery, as only objects need to be heated, not large volumes of air.• S ignificant energy savings through use of zone control and/or spot heating, which heats objects without the need to heat large air volumes.Typical ApplicationsThe following are examples of applications that can benefit from high-intensity infrared heating:• Manufacturing facilities • Vehicle repair centers• Warehouses and loading docks • Aircraft hangars • Indoor tennis courts• Indoor golf driving ranges • Emergency vehicle garages • Indoor stadium seating areasThe following are examples of applications that can benefit from low-intensity infrared heating:• Manufacturing facilities • Vehicle repair centers• Warehouses and loading docks • Aircraft hangars • T ennis courts • Car washes• Golf driving ranges • Covered walkways• Emergency vehicle garages • Stadium seating areas • VestibulesSee Infrared Design and Engineering Guide 9-200 for additional application information.!49-123.5Fast and Simple Unit/Thermostat/Accessory SelectionSubmittal SchedulesJob Specific SpecificationsUnit SpecificDimensional Drawings For access to the Breeze ® AccuSpec program, contact your local Modine sales representative.59-123.5Features1. H igh temperature cordierite-based grooved ceramic tiles with perforations along both the top and bottom of the grooves2. Polished aluminum reflectors3. 16 gauge aluminized steel frame4. No air mover is utilized5. I nput ranges from 30,000 Btu/hr through 160,000 Btu/hr in Natural or Propane gas6. D irect spark or self-energizing standing pilot ignition7. 115V , 25V , or millivolt controls8. E xternally-mounted controls9. B urners are replaced by removing one fastener10. C SA design certification for indoor, unvented operation incommercial and industrial installationsFigure 4.1 - Construction Features - Model IHRBenefits1. I ncreased temperature and surface area to provide maximumheat transfer while maintaining lower gas input ratings.2. E fficiently direct radiant heat to the desired area, for increased comfort over wider areas.3. P rovides support for simple chain mounting.4. E liminates fan noise, drafts, maintenance and reduces electrical energy costs.5. W ide input range to accommodate a variety of heating requirements6. M aximize application flexibility.7. A ccommodate a wide range of electrical inputs.8. A llow convenient access to gas valve, control system,transformer, and gas orifices, increasing ease of installation and service.9. E liminates the removal of the unit from its mounted position for service.10. A ssures that the unit conforms to national safety standards.69-123.5Features1.ETL Design Certified to ANSI Z83.26 Standard2. Decorative stainless steel windscreen eggcrate grille3. Wind and rain protected design4. 31,000 and 34,000 BTU inputs.5. N o Fan Design.6. E xternally-mounted controls7. D irect spark or self-energizing standing pilot ignition 8. B rushed 430 Stainless Steel HousingFigure 5.1 - Construction Features - Model OHPBenefits1. A ssures that the unit conforms to national safety standards.2. Prevents wind disturbance.3. I nput range to accommodate a variety of heatingrequirements.4. Flexible fuel type offering.5.Eliminates fan noise, drafts, maintenance and reduces electrical energy costs.6. A llow convenient access to gas valve, control system,transformer, and gas orifices, increasing ease of installation and service.7. M aximize application flexibility.8. Provides maximum corrosion resistance.79-123.5Features1. Heat-treated darkened aluminized steel tubes2. Polished aluminum reflectors3.R emovable side-access panels on both sides of the burner box 4. Durable polyester-powder paint5. Permanently-lubricated combustion blower motor6. 180 degree-rotating gas valve7. Sealed burner compartment8. F lame sensor and ignitor mounted externally to the combustion chamber 9. F lame observation window on underside of combustion chamber 10. Gas valve operation light on back panel on the unit 11. Four-trial separate flame sensor12. S ystem approval for vented and common ventedinstallation 13. Weatherproof, water-resistant casing 14. ETL design certificationFigure 6.1 - Construction Features9Benefits1. H eat-treated darkening increases both radiant heat output for more heat near the end of the tube system and eliminates the scratching and flaking that can occur with painted tubes. Aluminized steel provides corrosion resistance for longer life.2. D irect radiant heat from the tubes to the desired area, for increased comfort over wider areas.3. C an be removed completely while accessing either side of the unit.4. Maintains life-long new appearance.5. Reduces maintenance.6. Allows convenient access from either side of the burner box.7. A llows manifold pressure adjustments during unit operation, which increases ease of installation and service.8. Improve service access.9. P rovides a convenient visual check of unit operation from ground level.10. Indicates that the combustion blower is operating.11. Provides reliable ignition.12. Maximizes installation flexibility.13. M aximizes application flexibility for both indoor and outdoorinstallation.14. Assures that the unit conforms to national safety standards.9-123.58Table 7.1 - Performance and Dimensional Data➀ See T able 8.1 for allowable mounting angles.➁ See Figure 7.1.➂ Single stage controls are direct spark ignition with 100% safety shutoff and are available as either 115V or 24V ④Millivolt thermostat and 35 feet of wire.Figure 7.1 - Unit Dimensional DrawingModelGas Controls➂ ➃Input Rating (Btu/hr)Recommended Mounting Height (ft.) ➀Dimensions(in) ➁Ship Wt.(lbs)Radiating Area (sq. in.)Standard Reflector Parabolic ReflectorNaturalPropane30° Angle 30° Angle A B IHR 30Single Stage or Millivolt 30,00012 - 1412 - 1512 3/414 1/44485IHR 60Single Stage or Millivolt 60,00014 - 1618 - 2119 1/815 1/460170IHR 90Single Stage or Millivolt 90,00016 - 1821 - 2526 5/815 1/481255IHR 130Single Stage or Millivolt 130,00021 - 24 26 - 3232 15 1/455340IHR 160Single Stage or Millivolt160,00024 - 2829 - 3538 1/215 1/4654259-123.59Table 8.1 - Allowable Mounting Angle RangeModel Size Allowable Mounting Angle Range30 – 16020° – 35°Table 8.2 - Clearances to Combustible Materials (See Figure 8.3)Figure 8.3 - Clearances to Combustibles (See T able 8.2)➀ Clearance is 80 in. when heater is fitted with a parabolic reflector.Model Sizes 306090130160Side of Heater 3032484850Back of Heater 1818303032Top of Heater 2840425260Below Front7272➀98120132109-123.5Table 9.1 - Performance and Dimensional DataTable 9.2 - Clearances to Combustible MaterialsFigure 9.1 - Unit Dimensional Drawing➀ Clearance is 80 in. when heater is fitted with a parabolic reflector.ModelHousing BTU/Hr inputShip Weight Recommended MountingHeights ➀Approx. AreaHeatedControl VoltageOHP 31430 SS 31,00059 lbs 8.0' to 12.0'8' x 8'24 vac OHP 34430 SS34,00059 lbs8.5' to 13.0'9' x 9'24 vacModel Sizes BTU'Hr Voltage Mounting Angle ➀Side Back Top Below End(s)Front 31,000 (N,P)31,00024 vac 0°18N/A 134812N/A 30°N/A 181840123634,000 (N)34,00024 vac0°18N/A 134812N/A 30°N/A1818401236➀ Heaters mounted on an angle between 1° to 30° must maintain clearances posted for 0° or 30°; whichever is greater.Figure 9.2 - Clearance to Combustibales119-123.5Figure 10.2 - Stacking HeightTable 10.2 - Utilities➀ Clearance to each end and above the U-T ube is 12 inches.➁ I n unvented applications, clearance from radiant tube end is 36" in all directions.➂ Refer to Figures 8.1 through 8.3.Table 10.3 - Combustible Material Clearances ➀ ➁ ➂Figure 10.1 - Combustible Material Clearances - Straight TubeTable 10.1 - PerformanceInput MBH506075100 125 150 175 20020, 30 20, 30, 40 20, 30, 40 30, 40, 40, 50, 60 50, 60 50, 60, 50, 60,50 ➁ 70 ➂ 70 ➂10 – 1210 – 1212 – 1412 – 1415 – 2215 – 2218 – 2820 - 30➀ R ecommended Mounting Height and T ube System Applications are meant as a general guide and are adjusted to meet the requirements of the actual application.The applications are as follows: -- S pot or Area Heating is an application where occupant comfort is the goal and occupant(s) are either relatively stationary (Spot - Example: small work cell ordispersed over a slightly wilder range than with Spot Heating (Area - Example: assembly line). Mounting height is typically at the low end of the range shown above.-- Total Building Heating is an application where average space temperature is to be maintained, however due to the significant temperature gradient differences on long straight tube systems, areas may exist where direct occupant comfort is not achieved.➁ IPT 100 not available for Propane Gas operation at 50 ft. tube system length.➂ IPT 75 not available for Propane Gas operation at 40 ft. tube section length.Certified Tube Lengths (ft.)Recommended Mounting Height (ft.) ➀Recommended Tube System Application ➀U-Tube Straight T ubeSpot or Area Heating Total Building HeatingInput MBH "A" 1"B" 2"C" 350/60954 2075/100/12597624150/175/2001210638Combustible Material Clearances (inches)IPT➀➁➂Electrical Ra ti ngGas Connec ti on (inch)Minimum Gas InletPressure (" W.C.)Maximum Gas Inlet Pressure("W.C.)Manifold Gas Pressure (' W.C.)Tube/Vent Diameter(inch)60Hz/1Ph 1/2 NPT7.0 (natural gas) 11.0 (propane gas)14.0 3.5 (natural gas-single stage)2.5 (natural gas-two stage)10.0 (propane gas-single stage)6.2 (propane gas-two stage)4 (O.D.)129-123.5Straight TubeU-Tube SystemTube Length (ft.) System Length “A” (ft.)System Weight (lb.)System Length “B” (ft.)System Weight (lb.)20 2378 13 89 30 33 112 18 132 40 43 146 23 157 50 53 180 28 200 60 63 214 33 225 707325238277Model Shipping Wt. (lb.)All Burners43Table 11.2 - Burner Shipping WeightsTable 11.1 - Tube Systems Data Figure 11.1 - Casing DimensionsFigure 11.2 - Burner and Tube System DimensionsGeneralThe heater reflector housing shall be constructed of one-side bright polished aluminum. The emitter shall be composed of a perforated ceramic tile on which combustion takes place on the surface. The burner plenum shall be constructed of aluminized steel of one-piece drawn construction. The heater shall beof a modular design employing multiple burners to achieve the specified input.• The venturi is constructed of stainless or aluminizedsteel.• The secondary re-radiating rods shall be constructedof high temperature stainless steel alloy placed inclose proximity of the ceramic burner face.• Parabolic reflectors shall be used when units areinstalled in high mounting applications or whenfocusing of the infrared heating pattern is desirable.• Protective screens shall be used in facilities wheredebris may damage the heater.BurnerThe ceramic burner face shall operate at a temperature range of 1660 degrees F to 1810 degrees F and shall incorporate a secondary re-radiating surface of stainless steel rods to obtain optimum operating temperature and radiant output. ReflectorsThe heater reflector housing shall be constructed of one-side bright polished aluminum. The emitter shall be composed of a perforated ceramic tile on which combustion takes place on the surface. The burner plenum shall be constructed of aluminized steel of one-piece drawn construction. The heater shall beof a modular design employing multiple burners to achieve the specified input.• The venturi is constructed of stainless or aluminizedsteel.• The secondary re-radiating rods shall be constructedof high temperature stainless steel alloy placed inclose proximity of the ceramic burner face.• Parabolic reflectors shall be used when units areinstalled in high mounting applications or whenfocusing of the infrared heating pattern is desirable.• Protective screens shall be used in facilities wheredebris may damage the heater.ControlsHeater(s) shall be equipped with (check one):• Heaters shall be equipped with one of the following control systems:Standing Manual Pilot System with 100% safety shut-off of pilot and main burner in case of pilot outage, operating with no external electrical connection but on milli-voltagegenerated by the pilot flame (NMV-2 or PMV-2).Direct Spark Ignition System with direct spark ignition of the main burner through a solid state ignition moduleoperating a spark electrode. Loss of power causes 100% safety shut-off of main burner(s). System operates on 120 or 24 volts (NFS-2 or PFS-2). 24V/60Hz/1ph with 6VAmaximum power consumption.Controls shall be exterior mounted for easy accessibility.All controls shall be rated for a maximum inlet pressure of 1/2 PSI gas pressure. Controls shall be designed for Natural gas having a specific gravity of 0.60, a Btu content of 1050 Btu/ft3 (Alternate: Propane gas having a specific gravity of 1.53, a Btu content of 2500 Btu/ft3) at 0-2000 feet elevation. AccessoriesThe following field installed accessories shall be included (check those that apply):☐Chain mounting set - 5’ chain set with 4 “S” hooks. Preset mounting angle of 30°.☐Horizontal parabolic reflector - Directs rays directly downward. Can be used for matching horizontal mounting specifications.☐Full parabolic reflector - Directs rays in a more focused pattern. Typically used in high mounting applications.☐Full parabolic reflector with screen - Directs rays in a more focused pattern. Outer screen protects ceramic grids from objects striking the heater.☐DR heater screen - Screen slips on the outside of the reflectors and protects the ceramic grids.☐Warning plaque - Hung below heater, restates the clearance to combustible warning.SPECIFICATIONS, MODEL NOMENCLATURE - MODEL IHRIHR - High Intensity Infrared Heater MBH Input30 - 30,000 B tu/hr 60 - 60,000 B tu/hr 90 - 90,000 B tu/hr 130 - 130,000 Btu/hr 160 - 160,000 Btu/hrControl CodeDirect Spark Ignition47 = Natural, 115V, DirectSpark, 1-Stage48 = Natural, 24V, DirectSpark, 1-Stage97 = Propane, 115V, DirectSpark, 1-Stage98 = Propane, 24V, DirectSpark, 1-Stage27 = Natural, Millivolt,1-Stage67 = Propane, Millivolt,1-StageIHR 90 G 47S - Spark Ignition SystemM - Standing Pilot,Milivolt SystemFigure 12.1 - Model Number Designations13 9-123.5149-123.5GeneralContractor shall furnish and install Modine model __________ low intensity infrared heater(s). The low intensity infrared system shall be straight tube________, U-tube_______ configuration. Performance shall be as indicated on theequipment schedule in the plans. The infrared heater(s) shall be certified for indoor and outdoor installations. Infrared heater(s) shall have ETL design certification for use in both the US and Canada.CasingThe controls, combustion air blower and burner shall be housed in a water-resistant casing, providing weatherproof protection. The burner and control box casing shall be constructed of not less than 20 gauge aluminized steel. After forming, the casing parts shall be cleaned of all oils and a phosphate coating applied prior to painting. The phosphated parts shall then be finished with an electrostatically applied, gray-green polyester powder paint finish. The applied polyester powder paint shall be baked on to provide an attractive finish on all of the exposed casing parts.Heat ExchangerThe heat exchanger tubes and combustion chamber shall be constructed of 16 gauge, 4" O. D. aluminized steel, and the first combustion tube for gas inputs 150,000 Btuh and greater shall be 16 gauge 4" O. D. 409 Aluminized Stainless Steel. The last heat exchanger tube shall incorporate a turbulator baffle for maximum efficiency of heat transfer.The heat exchanger tubes must be used in conjunction with reflectors. The reflector can be adjusted from 0° to 45° from the horizontal plane. Reflectors shall be of bright polished aluminum.ControlsInput power to the infrared heater(s) shall be 115V/60Hz/1ph. Heater(s) shall be equipped with a direct four-trial (three re-trial), 100% shut-off eletronic ignition control system with a separate flame sensor. Infrared heater(s) shall be equipped with a 115V/25V control transformer. Thermostat shall operate on 25V . Heater(s) will be equipped with a pre-purge mode, a differential pressure switch, and an indicator light to prove proper operation of the gas valve. All controls shall be rated for a maximum inlet pressure of 1/2 PSI gas pressure.Controls shall be designed for natural_______,propane_______ gas having a specific gravity of _______, a Btu content of _______ Btu/ft 3 at _______ feet elevation.MotorEach heater shall have a single motor. The combustion air blower motor shall be totally enclosed in the control box and the motor shall be protected by a thermal overload switch. The motor shall be .03 H.P ., 115 volt, 60 Hz, single phase, with an operating speed of 3000 rpm.Figure 13.1 - Model Number Designations15 9-123.5Products from Modine are designed to provide indoor air-comfort and ventilation solutions for residential, commercial, institutional and industrial applications. Whatever your heating, ventilating and air conditioning requirements, Modine has the product to satisfy your needs, including:HVAC• Unit Heaters:– Gas– Hydronic– Electric– Oil• Ceiling Cassettes• Duct Furnaces• Hydronic Cabinet Unit Heaters, Fin Tube, Convectors• Infrared Heaters• Make-up Air Systems•Unit VentilatorsVentilation•Packaged Rooftop VentilationSchool Products• Vertical Packaged Classroom HVAC:–DX Cooling/Heat Pump–Water/Ground Source Heat Pump–Horizontal/Vertical Unit VentilatorsSpecific catalogs are available for each product. Catalogs 75-136 and 75-137 provide details on all Modine HVAC equipment.®Modine Manufacturing Company1500 DeKoven AvenueRacine, Wisconsin 53403-2552Phone: 1.800.828.4328 (HEAT)© Modine Manufacturing Company 2021 9-123.5。
阿尔法拉瓦尔印刷电路热交换器（PCHE）介绍说明书
•Very wide capacity range•Design temperatures from cryogenic to 800°C (1,472°F) and design pressures up to 650 barG (9,430 psiG)•Exceptionally high heat transfer rate for maximumoperating efficiency•Safe to operate – no pressure relief valve needed•Easy maintenance ensures maximum uptime •Diffusion bonding opens up for full customizationpossibilities in terms of fluid channel design patternWorking principleThe PCHE operates with two or more media on opposite sides of a bonded plate. It is possible to have high-pressure flows on both sides. The 2D or 3D pattern is optimized to give the required thermal length and pressure drop.The PCHE has a complex flow pattern chemically etched on flat sheets of material. This flow pattern is optimized for each specific customer duty to give the required thermal and hydraulic characteristics. Each flow circuit plate pattern can be different, giving the possibility of asymmetric flows and optimized 2-phase behavior. The individual plates are then stacked into a block and diffusion bonded, in a state-of-the-art furnace, at high temperature and pressure.Multiple blocks can be welded together to create the required thermal capacity or HTA (heat transfer area). Inlet and outlet flow manifolds, customer connections and (if required)connections for drain, ventilation or cleaning are welded onto the completed core to finalize the heat exchanger. Design pressures of up to 650 barG (9,430 psiG) in 316L SST are achievable with this configuration. Heat transfer surface areas are tailored based on requirements.DesignLearn more at /pcheTechnical dataDesign pressure:CE/PED Vacuum to 650 barG (9,430 psiG) ASME Vacuum to 650 barG (9,430 psiG)Design temperature:316L SST -196°C (-321 °F) to 800°C (1472 °F)Maximum heat transfer area:On request tailored towards requirements Connections:DN50 (2”) to DN750 (30”) typical, customizableStandard materials:316L SSTOther materials available on request.Dimensions and weights:On request tailored towards requirements, ranging from a few kilograms to tens of tonsThis document and its contents is owned by Alfa Laval Corporate AB and protected by laws governing intellectual property and thereto related rights. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to comply with all applicable intellectual property laws. Without limiting any rights related to this document, no part of this document may be copied, reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), or for any purpose, without the expressed permission or authorized by Alfa Laval Corporate AB. Alfa Laval Corporate AB will enforce its rights related to this document to the fullest extent of the law, including the seeking of criminal prosecution.200000007-1-EN-GB© Alfa Laval Corporate ABHow to contact Alfa LavalUp-to-date Alfa Laval contact details for all countries are always availableon our website at 。
Compabloc Plate Heat Exchangers操作经验分析说明书
It is well-known that highly efficient Compabloc plate heat exchangers (CP) can increase energy recoveryin preheating duties, thereby mini-mizing both refinery energy costs and emissions from fired heaters. Also, CPs are commonly used to reduce consumption of cooling water, by allowing higher cooling-water return temperatures.However due to lack of operating experience, refiners have been hesitant to use plate technology in their main processes despite the fact that the advantages mentioned above can mean huge savings for them in capital expenditure (CAPEX) as well as in operational expenditure (OPEX).This paper will look at the conclusions to be drawn from more than 15 years of operating experience with CPs in main refinery processes. It will compare Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM) for this technology versus tradi-tional shell-and-tube heat exchangers. And, it will outline the ease with which maintenance is carried out, should it be required.Considering the reductions in CAPEX and OPEX and improvements in RAM, there is today really no reason not to use CPs in main refinery processes. More than 180 different refiners have already realized this, and that number is rapidly increasing.of fact, the very stable, long-running and continuous refinery processes create optimal conditions for the CP concept. There is no reason why this technology should be less reliable than any other technology used in refineries today. On the contrary, the first CPs, installed more than 15 years ago, are still in operation. They provide solutions to problems such as corrosion, fouling, cooling-water limitations, space con-straints, energy consumption, and bottle-necks for refineries around the world. Today there are more than 180 different refineries where over 750 CPs oper-ate – even in critical processes, such as crude distillation, catalytic reforming, isomerization catalytic cracking, hydro-cracking, coking, and desulphurization.Now, it is time to share the experi-ence with Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM) gathered from those installations.Reliability & AvailabilityThe high channel turbulence caused by the corrugated plates of the CP creates very high wall-shear stress. This wall-shear stress produces a cleaning effect, which reduces the rate of formation of chemical fouling on the heat exchanger walls. Also, as there are no dead zones with low or stagnant flow rates where settling can occur, CPs have proven to provide much longer uptime in critical refinery processes than shell-and-tube heat exchangers.One of the longest operating CPinstallations is in a bitumen refinery in northern Europe. Here, 14 CPs are in operation, the oldest since 1996. They have all replaced low-performing, high-fouling and corroding shell-and-tube heat exchangers. The CPs are used for various duties, such as ADU fraction cooling, VDU overhead vapour condens-ing and bitumen heating and cooling.Three Compablocs operating since 1996 as ADU fraction coolers in a northern European bitumen refinery.The old shell-and-tube heat exchangers required cleaning and inspection yearly, an operation that took one week. The CPs, on the other hand, requirechemical cleaning only every third year, and it is easily carried out in a single day. In total, for these 14 units, the refinery has reduced maintenance costs by 96%!The country that to-date has the highest level of acceptance for CP technology is Russia. Out of 28 refineries, 27 use the technology, both to replace old shell-and-tube heat exchangers and in new process units. One of the oldest CPs in Russia is installed in a crude preheat train. It preheats crude to over 200° C using atmospheric residue as the heating media. The 170 m 2 stain-less steel CP replaced three corroding CS shell-and-tube heat exchangers with more than 1000 m 2 of heat transfer surface.Since it was commissioned in February 2002, the CP has not required any maintenance whatsoever. Due to their positive experience with this heatexchanger, the refinery has since invested in three more CPs to improve heat recovery in their crude preheat train as well as one CP that operates as a gasoline cooler in their hydrotreatment plant. The latter uses seawater as cooling media.North American refiners have also made the leap to more modern heat transfer technologies. When one refinery wanted to expand its plant’s capability to process price-advantaged crudes, new heat exchangers were needed in the crude preheat train. Due to space limitations in the plant, CP technology was chosen for the duty of preheating crude to up to 235° C using heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO).Because the technology was new to them, the refinery chose to installa 100% stand-by unit in parallel toOne Compabloc preheating crude since2002 in a Russian refinery.Two Compablocss preheating crude since 2004 in a North American refinery.the operating CP. However, one heat exchanger alone proved to be sufficient. It operated continuously for more than 18 months without any loss of perform-ance. The stand-by unit is used only during periods when the HVGO duty needs to be maximized. It then oper-ates in parallel with the other CP. The refinery says that the plate technology has paid for itself many times over, and they are now considering using plate technology in their next revamp-ing project.A final example proving that CPs provide both high availability and versatility, is a case from Australia. In this refinery, a CP has been operating since the beginning of 2006 as the thermosiphon reboiler in the naphtha splitter. The CP operates in parallel to and as a booster for an existing shell-and-tube reboiler. The shell-and-tube reboiler requires cleaning every six months, while the CP can operate for almost a year in between maintenance. MaintainabilityAlthough uptime is longer and the need for maintenance less compared to tradi-tional shell-and-tube heat exchangers, CPs do require regular maintenance. Cleaning and repair operations are both easily carried out on CPs installed in refinery processes.CleaningFor optimal CP performance, it isgenerally recommended that preventivemaintenance is carried out every timethere is a planned shutdown of theprocess. However, if the CP has shownno reduced heat transfer performanceor increased pressure drop during thetime it has been in operation, then itwould be safe to let it run for anotherperiod without cleaning.The two cleaning methods commonlyused are chemical cleaning and mechani-cal cleaning.Chemical CleaningChemical cleaning is usually noteffective for shell-and-tube heatexchangers operating in refinery proc-esses. For CPs, however, chemicalcleaning is very often more than suffi-cient to restore both thermal efficiencyand hydraulic performance. CPs havemuch smaller hold-up volume, (aslittle as 10% of that of shell-and-tubeheat exchangers) and no dead zonesbehind baffles or in turning chambers.Therefore cleaning chemicals can dis-solve and transfer any soluble foulingmaterial out of the heat exchangerchannels. In addition, stronger, moreefficient cleaning chemicals can beused in a CP because all the wettedparts are constructed of corrosion-resistant metals.The advantage of chemical cleaningis of course that the panels of theCP do not have to be removed andtherefore, no flange gaskets have tobe replaced. In addition, if a mobilecleaning module is used (Cleaning-In-Place, CIP unit), the CP does not evenhave to be removed from the plant siteor disconnected from the piping. As aresult, maintenance time is reduced toa minimum.One installation that provides proofof both long uptime and ease-of-maintenance is in a European refinerywhere four titanium CPs are used formaximum heat recovery from the ADUoverhead vapours.Both crude and boiler-feed-water ispreheated by means of two CPsoperating in series. The two parallellines are installed high above ground,next to the distillation tower.The first cleaning took place in 2002after five years of operation. The coldcircuits, crude and boiler-feed water,did not require any cleaning, while thevapour circuit was cleaned, mainly toremove salt crystals formed in the heattransfer channels.Chemical cleaning alone was used torestore the performance. First, hydro-carbon-related fouling was removed bycirculating a heated caustic solution.Then, after rinsing, salts such as ironsulfide, were removed using a sulfamicacid cleaning agent. Finally, the CSTwo out of four Compablocs operating since1997 as ADU overhead vapour condensers ina European refinery.One Compabloc operating since 2006 as naphtha reboiler in an Australian refinery.piping was neutralized and passivated by circulating a sodium carbonatesolution through the CP . Before the heat exchanger was put back into operation, it was rinsed with demineralized water. The entire cleaning procedure took around three days.Another example of successfulchemical cleaning comes from a South American refinery. Here the CP operates as an interchanger between sour and stripped water in the SWS process. Due to the acidity of the sour water, the carbon-steel stripping tower suffers from corrosion problems, and iron oxides and sulfides enter the hot circuit of the CP with the stripped water. The heat exchanger must be chemically cleaned frequently to restore its performance.First, the CP is flushed with hot water, and then a weak, heated caustic soda solution is circulated through its channels. After a second flushing with water, a weak, heated phosphoric acid solution is used. Finally, before the heat exchanger is put back into operation, it is flushed a third time with hot water.The cleaning procedure takes around one shift, and the result is verified by means of endoscope photos of the heat transfer channels taken from the connection nozzles.Mechanical CleaningIf chemical cleaning is not sufficient to completely restore the CP perform-ance, then mechanical cleaning with a high-pressure water-jet is a successful alternative. As the panels can beremoved, giving access to the complete plate pack, there is no need to remove the plate bundle from the shell. Also, as the plate channels are much shorter than the shell-and-tube channels, high-pressure water-jet cleaning becomes very efficient. This is true even if the channel gap in the plate pack is very narrow.Because the plate pattern is specifically made at a 45-degree angle, unrestricted channels are formed in this direction. Furthermore, the non-corrugated, flat channels at the edges of the plates effi-ciently drain the foulant out of the heat exchanger. By tilting the high-pressure water lance at a 45-degree angle, the entire plate area can be accessed if the plate pack is cleaned first from the front and then from the back.Chemical cleaning of the heat exchanger prior to the high-pressure water cleaning will partially dissolve anychemical foulant and thus even better results can be obtained. Or, the high-pressure water cleaning can be made with heated water or using a weak chemical solution to further increase its efficiency.In a European lube oil plant, a CP has been in operation since 2004 as a condenser in the solvent recovery part of the paraffin removal plant. It needs regular cleaning every 12-15 months due to calcium-carbonate scaling on the cooling-water side. It is cleaned with high-pressure water of 800 – 1000 bars, using heated water and either rotating nozzles or nozzles with narrow spraying angles. The cleaning procedure, which includes opening, cleaning, closing and tight-testing, takes eight hours and can be carried out during one shift. The CP replaced three carbon-steel shell-and-tube heat exchangers that had problems with corrosion. The same cleaning procedure (including opening, cleaning, closing and tight-testing) for those heat exchangers took 2-3 days.Photo showing the unrestricted channels formed by the 45-degree angle plate pattern and the flat channels along the edges for draining.This means the hydro-jet passes through the heat exchanger when the nozzle is tilted in45 degree angle.Photo showing before and after high-pressure water-jet cleaning of the cooling water circuit of a Compabloc operating as condenser in the solvent recovery part of a paraffinremoval plant in Europe.Endoscopic photo of hot stripped water circuit taken from the inlet nozzle of a Compabloc operating since 2003 as interchanger in a SWS unit in a South America refinery. Photo shows before andafter chemical cleaning.RepairCPs operating in stable, continuous refinery processes are unlikely to fail. However, there are of course cases where a leak develops, and the heat exchanger must be repaired. Further, we will discuss three types of leaks and how to repair them: plate-weld leaks, corner/column-weld leaks and cross-leaks over the plate.Repairing the CP is facilitated as all welds are external and accessible once the panels are removed. Manual TIG welding is used to repair all types of leaks. To avoid oxidation, the welding must be done with argon gas shielding. All repair welds should be made bycertified welders who are competentand experienced in weld repairing ofthin metal plates. Preferably, the manu-facturers’ personnel should be involved,at least for supervising the operationin order to ensure that recommendedprocedures are followed.After a weld has been repaired, itsquality is tested using any or several ofthe following methods: air-bubble test,dye-penetrant test, hydrostatic-pressuretest or helium-leak test. However,before any repair work can begin, theleak has to be identified and localized.Leakage localizationAs the CPs are small and their framepanels can be removed, the easiestway to identify and localize a leak is todo an air-bubble test. The CP is placedhorizontally on the floor, with the toppanel removed and that circuit is filledwith water. When air is blown throughthe other circuit, the resulting bubbleswill quickly reveal the location of theleak. This area can now be dye-penetranttested to further narrow the exact loca-tion of the leak.Corner/column weld repairA corner or column weld leak is themost common type of failure becausethese welds are subject to the strong-est mechanical forces. This is especiallytrue for CPs operating in batch-processeswith frequent shutdowns and start-upsor in unstable processes with high-amplitude pressure variations or high-frequency vibrations. These leaks areuncommon in CPs installed in continuousand stable refinery processes and areknow to have occurred in less than 2%of all installations.Plate weld repairAnother type of failure is a leak in theplate weld that seals off one circuitfrom the other to form the heat transferchannels. However, if the plate weld isa laser weld, this type of leak is uncom-mon because of the high quality ofPhoto showing a leaking corner weld of a Compabloc being air-bubble tested.Here the result of the dye-penetrant test after a corner weld has been TIG repaired.X-ray photo showing the superior weld quality and minimized heat-affected zone of a laserplate weld as opposed to a TIG plate weld.How to contact Alfa LavalUp-to-date Alfa Laval contact details for all countries are always available on our website at PPI00357EN 0909such a weld. The laser welding tech-nique minimizes the heat affected zone, making the welds both mechanically and chemically strong.Cross-leak repairAnother possible, yet rare, type of leak can occur when a crack develops in the heat transfer plate itself, causing cross-leakage between the two circuits. This type of leak is quite common in shell-and-tube heat exchangers where it is usually caused by mechanical fatigue of the long, vibrating tubes. It can also be generated by general corrosion of carbon-steel tubes or by galvanic corro-sion around welds joining alloyed tubes to carbon-steel tube sheets.In a CP , on the over hand, the short plates are welded together in a very stable construction and supported by the many contact points between theplates. This more or less eliminates any risk of fatigue cracks forming in the heat transfer plates. Also, because all wetted parts are made of the same corrosion resistant material, there is no risk of chemical or galvanic corrosion.However, in the rare instance that a hole does develop in a heat transfer plate, the CP can be repaired in exactly the same way as a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with a cross-leakage: by sealing off the damaged channel.In a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, it is easy to seal off such a channel by plugging the tube with a rubber plug. Sealing off a CP channel requires manual TIG welding of a metal strip to cover the entire plate channel. A CP delivered for use in a refinery application is always designed with an extra surface margin of 15-20%.Hence, sealing off a few channels has little, if any, effect on the performance of the heat exchanger.ConclusionWhen summing up the experience from some of the 750 CPs operating in various refinery processes, it is clear that in cases where shell-and-tube heat exchangers are greatly affected by chemical fouling, CPs, with their higher turbulence and wall-shear stress, provide longer uptime and intact performance. In addition, when maintenance is required, it is easily carried out either with chemical cleaning or a high-pres-sure water-jet. Due to their low hold-up volume, the limited length of the heat transfer channels and the complete accessibility of the plate pack, the ther-mal and hydraulic performance of CPs can readily be restored in less time than required for bulky shell-and-tube heat exchangers.Finally, because refinery processes are stable and continuous, CPs are unlikely to develop mechanical failures. But if leaks do occur, they are easily repaired because all welds are accessible from the outside once the panels have been removed.In conclusion, CPs improve Reliability, Availability and Maintainability. They offer higher availability and require less maintenance. They are reliable and repairable. Therefore, there is no reason why refiners should not profit from the inherent advantages offered by the plate technology, even in their main refinery processes. More than 180 different refiners have already realized this and more CPs are being delivered every day – to already satisfied customersand to converted newcomers.Photo showing a cross-leaking Compabloc channel sealed with a metal-strip.。
HEAT EXCHANGER
专利名称：HEAT EXCHANGER发明人：KILIC, M.Serhan,TUNA, Aydin,PEKER, Hakan申请号：EP15196332.9申请日：20151125公开号：EP3173710A1公开日：20170531专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A heat exchanger (10) comprises a front wall (20) and a back wall (30) to form a space (40) for a flue gas, and a front channel (60) and a back channel (70) formed in the front wall (20) and the back wall (30), respectively, in which a fluid is to flow. The heatexchanger (10) is configured such that the fluid in the front and back channels (60, 70) canexchange heat with the flue gas, in use. The entire back wall (30) extends along a first plane (P1). The front wall (20) includes a lower portion (22) and an upper portion (24). The lower portion (22) extends upwardly along the back wall (30). The upper portion (24) extends upwardly from the upper end of the lower portion (22) and extends outwardly away from the back wall (30) so as to form a combustion space (42) of a flammable gas between the upper portion (24) and the back wall (30). The heat exchanger (10) is further configured such that the volume flow rate and/or mass flow rate of the fluid in the front channel (60) is greater than the back channel (70), in use.申请人：DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LIMITED,Daikin Europe N.V.地址：Umeda Center Building 4-12, Nakazaki-nishi 2-chome Kita-ku Osaka-shi Osaka 530 JP,Zandvoordestraat 300 8400 Oostende BE国籍：JP,BE代理机构：Global IP Europe Patentanwaltskanzlei更多信息请下载全文后查看。
Heat exchanger of aluminum
专利名称：Heat exchanger of aluminum发明人：Shuji Komoda申请号：US10054576申请日：20011022公开号：US06595271B2公开日：20030722专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A heat exchanger made of aluminum includes a plurality of first plates and a plurality of second plates stacked alternately in the direction along the thicknessthereof. The first plates and the second plates each constitute a three-layer structure. A first sacrificing material layer is clad on the side surface of a first core member making upeach of the first plates nearer to a cooling water path and a second sacrificing material layer is clad on the side surface of a second core member making up each of the second plates nearer to the cooling water path. A first brazing material layer is clad on the side surface of the first core member nearer to an oil path, and a second brazing material layer is clad on the side surface of the second core member nearer to the oil path. The outer peripheral portions of the first and second plates are bent substantially into a U shape in such a manner that the first brazing material layer is interposed between the outer peripheral edge portions of the first and second plates and the adjacent second and first plates, respectively.申请人：DENSO CORPORATION代理机构：Harness, Dickey & Pierce, PLC更多信息请下载全文后查看。
半导体热交换机工作原理
半导体热交换机工作原理
半导体热交换机是一种基于半导体材料的电子器件，用于在电路中实现数据传输和信号转发。
半导体热交换机的工作原理主要包括以下几个方面：
1. 数据输入和处理：数据从输入端口进入热交换机，经过预处理、过滤和解码等操作，以确保数据的准确性和完整性。
2. 路由选择：根据设定的路由算法，热交换机选择合适的路径将数据从输入端口转发到输出端口。
这个过程通常涉及到路由表的查询和决策。
3. 数据转发：热交换机根据路由选择的结果，将数据从输入端口转发到输出端口。
这涉及到数据的分组、缓存和转发等操作。
4. 碰撞检测和冲突解决：在数据转发过程中，可能会出现多个数据包同时到达某个端口的情况，这会导致碰撞。
热交换机会通过碰撞检测机制来确认并解决碰撞问题，以确保数据的正确传输。
总的来说，半导体热交换机的工作原理是通过输入和输出端口的连接、数据处理和路由选择，实现将数据从输入端口转发到输出端口的功能。
其优势包括速度快、功耗低、可靠性高等特点，广泛应用于网络通信、计算机数据中心等领域。