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CFA一级考点：The Code of Ethics道德规范

全球最大的CFA(特许金融分析师)培训中心总部地址：上海市虹口区花园路171号A3幢高顿教育电话：400-600-8011网址：微信公众号：gaoduncfa 1 CFA 一级考点：The Code of Ethics 道德规范道德规范的部分，在cfa 考试中占极大比例。

高顿小编希望考生们可以认真看一下。

Part Ⅰ: The Code of EthicsAct with integrity, competence, diligence, respect, and in an ethical manner with the public, clients, prospective clients, employers, employees, colleagues.Place the integrity of investment profession and the interest of clients above their own personal interests.Use reasonable care and exercise independent professional judgment when conducting investment decision-making activities.Practice and encourage others to practice in a professional and ethical manner that will reflect credit on themselves and the profession.Promote the integrity of ,and uphold the rules governing capital market.Maintain and improve their professional competence and strive to maintain and improve the competence of other investment professional.各位考生，2015年CFA 备考已经开始，为了方便各位考生能更加系统地掌握考试大纲的重点知识，帮助大家充分备考，体验实战，网校开通了全免费的高顿题库（包括精题真题和全真模考系统），题库里附有详细的答案解析，学员可以通过多种题型加强练习，通过针对性地训练与模考，对学习过程进行全面总结。

The Concept of Academic and Scholarship Integrity

FOUNDATIONAL VALUES IN UNIVERSITY EDUCATION 57particular actions as good or bad based on the social contract of a particular society. It is possible for people inone group to hold a different set of morals than people in another group. Descriptive ethics also change overtime. For instance, the acceptability of racism changed in the United States over the course of generations.Normative ethics. This implies what should be good or bad in a society. The view of what is an acceptable ethic requires subjectivity. Normative ethics conflict with descriptive ethics at times. An example ofnormative ethics is the debate concerning abortion.Meta-ethics. It involves the examination of ethical terms, such as justice and morality, as broad concepts for a society. It also seeks to define a middle ground among terms, such as good and evil. Emotivism, a part ofmeta-ethics, involves using a seemingly objective claim as an emotional response. An example of meta-ethicsincludes questioning the existence of free will in a society.What is a code of ethics? The primary focus of ethics is to determine right and wrong conduct, both in theory and specific situations. While issues in ethics are often debated, primary ethical imperatives, such as notcommitting murder, can be codified into law, which allows for a standard of justice. Practically applied, ethicsis important, because it gives individuals a basis on which to praise or decry an action and punish or reward it.Without the study of ethics, there can be no government and no law. Without an ethical system in place, allactions are equally acceptable and no one is safe from his/her neighbour. Ethics is not only important forinterpersonal relations, but it is also important for the environment and the way animals are treated by humans.Ethics seeks to protect parties that cannot speak for themselves. It is a major factor in industries that deal withlivestock, wild animals, and natural resources.Why are ethics important in communication? In communication, ethics work to enhance credibility, improve the decision-making process, and allow for trust among the two parties. Ethics provide thegroundwork for right and wrong, allowing two parties to communicate with a basic understanding of what isexpected. The purpose of ethics is to avoid doing harm and this is vital in communication, because it works tobuild trust. This allows both parties to define what is acceptable to allow for better relations betweenindividuals and different departments in the case of organizations. The same level and understanding of ethicsapplies to all forms of communication, including verbal, written, and digital.The Concept of Academic and Scholarship Integrity at the UniversityWhat is academic integrity? Fundamental to the academic work you do at university is an expectation that you will make choices that reflect integrity and responsible behavior. University will ask much of you.Occasionally, you may feel overwhelmed by the amount of work you need to accomplish. You may be short oftime, working on several assignments due to the same day, or preparing for qualifying exams or your thesispresentation. The pressure can be intense. However, no matter what level of stress you may find yourself under,university expects you to approach your work with honesty and integrity. Honesty is the foundation of goodacademic work. Whether you are working on a problem set, lab report, project or paper, avoid engaging inplagiarism, unauthorized collaboration, cheating, or facilitating academic dishonesty. Follow this advice:1. Academic dishonesty, academic misconduct, or academic fraud is any type of cheating that occurs inrelation to a formal academic exercise. It can include:(a) Plagiarism: The adoption or reproduction of original creations of another author (person, collective,organization, community, or other type of author, including anonymous authors) without due acknowledgment;(b) Fabrication: The falsification of data, information, or citations in any formal academic exercise;All Rights Reserved.FOUNDATIONAL VALUES IN UNIVERSITY EDUCATION58 (c) Deception: Providing false information to an instructor concerning a formal academic exercise—e.g., giving a false excuse for missing a deadline or falsely claiming to have submitted work;(d) Cheating: Any attempt to obtain assistance in a formal academic exercise (like an examination) without due acknowledgment (including the use of cheat sheets).2. Bribery or paid services: Giving assignment answers or test answers for money.3. Sabotage: Acting to prevent others from completing their work. This includes cutting pages out of library books or willfully disrupting the experiments of others.4. Professorial misconduct: Professorial acts that are academically fraudulent equate to academic fraud and/or grade fraud.5. Impersonation: Assuming a student’s identity with intent to provide an advantage for the student.Academic dishonesty has been documented in every type of educational setting from elementary school to graduate school. Throughout history, this type of dishonesty has been met with varying degrees of approbation.Academic integrity. This is the moral code or ethical policy of academia. The term was coined by the late Don McCabe, who is considered to be the “grandfather of academic integrity”. This includes values, such as avoidance of cheating or plagiarism; maintenance of academic standards; honesty and rigor in research; and academic publishing.Dishonesty. It is to act without honesty. It is used to describe a lack of probity, cheating, lying, or being deliberately deceptive or a lack in integrity, knavishness, perfidiosity, corruption, or treacherousness. Dishonesty is the fundamental component of a majority of offences relating to the acquisition, conversion, and disposal of property (tangible or intangible) defined in criminal law, such as fraud.Intellectual property rights. A right that is had by a person or a company to have exclusive rights to useits own plans, ideas, or other intangible assets without the worry of competition, at least for a specific period of time. These rights can include copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. These rights may be enforced by a court via a lawsuit. The reasoning for intellectual property is to encourage innovation without the fear that a competitor will steal the idea and/or take the credit for it.Intellectual property protection. Intellectual property protection is protection for inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, and images created by the mind. Learn how you can protect your intellectual property by using patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and copyrights.Intellectual property protection explained. Entrepreneurs and business owners need to understand the basics of intellectual property law to best protect their hard-earned creations and ideas from unfair competition. Intellectual property includes distinctive items that you have created and ones that give you an economic benefit. Seek professional experience from an intellectual property attorney to help your company plan for success and avoid theft of ideas, designs, and other concepts. Since filing and re-filing intellectual property applications can get expensive and waste time if done incorrectly, determine what you need to protect when it comes to intellectual property: Decide which of your ideas fall under which specific protection option; file as quickly as possible to reduce your chance of losing out on protection; and investigate international patents as well as those registered in the United States. Make sure to plan and execute your planned strategy as soon as you start your company or invent something new. There are four types of intellectual property protection for businesses: patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and copyrights.All Rights Reserved.。

Code of Ethics

Code of EthicsSOCIETY OF TRANSLATORS AND INTERPRETERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIAExcerpt from the BYLAWSPART 14 - CODE OF ETHICSDefinitions71. Translation is a professional activity which has as its aim the written transposition of text from one language into another and which requires, among other things, excellent knowledge of the source language and mastery of the target language.72. Interpretation is a professional activity, the purpose of which is to convey, in a given language and for a given audience, the content of oral messages produced in another language. Interpretation may be simultaneous or consecutive. It requires, among other things, excellent knowledge of both the source language and the target language.73. Terminology is a sphere of professional activity, the purpose of which is the systematic study, in one or more languages, of terms used to designate concepts. It requires mastery of the working languages and a good knowledge of the field under study, as well as terminological research methods and reference sources.74. In this code, unless otherwise stated, "member" shall refer to translators, interpreters and terminologists belonging to the Society, whether certified or associate.Principles75. Members shall abide by this Code of Ethics and shall be answerable to the Society for any breach thereof.76 (1). A member is responsible for all aspects of that member's work and shall not contract out of that responsibility by asking a client to agree to an unconditional waiver of liability.(2). In the event that any person makes any claims against the Society in connection with a member's work for any damages, costs and expenses, the member responsible will fully indemnify and hold harmless the Society from any such claims and all associated legal costs.77 (1). Members shall strive to conduct their business in accordance with Competency Charts approved by the Directors.(2). Members shall accept an assignment only if they are well qualified with respect to knowledge of both languages involved and the skills required, and only if the subject matter is within their competence.78 (1). Members shall refrain from making misleading statements regarding their level of competence or their certification.(2). In their advertising, members shall clearly indicate their certification in terms of languagesand membership class (translator, court interpreter, conference interpreter, terminologist).79. Members shall refrain from unfair tactics in the practice of their profession.80. Members shall act towards colleagues in a spirit of mutual cooperation as well as assist and encourage beginners in the profession.81. Where applicable, members shall respect all copyrights and other intellectual property rights.82. Members shall not divulge privileged information.83. Members shall not use their professional role to perform functions that lie beyond the scope of a language professional, such as advocacy, counselling or improper disclosure of information.84. When interpreting in the courts of British Columbia, members shall abide any and all professional codes or standards of conducts required of court interpreters by the Ministry of Attorney General. (This Bylaw was updated at STIBC's AGM on May 29, 2010.)85 (1). In this bylaw, "Professional Seal" means an embossing seal or similar instrument that sets out the member's affiliation with the Society by use of the registered name of the Society and includes the member's registration number.(2) Only a Certified Translator may apply to the Society to obtain a Professional Seal.(3) Only a Certified Translator in good standing may use a Professional Seal issued by the Society to him.(4) The production cost of the seal and a handling fee shall be paid by the member.(5) The seal remains the property of the Society.(6) If a member who has been issued a Professional Seal(a) ceases to be a member in accordance with bylaw 7,(b) is expelled or suspended in accordance with bylaw 8, or(c) is no longer in good standing in accordance with bylaw 9,that member is no longer entitled to use the seal and must return the seal to the Society without delay and at his or her cost. (Bylaws 7, 8 and 9 refer to under what condition members lose their membership, and are not considered members anymore. The full version of the Bylaws is here)How to Apply for MembershipApplications to become a member of STIBC can be submitted throughout the year, and many applicants are admitted during the April or September admissions cycle, when the Admission Translation exam and the Ethics exam are offered.Note on Becoming Certified - Almost all Candidates to STIBC are first admitted as Associate Members. Once they are members, they can apply for certification as a translator or interpreter. Please see Certification for more details.2011 - Application CycleThe next Admission Day when both the Ethics exam and Admission exam will be offered is Saturday, Sept. 10, 2011 - Deadline for application is Tuesday, Sept. 6 at 12 noon.In March 2009, STIBC implemented an online application system, and modified its application procedures. Please see details on how to apply below.FEES: The total application fee for admission as a Associate member is $160.50 plus HST. Please note that one half of the Application Fee is charged at the beginning of the application process, and the second half is requested upon the writing of the final exam, which is the Ethics exam. The Ethics exam is mandatory for all applicants to the Society. Application Fees are non-refundable.Requirements to Apply to STIBC:All candidates must be proficient in two languages as translators or interpreters, and must have at least one (1) year experience as a translator or interpreter, be it full time, part time or volunteer. The experience may be shown by in the resume, or by an estimated word count. The word counts vary per language and are as follows:- Canada's official languages (French or English) 110,000 words;- Spanish, Chinese and Punjabi: 80,000 words;- Other languages: 30,000 words.To apply for membership, the following steps are required:2. Submit resume, documents and additional information as requested by STIBC.3. STIBC advises if the candidate has sufficient education or experience to follow the process of "Admission on Dossier", or is required to present the process of "Admission by Exam".Admission by Exam- Pass English Language Proficiency Exam- Pass Admission Translation Exam- Make final payment, to present and pass Ethics examAdmission by Dossier- Present additional documents as required- Make final payment, to present and pass Ethics examThe Ethics exam is mandatory for all applicants to the Society.Upon successful completion of either process, the Candidate is admitted as an Associate Member and requested to pay annual membership fees. (Current annual membership fees for Associate Members are $145.70 per year plus HST.)[Certified Members registered with another association in Canada may be admitted directly as a Certified member. Please contact the STIBC office for more details. Current annual membership fees for Certified members are $219.05 per year plus HST.]Admission Translation Exam InformationThis exam starts at 9 am on the Admission Day and please arrive 1/2 an hour early for registration. You are given two hours to translate a text of about 150 to 200 words. Sample texts can be found here. (On Sept 10, the exam will start at 9 am.)RegulationsCandidates may bring and consult any print reference works such as dictionaries as they wish, but they may not share these works with other candidates. Please note that no electronic devices, including computers, cell phones and blackberries are allowed at the exam, and use of these items is grounds for disqualifying a candidate.To ensure anonymity, papers are identified by a number only. Each paper is marked by two correctors. The pass mark is 70 per cent.Candidates will be notified of their results by e-mail, and a mark will be indicated in the event of failure. Examination papers will not be returned to candidates. Please note that the minimum time for markingexams is three months.Viewing and AppealIn accordance with the regulations, any candidate who fails the examination may request to view the marked exam, and may appeal the result within one month following notification of the results. A fee is payable for such appeals and will be refunded if the appeal is successful. The Appeal decision is final.Ethics Exam InformationThe Ethics exam is required for ALL applicants to STIBC. To prepare for the Ethics exam, please review the Code of Ethics on the STIBC website. A copy of the code will be provided at the exam, and you will be asked to read a short text and answer some questions of a person who does not follow this code.You are given 30 minutes to complete this test. This exam can also be taken on Admission Day sessionFor more information on membership, please contact the office by email, click here. Admission PolicyThe following Admission Policy is the basis for the Admissions Review of all applicants to STIBC, and for the documents that they are required to provide. It is also the basis of the procedure forthe Candidate being requested to follow the procedure of Admission by Exam, or Admission on Dossier.Admission PolicyAll candidates must have at least one (1) year experience translating or interpreting (word equivalents of one year experience in translation: Canada's official languages: 110,000 words; Spanish, Chinese and Punjabi: 80,000 words; other languages: 30,000 words, be it in full-time, part-time or volunteer work, and/or in interpretation, 200 interpreting hours per year), plus one of the following, (a) to (h):a) Achieving an average mark of 70% or greater in one of the Society's Admission Translation Examinations. The admission exams are held in April and September.Or:Persons who meet any one of the criteria specified under (b) through (h) shall be exempt from the Admission Translation Examination:b) Certified members in good standing of a full member association of FIT (International Federation of Translators) appearing on the most recent list of FIT members.c) Graduates of Interpreting or Translation Programs of Government accredited Canadian Colleges orUniversities in Canada. BA or higher can also be in the study of languages, linguistics or a related field.d) VCC Health Care Interpreting Certificate, as well as the VCC Court Interpreting Programe) Instructors who have taught interpreting or translation related courses of such programs for a minimum of three academic years.f) Graduates from Interpreting or Translation related Programs from Government accredited foreign colleges or universities from outside Canada. Such candidates shall provide original copies of Diploma and Transcripts together with certified translation of such documents, and evaluation by ICES (International Credential Evaluation Service; Tel. No. 604-432-8800) if applicable, to be verified by STIBC.g) Associate Members in good standing of a Canadian Translators, Terminologists and Interpreters Council (CTTIC) member association.h) Members in good standing of the International Association of Conference Interpreters (AIIC)i) Candidates who practice translation or interpreting in rare languages, as defined by the Registrar and the Membership and Certification committee (for example: languages where CTTIC certification is not offered) and whose experience and education is approaching the level which would be required for on dossier certification. Proof of experience and education must be provided.English Language Proficiency exam: After a review of submitted documents, some candidates may be requested to write the English Language Proficiency exam. Candidates who work from English to Foreign Language would write the Reading comprehension exam. Candidates who work from a Foreign Language to English would write the Grammar exam.Ethics exam: All candidates to the Society are required to present the Ethics exam, and achieve a mark of 70% or greater. The Ethics exam is offered two times per year: April and September. Qualified candidates may present the Ethics exam at other times during the year.Direct admission to Certified Member category:Non members seeking Certified membership in the Society shall be admitted as certified members only if the candidate is a certified member in good standing of a Canadian Translators and Interpreters Council member association and can provide proof of such certification and membership.Admission as a Student:Candidates who are currently studying at a full-time diploma program in Canada may apply for Student member status. They are to provide a current resume and the latest copy of their academic record or transcript. If granted, the application fee and membership fees are reduced.Upon graduation, the candidate must have completed one year of experience in equivalent word-count or hours to be able to convert to Associate Member status.Application Fees: The fees to apply to the Society are set by the Registrar and confirmed by the Board of Directors. Application fees are non-refundable if an exam is not passed. Only the initial application fee may be refunded if the application is withdrawn in writing, and prior to presenting an exam.- Associate membership: for 2011, $160.25 plus HST and payable in two parts – upon initial application and upon being granted permission to register for Ethics exam- Direct admission to Certified Member:$50 plus HST application fee, and prorated member fees per month remaining in the calendar year- Student: for 2011, $80.25 plus HSTPOLICY TO MAINTAIN MEMBERSHIP AND BE IN GOOD STANDING1. According to the STIBC Bylaws, a member who has not paid fees is no longer “in good standing”, but is still considered a member until one year has passed. After one year, the member is considered “deemed”, and may rejoin upon paying all lapsed fees for each year missing.2. Each January 1st, members who have not paid fees will be given 30 days grace to make their payment. Late fees will be charged as of February 1st of each year.3. Any member who is not in good standing will be removed from the public directory listings for STIBC, such as the website and print directory.4. SPECIAL CONDITIONS FOR CERTIFIED MEMBERS - As required by the Title Protection regulations of the Province of BC, the STIBC bylaws imply that a Certified Member who is “deemed” also does not have certified membership status in STIBC. This means that as well as not being permitted to state that he/she is a member of STIBC and/or a certified member, he/she is not permitted to use the seal that was issued by STIBC, and must return it to the Society office.Criteria for CertificationELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR THE CTTIC 2012 WRITTEN EXAMSOnly a current STIBC member may apply, and the member must be in good standing when they register (in Fall 2011), and be in good standing when they write the exam in 2012.- For STIBC Certified Translators who wish to become certified translators in anotherlanguage combination, they must be in good standing, and have passed the Ethics Exam.- For STIBC members wishing to present the written component of the court exam, they must be in good standing, and have passed the Ethics Exam. --- Please note that members do not need to provide proof of previous experience, however, a minimum of 3 years experience as a translator or interpreter is suggested.- For STIBC Associate Members, they must be in good standing, and have passed the Ethics Exam, and comply with a) or b)a) Able to provide proof of four years full time experience in translation, according to the chart below.b) Hold a degree in the study of translation, linguistics, interpretation or language from a Canadian University, (or overseas that has been evaluated by the International Credential Evaluation Service), plus one year of full-time experience.Word count guidelines per year:For Four YearsOfficial Languages (English/French): 440,000 wordsSpanish, Chinese and Punjabi: 320,000 wordsOther languages: 120,000 wordsFor One YearOfficial Languages: 110,000 wordsSpanish, Chinese and Punjabi: 80,000 wordsOther languages: 30,000 wordsOn Documenting Your Experience:Please ensure your member file at the STIBC office has an updated resume, clearly stating your experience per eligibility requirements above.Also, please maintain your own personal records proving the experience stated in your resume for up to 3 years for verification and/or audit by the STIBC Committees for certification or compliance. Acceptable documentation includes:∙Word count of project translations (books, newsletters)∙Employment Records with the name and phone number of your supervisor, and duties of the position held∙Documents from translation and interpretation clients with their name and phone numbers ∙Invoices, and tax receiptsAll letters and records in STIBC fileswill be kept strictly confidential.[As of October 2008, STIBC revised its explanation of eligibility criteria to present the CTTIC National Translation Examination. From 2003 to 2008, candidates were required to have one-year experience prior to becoming an associate, and then prove 3 years additional experience. As of Oct 2008 revised guidelines, candidates for the CTTIC translation exam must prove 4 years of experience or have a recognized university degree plus one year experience.]CTTIC Translation Certification FAQIf you are a STIBC member, please also see∙Criteria for writing the CTTIC Certification Exam∙Court Interpreting Certification Exam FAQ - coming soonIf you are not already an Associate Member of STIBC, this does not apply to your situation. Please read about how to join.∙For more information on the national organization, please see the website of the CTTIC: Canadian Translators, Terminologists and Interpreters Council∙When will the next exam be held?THE CTTIC exams are held in February each year. (Only in 2010, it was held on March 6th.) Only members in good standing may register for the CTTIC exams; only members in good standingmay receive their marks. Please see events to register.If you are planning on registering for the CTTIC exam, you must have passed the Ethics exam.Ethics exams are offered at the same time as the Admissions exam, and at other timesthroughout the year.Question/Answer and Orientation session held throughout the year, please see events to register for a session; all candidates are encouraged to attend.Certified members in all language combinations are encouraged to assist as volunteers to helpanswer questions. For details, contact STIBC.∙How can I apply for the next exam?You can view the exam schedule in our events calendar and register online for the next exam.If you registered for this exam and did not receive an email confirmation afterwards, pleasecontact the STIBC office.∙What is the fee for the Exam?For the Feb 2012 exams, the CTTIC Translation examination fee is $260 plus HST.∙A maximum of two examinations may be written in any one year, and one exam must have English as the Source language.Translation Examination General InformationAs of 2010, the examination is now three hours in duration, (not two hours and 30 minutes) and the texts are about 200 words, not 175 to 185 words.The 2012 national translation certification exam will consist of two texts: one compulsory general text of approximately 200 words, and a choice between two somewhat specialized texts of about 200 words each.Candidates may bring and consult any reference works they wish, but they may not share these works with other candidates.Candidates who wish to do so may take two different examinations, one in the morning and the other in the afternoon.Please note that no electronic devices, including computers, cell phones and blackberries are allowed at the exam.Orientation and Preparation:Workshops will be held in January and February on preparing for the exam.Candidates may contact the STIBC office to see if a mentor in their language combination is available to assist in preparation for the exam.Examination BoardTo ensure anonymity, papers are identified by a number only. Each paper is marked by two correctors. The pass mark is 70 per cent.The exams are marked using a point deduction system, where points are deducted per translation error. For example 10 points are deducted for a mistranslated word, and 3 points are deducted for punctuation or grammar errors.ResultsCandidates will be notified of their results by mail, and a mark will be indicated in the event of failure. Examination papers will not be returned to candidates. Please note that the minimum time for marking exams is four months.AppealIn accordance with the regulations of the Examination Board, any candidate who fails the examination may appeal the result within one month following notification of the results. A fee is payable for such appeals and will be refunded if the appeal is successful. The Appeal decision is final.How are the exams marked, and what do the comments mean?(Answers provided by Creighton Douglas, Chair, CTTIC Board of Certification; Oct. 1998)Let me assure candidates that every paper is carefully read and corrected by two markers, who must agree on the final mark. If they do not agree, the paper is referred to a third marker, whose decision is final.The pass mark is 70% and any paper that falls between 65% and 70% is reviewed very carefully to ensure that a pass or failure is clearly justified.Re "General Comments": they will usually seem repetitive, since the pattern of errors from candidate to candidate and from year to year is very similar. These comments in no way disqualify a candidate, but are written after the paper is marked to indicate the nature of the problems in a general way.The term "transfer error" refers to a shift in meaning, sometimes quite subtle, between the original meaning in the source text and the meaning as translated into the target language. Such errors can be very important, but at the same time difficult for the candidate to recognize -- if the candidate had perceived the error, they likely would not have made it!Why is there a fee for appeals? (answer provided by Mr. Creighton Douglas) All examination and appeal fees are set by CTTIC and the provincial associations and areintended to cover exam-related costs. This is done on an overall basis, rather than on each paper,exam or appeal. Neither CTTIC, STIBC nor the other provincial associations could provide thecertification service if a scheme to recover reasonable costs were not in place.Court Interpreting - CTTIC Certification ExaminationInformation for candidates1. Examination dates and fees - 2011-2012The next written component of the court interpreting examination will take place on Saturday Feb. 25, 2012.(The next oral component is tentatively scheduled for Spring or Fall of 2012. Only those who pass the written exam in earlier years, ie 2009, 2010 or 2011 are eligible to sit the oral component. The oral component is usually offered every two years. The last date was March 2010.)2. Eligibility and availabilityAll Associate and Certified members are eligible to register for the written examination. CTTIC cannot guarantee that all possible language combinations will be available. It is suggested that candidates have over two years prior experience in the Canadian courts, and/or education.3. Registration deadlineFor the written component, online registration and fees must be received by STIBC no later than Friday, Dec 2, 2011.4. Examination formatThe examination is a two-step process consisting of a written and an oral component. Candidates who pass the written will be eligible to sit the oral at a later date. Candidates register and pay for the two examinations separately.(i) Written examinationa) Written translation on a general legal or court related subject from a language of specialization into English (or French) ANDWritten translation of legal terms & technical vocabulary commonly used in court proceedings from English (or French) into the language of specialization. (Note: no dictionaries will be allowed.)b) Legal knowledge test (multiple choice and short answers)c) Ethics component (case scenario followed by questions)(ii) Oral examinationa) Sight translation from English (or French) to language of specialization and from language of specialization into English (or French).b) Simultaneous interpretation from English (or French) into language of specialization.c) Consecutive interpretation from English (or French) into language of specialization and from language of specialization into English (or French).5. MarkingExaminations will be marked independently by two markers. Candidates must pass all three parts of the written component with a minimum of 70% on each. Similarly, all three parts of the oral component must be passed with a minimum of 70% on each.6. ResultsCandidates will be notified of their results by email. Candidates who do not pass will be informed of their marks.7. AppealAny candidate who fails either the written or the oral component may appeal within one month following notification of the results. A fee is payable for such appeal and will be refunded if the appeal is successful.Reading and Resource listA resource manual for this exam was complied in 2010. Copies will be given at the exam preparation session in January. If unable to attend, please contact the STIBC office.(This resource list was prepared prior to 2008. Prices and availability may vary.)1. Manual for Court Interpreters . Available from Continuing Education Division, Vancouver Community College, City Centre Campus, 250 W. Pender, Vancouver, BC V6B 1S9.An excellent resource.2. A Tape Program for Court Interpreters (approx. 200 pages, 7 audio tapes). Available from Continuing Education Division, Vancouver Community College, City Centre Campus, 250 W. Pender, Vancouver, BC, V6B 1S9. Useful for practice.3. Court Interpreter's Manual by Evelyn Neuman, The Law Courts Education Society of BC, 800 Smithe St., Vancouver, B.C., V6A 2S8.4. Pocket Criminal Code, Carswell Publishers, 1998, 710-815 W. Hastings St., Vancouver, B.C. French version not in stock but can be ordered.5. A Bilingual Guide to Legal Terms , MOSAIC Translation Services, 1522 Commercial Drive, Vancouver, B.C. Spanish, Chinese, Polish and Persian versions available.6. The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process,by Susan Berk-Seligson (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1990). A study of interpreting in the courtroom and how it affects the trial outcome. Readable. Consult at the King Edward Campus (KEC) library, VancouverCommunity College, 1155 E. Broadway, Vancouver, BC.7. The Practice of Court Interpreting, by Alicia B. Edwards, (Amsterdam: John Benjamin, 1995). Excellent resource but focus is on court interpreting in the United States. Order from bookstore or consult at the KEC library.8. An Introduction to Court Interpreting: Theory and Practice, by Elena M. De Jongh (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1992). A good introduction to court interpreting, although the focus is on court interpreting in the U.S. Order from bookstore or consult at the KEC library.9. The New Interpreters Handbook: A step-by-step guide to becoming a professional interpreter,by Alex M‡rquez and Marta M‡rquez (Anaheim: Iberia Language Press, 1987), 116 pages. Available at the Vancouver Public Library.。

商业道德(Business Ethics)

• In other words, individual responsibility cannot be taken in isolation from social responsibility.
Individual and Social Responsibility
• In the first place, we acquire our individual moral standards from society: the family, friends, school, church, associations, and media.
Business Ethics
• Business Ethics: The application of ordinary human moral and ethical considerations in a business setting.
• “Application”: Like medical ethics, environmental ethics, business ethics is applied ethics.
• I am not solely responsible to myself or to my family, but also to others, to the community. I cannot just be moral at home and not in the workplace.
• 4. Moral standards are based on impartial considerations. Another way of expressing this is ‘universalizable’ or taking the point of view of an ‘ideal observer.’ Still, this impartiality must be balanced with partiality towards those we have a special relationship (family and friends) and the poor and the disabled.

The Code of Ethics

Standard I: Purpose and Scope
4. When facing illegal activities, the member should consult legal counsel (competent and unbiased) and follow the attorney’s advice without material deviation, dissociate from illegal activities, and urge the firm to stop the activities. This standard applies to the firm’s paid employees, non-paid interns, or volunteers, and consultants.
Standard II (A): Purpose and Scope
1. To prevent misuse of the CFA designation and membership in AIMR 2. The CFA mark is registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office; a professional designation, not an acronym or generic term 3. Requirements for being granted the designation:
Standard II: TIP • To call oneself CFA candidate, must be registered for the next exam • Using factual information published by leading financial/statistical agency does not constitute plagiarism

职业行为道德守则_Code_of_Ethics_cn

Table of Contents目录Introduction简介 (1)Compliance with Laws遵守的相关法律 (1)Antitrust Laws反托拉斯法 (1)Anticorruption Laws反腐败法 (2)Import-Export Laws and Antiboycott Laws进出口法及反抵制法 (3)Conflicts of Interest利益冲突 (3)Doing Business with Family Members与家庭成员做生意 (5)Ownership in Other Businesses在其它企业拥有产权 (6)Outside Employment外部雇佣 (7)Service on Boards董事会供职 (8)Business Opportunities商业机会 (8)Loans 贷款 (8)Gifts and Entertainment礼物和款待 (9)Accepting Gifts and Entertainment接受礼物和款待活动 (9)Giving Gifts and Entertaining赠送礼物和款待活动 (10)Fair Dealing公平处事 (11)Responding to Inquiries from the Press and Others回答媒体和其它咨询 (11)Political Activity政治活动 (12)Safeguarding Corporate Assets保护公司资产安全 (12)Equal Employment Opportunity and Anti-Harassment平等雇佣机会及反骚扰 (13)Health, Safety and the Environment健康、安全及环境 (15)Accuracy of Company Records公司记录的准确性 (16)Record Retention记录保留 (17)Administration of the Code of Conduct行为守则管理 (17)Distribution发布 (17)Role of Supervisors and Officers管理人员作用 (18)Reporting Violations报告违规事件 (18)Investigations调查 (18)Disciplinary Action纪律处分 (19)No Retaliation不报复 (19)Approvals批准 (19)Waivers废止 (19)Certifications证明 (20)Asking for Help and Reporting Concerns求助及报告所关注的事件 (20)Note:This code and related policies are current as of December___, 2005. In adopting and publishing these guidelines, you should note that (1) in some respects our policies may exceed minimum legal requirements or industry practice, and (2) nothing contained in this code should be construed as a binding definition or interpretation of a legal requirement or industry practice. To obtain additional copies of this code, you may contact Benedict Kwong or Lawrence Mozdzyn.注：本守则及相关政策于2005年12月___日开始适用。

BE lecture 8 10 business ethic managemeng之 code of ethics

– Respect for core human values – Respect for local traditions – Belief that context matters when deciding right and wrong
• Codes of ethics typically attempt to do one or both of the following:
– Define principles or standards that the organization, profession or industry believes in or wants to uphold; – Set out practical guidelines for employee behaviour, either generally or in specific situations (such as accepting gifts, treating customers etc.)
Codes of Ethics
Codes of ethics are voluntary statements that commit organizations, industries, or professions to specific beliefs, values, and actions and/or set out appropriate ethical behaviour for employees • 4 main types of ethical codes
Global codes of ethics
Can organisations devise one set of principles for all countries in which they operate? • Cross-cultural issues most commonly addressed are:

ethics主题英文作文

ethics主题英文作文Ethics is a topic that is often debated and discussedin various fields of study. It is the study of what is morally right and wrong, and how individuals and societies should behave. Ethics plays a crucial role in shaping our decisions and actions, and it is important to understandits significance in our daily lives.In today's society, ethical considerations are often overshadowed by personal gain and self-interest. People are more focused on achieving success and fulfilling their desires, often at the expense of others. This lack of ethical behavior can lead to a breakdown of trust and integrity in relationships and institutions.One aspect of ethics that is often overlooked is the impact of our actions on the environment. In our pursuit of economic growth and development, we often neglect the long-term consequences of our actions. We exploit natural resources without considering the effects on futuregenerations, leading to environmental degradation andclimate change.Another ethical issue that is prevalent in society is the treatment of animals. Many animals are subjected tocruel and inhumane conditions in factory farms and laboratories. This raises questions about ourresponsibility towards other living beings and the ethical implications of using animals for our own benefit.In the field of business, ethics is a topic of great importance. Companies are often faced with ethical dilemmas, such as whether to prioritize profits over the well-beingof employees or the impact of their products on society. Ethical behavior in business is not only important for maintaining a positive reputation, but also for creating a sustainable and fair economy.In the realm of technology, ethics is becoming increasingly relevant. The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and automation raises questions about the potential impact on jobs and privacy. It is important toconsider the ethical implications of these technologies and ensure that they are developed and used in a responsibleand ethical manner.In conclusion, ethics is a topic that is of great importance in various aspects of our lives. It influences our decision-making, behavior, and interactions with others. It is important to consider the ethical implications of our actions and strive to make choices that are morally right and beneficial for both individuals and society as a whole.。

ethic values英语作文该

ethic values英语作文该Ethic Values: The Cornerstone of a Harmonious SocietyEthic values are the principles and standards that guide individuals in distinguishing right from wrong, and in making decisions that contribute to the well-being of society. These values are essential in fostering a harmonious and thriving community, as they promote fairness, respect, and integrity. In this essay, we will explore the significance of ethic values and their impact on various aspects of life.The foundation of ethic values lies in the concept of morality, which is shared across different cultures and societies. These values serve as a framework for individuals to interact with one another, resolve conflicts, and make ethical decisions. Some of the key ethic values include honesty, respect, responsibility, fairness, and compassion.Honesty is the cornerstone of trust and integrity. It encourages individuals to be truthful and transparent in their words and actions, thereby fostering a sense of reliability and credibility. In a society where honesty prevails, people can trust one another, leading to stronger relationships and a more cohesive community.Respect is another vital ethic value that promotes positive interactions among individuals. Respecting others' opinions, beliefs, and rights helps create an inclusive environment where diversity is celebrated. By embracing respect, people can overcome prejudice and discrimination,fostering social harmony and unity.Responsibility is about being accountable for one's actions and their consequences. It encourages individuals to take ownership of their behavior and to fulfill their duties towards society. By being responsible, people contribute to the well-being of their community and help maintain order and stability.Fairness ensures that all individuals are treated justly and without bias. It advocates for equal opportunities and opposes any form of discrimination. By upholding fairness, societies can reduce social inequalities and promote social justice, which is essential for a harmonious and prosperous community.Compassion is the ability to empathize with others and to offer help and support when needed. It encourages individuals to be kind, generous, and considerate towards others, fostering a sense of unity and solidarity. Compassion helps build a supportive and caring society, where people look out for one another's well-being.Ethic values extend beyond personal conduct and have a profound impact on various aspects of life. In the realm of education, ethic values help create a positive learning environment that promotes academic excellence and character development. Students learn to respect their peers, teachers, and the learning process itself, which prepares them to be responsible and ethical citizens.In the workplace, ethic values contribute to a healthy and productive environment. Employers and employees who uphold these values create a culture of trust, fairness, and collaboration. This, in turn, leads to increased job satisfaction, higher productivity, and a stronger sense of teamwork.Moreover, ethic values play a crucial role in governance and leadership. Leaders who possess strong ethical principles inspire confidence and trust among their constituents. They make decisions that prioritize the common good over personal interests, ensuring a transparent and accountable government.In conclusion, ethic values are the backbone of a harmonious society. They promote positive interactions, integrity, and a sense of responsibility among individuals. By embracing and upholding these values, we can create a world that is fair, respectful, and compassionate, ultimately leading to a better quality of life for all.。

苏格拉底思想英语作文

苏格拉底思想英语作文Title: The Enduring Wisdom of SocratesIn the vast landscape of Western philosophy, few figures loom as large as Socrates. Often referred to as the father of critical thinking, Socrates' influence on subsequent thinkers and the intellectual tradition cannot be overstated. His unique approach to knowledge, ethics, and social interaction continues to resonate with modern audiences, providing a framework for understanding the complexities of human experience.One of the hallmarks of Socratic thought is his method of questioning, commonly known as the Socratic Method. At its core, this method involves engaging in dialogue with others, posing questions that challenge assumptions and encourage critical reflection. Socrates believed that true knowledge could only be attained through a process of rigorous examination and that this process was essential for leading an ethical life.Socrates' emphasis on ethics is perhaps most famously articulated in his teachings regarding the "good life." He argued that individuals should strive for a life guided by virtue, which he defined as a state of being morally excellent or good. Virtue, according to Socrates, encompasses qualities such aswisdom, courage, justice, and moderation. By cultivating these traits, one could achieve eudaimonia, a Greek term often translated as "happiness" or "flourishing," which Socrates considered the highest goal of human existence.Another key aspect of Socratic thought is his belief in the importance of personal responsibility. Socrates contended that individuals should take ownership of their actions and choices, recognizing that they are accountable for their own moral development. This notion of personal agency is particularly relevant today, as societies grapple with issues of free will, determinism, and the role of external factors in shaping human behavior.Despite his significant contributions to philosophy, Socrates lived during a time of great political turmoil in Athens. His unwavering commitment to truth and his willingness to challenge authority ultimately led to his trial and execution for charges of impiety and corrupting the youth. However, Socrates' legacy endures, as his ideas continue to inspire new generations of thinkers to question, to seek wisdom, and to live virtuously.In conclusion, Socrates' philosophy offers a timeless message that resonates across centuries and cultures. Hisemphasis on critical thinking, ethical living, and personal responsibility serves as a reminder of the power of the individual to shape their own destiny and contribute to the betterment of society. As we navigate the complexities of modern life, the enduring wisdom of Socrates remains a beacon of hope and a call to action for all who seek to live a life of meaning and purpose.。

ethic values的英语作文

ethic values的英语作文In the fast-paced and often chaotic world of today, ethical values serve as a compass, guiding us through the maze of right and wrong. They are the foundational principles that shape our decisions, influence our actions, and define our character. From the smallest of daily interactions to the largest of societal decisions, ethical values play a crucial role in maintaining order, promoting fairness, and fostering a sense of community.At the heart of ethical values lies the concept of morality, which encompasses our understanding of what is good and bad, right and wrong. These values are not static; they evolve and adapt as society progresses, reflecting the collective conscience of humanity. They serve as a beacon of light, illuminating the path towards a more compassionate, just, and sustainable world.One of the fundamental ethical values is honesty. It is the backbone of trust, the foundation of any meaningful relationship. When we are honest with ourselves and others, we build bridges of understanding and mutual respect. We create an environment where trust flourishes and people arefree to be vulnerable and authentic.Honesty also holds individuals and institutions accountable, ensuring that actions align with words and promises are kept.Compassion is another essential ethical value. It is the ability to empathize with others, to understand their pain and struggles, and to act in a way that alleviates their suffering. Compassion fosters a sense of unity and solidarity, reminding us that we are all part of a larger human family. It encourages us to extend a helping hand to those in need, regardless of their background or circumstances.Fairness is another ethical value that is crucial in ensuring justice and equality. It demands that we treat everyone equally, without bias or discrimination. It requires us to uphold the principles of equality and justice in all our dealings, ensuring that everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed and prosper. Fairness ensures that the rules apply equally to all, regardless of their social status or position.Responsibility is another ethical value that is integral to building a sustainable and harmonious society.It involves taking ownership of our actions and decisions, acknowledging their impact on others and the environment.It requires us to act with foresight and prudence, considering the long-term consequences of our actions. Responsible behavior promotes trust and stability, ensuring that we leave a positive legacy for future generations.In conclusion, ethical values are the glue that binds society together, the guiding principles that shape our world. They are the foundation of trust, fairness, compassion, and responsibility. By upholding these values, we can create a more inclusive, just, and sustainable world where everyone is treated with respect and dignity. Let us embrace these ethical values and use them as a compass to navigate our way towards a better future.**伦理价值观在现代社会：通往更美好未来的桥梁** 在当今快节奏且充满混乱的世界里，伦理价值观就像一座指南针，引导我们在正确与错误的迷宫中前行。

英语作文职业道德

Professional ethics,also known as work ethics,are the moral principles and values that guide the behavior of individuals in their professional lives.They are essential for maintaining a positive work environment and ensuring the integrity of the profession. Here are some key aspects of professional ethics:1.Integrity:This is the cornerstone of professional ethics.It involves being honest and truthful in all professional dealings.It means not engaging in dishonest practices such as lying,cheating,or stealing.2.Confidentiality:Professionals often have access to sensitive information about their clients,patients,or colleagues.It is important to respect privacy and keep this information confidential,except in cases where disclosure is legally required or necessary to prevent harm.3.Responsibility:Professionals are expected to take responsibility for their actions and decisions.This includes being accountable for the outcomes of their work and learning from mistakes.4.Fairness and Justice:Treating everyone fairly and without bias is a fundamental aspect of professional ethics.This means not discriminating against individuals based on race, gender,age,religion,or any other personal characteristic.5.Dedication to Excellence:Professionals should strive for excellence in their work.This involves continually improving their skills and knowledge,and delivering highquality work to their clients or employers.6.Loyalty:Professionals should be loyal to their employers,clients,and the profession itself.This means not engaging in activities that could harm the reputation or interests of the organization or profession.7.Conflict of Interest:It is important for professionals to avoid situations where their personal interests might conflict with their professional duties.If such a situation arises, they should disclose it and take steps to manage the conflict.8.Respect for Colleagues:Professionals should treat their colleagues with respect and dignity.This includes recognizing the contributions of others and working collaboratively to achieve common goals.pliance with Laws and Regulations:Adhering to the laws and regulations that govern ones profession is a basic requirement of professional ethics.This includesunderstanding and following industryspecific regulations and legal requirements.10.Continuous Learning and Development:Professionals should commit to lifelong learning and professional development to stay current with advancements in their field and to enhance their skills and knowledge.In conclusion,professional ethics are crucial for the success and reputation of individuals and organizations alike.By adhering to these principles,professionals can contribute positively to their workplaces and society at large.。

伦理决策英语作文

伦理决策英语作文In the fabric of our daily lives, we often encounter situations that require us to make decisions that are not only practical but also ethical. Ethical decision-making is the process of choosing a course of action that aligns with moral principles and values. It is a critical skill that can significantly impact our relationships, our work, and ourself-perception.Understanding EthicsEthics is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong. It is important to distinguish between ethical decisions and legal decisions. While legal decisions are based on laws and regulations, ethical decisions are based on personal or societal values.The Importance of Ethical DecisionsEthical decisions are crucial because they help to buildtrust and credibility. In the workplace, ethical behavior can lead to a positive work environment and high employee morale. In personal relationships, ethical decisions can strengthen bonds and foster respect.Steps to Ethical Decision Making1. Identify the Issue: Clearly define the ethical dilemma you are facing.2. Gather Information: Collect all relevant facts and consider different perspectives.3. Consider Ethical Principles: Reflect on the moral principles that guide your decision, such as honesty, fairness, and respect.4. Evaluate Possible Outcomes: Weigh the consequences of each potential decision.5. Consult Others: Seek advice from mentors, colleagues, or ethical guidelines.6. Make a Decision: Choose the course of action that best aligns with your ethical principles.7. Reflect on the Decision: After making the decision, consider its impact and learn from the experience for future situations.Challenges in Ethical Decision MakingSometimes, ethical decision making can be complicated by conflicting interests, cultural differences, or personal biases. It can also be challenging when the ethical course of action is not clear-cut or when the stakes are high.Case Study: Ethical Dilemma at WorkImagine a scenario where an employee discovers a minor error in a product that could potentially harm a few customers but would not significantly impact the company's profits. The ethical decision would be to report the error, even if it means admitting to a mistake and facing potentialrepercussions. This decision upholds the values of honesty and responsibility.ConclusionEthical decision making is a vital part of being a responsible and conscientious individual. It requires self-awareness, a clear understanding of moral principles, and the courage to act in accordance with those principles. By making ethical decisions, we contribute to a more just and harmonious society.Reflection QuestionHow do you ensure that your decisions align with your personal values and ethical principles? Consider a recent decision you made and reflect on whether it was guided by ethical considerations.。

2017英语六级作文题型

In2017,the English Level6exam,also known as CET6College English Test Band 6,featured a variety of essay topics that aimed to test the writing skills of the candidates. Here are some of the essay topics that were prevalent during that year:1.The Impact of Technology on Privacy:This topic required candidates to discuss the influence of technological advancements on personal privacy and whether its a positive or negative development.2.The Role of Social Media in Modern Society:Candidates were expected to explore how social media has changed the way people communicate and interact,as well as its implications for society.3.The Importance of Environmental Protection:This essay topic encouraged students to write about the significance of protecting the environment and the steps that can be taken to ensure a sustainable future.4.The Influence of Western Culture on Chinese Youth:Students were asked to analyze the impact of Western culture on the younger generation in China,including aspects such as fashion,music,and lifestyle choices.5.The Benefits of a Balanced Lifestyle:This topic focused on the advantages of maintaining a balanced life,including physical health,mental wellbeing,and social relationships.6.The Challenges of Urbanization:Candidates were tasked with discussing the challenges that come with rapid urbanization,such as pollution,traffic congestion,and the loss of cultural identity.7.The Value of Education in Personal Development:This essay topic asked students to reflect on how education contributes to personal growth and success.8.The Pros and Cons of Online Learning:Students were expected to weigh the benefits and drawbacks of online learning,considering factors such as accessibility,flexibility, and the quality of education.9.The Importance of Cultural Exchange:This topic encouraged candidates to discuss the significance of cultural exchange in fostering understanding and cooperation between different nations.10.The Ethics of Genetic Engineering:Students were asked to consider the ethicalimplications of genetic engineering,including its potential benefits and risks.Each of these topics required candidates to demonstrate their ability to organize thoughts logically,support arguments with evidence,and express ideas clearly in English.The essays were typically expected to be around150200words,with a clear introduction, body,and conclusion.。

The Ethics of Animal Rights and the Fur Industry

The Ethics of Animal Rights and the FurIndustryThe ethical debate surrounding animal rights and the fur industry is a complex and controversial issue. On one hand, animal rights activists argue that it is cruel and unethical to kill animals for their fur, while on the other hand, thefur industry argues that it is a necessary part of their business and provides jobs and economic benefits. In this response, I will explore both sides of the argument and provide my own perspective on the issue. Animal rights activists argue that killing animals for their fur is cruel and inhumane. They argue that animals are sentient beings that have the capacity to feel pain and suffer, and that killing them for their fur is a violation of their rights. They also argue that the methods used to kill animals in the fur industry are often brutal and inhumane, and that animals are often kept in cramped and unsanitary conditions before they are killed. On the other hand, the fur industry argues that it is a necessary part of their business and provides jobs and economic benefits. They argue that the animals they use for fur are often raised specifically for that purpose, and that they are treated humanely and killed quickly and painlessly. They also argue that the fur industry provides jobs for people in rural areas and contributes to the economy. From my perspective, the issue of animal rights and the fur industry is a complex one. While I understand the argument that killing animals for their fur is cruel and inhumane, I also understand the argument that the fur industry provides jobs and economic benefits. However, I believe that there are ways to address both of these concerns. Firstly, I believe that the fur industry should be required to adhere to strict animal welfare standards. This would include ensuring that animals are treated humanely and killed quickly and painlessly. Additionally, I believe that the fur industry should be required to use alternative materials, such as synthetic fur, whenever possible. This would help to reduce the demand for animal fur and minimize the number of animals killed for their fur. Secondly, I believe that there should be greater education and awareness about the ethical concerns surrounding the fur industry. This would help to inform consumers about the impact of their purchasing decisions and encouragethem to choose alternative materials whenever possible. Additionally, I believethat there should be greater support for alternative industries that provide jobs and economic benefits without relying on the use of animal fur. In conclusion,the issue of animal rights and the fur industry is a complex and controversial one. While I understand the arguments on both sides, I believe that there are ways to address both the ethical concerns and the economic benefits of the fur industry.By requiring the fur industry to adhere to strict animal welfare standards and promoting alternative materials and industries, we can work towards a more ethical and sustainable future.。

biomedical ethics英语作文350-400

biomedical ethics英语作文350-400The theory of obligation is the theory of responsibility and ought. Deontology expresses people's moral requirements and moral norms about how to behave and live in the form of moral norms and commandments. The typical representative of deontology is Kant, who put forward the idea of "Yiwu for obligation" from the perspective of "good will".Utilitarianism is an ethical theoretical system that emphasizes the utilitarian consequences of behavior and its universal function to others and society as the basis for judging and evaluating the moral value of human behavior. "The greatest happiness of the greatest majority" is the core principle that represents and reflects the essence of this ethical thought. The characteristics of Utilitarianism: 1 consequentialismp 2 Aggregation, focusing on the overall consequences, not the local behavioral consequences 3 Maximize, the greatest happiness of most people 4 Hedonism.The deontology emphasized by Kant is to act according to a certain established principle or the inherent legitimacy of something,without considering the consequences of the act on people and themselves. Kant's deontology's absolute rules with universal significance are not applicable to solving special problems in practice, although they emphasize a lotOnce the moral intuition universally recognized by human beings is generalized into absolute principles, it is impossible to analyze the particularity of different problems. As a kind of value, morality exists for people to live a better life. If it goes to the extreme of non moralism, which completely proves the means with the purpose, and completely ignores the personal values and needs, the impact on human development will be extremely negative.In the utility principle of classical utilitarianism, there is a view that the interests of the majorityYi can defend the sacrifice of a few people. In other words, when some individual interests conflict with collective interests or social interests, they often advocate that individuals should give way to the interests of the society with the spirit of self sacrifice without analysis. When asking for sacrifice of personal interests, do not provide sufficient defense. When people make sacrifices, they donot consider the compensation and consideration for the personal interests of the victims. As in this case, can the organs of a person with low IQ and good health be transplanted to five people who have made great contributions to the country and need organ transplantation due to organ failure? From the perspective of consequence theory, it does make the most people get the greatest happiness, but it does not take into account the interests of all parties.In this increasingly diverse era, with the rapid development of life technology, we often find that some ethical theories that are applicable to most situations are no longer applicable in specific biomedical situations; We will also find that some generally accepted ethical principles lead to contradictory and unacceptable moral conclusions; And in the face of the same problem, we can often get conflicting but reasonable ethical answers. For example, the latest development of life science and technology -- cloning (therapeutic cloning, reproductive cloning), embryonic stem cell research, and so on. The positive and negative arguments against it have caused more ethical dilemmas. In addition, the ethicaldiscussions on induced abortion, euthanasia, homosexuality and the human genome project have aroused great social repercussions.Ethical questions need a very satisfactory and perfect answer, not overnightIt's a very difficult job. Bioethics is still a research field with more questions than answers. Only through continuous exploration in the process of dialectical research can we make continuous progress.。

The Ethics of Animal Rights A Call to Action

The Ethics of Animal Rights A Call toActionThe Ethics of Animal Rights: A Call to ActionIn the grand tapestry of life, humans have often found themselves at the center of ethical debates, particularly when it comes to the treatment of other living beings. The discourse surrounding animal rights is a testament to the complexity of our moral compass, as we grapple with the balance between our needs and the welfare of animals. This essay seeks to delve into the multifaceted nature of animal rights, exploring various perspectives and urging a call to action for a more compassionate and ethical coexistence.The philosophical underpinnings of animal rights can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where thinkers like Pythagoras and Plutarch advocated for vegetarianism and the humane treatment of animals. However, it was not until the 18th century that the modern animal rights movement began to take shape, with figures like Jeremy Bentham and John Locke laying the groundwork for a more systematic approach to animal welfare. Bentham's utilitarian philosophy, which posits that the suffering of animals should be considered in moral deliberations, has been a cornerstone of animal rights advocacy.From a utilitarian perspective, the focus is on minimizing suffering and maximizing happiness. This approach has led to significant advancements in animal welfare, such as the implementation of laws against animal cruelty and the establishment of animal protection organizations. However, critics argue that utilitarianism can be problematic, as it may justify the use of animals for human benefit if the overall happiness is increased. This has sparked debates on the extent to which animals should be used for food, clothing, experimentation, and entertainment.Another perspective on animal rights is the deontological approach, which emphasizes the inherent rights of animals, independent of their utility to humans.Proponents of this view, such as Tom Regan, argue that animals have a right to be treated with respect and dignity, regardless of their ability to contribute to human well-being. This perspective has led to the rise of animal rights activism and the push for legal recognition of animals as sentient beings with rights.The environmental perspective on animal rights is also gaining traction, asthe impact of human activities on ecosystems and biodiversity becomes increasingly apparent. The destruction of natural habitats, overfishing, and climate change are just a few examples of how human actions have far-reaching consequences for animal populations. Advocates for this perspective argue that protecting animals andtheir habitats is not only a moral imperative but also essential for the long-term survival of our planet.The cultural and religious dimensions of animal rights cannot be overlooked,as beliefs and practices vary widely across different societies. In some cultures, animals are revered and protected, while in others, they are exploited for various purposes. Religious texts and teachings often provide guidance on the treatment of animals, with some advocating for compassion and others permitting their use for human benefit. The diversity of cultural and religious perspectives on animalrights underscores the need for a nuanced and inclusive approach to this issue.The emotional aspect of animal rights is also a significant factor in the debate. Many people form deep emotional bonds with their pets and are deeply affected by the suffering of animals. This emotional connection can be a powerful motivator for advocating for animal rights and pushing for change. However, it is essential to recognize that emotions can also cloud judgment and lead to extreme positions that may not be practical or beneficial for all parties involved.In conclusion, the ethics of animal rights is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires a thoughtful and balanced approach. It is essential to consider the philosophical, utilitarian, deontological, environmental, cultural, religious, and emotional perspectives in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of the issue. As we move forward, it is crucial to engage in open and respectful dialogue,recognizing the validity of different viewpoints while striving for a more compassionate and ethical coexistence with animals.A call to action is necessary for individuals, communities, and governments to take meaningful steps towards improving animal welfare. This can include supporting animal protection organizations, advocating for stronger animal rights legislation, and making more informed choices about the products we consume and the activities we participate in. Ultimately, the goal should be to create a world where animals are treated with the respect and dignity they deserve, and where our actions are guided by a deep sense of moral responsibility and compassion.。

WhatisEthics

What is Ethics?Developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. MeyerSome years ago, sociologist Raymond Baumhart asked business people, "What does ethics mean to you?" Among their replies were the following:"Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong.""Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs.""Being ethical is doing what the law requires.""Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts.""I don't know what the word means."These replies might be typical of our own. The meaning of "ethics" is hard to pin down, and the views many people have about ethics are shaky.Like Baumhart's first respondent, many people tend to equate ethics with their feelings. But being ethical is clear ly not a matter of following one's feelings. A person following his or her feelings may recoil from doing what is right. In fact, feelings frequently deviate from what is ethical.Nor should one identify ethics with religion. Most religions, of course, adv ocate high ethical standards. Yet if ethics were confined to religion, then ethics would apply only to religious people. But ethics applies as much to the behavior of the atheist as to that of the saint. Religion can set high ethical standards and can prov ide intense motivations for ethical behavior. Ethics, however, cannot be confined to religion nor is it the same as religion.Being ethical is also not the same as following the law. The law often incorporates ethical standards to which most citizens subscribe. But laws, like feelings, can deviate from what is ethical. Our own pre-Civil War slavery laws and the old apartheid laws of present-day South Africa are grotesquely obvious examples of laws that deviate from what is ethical.Finally, being ethical is not the same as doing "whatever society accepts." In any society, most people accept standards that are, in fact, ethical. But standards of behavior in society can deviate from what is ethical. An entire society can become ethically corrupt. Nazi Germany is a good example of a morally corrupt society.Moreover, if being ethical were doing "whatever society accepts," then to find out what is ethical, one would have to find out wha t society accepts. To decide what I should think about abortion, for example, I would have to take a survey of American society and then conform my beliefs to whatever society accepts. But no one ever tries to decide an ethical issue by doing a survey. Further, the lack of social consensus on many issues makes it impossible to equate ethics with whatever society accepts. Some people accept abortion but many others do not. If being ethical were doing whatever society accepts, one would have to find an agreement on issues which does not, in fact, exist. What, then, is ethics? Ethics is two things. First, ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obliga tions, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Ethics, for example, refers to those standards that impose the reasonable obligations to refrain from rape, stealing, murder, assault, slander, and fraud. Ethical standards also include those that enjoin virtues of honesty, compassion, and loyalty. And, ethical standards include standards relating to rights, such as the right to life, the right to freedom from injury, and the right to privacy. Such standards are adequate standards of ethics because they are supported by consistent and well-founded reasons.Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one's ethical standards. As mentioned above, feelings, laws, and social norms can deviate from what is ethical. So it is necessary to constantly examine one's standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well-founded. Ethics also means, then, the continuous effort of studying our own moral beliefs and our moral conduct, and striving to ensure that we, and the institutions we help to shape, live up to standards tha t are reasonable and solidly-based.This article appeared originally in Issues in Ethics IIE V1 N1 (Fall 1987)Revised 2010。

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State of Texas80.100. Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility. (Effective April 1, 2003, 28 TexReg 2742)(a) Preamble. Many persons who come before the courts are non- or limited-English speakers. The function of court interpreters and translators is to remove the language barrier to the extent possible, so that such persons' access to justice is the same as that of similarly situated English speakers for whom no such barrier exists. The degree of trust that is placed in court interpreters and the magnitude of their responsibility necessitate high, uniform ethical standards that will both guide and protect court interpreters in the course of their duties as well as uphold the standards of the profession as a whole. Interpreters are highly skilled professionals who fulfill an essential role in the administration of justice.(b) Applicability. This code shall guide and be binding upon all persons, agencies and organizations who administer, supervise use, or deliver interpreting services to the judiciary. This code is therefore intended not only to set forth fundamental ethical precepts for court interpreters to follow, but also to encourage them to develop their own, well-informed ethical judgment.(c) CANON 1: ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS. Interpreters shall render a complete and accurate interpretation or sight translation, without altering, omitting, or adding anything to what is stated or written, and without explanation. The register, style and tone of the source language should be conserved. While interpreting or translating, court interpreters are to use the same grammatical person as the speaker. Guessing should be avoided. Interpreter errors should be corrected for the record as soon as possible.(d) CANON 2: REPRESENTATION OF QUALIFICATIONS. Interpreters shall accurately and completely represent their certifications, accreditations, training, education, and pertinent experience. Court interpreters shall bring to the judge's attention any circumstances or conditions that impede full compliance with any canon of this code, including, but not limited to: interpreter fatigue, inability to hear, or inadequate knowledge of specialized terminology, and must decline assignments under conditions that make such compliance unattainable. Acceptance of a case by an interpreter conveys linguistic competency in legal settings.(e) CANON 3: IMPARTIALITY AND AVOIDANCE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST. Interpreters shall be impartial and unbiased and shall refrain from conduct that may give an appearance of bias. Interpreters shall immediately disclose to the Court and all parties any real, potential or perceived conflicts of interest. Interpreters shall abstain from comment on cases in which they serve. An interpreter who is also an attorney should not serve in both capacities in the same matter, unless agreed to by the judge and all parties.(f) CANON 4: PROFESSIONAL DEMEANOR. Interpreters shall conduct themselves in a manner consistent with the dignity of the court and shall be as unobtrusive as possible.(g) CANON 5: CONFIDENTIALITY. Interpreters shall not disclose privileged or confidential communications or information acquired in the course of interpreting or preparing for interpretation, unless authorized by the Court or by law.(h) CANON 6: SCOPE OF PRACTICE. Interpreters shall limit themselves to interpreting or translating, and shall not give legal advice, express personal opinions to individuals for whom they are interpreting, or engage in any other activities which may be construed to constitute a service other than interpreting or translating while serving as an interpreter. An interpreter may convey legal advice including the explanation of forms and/or services to a person only while an attorney is giving it.(i) CANON 7: ASSESSING AND REPORTING IMPEDIMENTS TO PERFORMANCE. Interpreters shall assess at all times their ability to deliver their services. When interpreters have any reservation about their ability to satisfy an assignment competently, they shall immediately convey that reservation to the judge.(j) CANON 8: DUTY TO REPORT ETHICAL VIOLATIONS. Interpreters shall report to the judge any effort to influence or impede the performance of their duty, or their compliance with any legal requirement, any provision of this code, or any other official policy governing court interpreting. An interpreter having knowledge that another interpreter has committed a violation of any provision of this code shall inform the judge and/or the appropriate licensing authority.(k) CANON 9: PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT. Interpreters shall continually improve their skills and knowledge and advance the profession through activities such as professional training and education, and interaction with colleagues and specialists in related fields. Interpreters should keep informed of all statutes, rules of courts and policies of the judicial system that relate to the performance of their professional duties.。