Fricatives

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专八语言学考点

专八语言学考点

专八语言学考点语言学概论一.语言的甄别特征(Design Features):语言的甄别特征(Design Features)包括:1. 任意性(Arbitrariness)2. 能产性(Productivity)3. 双层性(Duality)4. 移位性(Replacement)5. 文化传承(Cultural transmission)二.语言学的主要分支(the Main Branches of Linguistics):1. 语音学(phonetics):用以研究语音的特点,并提供语音描写、分类和标记方法的学科。

2. 音系学(phonology):研究语言中出现的区别语音及其模式是如何形成语音系统来表达意义的学科。

3. 形态学(morphology):研究词的内部结构和构词规则。

4. 句法学(syntax):用以研究词是被如何组成句子,以及支配句子构成的学科。

5. 语义学(semantics):研究语言意义的学科。

6. 语用学(pragmatics):研究语言的意义在语境中如何被理解、传递和产出的学科。

7. 宏观语言学(Macrolinguistics):主要包括社会语言学(Sociolinguistics)、心理语言学(Psycholinguistics)、人类语言学(Anthropological Linguistics)、计算机语言学(Computational Linguistics)。

三.语言学的流派(Different Approaches of Linguistics):1. 结构主义语言学(Structural Lingustics):1.1 布拉格学派(The Prague School)1.2 哥本哈根学派(The Copenhagen School)1.3 美国结构主义学派(American Structuralism)以上三个学派都受到索绪尔(Saussure)的影响,例如都区分语言和言语(Langue vs. Parole),共时和历时(Synchronic vs. Diachronic)。

英语辅音和元音发音规则

英语辅音和元音发音规则

英语辅音和元音发音规则英语中的辅音和元音有各自的发音规则,在学习英语发音时掌握这些规则是非常重要的。

下面是一些常见的英语辅音和元音的发音规则:一、辅音的发音规则:1. 爆破音(Plosives):爆破音是通过突然关闭然后迅速释放来发出的声音。

常见的爆破音有 /p/、/b/、/t/、/d/、/k/、/g/。

例如:pat (派特)、bat(蝙蝠)、tip(小费)、dip(蘸)、cat(猫)、gap(间隙)。

2. 摩擦音(Fricatives):摩擦音是通过让空气通过口腔摩擦发出的声音。

常见的摩擦音有 /f/、/v/、/θ/、/ð/、/s/、/z/、/ʃ/、/ʒ/、/h/。

例如:fish(鱼)、very(很)、thing(物品)、this(这个)、socks(袜子)、zoo(动物园)、shut(关闭)、pleasure(快乐)、house(房子)。

3. 鼻音(Nasals):鼻音是通过让空气通过鼻腔发出的声音。

常见的鼻音有 /m/、/n/、/ŋ/。

例如:map(地图)、name(名字)、sing (唱)。

4. 侧音(Lateral):侧音是通过让空气从舌尖旁边流出发出的声音。

常见的侧音有 /l/。

例如:like(喜欢)。

5. 半元音/浊辅音(Approximants):半元音是通过让空气从舌尖或唇边流出发出的声音。

常见的半元音有 /w/、/j/、/r/。

例如:water (水)、yellow(黄色)、red(红色)。

二、元音的发音规则:1. 单元音(Monophthongs):单元音是由舌和嘴唇的位置决定的,发音时口形保持不变。

常见的单元音有 /i:/、/ɪ/、/e/、/æ/、/ʌ/、/ɒ/、/ɔ:/、/ʊ/、/u:/、/ə/。

例如:see(看见)、sit(坐)、bet(打赌)、cat(猫)、cut(削减)、hot(热)、more(更多)、book(书)、put (放)、about(关于)。

英语摩擦音发音规则

英语摩擦音发音规则

英语摩擦音发音规则摩擦音(fricatives)是英语中的一类辅音,发音时气流受到阻碍而产生摩擦声。

根据不同的发音部位和发音方式,摩擦音可以分为激流摩擦音和近音摩擦音两大类。

下面将详细介绍英语摩擦音的发音规则。

一、激流摩擦音1.齿擦音/θ/:发音时舌尖紧贴上齿龈,通气道中央空腔稍微收敛,气流通过时发出摩擦声。

这个音在英语中并不常见,如“thin”(瘦的)、“math”(数学)。

2.齿龈擦音/ð/:发音时舌尖紧贴上齿龈,与齿擦音相似,区别在于声带振动。

发音时声带振动,所以这个音是浊音。

这个音在英语中也并不常见,如“then”(然后)、“this”(这个)。

3.声门摩擦音 /h/:发音时声带完全打开,气流通过喉头的狭窄空腔时发出摩擦声。

这个音是一个无声音,发音时应注意口腔放松。

如“hat”(帽子)、“hot”(热的)。

二、近音摩擦音1.唇齿摩擦音 /f/:发音时上齿床与下唇紧贴,气流通过时发出摩擦声。

这个音是一个无声音,发音时应注意不要张开嘴唇。

如“fat”(肥胖的)、“foot”(脚)。

2.齿龈摩擦音 /v/:发音时舌尖紧贴上齿龈,与唇齿摩擦音相似,区别在于声带振动。

发音时声带振动,所以这个音是浊音。

如“van”(货车)、“very”(很)。

3.齿音摩擦音 /s/:发音时舌尖紧贴上齿龈,通气道中央空腔稍微收敛,气流通过时发出摩擦声。

这个音是一个无声音,发音时注意舌尖与齿龈的接触。

如“sit”(坐)、“sun”(太阳)。

4.齿龈音摩擦音 /z/:发音方式与齿音摩擦音相似,区别在于声带振动。

发音时声带振动,所以这个音是浊音。

如“zip”(拉链)、“zebra”(斑马)。

5.舌面卷起音 /ʃ/:发音时舌尖紧贴上齿龈,舌面向后卷曲,气流通过时发出摩擦声。

这个音是一个无声音,发音时应注意舌尖与齿龈的接触和舌面的卷曲。

如“sheep”(绵羊)、“fish”(鱼)。

6.舌面卷起音 /ʒ/:发音方式与舌面卷起音相似,区别在于声带振动。

英语语音音素辅音读法

英语语音音素辅音读法

英语语音音素辅音读法英语语音中的辅音音素共有28个,以下是一些常见的辅音音素的读法和发音说明:1.爆破音(Plosives):o/p/ - 发音时,双唇紧闭,然后突然释放气流。

例如在"pin"中。

o/b/ - 类似于/p/,但发音时声带振动。

例如在"bin"中。

o/t/ - 舌尖接触上齿龈,阻止气流,然后突然释放。

例如在"tin"中。

o/d/ - 类似于/t/,但发音时声带振动。

例如在"din"中。

o/k/ - 舌后部接触软腭,阻止气流,然后突然释放。

例如在"cat"中。

o/g/ - 类似于/k/,但发音时声带振动。

例如在"bag"中。

2.摩擦音(Fricatives):o/f/ - 上齿轻轻接触下唇,形成窄缝,气流通过产生摩擦。

例如在"fan"中。

o/v/ - 类似于/f/,但发音时声带振动。

例如在"van"中。

o/s/ - 舌尖靠近上齿龈,气流通过形成摩擦。

例如在"su n"中。

o/z/ - 类似于/s/,但发音时声带振动。

例如在"zoo"中。

o/θ/ - 舌尖轻轻接触上门齿背,气流通过形成摩擦。

例如在"think"中。

o/ð/ - 类似于/θ/,但发音时声带振动。

例如在"this"中。

o/ʃ/ - 舌尖抬起靠近硬腭,气流通过形成摩擦。

例如在"s hip"中。

o/ʒ/ - 类似于/ʃ/,但发音时声带振动。

例如在"vision"中。

3.鼻音(Nasals):o/m/ - 双唇紧闭,气流通过鼻腔。

例如在"man"中。

o/n/ - 舌尖接触上齿龈,气流通过鼻腔。

例如在"nut"中。

专八语言学考点

专八语言学考点

语言学概论一.语言的甄别特征(Design Features):语言的甄别特征(Design Features)包括:1. 任意性(Arbitrariness)2. 能产性(Productivity)3. 双层性(Duality)4. 移位性(Replacement)5. 文化传承(Cultural transmission)二.语言学的主要分支(the Main Branches of Linguistics):1. 语音学(phonetics):用以研究语音的特点,并提供语音描写、分类和标记方法的学科。

2. 音系学(phonology):研究语言中出现的区别语音及其模式是如何形成语音系统来表达意义的学科。

3. 形态学(morphology):研究词的内部结构和构词规则。

4. 句法学(syntax):用以研究词是被如何组成句子,以及支配句子构成的学科。

5. 语义学(semantics):研究语言意义的学科。

6. 语用学(pragmatics):研究语言的意义在语境中如何被理解、传递和产出的学科。

7. 宏观语言学(Macrolinguistics):主要包括社会语言学(Sociolinguistics)、心理语言学(Psycholinguistics)、人类语言学(Anthropological Linguistics)、计算机语言学(Computational Linguistics)。

三.语言学的流派(Different Approaches of Linguistics):1. 结构主义语言学(Structural Lingustics):1.1 布拉格学派(The Prague School)1.2 哥本哈根学派(The Copenhagen School)1.3 美国结构主义学派(American Structuralism)以上三个学派都受到索绪尔(Saussure)的影响,例如都区分语言和言语(Langue vs. Parole),共时和历时(Synchronic vs. Diachronic)。

高职《英语语音》课程标准

高职《英语语音》课程标准

高职《英语语音》课程标准1.课程说明《英语语音》课程标准课程编码〔〕承担单位制定〔〕制定日期〔审核〔〕审核日期〔〕批准〔〕批准日期〔〕(1)课程性质:本门课程是英语教育专业的理论和实践课课程。

(2)课程任务:主要针对英语教育等岗位开设,主要任务是培养学生在商务英语岗位的听说译语言实际运用能力,要求学生掌握英语交际的基本技能。

(3)课程衔接:在课程设置上,前导课程有初高中英语语音知识,后续课程有英语口语、英语听力。

2.学习目标通过本课程的学习,掌握正确标准的英语发音、节奏规律和语调,学会使用自然得体的英语语音语调表达思想,以达到交际的目的。

同时,本课程试图将语音的训练与学生英语听能和口语表达的训练结合起来。

强调学习英语语音的目的是为了更好地进行语言交际:能对所听到的英语语篇进行解码,没有障碍,轻松自如;能流畅地表达所要表达的思想,流利顺畅,要点突出,使人听起来清晰明了,从而帮助学生在英语听说能力的发展方面打下坚实的基础,通过语音学习学会进行更为有效的交际。

学生应达到以下学习目标:(1)能读准一般单词的重音并掌握元音和辅音在单词中不同情况下长度的变化。

(2)掌握英语连读、失爆、弱读、句子重音、停顿及节奏的规律,达到朗读时流畅而有节奏感。

(3)掌握各种基本语调的运用。

(4)能有表情地用正确的语音、语调朗读与课本程度相当的材料。

3.课程设计在对《英语语音》课程标准定位的基础上,确定该课程在能力知识和素质方面达到目标。

认真分析该课程的主要内容与要求,合理安排各个模块的课时分配。

表1.学习领域的内容与学时分配表1.学习领域的内容与学时分配表2.课程总体设计表2.课程总体设计4.教学设计根据课程目标和涵盖的工作任务要求,制定以下学习情景以及对应学习目标、内容、以及方法建议。

表3学习情境设计表3.学习情境设计5.课程考核(1)考核方式:本课程学生综合成绩由学生的出勤、课堂练习构成平时成绩与期末语音测试成绩两部分组成。

英语语音fricatives

英语语音fricatives
zip code (postcode邮政编码) Veronica: Keith, what does Beijing’s zip code start
with? Keith: The zip code for Beijing starts with 10, and my
company’s zip code is 100033.
tongue against the upper teeth or between the upper teeth and the lower teeth. Let the air breathe out through the narrow opening between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth / T /: voiceless; / D /: voiced place of articulation: dental (齿音) Practice: P7
tongue a little bit backward, raise the front of the tongue towards the hard palate with the tip pointing towards the alveolar ridge. Let the air breathe out through the narrow opening between the front of the tongue and the hard palate. / S /: voiceless; / Z /: voiced place of articulation: palato-alveolar (齿龈硬腭音) Practice: P9
Side view for the articulation of /f/ /v/

辅音音标归纳总结

辅音音标归纳总结

辅音音标归纳总结辅音音标是语音学中的重要概念,用来表示各种语言中的辅音音素。

辅音音标按照发音特点和形式可以分为不同的类型,下面将对辅音音标进行归纳总结。

1. 爆破音(Plosives):这类辅音音标的特点是发音时先将气流堵塞住,然后突然松开,形成爆破音。

常见的爆破音有/b/、/p/、/d/、/t/、/g/、/k/等。

例如英语中的单词“book”中的/b/音。

2. 摩擦音(Fricatives):这类辅音音标的特点是发音时气流通过狭窄的通道摩擦产生音响。

常见的摩擦音有/f/、/v/、/s/、/z/等。

例如英语中的单词“feel”中的/f/音。

3. 鼻音(Nasals):这类辅音音标的特点是发音时气流通过鼻腔产生音响。

常见的鼻音有/m/、/n/、/ŋ/等。

例如英语中的单词“man”中的/m/音。

4. 侧音(Laterals):这类辅音音标的特点是发音时舌尖触碰舌尖两侧的牙龈或腭侧,形成音响。

常见的侧音有/l/等。

例如英语中的单词“love”中的/l/音。

5. 半元音(Semitones):这类辅音音标的特点是发音时气流通过狭小的通道,但不造成狭窄,类似元音音素。

常见的半元音有/j/、/w/等。

例如英语中的单词“yes”中的/j/音。

6. 边音(Flaps):这类辅音音标的特点是发音时舌尖迅速振动,形成音响。

常见的边音有/ɾ/。

例如英语中的单词“better”中的/ɾ/音。

7. 破擦音(Affricates):这类辅音音标的特点是发音时结合了爆破音和摩擦音的特点,先形成气流堵塞,然后松开形成摩擦音。

常见的破擦音有/ʧ/、/ʤ/等。

例如英语中的单词“church”中的/ʧ/音。

8. 边擦音(Approximants):这类辅音音标的特点是发音时舌位接近某个元音音位,但不完全接触,形成摩擦或近似音响。

常见的边擦音有/ʍ/、/ɹ/等。

例如英语中的单词“way”中的/ʍ/音。

这些是常见的辅音音标,不同语言和方言中可能会有其他特殊的辅音音标。

英语辅音发音规则

英语辅音发音规则

英语辅音发音规则一、辅音的分类1. 浊辅音(voiced consonants):以音带振动为主要特点,例如/b/, /d/, /g/等。

2. 清辅音(voiceless consonants):没有音带振动的辅音,例如/p/, /t/, /k/等。

3. 爆破音(plosives):闭塞气流,然后突然释放,例如/p/, /t/, /k/等。

4. 摩擦音(fricatives):气流通过两个接近但不闭塞的构音器官之间摩擦而产生声音,例如/s/, /f/, /v/等。

5. 鼻音(nasals):气流从口腔进入鼻腔产生声音,例如/m/, /n/, /ŋ/等。

6. 塞擦音(affricates):类似于爆破音和摩擦音的结合体,例如/tʃ/, /dʒ/等。

7. 半元音(semivowels):辅音与元音之间的中间音,例如/j/,/w/等。

8. 侧音(laterals):气流从舌两侧通过,例如/l/等。

9. 音近音(approximants):舌头接近但未完全接触到其他构音器官,例如/r/, /h/等。

二、辅音在不同位置的发音规则1. 初始位置(initial position):辅音出现在一个单词的开头时。

-浊辅音和清辅音的发音位置基本相同,例如/p/和/b/的区别在于/b/带有音带振动。

-爆破音在初始位置时爆破要清脆,例如/p/的发音应该是短暂而清脆的。

-清辅音在初始位置时比浊辅音更容易发音,所以一些以清辅音开头的单词在发音上可能更容易。

2. 中间位置(medial position):辅音出现在一个单词的中间时。

-很多辅音在中间位置的发音与初始位置类似。

-摩擦音在中间位置时发音比较特别,如/s/在后面有元音的情况下常常发成漩涡状。

- 清辅音在两个元音之间发音时容易发生浊化,例如/b/在单词“baby”中的发音可能会变得更接近/v/。

3. 末尾位置(final position):辅音出现在一个单词的末尾时。

语言学学名词解释

语言学学名词解释

1)Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific or systematic study of (human) language.a.The word language preceded by zero article in English implies that linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g. English , Chinese , French and Japanese, but languages in general.b.The word study does not mean “learn” but “investigate”.c.The word scientific refers to the way in whichlanguage is studied.It is a science in the sense that it scientifically studies the rules,systems and principles of human languages. It deals with a wide range of linguistic phenomena,analyzes them,and makes general statements about them.2)Linguistics is always guided by the 3 canons of science:(e c e)exhaustiveness: it strives for thorough-goingness in the examination of relevant materials;consistency: there should be no contradiction between different parts of the total statementeconomy: other things being equal, a shorter statement or analysis is to be preferred to one that is longer or more complex. (e c e)3) The subject matter of linguistics is all natural language, living or dead.4) Linguistics has 2 main purposes:it studies the nature of language and tries to establish a theory of language, and describes languages in the light of the theory established.It examines all the forms of language in general and seeks a scientific understanding of the ways in which it is organized to fulfill the needs it serves and the functions it performs in human lifelinguistics differs from traditional grammar at least in 3 basic ways: Linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness. Linguists are interested in what is said. So they are often said to be descriptive. Linguists regard the spoken language as primary. It is believed that speech came into being first for any human language and the writing system came along much later. Traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages, while linguistics describes each language on its own merits.For a student of language, some knowledge of linguistics is of both interest and importance.For a teacher of foreign languages, he will definitely a great deal from the knowledge of linguistics.For a researcher, there is even more scope for displaying his abilities.Why study linguistics ?1. Linguistics takes an analytical approach to the study of language, andfocus on developing skills in data analysis, problem solving, and logical thinking that can be applied to many fields.2.It is an interdisciplinary subject.3.Linguistics is a science that is still in its infancy but undergoing rapiddevelopment, and it is “a pilot science”.What and how linguists study language?1. nature of language (focus on language itself)2. nature of acquisition (focus on learners)3. nature of teaching (focus on teachers)The process of linguistic study can be summarized as follows:.First, certain linguistic facts are observed, and generalizations are made about them;.Next, based on these generalizations, hypotheses are tested by further observations;.And finally a linguistic theory is constructed about what language is and how it works.General linguistics: The study of language as a whole. It deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.Microlinguistics(微观语言学)includes 6 branches, namely, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. It studies language itself. Macrolinguistics (宏观语言学)studies language in use--- practical usage. macrolinguistics includes:Sociolinguistics studies the relations between language and society: how social factors influence the structure and use of language. Another name for sociolinguistics is the sociology of language.Psycholinguistics is the study of language and mind: the mental structures and processes which are involved in the acquisition, comprehension and production of language.Neurolinguistics or neurological linguistics is the study of language processing and language representation in the brain.Stylistics is the study of how literary effects can be related to linguistic features. It usually refers to the study of written language, including literary texts, but it also investigates spoken language sometimes.Discourse analysis, or text linguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which language is used.Computational linguistics is an approach to linguistics which employs mathematical techniques, often with the help of a computer.Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.Apart from the different branches of linguistics, there are some distinctions of linguistics, such as: functional linguistics vs formal linguistics; theoretical linguistics vs applied linguistics.Applied linguistics is primarily concerned with the application of linguistic theories, methods and findings to the elucidation of language problems which havearisen in other areas of experience.Phonetics(语音学):Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds.It studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted, and received. It is a pure science and examines speech sounds in general.Phonetics: The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds.Phonology(音系学/音位学): The description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.Phonology is the study of how speech sounds function in a language. It studies the ways speech sounds are organized. It can be seen as the functional phonetics of a particular language.Morphology(形态学,词法学):The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words.Morphology is the study of the formation of words. It is a branch of linguistics which breaks words into morphemes.Syntax(句法学):The study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences.Syntax deals with the combination of words into phrases, clauses and sentences. It is the grammar of sentence construction.Semantics(语义学) is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the study of meaning in abstraction.Pragmatics can be defined as the study of language in use. It deals with how speakers use language in ways which cannot be predicted from linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers. In a broad sense, pragmatics studies the principles observed by human beings when they communicate with one another.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.This definition is widely accepted because it includes some of the important characteristics of human language.Language as system ---The key word in the definition is "system". Language is systematic. Otherwise we would not be able to learn or use it consistently. Each language system contains two subsystems: a system of sound and a system of meaning. Language is a system—elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly, but according to some rules and principles.Language as arbitrary ---There is no natural relationship between the sound and what it means in a certain language.The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary or conventional. The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary.A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.Romeo and JulietThe relation between sound and meaning is almost always conventional《荀子·正名》:“名无固宜,约之以命,约定俗成谓之宜,异于约则谓之不宜。

Unit 3 Fricatives & Affricates

Unit 3 Fricatives & Affricates

Together they went through thick and thin. Everyone would wish him health and wealth. It’s hard to breathe in such hot weather. My brother would rather wander on the street than go home.
1.If I feel better on Friday, I’ll go to my friend’s party. 2. If you buy fish, make sure it’s fresh. 3. If Fred laughs, he looks funny.
/v/音练习
唇齿摩擦辅音。发音时下唇轻触上齿,
*语音小知识:辅音的音长
辅音的长度一般都比元音短。在以下情况,同一辅 音还可以有不同长度的变化: 1.辅音在短元音之后念的稍长,而在长元音之后念的 稍短。 例如: 稍长 稍短 live /liv/ leave /li:v/ bit /bit/ beat/bi:t/ 2. 在/m/ /n/ /l/ /ŋ/ 后的浊辅音比清辅音念的稍长些。

/s/ Cindy collects all sorts of stamps. Seven silly skunks sighed sadly. Sam, pass me the salt, please. Be sensible, Alice, it’s too expensive. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
/z/ or /v/ for voiced / ð/. So “thin” sounds like “tin” ,“sin” or “/fin/”; and “them” sounds like “dem” “zem” or “vem”.

新国际音标发音规则

新国际音标发音规则

新国际音标发音规则1.辅音音素:- 清辅音(Voiceless Consonants):清辅音的特点是声带不振动。

例如 /p, t, k/ 分别表示英语中的 "p", "t", "k" 音。

- 浊辅音(Voiced Consonants):浊辅音的特点是声带振动。

例如/b, d, g/ 分别表示英语中的 "b", "d", "g" 音。

- 浊爆破音(Aspirated Consonants):浊爆破音是在气流释放时伴有瞬间的不振动。

例如 /ph, th, kh/ 分别表示英语中的 "p", "t", "k" 音。

- 摩擦音(Fricatives):摩擦音是气流通过狭窄的空间时产生摩擦的音。

例如/f, θ, s/ 分别表示英语中的 "f", "th", "s" 音。

- 鼻音(Nasals):鼻音是气流从口腔中流出,通过鼻腔传出的音。

例如 /m, n/ 分别表示英语中的 "m", "n" 音。

- 破擦音(Affricates):破擦音是爆破音和摩擦音结合的音。

例如/tʃ/ 表示英语中的 "ch" 音。

- 破擦音(Liquids):液体音是舌头部分阻碍气流的音。

例如 /ɹ,l/ 分别表示英语中的 "r", "l" 音。

2.元音音素:- 单元音(Monophthongs):单元音是舌头和嘴唇保持相对稳定的音。

例如 /i, e, ɑ, ɔ, u/ 分别表示英语中的 "ee", "ay", "ah", "aw", "oo" 音。

边音鼻音的区分方法

边音鼻音的区分方法

边音鼻音的区分方法
边音和鼻音是两种不同的发音方式。

边音(fricatives):边音是通过在发音过程中出现空气紧缩或者摩擦的声音产生的。

常见的边音包括/s/,/z/,/f/,/v/等。

发边音时,口腔中的空气流通过狭窄的通道,使得气流摩擦产生声音。

鼻音(nasals):鼻音是通过声音通过鼻腔传出的发音方式。

常见的鼻音包括/m/,/n/,/ŋ/等。

发鼻音时,声音通过鼻腔而不是口腔传出,口腔中的通道被关闭。

区分边音和鼻音的方法可以通过以下几种方式:
1. 感觉:发边音时,你会觉得气流从口腔中逃逸,产生摩擦的感觉。

而发鼻音时,你会感觉声音在鼻腔中传播出去,口腔中的通道被关闭。

2. 听觉:边音的声音比较清晰、尖锐,而鼻音的声音比较低沉、柔和。

3. 观察:边音的发音时口腔会有明显的摩擦动作,例如嘴唇的摩擦、舌头靠近齿龈或者上腭的摩擦。

鼻音的发音时,鼻孔会有明显的张开,而口腔中的摩擦动作较少。

所以,通过观察、感觉和听觉,可以辨别边音和鼻音的不同。

探索英语语音的宇宙英语音标大全

探索英语语音的宇宙英语音标大全

探索英语语音的宇宙英语音标大全在学习英语的过程中,我们经常会遇到一些难以准确发音的词汇。

为了更好地掌握英语语音,我们需要学会使用国际音标(International Phonetic Alphabet,简称IPA)。

国际音标是一种用于表示语音音素的符号系统,通过这些符号,我们能够准确地描述英语中的各种音素。

为此,我们将在本文中介绍一份宇宙英语音标大全,帮助读者深入探索英语语音的奥秘。

1. 元音音标(Vowel Sounds)元音音标用于表示英语中的元音音素。

下面是一份完整的元音音标表格:1.1. 单元音(Monophthongs):- 长单元音(Long Vowels):1. [iː]:见2. [ɪ]:蜜3. [e]:摇4. [æ]:爸5. [ɑː]:爸爸6. [ɔː]:咬7. [oʊ]:唐9. [uː]:书10. [ʌ]:驴11. [ə]:的- 短单元音(Short Vowels):1. [ɪ]:睡2. [ɛ]:鱼3. [æ]:安4. [ʌ]:鱼5. [ɔ]:鱼6. [ʊ]:织7. [ʒ]:矛8. [ʊ]:无9. [ə]:家1.2. 双元音(Diphthongs):1. [eɪ]:壳2. [aɪ]:九4. [oʊ]:狗5. [aʊ]:豆6. [ɪə]:因7. [eə]:多8. [ʊə]:卢9. [ɑːr]:爸爸10. [ər]:气2. 辅音音标(Consonant Sounds)辅音音标用于表示英语中的辅音音素。

下面是一份完整的辅音音标表格:1. 爆破音(Plosives):- 无浊爆破音(Voiceless Plosives):1. [p]:帕2. [t]:他3. [k]:卡- 浊爆破音(Voiced Plosives):1. [b]:巴3. [ɡ]:咖2. 摩擦音(Fricatives):1. [f]:否2. [v]:无3. [θ]:西4. [ð]:无5. [s]:是6. [z]:以7. [ʃ]:渐8. [ʒ]:矛9. [h]:哈3. 破擦音/塞擦音(Affricates):1. [tʃ]:琴2. [dʒ]:真4. 鼻音(Nasals):1. [m]:母3. [ŋ]:咐5. 音近音(Approximants):1. [l]:哩2. [ɹ]:尺3. [j]:椅4. [w]:有6. 半元音(Semi-vowels):1. [ɪ]:宜2. [ʊ]:无通过学习并熟练掌握上述音标,我们能够准确地发出英语中的各种音素,从而提高自己的口语表达能力。

《2024年蒙古族学生英语擦音习得的声学实验研究》范文

《2024年蒙古族学生英语擦音习得的声学实验研究》范文

《蒙古族学生英语擦音习得的声学实验研究》篇一一、引言在第二语言学习中,尤其是对母语和目标语言差异较大的情况下,习得难度相对较大。

其中,擦音(Fricatives)的发音一直是学生感到困惑的难点之一。

本研究以蒙古族学生为研究对象,针对其英语擦音习得的声学特征进行实验研究,旨在分析蒙古族学生在英语擦音发音上的特点及难点,为教学提供理论依据和指导建议。

二、研究方法本研究采用声学实验法,选取了蒙古族学生作为研究对象,通过录音、分析等手段,对英语擦音的发音进行深入研究。

1. 实验对象选取了不同年龄、性别、教育背景的蒙古族学生作为实验对象,以保证研究结果更具代表性。

2. 实验方法首先对每位学生进行标准英语发音测试,以确保发音样本的质量。

随后在特定发音场景下进行擦音发音的录音,并使用声学软件进行音频分析。

三、实验结果与分析1. 擦音发音特点通过对蒙古族学生的英语擦音发音进行声学分析,发现其发音特点主要表现在以下几个方面:(1)气流控制:蒙古族学生在发音过程中对气流的控制不够准确,导致擦音发音的清晰度不够。

(2)口腔形状:由于母语和英语在口腔形状上存在差异,蒙古族学生在发某些擦音时无法正确调整口腔形状。

(3)辅音与元音的结合:在连读过程中,蒙古族学生在辅音与元音之间的过渡不够自然,导致擦音发音的流畅度不足。

2. 难点分析根据实验结果,发现蒙古族学生在习得英语擦音时面临以下难点:(1)语音感知:由于母语与英语在语音上的差异,蒙古族学生对英语擦音的感知不够敏感。

(2)语音模仿:在模仿英语擦音时,由于发音技巧和方法的掌握不足,导致发音不准确。

(3)语音记忆:在记忆和运用英语擦音时,由于缺乏有效的学习方法,导致学习效果不佳。

四、教学建议针对蒙古族学生英语擦音习得的难点和特点,提出以下教学建议:1. 加强语音感知训练:通过大量听力和模仿练习,提高学生对英语擦音的感知敏感度。

2. 教授正确的发音技巧和方法:通过示范、讲解和练习等方式,帮助学生掌握正确的英语擦音发音技巧和方法。

英语语音——摩擦音

英语语音——摩擦音

Side view for the articulation of /ʃ/ /ʒ/
Palato-alveolar(齿龈硬颚音): /ʃ/ /ʒ/
Note:
英语 / S / / Z / 平舌音
vs. 汉语 sh (诗) r (日) vs. 卷(翘)舌音
平舌音:指由舌尖抵住或接近上齿龈阻碍气流而形成的 音,
tongue a little bit backward, raise the front of the tongue towards the hard palate with the tip pointing towards the alveolar ridge. Let the air breathe out through the narrow opening between the front of the tongue and the hard palate. / S /: voiceless; / Z /: voiced place of articulation: palato-alveolar (齿龈硬颚音) Practice: P9
fricatives / fricative consonants (摩擦音,或 擦音)
manner of articulation: For all the fricatives the air comes out through a narrow opening, causing the friction-like sound.
tongue against the upper teeth or 2. (for GA) between the upper teeth and the lower teeth. Let the air breathe out through the narrow opening between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth / T /: voiceless; / D /: voiced place of articulation: (for RP) dental (齿音), (for GA) interdental (齿间音) Practice: P7

英语语音期末复习材料(上)

英语语音期末复习材料(上)

英语语⾳期末复习材料(上)PhoneticsPhonetics is the science of speech sounds. It deals with the sound system of alanguage. A language consists of three important elements, namely,speech sound,vocabulary and grammar. Speech sound is the material form on which word and grammar rely for existence.English phonetics covers the articulation, classification and combination of the English speech sounds.It also deals with the laws of their changes, the rules of stresses and the intonation in English speech.To have good pronunciation means(1)to pronounce correctly all the speech sounds of the language and all thecombinations in their proper order not only in isolated words, but also insentences(2)to pronounce sentences fluently at the speed required by the situation,withcorrect stresses, linking of sounds, rhythm, pauses and intonation.Standard English pronunciationEnglish is a language which is most widely used in the world.Its pronunciation varies a great deal in different geographical areas. Thus English has a number of dialects and accents, such as GA(General American),GB(General British).They have far more similarities than differences.Thus RP(Received Pronunciation)is sort of English based on the London dialect and used by educated people in southern England. It is the pronunciation used by the announcers of BBC and also widely used throughout English-speaking countries.Phonetic transcription 国际⾳标One symbol represents one sound and never any other.One sound is often spelt in a number of different ways:pity busy pretty women -- [i]One letter often stands for different sounds in different words.China father bad any --a [ a: e]Many letters are mute sounds.knock doubt --[k] [b]The same spelling may have two different pronunciations according todifferent meanings.bow tearWords spelt in different ways may have the same pronunciation.[pi:s]- piece peacePhoneme(basic sound): phoneme is the smallest phonetic unit of language.It isdistinctive.phoneme can distinguish one word from another by meaning eg.fat[fat] fit[fit] feet[fi:t]phoneme can distinguish the grammatical form of the same word.man mentoothteethwalks walkedcomecameclassification of speech sounds--consonants (28)classification according to the work of vocal cordsvoiced voiceless/b/ bee, baby /p/ paper, picture/d/order, day /t/ water, tomorrow/g/ sugar, bag /k/ kick, worker/v/ very, river /f/ different, fashion/z/ lazy, zoo /s/ sister, east/?/ usually, pleasure /∫/wash, shop/e/ rather, together /θ/ nothing, both/dz/ needs, spades/ts/ students, boots/dr/hundred, driver /tr/ country, trueclassification according to the place of articulation1. bi-labial (two lips) 双唇⾳/p//b//m/ /w/2. labio-dental (top teeth/bottom lip) 唇齿⾳/f//v/3. dental (tongue tip/top teeth) 齿⾳/θ/ /e/4. alveolar (tongue tip/tooth ridge) 齿龈⾳/t/ /d//s//z//ts/ /dz/ /n//l/5.post-alveolar (tongue tip or mid/hard palate) 后齿龈⾳/r//tr/ /dr/6. palato-alveolar(blade of the tongue/hard palate) 硬腭齿龈⾳/t∫/ /d?//∫/ /?/7. palatal (tongue mid/hard palate) 硬腭⾳/j/8. velar (tongue back/ soft palate) 软腭⾳/k/ /g / /?/9. glottal 声门⾳/h/classification according to manner of articulation1. Stops (or plosives) 爆破⾳[p] [b] [t ][d] [k] [g]2. Fricatives 摩擦⾳[f] [v] [s] [z] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [h]3. Affricates 破擦⾳[ts] [dz] [t ] [d ] [tr] [dr]4. Nasals ⿐⾳[m] [n] [ ]5. Lateral ⾆侧⾳[l]6. Frictionless continuant ⽆摩擦延续⾳[r]7. Semi-vowels 半元⾳[w] [j]vowels (20) monophthongs (12)diphthongs (8)vowels (20)monophthongs (12)/ i: /, / i /, / e /, / ?/, / ɑ:/, / ?/, / ?:/, / u /, / u: /, /Λ/, / ?: /, / ? /diphthongs (8)/ ei /, / ?u /, / ai /, / au /, / ?i/ / i?/, / ε?/, / u?/Loss of plosion (incomplete plosion)When a plosive consonant is immediately followed by another plosive,only the second plosive is fully exploded,but the closure is held for double the usual time.The first plosive is incomplete .It is known as incomplete plosion.When a plosive consonant is immediately followed by an affricate or a fricative, incomplete plosion also happens.1. Plosive + Affricate 3. Plosive +Nasala big joke a good jeepgarden cotton ignore Keep mine.an old trucka red trainA black jacket2. Plosive + fricativea red vast an old friendStrong forms and weak formsMany function words in English have two pronunciations: a stressed form (or strong form) and an unstressed form (or reduced form, weak form). The unstressed form isthus an alternate pronunciation of a word which is so reduced in its articulation that it consists of a different set of phonemes. Many common English words have two or more pronunciations in speech, depending on their positions in a sentence- a strong form and one or more weak forms.The following pronouns are always in weak formpersonal pronoun (he,me, she, them, you, us,him, we)possesive pronoun (her, his, our, your)relative pronoun (that)indefinite pronoun “some”.Strong forms of words are used :a. When a word is said in isolationb. When they occur at the end of a sentencec. When they are used for emphasisd. When they are quotede. When they are being contrastedThe strong forms and weak forms of words depend on the position of the words or the context.Phonetic features of each consonant1. /f/ voiceless, labio-dental, fricative, aspirated2. /v/ voiced, labio-dental, fricative, unaspirated3. / θ / voiceless, dental, fricative, aspirated4. /e/ voiced, dental, fricative, unaspirated5./s/ voiceless, alveolar, fricative, aspirated6./z/ voiced, alveolar, fricative, unaspirated7./∫/ voiceless, palato- alveolar, fricative, aspirated8./?/ voiced, palato- alveolar, fricative, unaspirated9./h/ voiceless, glottal, fricative aspirated10./p/ voiceless, bi-labial, plosive, aspirated11. /b/voiced, bi-labial, plosive, unaspirated12./t/voiceless, alveolar , plosive, aspirated13./d/ voiced, alveolar , plosive, unaspirated14./k/voiceless, velar , plosive, aspirated15./g/voiced, velar , plosive, unaspirated16./t∫/ voiceless, palato-alveolar, affricate, aspirated17./d?/ voiced, palato-alveolar, affricate, unaspirated18./tr/voiceless, post-alveolar, affricate, aspirated19./dr/voiced, post-alveolar, affricate, unaspirated20./ts/voiceless, alveolar, affricate, aspirated21./dz/voiced, alveolar, affricate, unaspirated22./m/ voiced, bi-labial, nasal23./n/ voiced, alveolar, nasal24./?/ voiced, velar, nasal25./l/ voiced,alveolar,lateral26./r/ voiced, post-alveolar,frictionless continuant27./w/voiced, bi-labial,semi-vowel28./j/ vioced,palatal,semi-vowelA good pronunciation means1. Pronounce correctlya. Pronounce all the speech sound (语⾳) correctlyb. Consonant clusters (辅⾳连缀)2. Propera. Correct stresses 重⾳b. Linking of sounds 连⾳c. Rhythm ⾳律d. Pauses 停顿e. Intonation 语调(升降)PronounceOrgans1.⿐腔nasal cavity/m/(双唇⿐⾳)climb/n/ (齿⾳⿐⾳)pen/ten/hen/?/ (软腭⿐⾳)singing2.⼝腔mouth cavity/au/ sit down, down town, round3.唇/p//b//m//w/ /u:/4. 齿/f/ /v/v/vs./w/ very welleverywhere5.齿龈upper /l/ little, world /n/ can againlower / i: /, / i /, / e /, / ?/she ill pen man6. 硬腭hard palate [j]软腭soft palate [k] [g]7. 声带vocal cords voiced / voiceless⼏个术语:RP---received pronunciationIt is the sort of English based on London dialect and used by educated people and the announcers of BBC.以⼀种在英国和英语区域被⼴泛接受和普遍能听懂的读⾳⽅式和体系作为依据,这种发⾳体系就叫做“通⽤发⾳”GB---general BritishGA---general AmericaPhonetic transcriptionbroad / / /k/ keep cownarrow[ ] lake[l] old [l]Phonetics 语⾳学1. Speech sounds (语⾳)a. Articulation发⾳(强调发声器官)b. Classification分类1) Consonant 辅⾳( an obstruction of the air stream)2) Vowel 元⾳(no obstruction of the air stream)c. Combination组合1) In words2) In sentences2. Sound changes 语⾳学研究声⾳变化的规则a. Liaison 连读b. Weak form 弱读c. Stress 重⾳d. Elision 省⾳e. Rhythm ⾳律f. Intonation 语调Speech sound 强调利⽤发⾳器官发声,⽆区别性,但是⾳素/⾳位(phoneme, basic sounds)存在⾳位变体(allophones),数量众多Place of articulation1.bilabial (two lips)双唇⾳/p/ /b/ /m/ /w//doc/42df1fb3a48da0116c175f0e7cd184254a351b08.html bio-dental ['le?bi:o?] (top teeth/bottom lip)唇齿⾳/f/ /v/3.dental (tongue tip/top teeth)齿⾳/θ/ /e/4.alveolar [?l'vi:?l?r] (tongue tip/tooth ridge)齿龈⾳/t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /ts/ /dz/ /n/ /l/5.post alveolar [?l'vi:?l?r] (tongue tip or mid/hard palate)后齿龈⾳/r/ /tr/ /dr/6.palatal alveolar [?p?l?t?l] [?l'vi:?l?r] (blade of the tongue/hard palate)硬腭齿龈⾳ /t∫/ /d? / /∫/ /?/7. palatal [?p?l?t?l] (tongue mid/hard palate)硬腭⾳/j/8. velar [?vil?] (tongue back/ soft palate)软腭⾳/k// g / / ? /9. glottal [?glɑ:tl]声门⾳/h/Manners of articulation (voiced/unvoiced)1. Plosives爆破⾳(explosion) /p/ /b/ /k/ /g/ /t/ /d/2. Fricatives摩擦⾳(frictions) /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /θ/ /e/ /∫/ /?/ /h/3. Affricates破擦⾳(combination of explosion and frictions) /ts/ /dz/ /t∫/ /d?/ [tr] [dr]4. Nasals⿐⾳(air go through the nose) /m/ /n/ / /?/5. Lateral⾆侧⾳(air go through the both side of the tongue) /l/6. Frictionless continuant⽆摩擦延续⾳/r/7. Semi-vowels半元⾳(vowel quality) /w/ /j/Every phoneme can be classified in three ways: voiced/unvoiced; place ofarticulation; manners of articulation.For example:/e/: voiced, dental, fricative, unaspirated /s/: voiceless, alveolar, fricative, aspirated Voiced---unaspirated Voiceless---aspirated。

辅音音标的举例

辅音音标的举例

辅音音标的举例概念介绍:辅音音标是语音学中对辅音音素进行分类和标注的系统。

通过辅音音标,可以准确地表示不同辅音的发音特征,有助于学习者正确发音。

下面将介绍一些常见的辅音音标及其举例。

1. 爆破音(Plosives)爆破音是由于阻塞气流突然放开而产生的音,也可称为塞音。

常见的爆破音有以下几种:/p/:发音时,将双唇紧密闭合,然后突然放松唇音,气流突然释放。

例词:pat(轻拍)/t/:发音时,舌尖接触上齿龈,然后迅速离开,气流突然释放。

例词:top(顶部)/k/:发音时,舌尖接触或靠近软腭,然后迅速离开,气流突然释放。

例词:cat(猫)2. 摩擦音(Fricatives)摩擦音是通过气流从阻碍点上方或中间流过产生的音。

常见的摩擦音有以下几种:/f/:发音时,将下唇轻轻接触上齿,然后气流从接触点处流过。

例词:fine(好)/θ/:发音时,舌尖轻轻接触上齿内侧,然后通过细缝中的气流摩擦发音。

例词:think(思考)/s/:发音时,舌尖接触上齿龈,气流从接触点处流过。

例词:sun(太阳)3. 鼻音(Nasals)鼻音是气流通过鼻腔而不是口腔产生的音。

常见的鼻音有以下几种:/m/:发音时,双唇闭合,气流通过鼻腔出口。

例词:man(男人)/n/:发音时,舌尖接触上齿龈,气流通过鼻腔出口。

例词:no(不)/ŋ/:发音时,舌尖接触中间或后部的齿龈,气流通过鼻腔出口。

例词:sing(唱歌)4. 摩擦塞音(Affricates)摩擦塞音是爆破音和摩擦音的结合。

常见的摩擦塞音有以下几种:/tʃ/:发音时,先产生/t/的爆破音,然后紧接着转变为/ʃ/的摩擦音发音。

例词:chat(聊天)/dʒ/:发音时,先产生/d/的爆破音,然后紧接着转变为/ʒ/的摩擦音发音。

例词:job(工作)5. 半元音(Semi-vowels)半元音是介于元音和辅音之间的音。

常见的半元音有以下几种:/j/:发音时,舌尖接近上齿龈,气流从中细缝中流出。

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/ʃ/ /ʒ/ /h/
/f /
1. Form a narrow voiceless opening: press the lower lip against the upper teeth. 2. Let the air breathe out through the narrow opening between the upper teeth and the lower lip
/s/
1. Form a narrow opening: put the tip and blade of the tongue towards the voiceless upper teeth ridge / put the tip of the tongue at the back of the upper or lower teeth. 2. Let the air breathe out through the narrow opening between the tip and the blade of the tongue and the upper alveolar ridge.
/ʃ/
1. Form a narrow opening: protrude the lips, move the tongue a little bit voiceless backward, raise the front of the tongue towards the hard palate with the tip pointing towards the alveolar ridge. 2. Let the air breathe out through the narrow opening between the front of the tongue and the hard palate.
/θ/
1. Form a narrow opening: put the tip voiceless of the tongue against the upper teeth or between the upper teeth and the lower teeth. 2. Let the air breathe out through the narrow opening between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth
The combination of the two letters “gh” is not pronounced in words e.g. high, light, fight
are happily playing golf; and their kids fight and laugh.
One, two, three, four, five; soon it’s charismas Eve; it’s a
nice holiday to have; and you always give and receive. Every Friday evening we eat fried fish at the free fish fry.
/ z/
voiced
Conversation
/s/
A: Is the boss in? /z/ B: The boss is out. A: The boss is always out. B: He’s expected soon. He’s at lunch. A: It’s almost four! B: He’s always in time for tea.
Group members:
Concept: 发音时,气流受到口腔内某发音器官部位的阻碍而产生 摩擦发出的辅音就叫摩擦音.
一共有9个摩擦音: 1. It is very difficult for us to finish it before five. /f/
/v/ 3. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. /s/ /z/ 4. Has he seen a zebra before? /θ/ 5. Thank you very much.
k. That is a box. The book
is thin, but the box is thick. The thin
book is his. The thick box is hers. Which do you like, the thin book or the thick box? I like both.
/ʒ/
voiced
Read the following words, and pay attention to the phonetic symbol /ʃ/
racial Asia
shed fashion
should motion
dictation
crash
flush
seashore
crucial
/h/
Open the mouth and sigh in a relaxed voiceless manner, without voice. The air passes through the glottis.
The letter “h” is pronounced as /h/ in words e.g. hello, half, whose The combination of the two letters “wh” is pronounced as /h/ before the letter o e.g. whole, who, hand
/v/
voiced
/f/ safe proof belief feel fine staff ferry
/v/ save prove believe veal vine starve very
Look at this photograph; there’s a fox and a wolf; they
2. I feel摩擦音 today. 摩擦音 清·very tired 浊·
6. His father and mother are coming this week. /ð/
7. I see a ship there.
8. I like watching television.
9. Is he at home?
seashell
Read the conversation and find the words with the sound /ʒ/
A:When do you watch television every day? B:I usually watch it at six o’clock. A:Now it’s the time. B:Yes. Would you please turn on the television for me? A:With pleasure. B:Thank you. A:What’s on? B:An advertisement about casual shoes.
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