The close repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the 的辅音关闭重复,通常在
美国文学秋季学期练习题4
美国文学史及作品选读练习4I. Match the works with the authors given below. (每小题1分，共10分)a.Michael Wigglesworthb. Franklinc.John Smithd. William Cullen Bryante.James Fennimore Cooperf.Philip Freneaug.Washington Irving1.( ) A Description of New England2.( ) Rip Van Winkle3.( ) The Day of Doom4.( ) Autobiography5.( ) The Wild Honey suckle6.( ) To a Waterfowl7.( ) The Deerslayer8 ( ) The Thanatopsis9.( ) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow10.( ) The SpyII. Blank Filling. （每小题2分，共20分）1.The term “ Puritan” was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members ofthe Church of ________.2.Michael Wigglesworth, another important colonial poet, achieved wide popularity amonghis contemporaries with his gloomy entitled ___________.3.In 1620, a number of Puritans who tried to purify or reform the church of Englandstepped on the New England shore at Plymouth in the ship named ________.4.Among all the settlers in the New Continent, _________ settlers were the mostinfluential.5.In American Literature, the eighteenth century was an Age of ________ and Revolution.6.In Franklin’s ________________, he talks first of all about how he studied language.7.Irving was best known for his famous short stories such as ____________ which is abouta good-natured lazy husband who falls into a 20-year sleep.8.“Supernal beauty” is believed by ___________ to be the principle of Poetry.9.Published in 1823, ___________was the first of the Leatherstocking Tales, in their orderof publication time, and probably the first true romance of the frontier in American literature.10.____________was considered as the “poet of the American Revolution” a nd the “Father of American Poetry.”III. Multiple Choice.(每小题2分，共30分)1.In the early nineteenth century American moral values were essentially Puritan. Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did_______.A. PuritanismB RomanticismC RationalismD Sentimentalism2. Franklin wrote and published his famous__________, an annul collection of proverbs.A. The AutobiographyB. Poor Richard’s AlmanacC. Common SenseD. The General Magazine3. In American literature, the eighteenth century was the age of the Enlightenment. _______was the dominant spirit.A. Humanism B Rationalism C Revolution D Evolution4.________ usually was regarded as the first American writer.A.William BradfordB. Anne BradstreetC.Emily DickinsonD. Captain John Smith5.Which is not Irving’s works in the following.A. The Sketch BookB. Tales of a Travelle rC. A History of New YorkD．To A Waterfowl6. Choose Freneau’s poem from the following.A. The RavenB. T o a Waterfow lC. To HellenD. The Wild Honey Suckle7. In 1817, the stately poem called Thanatopsis introduced the best poet_ _____to appear in America up to that time.A. Edward TaylorB. Philip FreneauC. William Cullen BryantD. Edgar Allan Poepared with his contemporaries, _________was no doubt the best in exploring thewildness and frontier in fiction.A. Washington IrvingB. James Fenimore CooperC. William Cullen BryantD. Philip Freneau9. Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle is famous for_________.A. Rip’s escape into a mysterious valleyB. The story’s German legendary source materialC. Rip’s seeking for happinessD. Rip’s 20-years sleep10. Choose Poe’s work from the followingA. The Day of DoomB. The Last of the MohicansC. The Indian Burying GroundD The Cask of Amontillado11.Choose Irving’s work from the following .A. The Sketch BookB. ThanatopsisC. The SpyD. The British Prison Ship12._______ is the most commonly used in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first followed by a stressed.A. the trochaic footB. an anapestic footC.a quatrainD.a iambic foot13. The Indian Burying Ground by___________ is the earliest poem which romanticizes the Indian as a child of nature.A. Washington IrvingB. Adgar Allan PoeC. Philip FreneauD. Nathaniel Hawthorne14._______ is a poetic device used to increase the musical quality and link the lines and stanzas of a poem.A. meterB. repetitionC. rhymeD. foot15. Poetry is aimed at conveying and enriching human experience which is formed through sense impressions. __________ is the representation of sense experience through language.A .MeterB. ImageC. ThemeD. AssonanceIV. Decide Whether the Statements are True or False. (每小题1分，共10分) 1.The Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a harshchurch.2.In 1625 a number of Puritans came to settle in Massachusetts3.Mayflower in American history is the name of a flower.4.American poetry of the eighteenth century has an imitative character, imitating thereigning English models of the eighteen century.5.In Franklin’s Autobiography, he talks first of all about how he studied language6. Philip Freneau was a most important writer in American poetry of the eighteenth century.7. The early American romanticism gave emphasis to emotion, feeling, intuition instead of reason.8. Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier stories.9. In the 19th century American literature, writers of Gothic terror novels sought to arouse in their readers a turbulent sense of the remote, the supernatural, and the terrifying by describing old castles ,deep valleys or bleak mountain tops.10.Puritan influence over American Romanticism was conspicuously noticeable.V. Choose the correct terms to match the following definitions. (每小题2分，共10分)a. iambic footb. meterc. image d . rhyme e. stanza f. alliterationg. trochaic foot h. consonance1._______ is the repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that usually appearclose to each other in a poem.2.________ is a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.3.________ is a structural division of a poem, consisting of a series of verse lines whichusually comprise a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.4.________ is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressedsyllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.5.________ is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group ofwords.VI. Identify the fragments and answer the following questions.(共20分) Section A.(每小题2分，共10分)Fair flower, that does so comely grow,Hid in this silent, dull retreat,Untouched thy honied blossoms blow,Unseen thy little branches greet;No roving foot shall crush thee here,No busy hand provoke a tear.Questions:1.What is the title of this poem from which the selection is selected?2.The meter of this poem is_______.A. iambic pentameter B .tetrameter C anapestic rhythm D sonnet3.Who is the writer of the poem?4.To what does the writer compare the flower’s charms? ’5.What does the writer express in this poem?Section B（共10分）It was many and many a year ago,In a kingdom by the seaThat a maiden there lived whom you may knowBy the name of Annabel Lee----And this maiden she lived with no other thoughtThen to love and be loved by meShe was a child and I was a child,In this kingdom by the sea,But we loved with a love that was more than love—I and my Annabel Lee---With a love that the winged seraphs of HeavenCroveted her and me.And this was the reason that, long ago,In this kingdom by the sea,A wind blew out of a cloud by nightChilling my Annabel Lee;So that her highborn kinsmen cameAnd bore her away from me,To shut her up in a sepulchreIn this kingdom by the sea.The angels, not half so happy in Heaven,Went envying her and me---Yes! That was the reason (as all men know,In this kingdom by the sea)That wind came out of the cloud, chillingAnd killing by the sea)… …Comment on the poem by answering the following questions:1.What’s the theme of the poem?（1分）2.How many poetic devices does the poet use to create a mood appropriate to the theme? （9分）参考答案:I (10%): 1.-5 C. G A .B F 6-10 D E D G EII. (20%)1.England2. The Day of Doom3. May Flower4. English5. reason6. Autobiograph7. Rip Van Winkle8. Adgar Allan Poe9. The Pioneer 10. Philip FreaneauIII. (30%)1-5 A B B D D 6-10 D C B D D 11-15. A D C C BIV. (10%)T F F T T T T T T TV. (10%) d b e a fVI.(20%)Section A1.The Wild Honey Suckle2. B3.Philip Freneau4.The writer compares the flower’s charms to the prime time of human being.5.In this poem, the poet expresses a keen awareness of the loveliness andtransience of nature.Section B.1.The death of a beautiful woman--- the recurrent theme of Poe’s poems(1%)2. The poet creates a melancholic tone in the poem In creating the mood, He uses alliteration-----her high born kinsman…. ; not half so happy in Heaven…(2%)the accumulative repetition----- It was many and many a year ago… She wasa child and I was a child….(2%):assonance----- To shut her up in a sepulchre… A wind blew out of a cloud by night;(2%) and makes the even lines and end lines of each stanza rhyme strongly with the name of the girl to have the effect of a refrain, thus best echoing the insistent tolling of the church bell at the funeral. In this solemnity, the poem reaches its emotional climax of melancholy.(3%)吨。
alliteration英文定义及举例
alliteration英文定义及举例English:Alliteration is a literary device that involves the repetition of the initial consonant sounds in neighboring words within a line of text. This technique is often used to create rhythm, add emphasis, or make phrases more memorable. For example, in the line "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers," the repeated "p" sound not only creates a catchy rhythm but also helps to reinforce the tongue-twisting quality of the phrase. Alliteration can be found in various forms of literature, from poetry to prose, and is a versatile tool that writers can use to enhance the auditory experience of their work.Translated content:头韵是一种文学修辞技巧，涉及在文本的一行中重复相邻单词中的起始辅音音素。
这种技巧通常用于创造节奏，强调重点，或使短语更易记。
例如，在句子“彼得派珀采摘了一袋腌黄瓜”，重复的“p”声音不仅创造出优美的韵律，还有助于加强该短语的绕口令特质。
头韵可在各种文学形式中找到，从诗歌到散文，是作家可以使用的多功能工具，可用来增强其作品的听觉体验。
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the societyfrom which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey.It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple,but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （ the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》 Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as ridingforth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king•Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized（supported 庇护,保护） by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上） Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句） or in quatrains （四行诗） known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节） and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语） of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的） expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面） to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
Chapter Two.How to Read a poem
大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆
诗人把笔墨重点用在了他最擅胜场的方面——写景。 作者出使，恰在春天。途中见数行归雁北翔，诗人即景 设喻，用归雁自比，既叙事，又写景，一笔两到，贴切 自然。尤其是“大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆”一联，写进 入边塞后所看到的塞外奇特壮丽的风光，画面开阔，意 境雄浑，近人王国维称之为“千古壮观”的名句。边疆 沙漠，浩瀚无边，所以用了“大漠“的“大”字。边塞 荒凉，没有什么奇观异景，烽火台燃起的那一股浓烟就 显得格外醒目，因此称作“孤烟”。一个“孤”字写出 了景物的单调，紧接一个“直”字，却又表现了它的劲 拔、坚毅之美。沙漠上没有山峦林木，那横贯其间的黄 河，就非用一个“长”字不能表达诗人的感觉。
• 首句连用三个“鹅”字，表达了诗人对鹅十 分喜爱之情。这三个“鹅”字，可以理解为 孩子听到鹅叫了三声，也可以理解为孩子看 到鹅在水中嬉戏，十分欣喜，高兴地连呼三 声“鹅、鹅、鹅”。 次句“曲项向天歌”，描写鹅鸣叫的神态。 “曲项”二字形容鹅向天高歌之态，十分确 切。鹅的高歌与鸡鸣不同，鸡是引颈长鸣， 鹅是曲项高歌。
2. Take a deep breath and relax.
Read the poem once slowly aloud without writing or marking anything. Don't stop until you finish the poem, even if you don't know the meaning or pronunciation of a word. When you have finished, reflect for a moment on any words, images, and characters that caught your attention. Jot down these items in your notebook, along with one sentence in which you try to summarize the poem.
元音韵的英语例子
元音韵的英语例子摘要：本文简要介绍了英语中的押韵现象，从押韵的分类入手，即从头韵、类韵和尾韵的构成谈起，集结了日常生活中很多充满趣味性的押韵实例来说明押韵在英文诗歌、绕口令、新闻报刊、广告、习语等不同文体中的广泛应用。
关键词：头韵；类韵；尾韵英语作为拼音文字，其音韵美是显而易见的，但音韵美的形成，在很大程度上得益于三大利器：头韵（Alliteration），类韵（Assonance）和尾韵(end-rhyme)。
头韵，类韵及尾韵在英语中的运用可谓不胜枚举，以下便对这三种类型的押韵现象作简要分析：一、Alliteration 头韵Alliteration一词源于拉丁语――lettera, 其意思是“在同一字母上的重复和游戏”。
Cuddon的《文学术语词典》给予alliteration的定义是“A figure of speech in which consonants, esp., at the beginning of words, or stressed syllables are repeated.”（一种特别是在词语开头的辅音韵或强调音节反复的修辞手段）。
《美国传统词典》也把alliteration 定义为“The repetition of the same consonant sounds or of different vowel sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables.”（在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复）。
可见，头韵是指句子或一组词中，同一开头字母的重复。
头韵是古英诗中极为盛行的主要押韵形式，它甚至还早于脚韵(rhyme)。
直到14世纪乔叟(G. Chaucer 1340-1400)创造了以foot（音步）为主的格律诗，头韵才在古英诗中渐渐失宠，逐渐被广泛运用到加强语言的特殊修辞效果上去。
头韵Alliteration
Definition
• Repetition of an initial sound, usually of a consonant or cluster, in two or more words of a phrase, line of poetry, etc. ----Webster’s New World Dictionary • Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound in several words close together in a sentence or in a line. ----Writing Essays About Literature
【例18】As many as 15,000 doctors now rely on cosmetics surgery for a fair chunk of their income---and they are allowed to advertise aggressively. 【译文】目前多达一万五千名医生依靠整容手术赚取相当 丰厚的收入，而且他们还可以大肆做广告。 【例19】To many parents, the three Gs----gays, guns, and gangs----have replaced the three Rs as benchmarks of school life. 【译文】对许多父母来说，同性恋、枪支和帮派这三个词 已经代替了读、写和算，成为学校生活的基准尺 度。
Alliteration
头韵
Alliteration 头韵
Alliteration 头韵
• Today alliteration is used widely, not only in poetry and prose and proverbs and idioms, but also in journalism, especially in the title of a book and headline of news and advertising. As a figure of speech, it is good for sound rhyme, musical effect and significant eeneration of soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen have volunteered in the time of certain danger. They are part of the finest fighting force that the world has ever known. They have served tour after tour of duty in distant, different, and difficult places...They are men and women -- white, black, and brown -- of all faiths and all stations -- all Americans, serving together to protect our people, while giving others half a world away the chance to lead a better life....In today’s wars, there's not always a simple ceremony that signals our troops’ success -- no surrender papers to be signed, or capital to be claimed....” -- Barack Obama, Fort Hood Memorial Service Speech
诗的特点介绍(英文)
I.Poetry is one of the three major types ofliterature, the others being prose and drama. Most poems make use of highly concise, musical, and emotionally charged language. Many also make use of imagery, figurative language, and special devices of sound such as rhyme. Poems are often divided into lines and stanzas and often employ regular rhythmical patterns, or meters. However, some poems are written out just like prose, and some are written in free verse.a.ORAL TRADITION is the passing of songs,stories, and poems from generation togeneration by word of mouth.b.SOME TYPES OF POETRY1.A CONCRETE POEM is one with ashape that suggests its subject. (Seehandout) William Burford’s “AChristmas Tree” is a concrete p oem:Star,If you areA Love compassionate,You will walk with us this year.We face a glacial distance, who are here Huddl’dAt your feet.The lines of the poem appear onthe page in a shape of a tree,and the words star and at yourfeet appear in appropriatepositions, at the top and bottom.2.DRAMATIC POETRY is poetrythat involves the techniques ofdrama.a.A MONOLOGUE is a speechby one character in a play, story,or poem.3.An EPIGRAM is a short poem witha single point, usually two to fourlines long, but sometimes more. The word literally means “inscription”and they originally were inscribed on tombs.4.FREE VERSE is poetry not writtenin a regular rhythmical pattern, or meter. Free verse seeks to capture the rhythms of speech.5.The HAIKU is a three-line Japaneseverse form. A haiku seeks to conveya single vivid emotion by means ofimages from nature. Each line hasa certain amount ofsyllables. Line 1 ----- 5Line 2----- 7Line 3 ----- 56.LYRIC POETRY is a highlymusical verse that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker. They were at one time sung, but not today. They still have a musical quality that is achieved through rhythm and other devices such as alliteration and rhyme.a.A SONNET is a 14 line lyricpoem, usually written in iambicpentameter.i.The SHAKESPEAREAN (ENGLISH) sonnetconsists of three quatrains(four-line stanzas) and acouplet (two lines), usuallyrhyming abab cdcd efefgg. The couplet usuallycomments on the ideascontained in the precedingtwelve lines. The sonnet isusually not printed withstanzas divided, but areader can see distinctideas in each.ii.The PETRARCHAN (ITALIAN) sonnet consistsof an octave (eight linestanza) and a sestet(six-line stanza). Often theoctaverhymes abbaabba and thesestet rhymes cdecde. Theoctave states a theme orasks a question. The sestetcomments on or answers aquestion.7.A NARRATIVE POEM is one thattells a story.c.SPEAKER is the imaginary voice assumed by the writer of a poem. In many poems the speaker is not identified by name. Whenreading a poem, remember that the speaker and the poet are not the same person, not more than an actor is the playwright. The speaker within the poem may be a person, an animal, a thing, or an abstraction.d.STRUCTURE OF POETRY1.BLANK VERSE is poetry written inunrhymed iambic pentameterlines. This verse form was widelyused by Elizabethan dramatists likeWilliam Shakespeare.2.A REFRAIN is a repeated line orgroup of lines in a poem or song.3.A STANZA is a formal division oflines in a poem, considered as aunit. Often the stanzas in a poem areseparated by spaces. Stanzas aresometimes named according to thenumber of lines found in them.a.2 lines ---- coupletb.3 lines ---- tercetc.4 lines ---- quatraind.5 lines ---- cinquaine.6 lines ---- sestetf.7 lines ---- heptastichg.8 lines ---- octave4.METER of a poem is itsrhythmical pattern. This patternis determined by the number andtypes of stresses, or beats, ineach line.e.SOUND DEVICESi.ALLITERATION is the repetition ofinitial consonant sounds. Writers usealliteration to give emphasis to words, toimitate sounds, and to create musicaleffects.“There will come soft rainsand the smell of the groundand swallows circlingwith their shimmering sound;ii.ASSONANCE is the repetition ofvowel sounds followed by differentconsonants in two or more syllables.1.“weak and weary” in “The Raven”iii.CONSONANCE is the repetition in two or more words of final consonants in stressed syllables.1.“add-read”iv.DIALECT is the form of a language spoken by people in a particular region or group. Pronunciation, vocabulary, and sentence structure are affected by dialect. v.ONOMATOPOEIA is the use of words that imitate sounds. Whirr, thud, sizzle, buzz, and hiss are typical examples.vi.REPETITION is the use, more than once, of any element of language – a sound, a word, a phrase, a clause, or a sentence. Poets use many kinds of repetition. Alliteration, assonance, rhyme, and rhythm are repetitions of certain sounds and sound patterns.vii.REFRAIN is a repeated line or group of lines.viii.RHYME is the repetition of sounds at the ends of words.1.End rhyme occurs when therhyming words come at the end oflines.2.Internal rhyme occurs when therhyming words appear in the sameline.ix.RHYME SCHEME is a regular patternof rhyming words in a poem. The rhymescheme of a poem is indicated by usingdifferent letters of the alphabet for eachnew rhyme.x.RHYTHM is the pattern of beats, orstresses, in spoken or writtenlanguage. Some poems have a veryspecific pattern, or meter, whereas proseand free verse use the natural rhythms ofeveryday speech.f.WAYS TO MEANINGi.LITERAL LANGUAGE uses words in their ordinary senses. It is the opposite of figurative language.ii.FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE is writing or speech not meant to be interpreted literally.1.SIMILE uses “like or as” to make acomparisona.Between two unlike ideasb.Jim is as fast as Rick ---- not asimilec.Jim runs like a deer ---- simile2.METAPHOR one thing is spoken ofas though it were something else.a.DOES NOT USE LIKE OR ASb.Jim is a deer.3.IMAGERY is a word or phrase thatappeals to one or more of the fivesenses –sight, hearing, touch, taste,or smell. Writers use images tore-create sensory experiences inwords.4.PARODY is a work done inimitation of another, usually in order to mock it, but sometimes just in fun. The following lines are Lewis Carroll’s parody of the familiar children’s rhyme, “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star”:Twinkle, twinkle, little bat!How I wonder what you’re at!Up above the world you fly,Like a teatray in the sky.5.PERSONIFICATION is a type orfigurative language in which a non-human subject is given human characteristics.。
英语诗歌的格律
英语诗歌的格律1．一首诗（a poem）往往包含有若干诗节（stanza或strophe），每节又分为若干行（line 或verse），每个诗行由若干音步（foot）组成，音步是由一定数目的重读音节（arsis或ictus）和非重读音节（thesis）按照一定规律排列而成。
音步的排列方式构成英诗的格律（meter 或measure）。
2．依照每一音步中重读音节（扬）和非重读音节（抑）的排列方式，可以把音步分成不同种类，即格律。
常见的英语诗歌格律有四种。
a)抑扬格（Iambus; the Iambic Foot）：一个音步由一个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成。
b)扬抑格（Trochee; the Trochaic Foot）：一个音步由一个重读音节加上一个非重读音节构成。
c)扬抑抑格（Dactyl）：一个音步由一个重读音节加上两个非重读音节构成。
d)抑抑扬格（Anapaest; the Anapaestic Foot）：一个音步由两个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成。
不常见的几种格律。
e)抑扬抑格（Amphibrach; the Amphibrachy Foot）：一个音步由三个音节组成，其中第一、三个音节为非重读音节，第二个音节为重读音节。
f)扬扬格（Spondee）：一个音步由两个重读音节构成。
g)抑抑格（Pyrrhic）：一个音步由两个非重读音节构成。
3．音步也有完整和不完整之分。
诗行中每个音步的格律都相同，则为完整音步（actalectic foot）；如果诗行最末一个音步缺少一个音节，则为不完整音步（cactalectic）。
4．诗的各行音步数目不定，诗行按音步数量分为以下几种：一音步（monometer）二音步（dimeter）三音步（trimeter）四音步（tetrameter）五音步（pentameter）六音步（hexameter）七音步（heptameter）八音步（octameter）超过八音步的诗行在英语诗歌中较为少见。
15种修辞方法及例句英文
下面是15种修辞方法及例句：1. Alliteration (头韵) - the repetition of initial consonant sounds in neighboring words. Example: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."2. Assonance (音韵) - the repetition of vowel sounds in neighboring words.Example: "The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain."3. Hyperbole (夸张法) - exaggeration for emphasis or effect.Example: "I've told you a million times to clean your room!"4. Metaphor (隐喻) - a comparison between two unlike things without using "like" or "as." Example: "Life is a journey, and every step we take is a new adventure."5. Simile (明喻) - a comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as." Example: "He's as strong as an ox."6. Personification (拟人) - giving human characteristics to non-human things.Example: "The wind whispered through the trees."7. Onomatopoeia (拟声) - a word that imitates the sound it represents.Example: "The sizzle of the hot pan made my mouth water."8. Irony (反语) - saying one thing but meaning the opposite for humorous or dramatic effect. Example: "Isn't it ironic that the firefighter's house burned down?"9. Oxymoron (矛盾修辞) - combining two contradictory terms for effect.Example: "Jumbo shrimp"10. Pun (双关语) - a play on words that have multiple meanings.Example: "I'm reading a book on anti-gravity. It's impossible to put down."11. Repetition (重复) - repeating words or phrases for emphasis.Example: "I have a dream..."12. Rhetorical Question (反问) - a question asked for effect, not meant to be answered. Example: "Can't we all just get along?"13. Parallelism (排比) - using similar grammatical structures to emphasize a point. Example: "We came, we saw, we conquered."14. Allusion (典故) - referring to something well-known in history, literature, or culture. Example: "She has the wisdom of Solomon."15. Antithesis (对偶) - contrasting two ideas or phrases for effect.Example: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times."。
英美文学名词解释
1 Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
2. Ballad (民谣)A narrative poem, often of folk origin and intended to be sung3 Ballad Stanza (民谣诗节)A type of four-line stanza, the first and the third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses.3 Autobiography (自传)A person‘s account of his or her own life.4. Biography (传记)A detailed account of a person‘s life written by another person.传记：由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记录。
5. Classicism (古典主义)A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome.古典主义：一种在文学，艺术，音乐领域体现古代希腊，罗马风格的运动。
6. Comedy (喜剧)A dramatic work that is often humorous or satirical in tone and usuallycontains a happy resolution of the thematic conflict.喜剧：轻松的和常有幽默感的或在调子上是讽刺的戏剧作品，常包括主题冲突的愉快解决7. Conflict (冲突)A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem.冲突：故事，小说，戏剧中相对的力量和人物之间的对立。
美国文学史名词解释
一.名词解释1.Dark RomanticismDark Romanticism (often conflated with(合并) Gothicism or called American Romanticism) is a literary subgenre in the 19th century. It has been suggested that Dark Romantics present individuals as prone to sin and self-destruction, not as inherently possessing divinity(神性)and wisdom. G. R. Thompson describes this disagreement（争论）, stating "the Dark Romantics adapted images of anthropomorphized（人格化）evil in the form of Satan, devils, ghosts, werewolves（狼人）, vampires, and ghouls（食尸鬼）." For these Dark Romantics, the natural world is dark, decaying, and mysterious; when it does reveal truth to man, its revelations are evil and hellish（凶恶的）. Finally, works of Dark Romanticism frequently show individuals failing in their attempts to make changes for the better.2.TranscendentalismMovement of writers and philosophers in 19th century New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealist system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of humankind, the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation(启示) of the deepest truths.First, the transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. The Oversoul (Universal Being) was an all-pervading power for goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent.Second, the transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. As the regeneration of the society could only come about through the regeneration of the individual, his perfection, his self-culture and self-improvement.Third, the transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God's overwhelming presence. It was the garment(外观) of the Oversoul. Therefore, it could exercise a healthy and restorative（滋补的，恢复健康的）influence on thehuman mind.3.Local colorismWriting that exploits the speech, dress, mannerism(特殊习惯), habits of thought, and topography（地域）peculiar to a certain region, primarily for the portrayal of the life of a geographical setting. The appearance of Bret Harte's "The Luck of Roaring Camp" in 1868 marked a significant development in the brief history of local colorism. About 1880 this interest became dominant in American literature; a ''local color movement'' developed for various sections. The representatives are Bret Harte, Mark Twain and so on.Local color writing was marked by dialect, eccentric characters, and sentimentalized pathos（痛苦，同情）or whimsical（异想天开的）humor. As a subdivision of Realism, local color writing lacked the basic seriousness of true realism; largely it was content to be entertainingly informative about the surface of special regions. It emphasized verisimilitude（逼真）of detail without being much concerned about truth to the larger aspects of life. Although local color novels were written, the bulk of the work done was in the sketch and the short story, aimed at the newly developing mass-circulation magazine audience.4.NaturalismNaturalism was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. It was depicted as a literary movement that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism. Naturalism is the outgrowth of literary realism. Naturalistic writers were influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. They believed that one's heredity and social environment largely determine one's character. Whereas（鉴于）Realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces (e.g. the environment or heredity) influencing the actions of its subjects. Naturalistic works often include uncouth(粗野的) or sordid（肮脏的）subject matter; forexample, Émile Zola's works had a frankness about sexuality along with a pervasive pessimism. Naturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, violence, prejudice, disease, corruption, prostitution, and filth(肮脏). As a result, naturalistic writers were frequently criticized for focusing too much on human vice(邪恶) and misery.5.AlliterationIn prosody（诗学), it refers to the repetition of consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables.In the most common form of alliteration, the initial sounds are the same. In its simplest form, it reinforce one or two consonantal sounds, as in this line from Shakespeare's Sonnet XII:When I do count the clock that tells the timeA more complex pattern of alliteration is created when consonants both at the beginning of words and at the beginning of stressed syllables with words are repeated, as in the following line from Shelley:The City's voice itself is soft like Solitude's。
文学专业术语
文学专业术语Literary Terms1. Literature of the absurd: (荒诞派文学) The term is applied to a number of works in drama and prose fiction which have in common the sense that the human condition is essentially absurd, and that this condition can be adequately represented only in works of literature that are themselves absurd. The current movement emerged in France after the Second World War, as a rebellion against essential beliefs and values of traditional culture and traditional literature. They hold the belief that a human being is an isolated existent who is cast into an alien universe and the human life in its fruitless search for purpose and meaning is both anguish and absurd.2. Theater of the absurd: (荒诞派戏剧) belongs to literature of the absurd. Two representatives of this school are Eugene Ionesco, French author of The Bald Soprano (1949) (此作品中文译名<秃头歌女>), and Samuel Beckett, Irish author of Waiting for Godot (1954) (此作品是荒诞派戏剧代表作<等待戈多>). They project the irrationalism, helplessness and absurdity of life in dramatic forms that reject realistic settings, logical reasoning, or a coherently evolving plot.3. Black comedy or black humor: (黑色幽默) it mostly employed to describe baleful, naïve, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in what Ionesco called a “tragic farce”, in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 (美国著名作家约瑟夫海勒<二十二条军规>) can be taken as an example of the employment of this technique.4. Aestheticism or the Aesthetic Movement（唯美主义）: it began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by some French artists. They declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social purpose. The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walt Pater and Oscar Wilde.5. Allegory（寓言）: a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities, such as John Buny an’s The Pilgrim’s Progress. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.6. Fable（寓言）: is a short narrative, in prose or verse, that exemplifies an abstract moral thesis or principle of human behavior. Most common is the beast fable, in which animals talk and act like the human types they represent. The fables in Western cultures derive mainly from the stories attributed to Aesop, a Greek slave of the sixth century B. C.7. Parable（寓言）: is a very short narrative about human beings presented so as to stress analogy witha general lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience. For example, the Bible contains lots of parables employed by Jesus Christ to make his flock understand his preach.(注意以上三个词在汉语中都翻译成语言，但是内涵并不相同，不要搞混)8. Alliteration（头韵）: the repetition of the initial consonant sounds. In Old English alliterative meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line, such as in Beowulf.9. Consonance is the repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants but with a change in the intervening vowel, such as “live and love”.10. Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowel, especially in stressed syllables, in a sequence of nearby words, such as “child of silence”.11. Allusion （典故）is a reference without explicit identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Most literary allusions are intended to be recognized by the generally educated readers of the author’s time, but some are aimed at a special group.12. Ambiguity（复义性）: Since William Empson（燕卜荪）published Seven Types of Ambiguity （《复义七型》）, the term has been widely used in criticism to identify a deliberate poetic device: the use of a single word or expression to signify two or more distinct references, or to express two or more diverse attitudes or feeling.13. Antihero（反英雄）：the chief character in a modern novel or play whose character is totally different from the traditional heroes. Instead of manifesting largeness, dignity, power, or heroism, the antihero is petty, passive, ineffectual or dishonest. For example, the heroine of Defoe’s Moll Flanders is a thief and a prostitute.14. Antithesis（对照）：(a figure of speech) An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar syntactic structure is used to express contrasting ideas. For example, “Marriage has many pains, but celibacy（独身生活）has no pleasures.” by Samuel Johnson obviously employs antithesis.15. Archaism（拟古）：the literary use of words and expressions that have become obsolete in the common speech of an era. For example, the translators of the King James Version of Bible gave weight and dignity to their prose by employing archaism.16. Atmosphere（氛围）: the prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.17. Ballad（民谣）：it is a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. It originated and was communicated orally among illiterate or only partly literate people. It exists in many variant forms. The most common stanza form, called ballad stanza is a quatrain in alternate four- and three-stress lines; usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme. Although many traditional ballads probably originated in the late Middle Age, they were not collected and printed until the eighteenth century. 18. Climax：as a rhetorical device it means an ascending sequence of importance. As a literary term, it can also refer to the point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a story’s turning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.19. Anticlimax（突降）：it denotes a writer’s deliberate drop from the ser ious and elevated to the trivial and lowly, in order to achieve a comic or satiric effect. It is a rhetorical device in English.20. Beat Generation（垮掉一代）：it refers to a loose-knit group of poets and novelists, writing in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s, who shared a set of social attitudes –antiestablishment, antipolitical, anti-intellectual, opposed to the prevailing cultural, literary, and moral values, and in favor of unfettered self-realization and self-expression. Representatives of the group include Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs. And most famous literary creations produced by this group should be Allen Ginsberg’s long poem Howl and Jack Kerouac’s On the Road.21. Biography（传记）：a detailed account of a person’s life w ritten by another person, such as Samuel Johnson’s Lives of the English Poets and James Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson.22. Autobiography（自传）：a person’s account of his or her own life, such as Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography.23. Blank verse（无韵诗）：it consists of lines of iambic pentameter which are unrhymed. Of all English metrical forms it is closest to the natural rhythms of English speech, and at the same time flexible and adaptive to diverse levels of discourse; as a result it has been more frequently and variously used than any other type of versification. Soon after blank verse was introduced by the Earl of Surrey in his translation of Virgil’s works, it became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic dramas and some poets also employed this form to write their long poems such as John Milton’s Paradise Lost.24. A parody（模仿）imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work, or the distinctive style of a particular author, or the typical stylistic and other features of aserious literary genre, and deflates the original by applying the imitation to a lowly or comically inappropriate subject.25. Celtic Revival also known as the Irish Literary Renaissance （爱尔兰文艺复兴）identifies the remarkably creative period in Irish literature from about 1880 to the death of William Butler Yeats in 1939. The aim of Yeats and other early leaders of the movement was to create a distinctively national literature by going back to Irish history, legend, and folklore, as well as to native literary models. The major writers of this movement include William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, John Millington Synge and Sean O’Casey and so on.26. Characters（人物）are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from the dialogues, actions and motivations. E. M. Forster divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.27. Chivalric Romance (or medieval romance) （骑士传奇或中世纪传奇）is a type of narrative that developed in twelfth-century France, spread to the literatures of other countries. Its standard plot is that of a quest undertaken by a single knight in order to gain a lady’s favor; frequently its central interest is courtly love, together with tournaments fought and dragons and monsters slain. It stresses the chivalric ideals of courage, loyalty, honor, mercifulness to an opponent, and elaborate manners. 28. Comedy:（喜剧）in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.29. Farce （闹剧）is a type of comedy designed to provoke the audience to simple and hearty laughter. To do so it commonly employs highly exaggerated types of characters and puts them into improbable and ludicrous situations.30. Confessional poetry（自白派诗歌）designates a type of narrative and lyric verse, given impetus by Robert Lowell’s Life Studies, which deals with the facts and intimate mental and physical experiences of the poet’s own life. Confessional poetry was written in rebellion against the demand for impersonality by T. S. Elliot and the New Criticism. The representative writers of confessional school include Robert Lowell, Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath and so on.31. Critical Realism:（批判现实主义）The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeoisreality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils. Representative writers of this trend include Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray and so on.32. Drama: （戏剧）The form of composition designed for performance in the theater, in which actors take the roles of the characters, perform the indicated action, and utter the written dialogue. (The common alternative name for a dramatic composition is a play.)33. Dramatic Monologue:（戏剧独白）a monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. Dramatic monologue does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. By using dramatic monologue, a single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment. For example, Robert Browning’s famous poem “My Last Duchess” was written in dramatic monologue. 34. Elegy（哀歌或挽歌）：a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.35. Enlightenment（启蒙运动）：The name applied to an intellectual movement which developed in Western Europe during the seventeenth century and reached its height in the eighteenth. The common element was a trust in human reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with the belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the remaining feudal traditions. It influenced lots of famous English writers especially those neoclassic writers, such as Alexander Pope.36. Epic（史诗）：it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race.37. Epiphany:（顿悟）In the early draft of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce employed this term to signify a sudden sense of radiance and revelation that one may feel while perceiving a commonplace object. “Epiphany” now has become th e standard term for the description, frequent in modern poetry and prose fiction, of the sudden flare into revelation of an ordinary object or scene.38. Epithet: as a term in criticism, epithet denotes an adjective or adjectival phrase used to define a distinctive quality of a person or thing. This method was widely employed in ancient epics. For example, in Homer’s epic, the epithet like “the wine-dark sea” can be found everywhere.39. Essay:（散文）any short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply entertain. The essay can be divided asthe formal essay and the informal essay (familiar essay).40. Euphemism（委婉语）: An inoffensive expression used in place of a blunt one that is felt to be disagreeable or embarrassing, such as “pass away” instead of “die”41. Expressionism（表现主义）：a German movement in literature and the other arts which was at its height between 1910 and 1925 –that is, in the period just before, during, and after WWⅠ. The expressionist artist or writer undertakes to express a personal vision – usually a troubled or tensely emotional vision – of human life and human society. This is done by exaggerating and distorting. We recognize its effects, direct or indirect, on the writing and staging of such plays as Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman as well as on the theater of the absurd.42. Free verse（自由体诗）：Like traditional verse, it is printed in short lines instead of with the continuity of prose, but it differs from such verse by the fact that its rhythmic pattern is not organized into a regular metrical form – that is, into feet, or recurrent units of weak and strong stressed syllables. Most free verse also has irregular line lengths, and either lacks rhyme or else uses it only occasionally. Walt Whitman is a representative who employed this poem form successfully.43. Gothic novel:（哥特式小说）It is a type of prose fiction. The writers of this type of fictions mostly set their stories in the medieval period and in a Catholic country, especially Italy or Spain. The locale was often a gloomy castle. The typical story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent heroine by a cruel villain. This type of fictions made bountiful use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, and other supernatural occurrences. The principle aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror and the best of this type opened up to the fiction the realm of the irrational and of the perverse impulses and nightmarish terrors that lie beneath the orderly surface of the civilized mind. Some famous novelists liked to employ some Gothic elements in their novels, such as Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights. 44. Graveyard poets（墓园派诗歌）: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from pensiveness to profound gloom. The vogue resulted in one of the most widely known English poems, Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”.45. Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）：a period of remarkable creativity in literature, music, dance, painting, and sculpture by African-Americans, from the end of the First World War in 1917 through the 1920s. As a result of the mass migrations to the urban North in order to escape the legal segregation of the American South, and also in order to take advantage of the jobs opened to African Americans at the beginning of the War, the population of the region of Manhattan known as Harlembecame almost exclusively Black, and the vital center of African American culture in America. Distinguished writers who were part of the movement included Langston Hughes and Jean Toomer. The Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s brought the period of buoyant Harlem culture –which had been fostered by prosperity in the publishing industry and the art world – effectively to an end.46. Heroic Couplet（英雄双韵体）refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later seven teenth century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer. From the age of John Dryden through that of Samuel Johnson, the heroic couplet was the predominant English measure for all the poetic kinds; some poets, including Alexander Pope, used it almost to the exclusion of other meters.47. Hyperbole（夸张）:this figure of speech called hyperbole is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or of possibility. It may be used either for serious or ironic or comic effect.48. Understatement（轻描淡写）：this figure of speech deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or importance than it really is, or is ordinarily considered to be. The effect is usually ironic.49. Imagism（意象派）：it was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. It was planned and exemplified by a group of English and American writers in London, partly under the influence of the poetic theory of T. E. Hulme, as a revolt against the sentimental and mannerish poetry at the turn of the century. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation. Most famous Imagist poem, “In a Station of the Metro”, wa s written by Ezra Pound. Imagism was too restrictive to endure long as a concerted movement, but it influenced almost all modern poets of Britain and America. 50. Irony（反讽）：This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern critical uses of the term “irony”, there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artistic effects.51. Local Colorism（地方色彩）was a literary trend belonging to Realism. It refers to the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region. After the Civil War a number of American writersexploited the literary possibilities of local color in various parts of America. The most famous representative of local colorism should be Mark Twain who took his hometown near the Mississippi as the typical setting of nearly all his novels.52. Lyric（抒情诗）：in the most common use of the term, a lyric is any fairly short poems consisting of the utterance by a single speaker, who expresses a state of mind or a process of perception, thought and feeling.53. Metaphysical Poets（玄学派诗人）：The name is now applied to a group of seventeenth-century poets who, whether or not directly influenced by John Donne, employ similar poetic procedures and imagery, both in secular poetry and in religious poetry. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by irregular meter, colloquial language and original images.54. Modernism（现代主义）：The term modernism is widely used to identify new and distinctive features in the subjects, forms, concepts, and styles of literature and the other arts in the early decades of the 20th century, but especially after WWI. The specific features signified by “modernism” vary with the user, but many critics agree that it involves a deliberate and radical break with some of the traditional bases not only of Western art, but of Western culture in general.55.Postmodernism（后现代主义）：The term postmodernism is often applied to the literature and art after WWII. Postmodernism involves not only a continuation, sometimes carried to an extreme, of the countertraditional experiments of modernism, but also diverse attempts to break away from modernist forms which had, inevitably, become in their turn conventional, as well as to overthrow the elitism of modernist “high art” by recourse to the models of “mass art”.56. Theme（主题）：The term is usually applied to a general concept or doctrine, whether implicit or asserted, which an imaginative work is designed to incorporate and make persuasive to the reader. 57. Multiple Point of View （多重视角）：It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.58. Ode（颂诗）：An ode is a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject.59. Magic realism（魔幻现实主义）is a new literary genre appeared in the 20th century. The writers, who employed magic realistic techniques, interweave, in an ever-lasting pattern, a sharply etchedrealism in representing ordinary events and descriptive details together with fantastic and dreamlike elements, as well as with materials derived from myth and fairy tales. In American literature, some of Toni Morrison’s novels employed magic realistic elements.60. Transcendentalism（超验主义）：appeared in 1830s in US；emphasis on spirit or oversoul and stressing importance of the individual；regarding nature as symbols of the spirit or God and emphasis on brotherhood of man；representatives: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau61. Lost Generation（迷惘的一代）：Many prominent American writers of the decade following the end of WWI, disillusioned by their war experience and alienated by what they perceived as the crassness of American culture are often tagged as Lost Generation. Their representatives are F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway.62. Naturalism（自然主义）：Naturalism was a new and harsher realism. Naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. In American literature, Theodore Dreiser is a representative of naturalism.63. American Puritanism（清教主义）：Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had an enduring influence on American literature.64. Flashback（闪回）：interpolating narratives or scenes which represent events that happened before the time at which the work opened; for example, it is used in Arthu r Miller’s Death of a Salesman. 65. Plot（情节）：The plot in a dramatic or narrative work is constituted by its events and actions, as these are rendered and ordered toward achieving particular artistic and emotional effects.。
英美诗歌文学术语（全英）
英美诗歌⽂学术语（全英）Selected English and American PoemsLiterary Terms for Discussing PoetryAlliteration: The repetition of initial sounds or prominent consonant sounds. Examples: “A ll the a wful a uguries;” “p ensive p oets;” “a f ter li f e’s f itful f ever;” “I s lip, I s lide, I g loom, I g lance” (from Tennyson’s “The Brook”)Apostrophe: An addressing to an absent or imagined person or to a thing as if it were present and could listen. Example:“Milton! Thou shouldst be living at this hour / England hath need of thee: she is a fen / Of stagnant waters:” (from William Wordsworth, “London, 1802”)Assonance: The repetition, in words of close proximity, of same or similar vowel sounds, especially in stressed syllables, preceded and followed by differing consonant sounds. Examples: “deep green sea;” “light / bride;” “tide / mine” (note that tide and hide are rhymes).Ballad: A short narrative poem, especially one that is sung or recited, composed of quatrains, with 8, 6, 8, 6 syllables, with the second and fourth lines rhyming. A ballad often contains a refrain (i.e.a repeated phrase, line, or group of lines). Examples: “Jackaroe;” “The Long Black Veil”Blank verse: Unrhymed iambic pentameter. Examples: Shakespeare's playsCarpe diem poetry: Poems, whose theme is “to seize the day,” that is concerned with the shortness of life and the need to act in or enjoy the present. Examples: Herrick’s “To the Virgins to Make Much of Time”; Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress"Consonance: The counterpart of assonance; the repetition of identical consonant sounds in words whose main vowels differ. Also called half rhyme or slant rhyme. Examples: shadow / meadow; pressed / passed; trolley / bully; fail / peel.Couplet: A stanza of two lines, usually, but not necessarily, with end-rhymes (i.e. the rhyming words occur at the ends of the lines). Couplets end the pattern of a Shakespearean sonnet. Diction: The choice of vocabulary and of grammatical constructions. In poetry, it can be formal or high—proper, elevated, elaborate, and often polysyllabic language; neutral or middle—correct language characterized by directness and simplicity; or informal or low—relaxed, conversational and familiar language. Example: there is a difference in diction between “One never knows” and “You never can tell.”Double rhyme or trochaic rhyme: Rhyming words of two syllables in which the first syllable is accented. Example: flower / showerDramatic monologue: A poetic form, derived from the theater, in which the poet chooses a moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives and their minds and hearts to one or more other characters whose presence is strongly felt. In some dramatic monologues, especially those by Robert Browning, the speaker may reveal his personality in unexpected and unflattering ways. Examples: Robert Browning’s “My Last Duchess;” T. S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock;” Tennyson’s “Ulysses”Elegy: A lyric poem expressing sadness, usually a lament for the dead. Example: Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”Enjambment: The continuation of the grammatical construction and logical sense of a line on to the next line or lines for the purpose of special effect. Also called run-on lines. Example: “The Count your master’s known munificence / Is ample warrant that no just pretense / Of mine fordowry will be disallowed…. ” (from Browning, “My Last Duchess”)Epic: A long narrative poem, dignified in theme and elevated in style, that usually records how a hero, through experiences of great adventure, accomplishes important deeds. Examples: Homer’s “Odyssey;” Milton’s “Paradise Lost”Eye rhyme: Words that look as if they should rhyme because they are spelled identically but pronounced differently. Examples: heath / death; watch / catch, bear / fear, dough / coughEnd rhyme: Identical sounds at the ends of lines of poetry. Also called “terminal rhyme.” Example: “Tyger! Tyger! burning bright / In the forests of the night” (from William Blake, “The Tyger”). Feminine rhyme (double rhyme): Stressed rhyming syllables are followed by identical unstressed syllables. Examples: fatter / batter; tenderly / slenderly; revival / arrival Foot: A basic metrical unit, consisting of two or three syllables, with a specified arrangement of the stressed syllable orsyllables. The repetition of feet can produce a pattern of stresses throughout the poem. The numbers of feet are given here: monometer (one foot); dimeter (two feet); trimeter (three feet); tetrameter (four feet); pentameter (five feet); hexameter (six feet); heptameter or septenary (seven feet); Octameter (eight feet).Free verse: Poetry in lines of irregular length, usually unrhymed and often largely based on repetition and parallel grammatical structure. Examples: Walt Whitman’s “O Captain! My Captain!”; Gwendolyn Brooks’ “The Bean Eaters”Heroic couplet: Two successive rhyming lines of iambic pentameter, often “closed,” i.e. containing a complete thought. It is called heroic because in England, especially in the 18th century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems. Examples: “Be not the first by whom the new are tried, / Nor yet the last to lay the old aside.” (f rorm Alexander Pope, “An Essay on Criticism”) Iambic pentameter: The most natural and common kind of metrical pattern in English. Example: “The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, / The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea, / The plowman homeward plods his weary way, / And leaves the world to darkness and to me” (from Thomas Gray, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”).Image: An Image is language that appeals to the senses, such as sight (visual), sounds (auditory), tastes (gustatory), smells (olfactory), and sensations of touch (tactile). Imagery refers to images throughout a work or throughout the works of a writer or group of writers. Images frequently do more than offer only sensory impressions. They also convey emotions and moods. Examples: “the gray sea and the long black land” (visual); “and quench its speed i’ the slushy sand” (auditory); “sea-scented beach” (olfactory); Ezra Pound’s “In a Station of the Metro” (visual and tactile) Lyric poem: A short poem, often songlike, with the emphasis not on narrative but on the speaker’s emotion or reverie. Example: Christopher Marlowe’s “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” Masculine rhyme: Rhyme of one-syllable words such as lies / cries or, if more than one syllable, words in which the final syllables are stressed and, after their differing initial consonant sounds, are identical in sound. Examples: stark / mark; support / retort; behold / foretoldMetaphor: A kind of figurative language equating two literally incompatible things with each other, without a connective such as like or a verb such as appears or resembles. Examples: “Oh, my love is a red, red rose” (the speaker’s love is equated with a rose); “a piercing cry” (a cry is compared to a spear or other sharp instrument)Metaphysical conceit: An elaborate and extended metaphor or simile that links two apparently unrelated fields or subjects in an unusual and surprising conjunction of ideas. The term is commonly applied to the metaphorical language of a number of early 17th century poets,particularly John Donne. Examples: Donne’s “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning;” Marvell’s “To His Coy Mistress”Meter: A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. The most common kinds of metrical feet in English poetry are the five listed below:Iamb (iambic): An unstressed stressed foot. The most common rhythm in English verse.Examples: alone; away; “My heart is like a singing bird”Trochee (trochaic): A stressed unstressed foot. Examples: happy; garden, “Tyger! Tyger!Burning bright;”He was / louder / than the / preacherAnapest (anapestic): An unstressed unstressed stressed foot. Also called “galloping meter.”Examples: “As I came / to the edge / of the wood;” “There are man / -y whosay / that a dog / has his day”Dactyl (dactylic): A stressed unstressed unstressed foot. Examples: underwear; constantly;Take her up / tenderly; Sing it all / merrilySpondee (spondaic): A stressed stressed foot. Examples: True-blue; smart lad; sweet rose;dead set; “ (That the) night come”Ode: A long, stately poem in stanzas of varied length, meter, and form; Usually a serious poem on an exalted subject. Example: Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”Onomatopoeia: A blending of consonant and vowel sounds designed to imitate or suggest the sound of the activity being described. Examples: hiss; buzz; murmur; whirrOxymoron: A self-contradictory combination of words or smaller verbal units. Also can be seen as a compact paradox. Examples: bittersweet; a pleasing pain; hurry slowly. An exaggerated employment of oxymoron can be seen in Romeo’sspeech early in Romeo and Juliet:Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate!O anything, of nothing first create!O heavy lightness! serious vanity!Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms!Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health!Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!Paradox: A rhetorical figure embodying a seeming contradiction that is nonetheless true with a logic structure. Examples:“More haste, less speed;” “less is more;” “The child is father of the man”Pentameter: A line of verse containing five feet.Personification: Attributing human characteristics to nonhuman things or abstractions. Prosody: The principles of versification, particularly as they refer to rhyme, meter, rhythm, and stanza.Quatrain: A four-line stanza or poetic unit. In an English or Shakespearean sonnet, a group of four lines united by rhyme.Rhyme: The repetition of identical or similar concluding syllables in different words, most often at the ends of lines. Unlike rhythm, rhyme is not basic to poetry; but it is pleasant, suggests order, and may be related to meaning implying a relationship. Examples: lie / high; June / moon; stay / play; tender / slender; throne / alone; love / doveRhyme scheme: The pattern of rhyme, usually indicated by assigning a letter of the alphabet toeach rhyme at the end of a line of poetry. Example: The rhyme scheme of Shakespearean sonnet often is abab cdcd efef gg.Scan (scansion): The process of marking the kind and number of feet in poetic lines to establish the prevailing metrical pattern. Example: The scansion of the line “The summer thunder, like a wooden bell” tells readers that it is iambic pentameter.Shakespearean sonnet: A fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter, composed of three quatrains and a couplet rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. Also called the English sonnet. Shakespeare was its most distinguished practitioner.Slant rhyme: A near or approximate but not true rhyme in which the concluding consonant sounds are identical but not the vowels. Also called oblique rhyme, off-rhyme and pararhyme. Examples: sun / noon, should / food, slim / ham. Soliloquy: A speech in a play, in which a character alone on the stage speaks his or her thoughts aloud. Examples: Shakespeare’s HamletSonnet: A closed form of poem almost invariably of fourteen lines and following one of several set rhyme schemes. The two basic sonnet types are the Italian or Petrarchan and the English or Shakespearean. The sonnet developed in Italy probably in the 13th century and the form was introduced into England by Thomas Wyatt.Stanza: A group of poetic lines forming a unit corresponding to paragraphs in prose; the meters and rhymes are usually repeating or systematic.Terza rima: An interlocking rhyme scheme with the pattern aba bcb cdc, etc. Example: Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”Verse: (1) a line of poetry; (2) a stanza of a poemVersification: The art and practice of writing verse. It includes all the mechanical elements making up poetic composition: accent, rhyme, meter, rhyme, stanza form, diction, and such aids as assonance, onomatopoeia, and alliteration. Guidelines for Reading Poetry ResponsivelyThe following guidelines can help you respond to important elements that reveal a poem’s effects and meanings. The questions listed are general, so not all of them will necessarily be relevant to a particular poem. Many, however, should prove useful for thinking, discussing, understanding, and writing about poetry.1. Read the poem a few times slowly and aloud.2. Make sure you understand the grammar of each sentence so that you can follow what eachsentence literally says. If there are deviations form normal syntax, consider the reasons for them.3. Try relating the poem to your own experience in your life, work or study.4. Pay attention to the title. What does it mean or emphasize? Does it provide any context forthe poem?5. Rephrase the poem in your own words. What does your paraphrase reveal about thepoem’s subject and central concerns? What is lost or gained in your paraphrase?6. Study the poem’s voice. Who is the speaker? Is it possible to determine his or her age, sex, level of awareness, and values? Is he or she addressing anyone in particular? How would you characterize the poem’s tone? Is it consistent? What is the setting or situation?7. Analyze the poem’s diction. Look up unfamiliar words in a dictionary. Examine the denotations and connotations of the words the poet chose. Is dialect used? Is word order unusual or unexpected? How does the arrangement of words reveal the meaning or the theme of the poem?8. Consider the poem’s use of allegory, allusion, myth, and symbols. In what way are they related to the poem’s theme? Does the poem also use imagery or figures of speech such as metaphor, simile, irony, personification, hyperbole, understatement, metonymy, etc.? How do they enrich the poem’s vividness or meaning?9. Listen to the poem’s sound and rhythm. What is the predominant rhythm or meter? Are they regular or irregular? Is the rhythm consistent with the tone of the poem? Does the poem use alliteration? Assonance? Rhyme? What effect do they produce in the poem?10. Consider the poem’s form. Is the poem constructed as a sonnet? An ode? An elegy? A lyric? A free verse? Is the form appropriate for shaping the poem’s thought and emotion? 11. Identify the poem’s theme. What central theme or themes does the poem explore? How are the themes expressed?12. Consider the biographical and historical information about the author and the poem which might provide a useful context for interpretation of the poem.13. Don’t expect to produce a definitive reading. Many poems do not resolve all the ideas, issues, or tensions in them. Your reading will explore rather than define the poem.Suggestions for Scanning a Poem1. After reading the poem through, read it aloud. Try listening for natural emphases or accented syllables in the rhythm of the line.2. Mark the stressed syllables first, and then mark the unstressed syllables. Several methods can be used to mark lines. One widely used system employs ˊ for a stressed syllable and ˇ for an unstressed syllable.3. If you are not sure which syllables should be stressed, look for two- and three-syllable words in a line and pronounce them as you would normally pronounce them. For Examples, you'd say beLOW, not Below, MURmuring, not murMURing or murmurING.4. Try breaking the words into syllables so that you can see them individually instead of as part of a word. For example: You’d say “The CUR few TOLLS the KNELL of PART ing DAY,” not “The curfew tolls the knell of parting day.” This will make it easier to find the stressed syllables.5. From your markings, identify the dominant kind of foot (iambic, trochaic, dactylic, or anapestic) and divide the lines into feet.6. Count up the number of feet in each line (Remember that there may be variations; what is important is the overall pattern). Put the kind of foot together with the number of feet, and you've identified the meter. Examples: “The CUR | few TOLLS | the KNELL | of PART| ing DAY” is iambic pentameter whereas “As I CAME | to the EDGE | of the WOODS” is anapestic trimeter.7. Keep in mind that scansion does not always yield a definitive measurement of a line. What really matters is not a precise description of the line but an awareness of how a poem’s rhythms contribute to its effects.。
研究生学术综合英语上册Unit1-4课文及翻译全---请叫我雷锋教程文件
研究生学术综合英语上册U n i t1-4课文及翻译全---请叫我雷锋Unit1Presenting a SpeechStephen Lucas Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experiences, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to thinking itself. Contrary to popular belief,language does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events.Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any otherprofession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meanings of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly, vividly, and appropriately.Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately is to an accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words thatare precise and accurate.Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this by using familiar words that are known to the average person and require no specialized background; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter.Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way to make your language more vivid is through imagery, or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common; it always contains the words “like”or “as.”Metaphor is an implicitcomparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as.”Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial consonant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.Using language appropriately means adapting to the particular occasion, audience, and topic at hand. It also means developing your own language style instead of trying to copy someone else’s. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is much more likely to succeed.Good speeches are not composed of hot air and unfounded assertions. They need strong supporting materials to bolster the speaker’s point of view. In fact, the skillfuluse of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one. The three basic types of supporting materials are examples, statistics and testimony.In the course of a speech you may use brief examples —specific instances referred to in passing — and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stronger impression. Extended examples —often called illustrations, narratives, or anecdotes —are longer and more detailed. Hypotheticalexamples describe imaginary situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience. All three kinds of examples help to clarify ideas, to reinforce ideas, or to personalize ideas.To be more effective, though, they should be vivid and richly textured.Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message, as long as you use them sparingly and explain them so they are meaningful to your audience. Above all, you should understand your statistics and use them fairly. Numbers can easily be manipulated and distorted. Make sure that your figures are representative of what they claim to measure, that you use statistical measures correctly, and that you take statistics only from reliable sources.Testimony is especially helpful for student speakers, because they are seldom recognized as experts on their speech topics. Citing the views of people who are experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. When you include testimony in a speech, you can either quote someone verbatim or paraphrase their words. As with statistics, there are guidelines for using testimony. Be sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to cite qualified unbiased sources. If the source is not generally known to your audience, be certain to establish his or her credentials.The impact of a speech is strongly affected by how the speech is delivered. You cannot make a good speech without having something to say. But having something to say is not enough. You must also know how to say it. Good delivery does not call attention to itself. It conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly, interestingly, and withoutdistracting the audience.There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously, or impromptu. The last of these － speaking extemporaneously －is the method you probably will use for classroom speeches and for most speeches outside the classroom. When speaking extemporaneously, you will have only a brief set of notes or a speaking outline. Speaking with PowerPoint is widely used now andvery effective indeed.Certainly there are other factors you should consider, such as personal appearance, bodily action, gestures, eye contact, volume, pauses and so on. By paying enough attention to what is mentioned above, you may present an effective speech.第一单元如何发表演说斯蒂芬·卢卡斯在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。
英文诗歌鉴赏实践报告
英文诗歌鉴赏实践报告Practical Report on the Appreciation of English Poetry.Introduction.English poetry, a vibrant and diverse genre, offers a profound understanding of human emotions, thoughts, and experiences. It is not merely a collection of words but a canvas where artists paint their feelings and perspectives with precision and finesse. This practical report aims to delve into the essence of English poetry, exploring its various forms, techniques, and the emotional depth it possesses.Forms and Structures of English Poetry.English poetry, spanning centuries, has given birth to various forms and structures. The most common among them are the sonnet, ode, elegy, and lyric poetry. Each form has its unique characteristics and serves a specific purpose.The sonnet, a popular form in the Renaissance era, typically consists of fourteen lines divided into two stanzas. The first stanza, known as the octet, has eight lines, followed by the sestet, comprising six lines. The rhyme scheme and meter of the sonnet are carefully crafted, often ending with a couplet that sums up the poem's themeor message.The ode, on the other hand, is a longer poem thatextols or praises a subject, whether it be a person, a place, or an abstract concept. Odes often employ grandiose language and imagery to evoke strong emotions in the reader.The elegy, traditionally written to mourn the death of someone, is characterized by its melancholy tone and reflective nature. It often weaves together personal memories and broader themes of life and death.Lyric poetry, on the contrary, is more personal and emotional, focusing on the speaker's inner thoughts and feelings. It is often unstructured, without a fixed rhymescheme or meter, allowing the poet to express their emotions freely.Techniques Used in English Poetry.English poetry is rich in techniques that enhance its expressiveness and emotional depth. Among these techniques are simile, metaphor, personification, alliteration, and assonance.Simile compares two different things using the words'like' or 'as'. For instance, in John Keats's "Ode to a Nightingale," he compares the sound of the nightingale's song to "a faint harp of the far-off spheres." This simile helps the reader visualize and understand the beauty of the nightingale's song.Metaphor, on the other hand, directly identifies one thing as another, without using the words 'like' or 'as'. William Shakespeare's use of metaphor in "Romeo and Juliet" is evident in his famous line, "All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players." This metaphorgives a profound understanding of life's transience and the role each individual plays in it.Personification attributes human qualities to non-human objects or abstract concepts. In Emily Dickinson's "Because I Could Not Stop for Death," Death is personified as a respectful, polite, and even compassionate figure, adding a unique perspective to the subject of mortality.Alliteration, the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words, adds rhythmic beauty to poetry. An example of this can be found in Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "The Charge of the Light Brigade," where he writes, "Half a league, half a league, half a league onward," emphasizing the relentless charge of the soldiers.Assonance, on the other hand, refers to the repetition of vowel sounds within words. It creates a musical effect, often evoking certain emotions or moods. Robert Frost's "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" exhibits assonancein the lines, "The woods are lovely, dark and deep," creating a serene and peaceful atmosphere.Emotional Depth in English Poetry.The emotional depth of English poetry is what truly sets it apart. It is not just about the beauty of words or the mastery of techniques; it is about connecting with the reader on an emotional level. Poems like Shakespeare's "Sonnet 18," which compares his lover to a summer day, evoke strong feelings of love and adoration. Similarly, Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night" powerfully expresses the fear of death and the desire to live fully.Poets like Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, and Emily Dickinson explored themes of mental illness, loss, and isolation with raw honesty and profound empathy. Their works offer a window into the darker, more complex sides of human experience, reminding us that even in the depths of despair, there can be beauty and hope.Conclusion.English poetry is a vast and diverse ocean, containing gems of emotional and intellectual wealth. It offers a unique perspective on life, love, death, and everything in between. Through its various forms, structures, and techniques, it manages to evoke strong emotions and thoughts in the reader, making it a timeless and relevant genre.As we delve into the world of English poetry, it is important to appreciate not just the beauty of words but also the depth of emotions and ideas they convey. Each poem is a journey into the soul of the poet, offering insights into their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. By understanding and appreciating these aspects of English poetry, we can fully immerse ourselves in its beauty and power.。
英语诗歌的格律
英语诗歌的格律1．一首诗（a poem）往往包含有若干诗节（stanza或strophe），每节又分为若干行（line 或verse），每个诗行由若干音步（foot）组成，音步是由一定数目的重读音节（arsis或ictus）和非重读音节（thesis）按照一定规律排列而成。
音步的排列方式构成英诗的格律（meter 或 measure）。
2．依照每一音步中重读音节（扬）和非重读音节（抑）的排列方式，可以把音步分成不同种类，即格律。
常见的英语诗歌格律有四种。
a)抑扬格（Iambus; the Iambic Foot）：一个音步由一个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成。
b)扬抑格（Trochee; the Trochaic Foot）：一个音步由一个重读音节加上一个非重读音节构成。
c)扬抑抑格（Dactyl）：一个音步由一个重读音节加上两个非重读音节构成。
d)抑抑扬格（Anapaest; the Anapaestic Foot）：一个音步由两个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成。
不常见的几种格律。
e)抑扬抑格（Amphibrach; the Amphibrachy Foot）：一个音步由三个音节组成，其中第一、三个音节为非重读音节，第二个音节为重读音节。
f)扬扬格（Spondee）：一个音步由两个重读音节构成。
g)抑抑格（Pyrrhic）：一个音步由两个非重读音节构成。
3．音步也有完整和不完整之分。
诗行中每个音步的格律都相同，则为完整音步（actalectic foot）；如果诗行最末一个音步缺少一个音节，则为不完整音步（cactalectic）。
4．诗的各行音步数目不定，诗行按音步数量分为以下几种：一音步（monometer）二音步（dimeter）三音步（trimeter）四音步（tetrameter）五音步（pentameter）六音步（hexameter）七音步（heptameter）八音步（octameter）超过八音步的诗行在英语诗歌中较为少见。
构思作文：运用修辞手法提升表达
修辞之美：运用修辞手法提升表达的艺术The Beauty of Rhetoric: Enhancing Expression throughthe Art of Figurative LanguageThe art of using rhetorical devices to enrich one's expression is as ancient as language itself. From Homer's epics to Shakespeare's sonnets, mankind has harnessed the power of figurative language to evoke emotions and paint vivid pictures in words.One such device is simile, which compares two unlike things using "like" or "as". Imagine saying, "Her eyes were like sparkling diamonds," instead of just describing them as bright. This simple comparison brings instant life to an otherwise mundane description.Metaphors go further by directly stating that something is another thing entirely. When we say, "Love is a rose with thorns," it conjures up both the beauty and the challenges associated with romantic relationships.Personification赋予无生命的事物以人类的特征，making abstract concepts come alive." Time flies when you're having fun", for instance, transforms time into a winged creature zipping past us unseen.Hyperbole, on the other hand, exaggerates truth for comedic effect or to emphasize a point. Saying that someone is "a million times better than anyone else" certainly gets the message across!Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words within close proximity, adding musicality to language. A phrase like "big brown bear bumping busily" tickles the ear with its rhythmic cadence. Onomatopoeia mimics natural sounds, giving voice to actions and environments. Hearing "buzzing bees" or "crashing waves" immediately transports us to those scenes. By utilizing these various rhetorical tools, writers can create rich tapestries of language that engage readers emotionally and intellectually. It’s not about flashy gimmicks but rather about enhancing our understanding of the world through the powerful medium of words. So let your imagination run wild—and bring the magic of rhetoric to every sentence you craft.。
英语新闻标题异化举例
英语新闻标题异化举例English news headlines often follow a specific format and writing style, which is designed to be concise, catchy, and informative. However, sometimes, due to translation or cultural differences, certain headlines may appear unusual or "alienated" to English readers. Here are some examples of English news headlines that exhibit a degree of alienation:1. "Rising and Warms up: Economy Shows Signs of Recovery"In English, the phrases "rising" and "warms up" are typically used figuratively to describe an increase or improvement in something, such as temperatures or economic activity. In this headline, they are being used to describe the recovery of the economy. While this is a common way to express this concept in English, it may strike some readers as slightly unnatural or alienating, especially if they are not familiar with this idiomatic usage.2. "Beijing Auction Drama: Collector Refuses to Pay for Winning Bid"This headline uses the term "drama" to describe a controversial event at a Beijing auction, where a collector refused to pay for a winning bid. While the use of "drama" is intended to create a sense of excitement or intrigue, it may also contribute to a sense of alienation for some readers, as it is not a typical way to describe such an event in English.3. "Beidaihe's State-Owned Scenic Spots Offer Free Admission from November to March"This headline is relatively straightforward and informative, but it contains a term "scenic spots" that may be unfamiliar to some English readers. While the concept of scenic spots is widely recognized in Chinese culture, it is not as commonly used in English. Therefore, this term may create a sense of alienation for readers who are not familiar with it.4. "Thrills, Spills 'n' Chills: The Excitement of Snowboarding"This headline uses alliteration (the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words) to create a catchy and memorable phrase. However, the use of "'n'" to represent "and" is not standard English grammar, and may strike some readers as odd or alienating. Additionally, the use of "Spills" to describe falling or crashing in snowboarding may be unfamiliar to some readers, as it is not a widely used term in English.In conclusion, while English news headlines are typically designed to be clear and accessible to a wide readership, they can sometimes contain elements that may strike some readers as alienating due to translation or cultural differences. By being aware of these potential issues, writers can strive to create more inclusive and accessible headlines that resonate with a broader audience.。
提喻英语诗歌例子
提喻英语诗歌例子Poetry, the artful manipulation of language, evokes emotions and conjures images in the mind's eye. It is a form that allows writers to express the inexpressible, to articulate thoughts and feelings that prose cannot capture. The essence of poetry lies in its ability to transcend the mundane, to elevate the ordinary into the extraordinary through the use of metaphor, simile, and other figurative language.Consider the metaphor, a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn’t literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison. A metaphor asserts a correlation or resemblance between two things that are otherwise unrelated. For instance, "Time is a thief" suggests that time steals moments from our lives, just as a thief would steal jewels.Similes, on the other hand, make comparisons using the words "like" or "as." They are explicit in their comparative nature, often used to paint a vivid picture. For example, "Her smile was as bright as the sun" not only describes the brightness of her smile but also conveys warmth and joy.Personification gives human characteristics to inanimate objects, animals, or ideas. This can be seen in the line "The wind whispered through the trees," where the wind is attributed with the human action of whispering, enhancing the sensory experience of the scene.Alliteration and assonance are sonic devices that enhance the auditory quality of poetry. Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words, as in "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers." Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds within words, as in "The rain in Spain falls mainly in the plain."Enjambment is a technique in which a line of poetry carries its sentence into the next line without a pause. This can create a sense of urgency or flow, as seen in the work of modern poets who often use this technique to mirror the stream of consciousness or the natural flow of thought.Imagery is the use of descriptive language that engages the visual senses and allows the reader to picture the scene. Poets like Robert Frost excel in this, painting landscapes with words so vivid one can almost feel the chill of "The Road Not Taken."Symbolism is when an object or action that means more than its literal meaning is used. For example, a dove often symbolizes peace, and the color black is frequently associated with death or evil.Meter and rhyme bring a musicality to poetry, with meter referring to the rhythmic structure and rhyme being the correspondence of sounds. Traditional forms like the sonnet or the villanelle have strict patterns of meter and rhyme, while free verse may eschew them altogether.The haiku, a traditional Japanese form, captures a moment in just three lines with a syllable pattern of 5-7-5, often focusing on nature and the seasons. The sonnet, with its 14 lines and intricate rhyme schemes, often explores themes of love, death, and time.In conclusion, poetry is a versatile and expressive form that uses language in innovative ways to convey deep emotions and ideas. It is a reflection of the human experience, a snapshot of life's moments, and a testament to the enduring power of words. Whether through the structured form of a sonnet or the free-flowing lines of contemporary verse, poetry remains a powerful medium for storytelling and expression. 。