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Declaration of Compliancefor articles made of ceramic and metal intended to come into contact with food20.02.2019Hereby we confirm that our product:Item name: Sicomatic classic 6,5lAnthrazit w.insertItem No.: 8917.5907.11 / CMMF No.: 0,000complies with the legal regulations laid down in the German Commodity Ordinance,the Regulation (EC)No 1935/2004,in particular Article 3,11(5),15and 17,and the Regulation (EC)No 2023/2006,in their relevant versions.When used as specified,the transition of substances does not exceed the legal limits and the SRLs (Specific Release Limits)according to Council of Europe Resolution CM/Res(2013)9on metals and alloys used in food contact materials and articles (effective 2013–1st Edition).The tests are performed according to the Directive 84/500/EEC,last amended by 2005/31/EC,respectively according to the …Technical guide on metals and alloys used in food contact materials and articles “.Specification of the intended use or limitations:- Type(s) of food intended to come into contact with the material:- Intended duration and temperature of treatment and storage while in contact with the food:- Ratio of the area of the food contact surface to the volume used to determine the compliance of the food contact material or article made from metal:This declaration is valid for the product delivered by us as specified above.Under consideration of the food contact conditions stated,the product complies with the stipulations of these Directives regarding the specified foods.The user shall verify himself that the product is suitable for the intended food beyond the stipulations of the Directives.The validity of the declaration is ending if the requirements are changed.This document was created electronically and is valid without signature.Name of the document: L01_8917.5907.11_EN_20190220_Sicomatic classic 6,5lAnthrazit w.insert_kl.pdf Pot made of special steel with ceramic coating, with chromed rim, lid made of stainless steel 18/10, Inner side of the lid: Components made of stainless steel 18/10 and silicone, lid gasket made of silicone. insert and insert support made of stainless steel, handles made of black Duroplast Item No.21.2029.2081Description (material/optics)/ analogue items :repeated contact, cooking under increased pressure/ temperature3,6 dm²/ Lall types of food (aqueous, acidic, fatty)WMF Group - a Groupe SEB company WMF Group GmbHVORSITZENDER DES AUFSICHTSRATES SITZ DER GESELLSCHAFT BANKVERBINDUNG Eberhardstraße 35Bertrand Neuschwander Geislingen | Steige Commerzbank AG Göppingen 73312 Geislingen | SteigeRECHTSFORM IBAN DE06 6104 0014 0160 3000 00GermanyGESCHÄFTSFÜHRER Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung BIC COBADEFFXXX Dr. Volker Lixfeld | VORSITZENDER REGISTERGERICHT telefon+49 7331 25 1Bernd Stoeppel Amtsgericht Ulm HRB 732253fax+49 7331 45 387 WEEE-Reg.-Nr. DE 78426351 USt.-ID.-Nr. DE 298 927 552email****************** St.-Nr. 62050|01224web GLN 4000530 00000 2。

Microstructure and properties of pure Ti processed by ECAP and cold extrusion

Materials Science and Engineering A303(2001)82–89Microstructure and properties of pure Ti processed by ECAP andcold extrusionVladimir V.Stolyarov a ,Yuntian T.Zhu b,*,Terry C.Lowe b ,Ruslan Z.Valiev aaInstitute of Physics of Ad 6anced Materials ,Ufa State A 6iation Technical Uni 6ersity Ufa 450000,K .Marksa 12,RussiabMaterials Science and Technology Di 6ision ,Los Alamos National Laboratory ,Los Alamos ,NM 87545,USAReceived 15July 2000;received in revised form 25October 2000AbstractEqual channel angular pressing (ECAP)has been used to reﬁne the grain size of commercially pure (CP)Ti as well as other metals and alloys.CP-Ti is usually processed at about 400°C because it lacks sufﬁcient ductility at lower temperatures.The warm processing temperature limits the capability of the ECAP technique in improving the strength of CP-Ti.We have employed cold extrusion following warm ECAP to further reﬁne the grains and improve the strength of CP-Ti.Ti billets were ﬁrst processed for eight passes via ECAP route B C ,with a clockwise rotation of 90°between adjacent passes.They were further processed by successive cold extrusions to an accumulative reduction in cross-section area by 47or 75%.This paper reports the surface quality,microstructures,microhardness,tensile properties,and thermal stability of these Ti billets processed by a combination of ECAP and cold extrusion.©2001Elsevier Science B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords :ECAP techique;Cold extrusion;Microstructure;Mechanical properties;Thermal stability /locate /msea1.IntroductionIn our previous work [1],equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP)was used to process ultraﬁne-grained,commercially pure (CP)Ti.Three ECAP routes,namely B C ,B A ,and C were used to investigate the inﬂuence of ECAP routes on the microstructure and mechanical properties.It was found that route B C ,which rotates the Ti billet along its longitudinal direc-tion by 90°clockwise between consecutive passes,yielded an equiaxed grain structure and the best surface quality.The grain size was reduced from 10m m to about 260nm,and the tensile yield strength was im-proved from 380to 640MPa.ECAP has been used to process various metals and alloys,including Cu,Ni,Ti,and Al and its alloys.Readers are referred to [1–12]for more information on this topic.One important application of CP-Ti and Ti–6Al–4V alloy is for bone and other medical implants in human body.The Ti–6Al–4V alloy was ﬁrst developed for theaerospace industry.The alloy elements,Al and V,are toxic and may potentially cause a series of ailments including cancer.CP titanium is chemically inert and biologically more compatible than the Ti–6Al–4V al-loy.However,coarse-grained CP titanium lacks the strength needed for medical implants.The Ti–6Al–4V alloy typically has yield strength of 795MPa and an ultimate strength of 860MPa.Although the ultraﬁne-grained CP-Ti processed by ECAP has much higher strength than coarse-grained CP-Ti,its strength is still far below the strength of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy.The strength of the ultraﬁne-grained CP-Ti is limited by the warm processing temperature.The CP-Ti work piece is required to have certain ductility (or workabil-ity)during ECAP to prevent crack formation.Indeed,CP-Ti has been reported to break into segments when processed using ECAP at room temperature [13].To ensure sufﬁcient ductility,we carried out the ECAP processing of CP-Ti in a temperature range of 400–450°C.Koch [14]has found that the grain size obtained through mechanical attrition is determined by the dy-namic balance of defect creation and recovery /recrystal-lization during deformation.The same principle applies to the ECAP processing of CP-Ti.Although we have*Corresponding author.Tel.:+1-505-6674029;fax:+1-505-6672264.E -mail address :yzhu@ (Y.T.Zhu).0921-5093/01/$-see front matter ©2001Elsevier Science B.V.All rights reserved.PII:S 0921-5093(00)01884-0V.V.Stolyaro6et al./Materials Science and Engineering A303(2001)82–8983not observed dynamic recrystallization in CP-Ti during the ECAP,we did observe dynamic recovery.Recovery is a thermally activated process,so higher processing temperatures will exponentially increase the rate of dynamic recovery.This results in larger grains and a lower dislocation density,and consequently lower strength.Another factor that affects the microstructure and workability is pressing speed[13,15].Increasing the strain rate during the ECAP may result in higher dislocation density andﬁner grain size,since the recov-ery process is time-dependent.However,higher pressing rate will reduce the workability of CP-Ti,as observed by Semiatin et al.[13].The advantage of ECAP is its capability of maintain-ing the net dimensions of the work piece so that the process can be repeated to obtain the desired strain and grain size.Its disadvantage is the requirement of work piece to have high ductility,making it impossible to process CP-Ti at room temperature.As a comparison, most other high-strain processing methods,such as extrusion,rolling,and drawing,requires less ductility of the work piece and can process CP-Ti at room temper-ature.Consequently,these techniques may be able to introduce more defects such as dislocations into the work piece and improve its strength.However,these techniques do not preserve the dimensions of the work piece.One or more dimensions of the work piece are continuously reduced,which not only limits the obtain-able strain,but also eventually reduces the work piece to aﬁnal geometry of foil/plate or wire,limiting their structural application[4,15].In addition,these tech-niques are not effective in reﬁning grain size[16]. Therefore,it is unfeasible to use these techniques to process CP-Ti into high strength,while maintaining its useful dimensions for many structural applications.In our previous work[17],we have demonstrated that high-pressure torsion(HPT)at room temperature can further reﬁne grain size and improve strength of CP-Ti processed by ECAP.However,HPT can only process small disc-shaped samples that are unsuitable for structural applications.In this investigation,we have combined the advantages of both ECAP and cold extrusion to further improve the strength of CP-Ti, while maintaining the work piece in structurally useful dimensions.CP-Ti rods wereﬁrst processed by warm ECAP(route B C)to reduce the grain size,and then extruded at room temperature.The strength of CP-Ti processed by these steps was comparable to that of Ti–6Al–4V alloy.The resulting microstructures were thermally stable up to300°C.This paper reports the processing,microstructure,mechanical properties and thermal stability of ultraﬁne-grained CP-Ti processed by ECAP-cold extrusion(ECAP-CE).2.Experimental proceduresCommercially pure Ti with an average grain size of 10m m and containing impurities including0.12wt.% O,0.01wt.%H,0.04wt.%N,0.07wt.%C,and0.18 wt.%Fe was used as the starting material.The dimen-sions of the starting billets were26mm in diameter and 120mm in length.ECAP route B C,which rotates the work piece90°clockwise along its longitudinal axis between adjacent passes,was used to process the Ti billets.This route was chosen because it yields the best surface quality and equiaxed grains[1].The die channel angle was90°.The entrance channel had a diameter of 26mm and the exit channel has a diameter of25mm, which is slightly smaller than the entrance channel to allow easy reinsertion of the billet into the entrance channel in the following pass(see Fig.1).Molybdenum disulﬁde was used as a lubricant.Both Ti billet and die were preheated to450°C before the start of the ECAP process.All billets were processed for eight passes,with the starting temperature at450°C.The temperature dropped with each pass and reached400°C after the8th pass.The Ti billets processed by ECAP were machined to a dimension of22mm in diameter and80mm long to remove the surface defects and to create a smooth surfaceﬁnish.A layer of natrium echoborium was then applied to the billet for lubrication during the subse-quent cold extrusion.The coated billets were extruded through a series of dies,progressively reducing the diameter from22to20to18to16mm(total reduction in cross-section area=47%)to14.3to12.6to11mm (total reduction in cross-section area=75%).The coat-ing was reapplied before each pass.All samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM),microhardness and mechanical testing were cutFig.1.The ECAP die has a90°channel angle.The diameters of entrance and exit channels are26and25mm,respectively,to allow easy reinsertion of the billet into the entrance channel in the following pass.V .V .Stolyaro 6et al ./Materials Science and Engineering A 303(2001)82–8984Fig.2.CP-Ti billets processed by ECAP and cold extrusion have high surface quality.away from the ends of Ti billets and near the center in the transverse direction.To observe the grain shape and microstructural an-isotropy,transmission electron microscopy (TEM)sam-ples were cut from both the transverse and longitudinal-section.These samples were prepared by jet electropolishing.Bright and dark ﬁeld TEM images were taken using a JEM-100B microscope.An acceler-ating voltage of 100KV was used.Electron diffraction patterns were taken from an area of 2m m 2.The average grain size was measured from the dark ﬁeld image by number-averaging the diameters of more than 60grains.The microhardness was measured in both transverse and longitudinal sections by the Vicker’s method under a load of 100g for 10s.Ten measurements were made for each sample and their average was taken as the microhardness of the sample.Tensile tests were performed at room temperature using a universal testing machine IR-5047-50.Cylindri-cal samples [1]with a gauge section of 5mm in diameter and 25mm in length were machined from the Ti billets.A displacement rate of 1mm min −1.was used for all tests.Yield strength,ultimate strength,elongation to failure,and reduction in area at the necking cross-section was measured.To study the thermal stability,Ti billets processed by ECAP followed by cold extrusion (75%reduction in cross-section area)were annealed at 200–500°C for half an hour.Dog-bone shaped ﬂat samples with a gage dimension of 2.8×0.3×10mm were cut from the longitudinal sections.The samples were cut by electro-spark cutting and electro-polished.Tensile testing of these samples were performed using a PV-3012machine at a displacement rate of 1mm min −1.3.Results3.1.Surface qualityShown in Fig.2are three CP-Ti billets processed by cold extrusion following initial ECAP.Two billets have a smooth surface without surface defects,while the third one has a crack near one end.These results indicate that it is feasible to extrude CP-Ti at room temperature following warm ECAP processing,al-though surface cracking could cause problems in some billets.3.2.MicrostructuresFig.3shows the TEM micrographs and selected area diffraction (SAD)pattern of Ti billet processed by ECAP route B C for eight passes.Fig.3a was taken from the transverse section of the as-processed billet while Fig.3b was from the longitudinal section.TheFig. 3.TEM micrographs and SAD pattern from (a)transverse section and (b)longitudinal section of a Ti billet processed by ECAP routes B C for eight passes.The initial diameter of the billet is 26mm.V.V.Stolyaro6et al./Materials Science and Engineering A303(2001)82–8985 SAD pattern,which was taken from the transversesection,indicates the existence of a large fraction ofhigh-angle grain boundaries.Clustered diffraction spotssuggests the existence of low-angle grain boundaries.Such a mixture of low-angle and high-angle grainboundaries is typical of ECAP-processed metals andalloys[2–4,17–21].It can be seen from Fig.3b that thegrains are somewhat elongated in the longitudinal di-rection.This is in contrast with our previous report[1]that ECAP route B C yielded equiaxed grains.Thisdifference could have been caused by the size effect.The Ti billets processed in the previous report[1]were20mm in diameter,while the Ti billets in the currentinvestigation are26mm in diameter.This observationmay suggest potential complication in scaling ECAPprocessing to increasingly large diameter billets.It isnot clear if such a size effect occurs in other materials.Figs.4and5show the microstructures of Ti billetsprocessed by ECAP followed by cold extrusion at roomtemperature for total reductions in cross-section areaby47and75%,respectively.No intermediate annealingFig. 5.TEM micrographs and SAD pattern from(a)transversesection and(b)longitudinal section of a Ti billet processed by ECAProutes B C for eight passes,followed by cold extrusion for a reductionin cross-section area of75%(diameter reduction from22to11mm).Fig. 4.TEM micrographs and SAD pattern from(a)transverse section and(b)longitudinal section of a Ti billet processed by ECAP routes B C for eight passes,followed by cold extrusion for a reduction in cross-section area of47%(diameter reduction from22to16mm).was performed between cold extrusion passes.Fig.4a, which is from the transverse section,shows a grain size similar to that shown in Fig.3a,indicating that the47% reduction in cross-section area from cold extrusion did not signiﬁcantly change the grain size.However,Fig.4a shows higher dislocation density and less sharp grain boundaries than Fig.3a.Fig.4b shows elongated grains,higher dislocation density and less sharp grain boundaries than Fig.3b.Further cold extrusion to a reduction in cross-section area of75%resulted in irregular grain shapes in the transverse section(Fig.5a)and elongated grain shape in the longitudinal section(Fig.5b).In addition,the grain size as measured from the transverse section(Fig. 5a)is much smaller than observed after47%reduction in cross-section area(Fig.4a).Fig.5indicates the formation ofﬁbrous grains.Numerous diffraction spots indicate that most grain boundaries are high angle, while the elongation of the diffraction spots indicates the existence of internal elastic strain.V.V.Stolyaro6et al./Materials Science and Engineering A303(2001)82–89 86The Ti billets cold-extruded to75%reduction in cross-section area were annealed at280°C for1h to check the microstructural stability.Fig.6shows the annealed microstructure from the longitudinal cross paring Fig.6with Fig.5b reveals that the ﬁbrous nature of the grains was mostly maintained,and the grain boundaries are clearly deﬁned.Although not clear in Fig.6,the decrease in dislocation density should be lower in Fig.6than in Fig.5due to recovery processes during the annealing.3.3.Mechanical properties3.3.1.MicrohardnessTable1lists the microhardness of the Ti billets after various processing steps.Each microhardness value is an average of at least10measurements.The scatter of the measured values is about5%or less.It is obvious that cold deformation after the ECAP further increases the microhardness.In addition,the microhardness in-creases with increasing reduction in cross-section area from the cold extrusion.Another observation is that the microhardness measured from the longitudinal sec-tion is higher than from the transverse section for all deformation states.To investigate the uniformity of microhardness,Ti rods with a dimension of40mm in diameter and200 mm in length were processed by ECAP route B C for eight passes.Microhardness was measured along the length near the center axis of the Ti billet in a longitu-dinal section as well as from the center to the surface on a cross-section.It is found that the microhardness is uniform along the length and shows a1%increase only at2mm away from the surface.Therefore,the micro-hardness is uniform.3.3.2.Tensile propertiesTensile tests were conducted on cylindrical samples with gauge dimensions of5mm in diameter and25mm in length.The testing results are listed in Table 2. Readers are referred to[1]for more details on the specimen geometry.The longitudinal axis of the sample coincides with that of the billets.After cold extrusion to 47%reduction in cross-section area,the yield and ulti-mate strength were increased to910and930MPa, respectively,which are higher than those of Ti–6Al–4V alloy.Further cold extrusion to a reduction in cross-section area of75%yielded even higher yield and ultimate strengths.3.4.Thermal stabilityTo study the thermal stability,Ti billets,processed by ECAP route B C for eight passes followed by cold extrusion for a reduction in cross-section area of75, were annealed at200–500°C for half an hour.Shown in Fig.7are tensile stress strain curves obtained from smallﬂat samples,which have a gage dimension of 2.8×0.3×10mm.The sample longitudinal axis coin-cides with the longitudinal axis of Ti billet.The as-pro-Fig.6.TEM micrographs and SAD pattern from the longitudinal section of a Ti billet processed by ECAP routes B C for eight passes, followed by cold extrusion for a reduction in cross-section area of 75%,and then annealed at280°C for1h.Table1The microhardness measured from both transverse and longitudinal sections of Ti billets after various processing steps aDeformation state Microhardness(MPa)inTransverse Longitudinalsectionsection2700ECAP b281029402880ECAP+Cold extrusion(47%c)33503230ECAP+Cold extrusion(75%)a The values in MPa were converted from Vickers measurements.b Route BC for eight passes.c Reduction in cross-section area from cold extrusion.Table2Yield strength(|0.2),ultimate strength(|u),elongation to failure(l), and reduction in area( )of Ti in various processing stateECAP route (%)|0.2(MPa)|u(MPa)l(%)Coarse-grained(grain2738069460size=10m m)1471061640ECAP a–ECAP+Cold55910930extrusion(47%b)8105097042 ECAP+Coldextrusion(75%)2510860795Ti–6Al–4V ca Route BC for eight passes.b Reduction in cross-section area from cold extrusion.c From ASTM F136–96.V .V .Stolyaro 6et al ./Materials Science and Engineering A 303(2001)82–8987Fig.7.Typical tensile stress-strain curves for CP-Ti processed by ECAP route B C for eight passes,followed by cold extrusion for a reduction in cross-section area of 75%,and then annealed at varying temperatures for 0.5h.Small ﬂat samples with a gage dimension of 2.8×0.3×10mm were used.The sample longitudinal axis coincides with the longitudinal axis of Ti billet.tively high processing temperature (400–450°C).For example,the yield strength of CP-Ti obtained by ECAP alone is only 640MPa.A low processing temperature is desired to introduce ﬁner grains and higher dislocation density into the CP-Ti,and to consequently further improve strength.However,the ECAP process requires the work piece to have relatively high ductility,which rules out the processing of CP-Ti using ECAP at room temperature [13].This work has shown that a two-step process,warm ECAP followed by cold extrusion,can effectively fur-ther improve the strength of CP-Ti while maintaining a useful work-piece dimension for structural applications.The ECAP signiﬁcantly reﬁnes the grain size without changing the dimension of the work piece,while cold extrusion further improves the strength.The two-step process combined two strengthening mechanisms to strengthen CP-Ti:(a)grain boundary strengthening dueFig.8.The thermal stability of strength and the recovery of ductility with increasing annealing temperature.The CP-Ti was processed by ECAP route B C for eight passes,followed by cold extrusion for a reduction in cross-section area by 47or 75%,and then annealed at varying temperatures for 0.5h.CE strain in the legend means reduction in cross-section area from cold extrusion.cessed sample shows a very high strength but low elongation to failure.Annealing at temperatures up to 300°C for half an hour improved the ductility without signiﬁcantly decreasing the ultimate strength.The thermal stability of strength and the recovery of ductility with increasing annealing temperature are shown in Fig.8.The CP-Ti samples were processed by ECAP route B C for eight passes,cold extruded for a reduction in cross-section area by 47or 75%,and then annealed at varying temperatures for half an hour.As shown,the yield and ultimate strength are stable at annealing temperatures up to 300°C.It can also be seen that the higher yield and ultimate strength produced by higher reduction in cross-section area from cold extru-sion were well preserved at annealing temperatures up to 400°C.Higher reduction in cross-section area from cold extrusion resulted in lower ductility in the as-pro-cessed state and annealed states.4.DiscussionThis investigation shows that very high yield strength (970MPa)and ultimate strength (1050MPa)as well as considerable ductility (elongation to failure =8%)can be attained in bulk,ultraﬁne-grained CP-Ti material processed by a combination of warm ECAP and cold extrusion.Warm ECAP has limited capability in reﬁning grains and improving the strength of CP-Ti,due to the rela-V.V.Stolyaro6et al./Materials Science and Engineering A303(2001)82–89 88to small grain size;and(b)dislocation strengthening from cold deformation.Moreover,theﬁne grains re-sulted from the ECAP helped to maintain a good ductility even after signiﬁcant straining from cold extrusion.The thermal stability of the ultraﬁne-grained CP-Ti produced by the two-step process is an important is-sue for structural applications.As shown in Fig.8, the strength of the CP-Ti processed by ECAP+cold extrusion is stable at temperatures up to300°C, which is remarkable considering that it was cold ex-truded at room temperature.Thermal annealing after the cold extrusion at temperatures below300°C is beneﬁcial since it improves the ductility without sig-niﬁcantly decreasing the strength.The thermal stabil-ity of mechanical properties of CP-Ti processed by ECAP+cold extrusion is not as high as those pro-cessed by ECAP only.In our previous work[1],the mechanical properties of CP-Ti processed by ECAP are stable at temperature up to400–450°C,which is the temperature range in which the CT-Ti was pro-cessed.This is because the microstructure is largely stable at temperatures below the processing tempera-ture.A salient feature of the microstructures of CP-Ti processed by ECAP and subsequent cold extrusion is that grains elongate in the longitudinal direction.The cold extrusion both increased dislocation density and elongated grains along the sample axis(Fig.5)as compared with a nearly equiaxed grain structure after ECAP(Fig.3).The grain elongation made grains ap-pearﬁbrous after a large reduction in cross-section (75%)from cold extrusion(Fig.5b).The observed anisotropy of grain shape is consistent with the mi-crohardness anisotropy in the transverse and longitu-dinal sections.Theﬁbrous nature of the microstructure is more clearly shown in Fig.6after the as-processed sample (75%reduction in cross-section)was annealed at 280°C for1h.The transverse diameter of theﬁbrous grains is estimated as about120nm.The annealing reduced the dislocation density through recovery,and the grain boundaries become more distinct.The lack of recrystallization and grain growth at280°C is con-sistent with the thermal stability of tensile strength, which is stable at temperature up to300°C.The high strength after cold extrusion suggests that the combination of ECAP and cold extrusion is a viable technique to produce high strength CP-Ti for structural applications.The same technique can be applied to other metals and alloys.The disadvantage of this technique is that the work piece needs to be well lubricated by coating before each cold extrusion pass and surface cracks may develop in some samples even with the aforementioned coating.Other cold de-formation techniques such as cold rolling are not so demanding in good lubrication,and may have pro-cessing advantages over cold extrusion.This is being investigated in our laboratories and will be reported in a future paper.5.SummariesA two step process combining ECAP and cold ex-trusion has been developed to process CP-Ti.The ﬁrst step,ECAP,signiﬁcantly reﬁned the grain size and increased the yield and ultimate strength to640 and710MPa,respectively,without changing the sam-ple dimension.The second step,cold extrusion,fur-ther introduced higher dislocation density,and elongated the grains,which consequently increased the yield and ultimate strength to970and1050MPa, respectively.This two-step process makes use of two strengthening mechanisms to enhance the strength:(a)ﬁne grain size;and(b)high dislocation density.The strength of the as-processed Ti is thermally stable at temperatures up to300°C.Annealing at temperatures below300°C resulted in improved ductility without signiﬁcant decrease in strength.This study suggests that the ECAP+cold extrusion is a viable technique for producing ultraﬁne-grained materials with high strength for structural applications.References[1]V.V.Stolyarov,Y.T.Zhu,I.V.Alexandrov,T.C.Lowe,R.Z.Valiev,Inﬂuence 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abating硬度降低abc自动锅炉控制aberration象差abjustable spanner活动]扳手abjusting spring蝶弹簧ablation烧蚀ablative cooling烧蚀冷却ablative material烧蚀材料above critical state超临界状态abradability磨耗性abrasion磨损abrasion resistance耐磨性abrasion test磨损试验abrasion tester磨耗试验机abrasion wear磨料磨损abrasive磨料abrasive band砂带abrasive belt砂带abrasive belt grinding砂带磨光abrasive belt grinding machine砂带磨床abrasive cloth砂布abrasive cut off machine砂轮切断机abrasive cut off wheel切割砂轮abrasive ecp磨料电解抛光abrasive grain磨粒abrasive jet machining磨料喷射加工abrasive machining研磨加工abrasive paper砂纸abrasive paste研磨膏abrasive powder研磨粉abrasive resistance耐磨性abrasive tool研磨工具abrasive wear磨料磨损abrasive wheel砂轮abrasive wire sawing machine砂线切割机床abscissa横坐标absolute绝对的absolute acceleration绝对加速度absolute assembler绝对汇编程序absolute black body绝对黑体absolute ceiling绝对升限absolute coordinates绝对坐标absolute digital control绝对数字控制absolute encoder绝对编码器absolute error绝对误差absolute humidity绝对湿度absolute interchangeability完全互换性absolute measurement绝对测量absolute motion绝对运动absolute position of manipulator机械手的绝对位置absolute position of robot机扑的绝对位置absolute pressure绝对压力absolute system of units绝对单位制absolute temperature绝对温度absolute unit绝对单位absolute unit system绝对单位制absolute value绝对值absolute velocity绝对速度absolute zero绝对零度absorb吸收absorbability吸收性absorbent吸收剂absorber吸收剂absorptiometer吸收计absorption吸收absorption coefficient吸收系数absorption dynamometer吸收式测功器absorption factor吸收系数absorption hygrometer吸收湿度计absorption refrigerating machine吸收式冷冻机absorption refrigeration吸收式制冷absorption refrigerator吸收式冷冻机absorptive power吸收率absorptivity吸收率ac交流交变电流ac arc welder交羚弧焊机ac arc welding交羚弧焊接ac edm适应控制电火花机床ac generator交立电机ac motor交羚动机accelerated motion加速运动accelerated test加速试验accelerating ability加速能力accelerating pump加速泵acceleration加速acceleration diagram加速度图acceleration of gravity重力加速度acceleration pick up加速度传感器acceleration time加速时间accelerator加速器accelerator lever加速栖杆accelerator pedal加速皮板accelerator pump加速泼accelerograph自记加速计accelerometer加速度计acceptable noise level容许噪声acceptance certificate验收证瞄acceptance test验收试验accessories附件accessory附属品accident事故accident prevention事故预防accidental偶然的accidental error偶然误差accounting machine会计计算机accumulated error累积误差accumulated pitch error同节累积误差accumulator电池accumulator capacity蓄电池容量accumulator car蓄电池汽车accumulator plate蓄电池极板accuracy精确度accuracy control精确控制accuracy grade精度等级accuracy life精确度寿命accuracy of alignment对中精度accuracy of instrument仪表精度accuracy of measurement测量精度accuracy of reproduction再现精度accuracy to size尺寸精度accurate adjustment精密蝶accurate grinding精密磨削accurate measurement精确测量acetylcellulose醋酸纤维素acetylene乙炔acetylene burner乙炔燃烧器乙快焊炬acetylene cutting氧炔切割acetylene cutting machine氧炔切割机acetylene gas乙炔气acetylene generator乙炔发生器acetylene producer乙炔发生器acetylene torch乙炔燃烧器乙快焊炬acetylene welding乙炔焊接achromatic消色差的achromatic colour无彩色achromatic lens消色差透镜acicular cast iron针状结构铸铁acicular structure针状结构acid酸acid bessemer converter酸性转炉acid bessemer process酸性转炉炼钢法acid brick酸性砖acid converter酸性转炉acid converter process酸性转炉炼钢法acid number酸价acid open hearth furnace酸性平炉acid process酸性炼钢法acid proof耐酸性的acid proof coating耐酸保护层acid proof paint耐酸涂料acid rain酸雨acid resistance耐酸性acid resistant alloy抗酸合金acid resistant steel耐酸钢acid resisting耐酸性的acid resisting alloy抗酸合金acid resisting paint耐酸涂料acid resisting steel耐酸钢acid solution酸溶液acid steel酸性钢acid value酸价acidity酸度acierage表面钢化acieration表面钢化acme thread亚克米螺纹aco最佳适应控制acoustic声的acoustic absorbing material吸音材料acoustic analysis声学分析acoustic diagnosis音响诊断acoustic gas analyzer声学气体分析器acoustic inspection音响检查acoustic insulation隔音acoustic oscillations声振动acoustic printing machine声动印刷机acoustic resonance声共振acoustic signal音响信号acoustic velocity声速acoustic vibrations声振动acoustic wave声波acoustics声学actinometer露光计action酌action turbine冲动式透平activated carbon活性炭activation活化activation energy活化能active current有功电流active energy meter累积瓦特计active power有效功率active solar heating织式太阳能供暖activity活度actual horsepower有效马力actual size实际尺寸actual stress实际应力actuator执行机构actuator of robot机扑的操构adaptability适应性adaptable可以应用的adaptable robot适应性机扑adapter匹配器adapter sleeve紧固套adaptive control适应控制adaptive control optimization最佳适应控制adaptive controlled discharge machine适应控制电火花机床adaptive controlled machine自适应控制机床adaptive robot control机扑的适应控制adaptive robot system机扑的适应系统adaptive robot technical complex适应性机扑综合技术adaptive sensor guided robot传感曝制自适应机扑adc模拟数字转换器addendum齿顶addendum angletip angle齿顶角addendum circle齿顶圆addendum cone齿顶addendum modification齿顶修正addendum modification coefficient齿顶修正系数adder加法器additive添加剂adherence附着adherometer粘附计adhesion附着adhesion coefficient附着系数adhesion wear胶合磨损adhesion weight附着重量adhesive粘着剂adhesive force粘着力adhesive joint附着接头adhesive strength粘着强度adhesivity粘附性adiabatic calorimeter绝热量热器adiabatic change绝热变化adiabatic combustion绝热燃烧adiabatic compression绝热压缩adiabatic curve绝热线adiabatic efficiency绝热效率adiabatic equilibrium绝热平衡adiabatic expansion绝热膨胀adiabatic exponent绝热指数adiabatic line绝热线adiabatic process绝热过程adiabatic temperature绝热温度adjustable可蝶的adjustable bearing可蝶轴承adjustable guide vane可导叶adjustable pitch propeller可掂螺旋桨adjustable reamer可第铰刀adjustable resistance可变电阻adjustable shell reamer可底管铰刀adjustable speed motor蒂电动机adjustable tap可悼锥adjustable wrench可靛手adjustadle wrench活动]扳手adjuster蝶工adjustible tap可刀丝锥adjusting蝶adjusting bolt蝶螺栓adjusting bush第套筒adjusting cam蝶凸轮adjusting device蝶装置adjusting gauge蝶量规adjusting nut蝶螺母adjusting screw蝶螺钉adjusting valve第阀adjusting wedge蝶楔块adjustment蝶adjustment range蝶范围adjustment robot第式机扑admiralty brass船用黄铜admissible容许的admissible load容许负荷admission进气admission cam进气凸轮admission period进气期间admission pipe进气管admission port吸气口admission pressure进气压力admission stroke进气冲程admission valve进气阀admittance导纳admixture掺和物adsorbent吸附剂adsorption吸附advance提前advanced ignition提前点火advanced opening提前进气aecp磨料电解抛光aerator通气设备aerial天线aerial cableway架空死aerial camera航空摄影机aerial conveyor高架式输送机aerial railway高架铁路aerial ropeway架空死aerodrome飞机场aerodynamic气体动力的aerodynamic bearing空气动力轴承aerodynamic brake空气动力制动装置aerodynamic drag气动阻力aerodynamic heating空气动力加热aerodynamic lift空气动力升力aerodynamic moment空气动力力矩aerodynamic similarity气动力相似aerodynamical气体动力的aerodynamical action气体动力酌aerodynamical balance空气动力天平aerodynamical heating动力加热aerodynamical resistance气动阻力aerodynamics空气动力学aerodyne重航空器aeroelasticity气动力弹性aeroengine航空发动机aeroenging飞机发动机aerofoil机翼aerofoil profile翼形剖面aerofoil theory机翼理论aerogenerator风力发电机aerometer气体比重计aeronautics航空学aeroplane飞机aeropulse engine脉动式喷气发动机aerosol悬浮微粒aerostat轻航空器aerostatic bearing空气静力轴承aerostatics空气静力学aerothermoelasticity气动热弹性aerotrain飞行式无轨列车aeroturbine航空涡轮机affinity亲合势aft engine尾发动机after sales service提供维修服务afterburner加力燃烧室afterburning烧完aftercombustion烧完aftercooler最终冷却器afterheat余热aftertreatment后处理age hardening时效硬化ageing时效agglomerating furnace烧结炉agglomerating plant烧结机agglomeration烧结aggregate机组aggressive gas腐蚀性气体aggressive medium腐蚀介质aging时效aging test老化试验agitating truck混凝土搅拌汽车agitation搅拌agitator搅拌器agricultural aircraft农用飞机agricultural airplane农用飞机agricultural implements农具agricultural machine农业机器agricultural machines农业机械agv无人搬运车ahead turbine推进汽轮机aileron副翼ailerons副翼air空气air accumulator空气蓄压器air bearing空气轴承air bleed valve放气阀air bleeder放气阀air brake空气制动器air breathing engine喷气发动机air buffer空气缓冲器air car气垫车air cell engine旋风式发动机air chamber空气室air chamber engine旋风式发动机air chipper气錾air chuck压缩空气式卡盘air circulation空气循环air classifier空气分级器air cleaner空气滤清器air cleaning空气净化air cock气旋塞air compressor空气压缩机air conditioner空气第器air conditioning空气第air consumption空气消耗量air container储气罐air contamination空气污染air conveying气力输送air cooled气冷的air cooled condenser空气冷凝器air cooled cylinder气冷气缸air cooled engine气冷式发动机air cooled turbine气冷式透平air cooled valve气冷阀air cooler空气冷却器air cooling空气冷却air cooling apparatus空气冷却器air cooling fin空气冷却片air current气流air curtain空气幕air cushion气垫air cushion ship气垫船air cushion shock absorber空气缓冲器air cushion vehicle对地效应飞行器air cylinder空气气缸air damper空气缓冲器air damping空气阻尼air density空气密度air distributor空气分配器air drag空气阻力air drill风钻air driven vibrator风动振动机air drying空气干燥air duct风道air ejector空气喷射器air elutriator空气分离器风选器air engine空气发动机air filled tyre气轮胎air filled tyre pneumatic tyre气轮胎air filter空气滤清器air flow气流air flue风道air fuel mixture空气燃料混合物air fuel ratio空气燃料比air gap空隙air gas空气煤气air gauge气动测微仪air hammer空气锤air hammer drill风动凿岩机air hardening空气淬火air hardening steel空气硬化钢air heater空气加热器air heating热风采暖air heating furnace热风炉air hoist气葫芦air hole通风孔air hose风管air humidity空气湿度air infalting充气air infiltration漏风air inflating轮胎打气air injection空气喷射air injection diesel engine空气喷射柴油发动机air injection engine空气喷射柴油发动机air inlet进气口air inlet valve进气阀air insulation空气绝缘air intake进气口air intake valve进气阀air isolation空气绝缘air jacket空气套air jet空气喷嘴air lift空气升液泵air liquefier空气液化器air lubrication空气润滑air main空气周路air micrometer气动测微仪air mobile vehicle空气怜车air motor气动发动机air operated machine风动机air passage风道air pipe气管air pollution空气污染air power hammer空气锤air preheater空气预热器air pressure gauge空气压力计air pressure reducer空气减压器air pressure test空气压力试验air proof不透气的air pump空气泵air purification空气净化air quenching空气淬火air rammer风动夯air receiver储气罐air refrigerating machine空气制冷机air register电器空气第器air reservoir储气罐air resistance空气阻力air separation空气分离air separator空气分离器风选器air speed indicator空速指示器空速表示器air spring空气弹簧air stream气流air surface condenser空气冷凝器air suspension气动悬架装置air tamper风动夯air thermometer空气温度计air tight不透气的air tight joint气密接头air tightness气密性air transport气力输送air tube气管air turbine空气涡轮机air valve气阀air vent通风孔air washer净气器空气选净器airborne camera航空摄影机aircraft飞机aircraft carrier航空母舰aircraft engine飞机发动机aircraft gas turbine航空燃气涡轮机aircraft industry航空工业aircraft instrument航空仪表aircraft mechanician飞机机械师aircraft tractor飞机牵引车airdrome飞机场airfoil机翼airless injection无气喷射airless injection diesel engine无气喷射柴油发动机airliner班机airplane飞机airplane carrier航空母舰airplane engine飞机发动机airport航空港airscrew螺旋桨airship飞艇airstrip跑道ajm磨料喷射加工alarm警报alarm clock闹钟alarm signal警告信号alarm system告警系统alarming apparatus警报装置albedo反照率alcohol醇alcohol meter乙醇计alcohol thermometer酒精温度计algebraic equation代数方程algorithm算法alidade照准仪alignment定心alignment pin定位销alignment system supply导系统电源alitizing表面渗铝alkali碱alkaline battery硷性蓄电池alkaline earth metal碱土族金属alkaline solution碱性溶液alkaline storage battery碱蓄电池alkalinity碱度alkyd resin醇酸尸all metal construction全金属结构all purpose万能的all steel body全钢车身all weather aircraft全天候飞机all wheel drive全轮驱动allen wrench方孔螺钉头用扳手allidade游标盘alligator shears杠杆式剪床allotrope同素异形体allotropic transformation同素异形变化allotropism同素异形allotropy同素异形allowable容许的allowable bearing pressure容许支承压力allowable clearance允许间隙allowable error容许误差allowable load容许负荷allowable pressure容许压力allowable stress容许应力allowable temperature容许温度allowance for machining加工余量alloy合金alloy cast iron合金铸铁alloy for cutting tools切悉具合金alloy pig iron合金生铁alloy steel合金钢alloy tool steel合金工具钢alloying component合金成分alloying constituent合金成分alloying element合金元素alnico阿尔尼科合金alphameric code字母数字码alternate load交替负载alternate stress交变应力alternating current交流交变电流alternating current arc welder交羚弧焊机alternating current bridge交羚桥alternating current commutator motor交聋劣式电动机alternating current generator交立电机alternating current measuring bridge交羚桥alternating current motor交羚动机alternating current servomotor交僚服马达altimeter高度计altitude高度altitude engine高空发动机altitude indicator高度指示器alumina铝氧土aluminium铝aluminizing表面渗铝aluminum alloy铝合金aluminum brass铝黄铜合金aluminum bronze铝青铜aluminum casting铝铸件aluminum oxide铝氧土aluminum paint铝涂料aluminum piston铝质活塞aluminum rivet铝铆钉alundum氧化铝amalgam汞齐amber琥珀ambient周围的ambient air周围的空气ambient conditions环境条件ambient medium周围介质ambient noise环境噪声ambient pressure周围压力ambient temperature周围温度ambient vibration周围振动ambulance car救护车amendment修正amm阳极机械加工ammeter安培计ammonal阿芒拿ammonia氨ammonia absorption refrigerator氨吸收冷冻机ammonia compression refrigerator氨气压缩冷冻机ammonia compressor氨气压缩机ammonia condenser氨冷凝器ammonia refrigerator氨冷冻机ammonia water氨水ammonium铵ammphibious car水陆两用汽车amorphous alloy非晶质合金amorphous carbon无定形碳amorphous state无定形状态amortization折旧amount of heat热量amount of unbalance不平衡量amperage安培数ampere安培ampere turn安匝amperemeter安培计amphibian car水陆两用汽车amphibian plane水陆飞机amphibian robot水陆两用机扑amphibious aircraft水陆两用飞机amphibious automobile水陆两用汽车amphibious car水陆两用汽车amphibious vehicle水陆两用汽车amplification放大amplifier放大器扩大器amplitude振幅amplitude frequency response振幅频率特性amplitude limiter限幅器amplitude modulation振幅灯analog computer模似计算机analog control模拟控制analog digital computer模拟数字计算机analog servomechanism模拟伺服analog signal模拟信号analog to digital converter模拟数字转换器analogue signal for robot control控制机扑的模拟信号analogy类似analysis分析analysis of covariance协方差分析analysis of variance方差分析analytical balance分析天平analytical chemistry分析化学analytical mechanics分析力学analyzer分析器anchor锚anchor bolt地脚螺栓anchor chain锚链anchor plate锚板anchor windlass起锚绞盘and circuit与电路anemograph风力记录仪anemometer风速计anemoscope风向仪anergyaneroid altimeter无液测高计aneroid barometer空盒气压表aneroid calorimeter空盒量热计angle角angle block角度量具angle bracket角撑架angle cock角旋塞angle dozer斜角推土机angle drive角传动angle error角误差angle gauge量角规angle iron角钢angle joint角接angle of advance超前角angle of attack迎角angle of bank倾斜角angle of bite咬入角angle of climb爬升角angle of contact接触角angle of countersinking划孔角angle of crossing交叉角angle of delay滞后角angle of deviation偏向角angle of elevation仰角angle of emergence射出角angle of ignition advance点火提前角angle of incidence入射角angle of inclination倾角angle of lag滞后角angle of lap接触角angle of lead升角angle of nip咬入角angle of pitch俯仰角angle of polarization偏光角angle of reflection反射角angle of refraction折射角angle of repose休止角angle of rest休止角angle of screw thread螺纹截形角angle of stall失速角angle of thread螺面角angle of torsion扭转角angle of twist扭转角angle of yaw偏航角angle shears剪角铁机angle transmission角传动angle type axial piston pump弯体式轴向活塞泵angle valve角阀angstrom埃angular acceleration角加速度angular ball bearing径向止推滚珠轴承angular belt drive角皮带传动angular contact ball bearing径向止推滚珠轴承angular cutter角铣刀angular deviation角偏差angular displacement角位移angular frequency角频率angular momentum角动量angular motion角运动angular resolution角度分辨率angular velocity角速度aniline苯胺animal charcoal骨炭animal oil动物油anion阴离子anisotropic material蛤异性物质anisotropy蛤异性annealing退火annealing box退火箱annealing furnace退火炉annealing temperature退火温度annual consumption年用量annular环形的annular combustion chamber环形燃烧室annular float环状浮子annular flow环形流annular furnace环形炉annular groove环形槽annular magnet环形磁铁annular nozzle环形喷嘴annular space环形间隙annular spring弹簧环annular valve环状阀annulus环状空间anode正极anode film阳极被覆膜anode mechanical machining阳极机械加工anode sputtering阳极溅射anodic dissolution阳极溶解anodic machining阳极机械加工anodic oxidation阳极溶解anodic protection阳极保护anodic removing电解加工anodic solution阳极溶解antechamber预燃室antenna天线anthracite无烟煤anti icer防冰装置anticathode对阴极anticlockwise rotation反时针方向旋转anticollision system防撞系统anticorrosion film耐蚀薄膜anticorrosive agent防腐蚀剂anticorrosive alloy耐蚀合金anticorrosive composition防腐蚀剂anticorrosive paint防蚀涂料antidazzle light避眩灯antidazzle visor防眩罩antidetonant防爆剂antifoamer防泡剂antifreeze防冻剂antifreezing agent防冻剂antifriction alloy抗摩合金antifriction bearing滚动轴承antifriction cast iron抗摩铸铁antifriction guide滚动导轨antifriction material耐摩材料antifriction metal抗摩合金antiglare light避眩灯antiknock抗爆的antiknock agent防爆剂antiknock fuel抗爆震燃料antiknock gasoline抗爆汽油antiknock quality抗爆性antimonial lead锑铅antimony锑antinode波腹antioxidant抗氧化剂antiresonance反共振antirusting paint防蚀涂料antiscale composition防垢剂antiseptic防腐剂antiskid chain防滑链antiskid tire防滑轮胎antiskid tyre防滑轮胎antiwear additive抗磨添加剂anvil测砧anvil block砧座anvil face砧面aperiodic motion非周期运动aperture口径aperture ratio口径比aplanat齐酶镜aplanatic消球差的aplanatic lens齐酶镜apochromat复消色差透镜apochromatic lens复消色差透镜apothem内切圆半径apparatus装置apparent density表观密度apparent expansion视在膨胀apparent force表观力apparent moisture表面水分apparent power表观功率apparent specific gravity外表比重appearance外形application应用application point酌点application program应用程序applied elasticity theory应用弹性学applied mechanics应用力学applied thermodynamics应用热力学approximate analysis近似分析approximate calculation近似计算approximate model近似模型approximate value近似值approximation近似apron挡板apron conveyor板式输送机aqua ammonia氨水aqueous solution水溶液arbor心轴arbormandrel心轴arc电弧arc cutting电弧切割arc discharge电弧arc furnace电弧炉arc lamp弧光灯arc voltage电弧电压arc welder电焊机arc welding电弧焊接arc welding machine电焊机arc welding robot电弧焊机扑arch拱arch dam拱坝arched 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vehicle铰接式汽车articulation关节artificial人工的artificial abrasive人造磨料artificial aging人工时效artificial brain人工脑artificial diamond人造金刚石artificial draft人工通风artificial drying人工干燥artificial fiber人造纤维artificial fibre automobile人造纤维汽车artificial fibre plane人造纤维飞机artificial fuel人造燃料artificial graphite人造石墨artificial horizon人工水平仪artificial illumination人工照明artificial intelligence人工智能artificial intelligence automobile人工智能汽车artificial leather人造革artificial lighting人工照明artificial liquid fuel人造液体燃料artificial petroleum人造石油artificial resin合成尸artificial satellite人造卫星artificial ventilation人工换气artificial vision人工视觉as cast condition铸态asbestos石棉asbestos brake band石棉制动摩擦带asbestos cardboard石棉纸板asbestos cloth石棉布asbestos gasket石棉垫圈asbestos plate石棉板asbestos wool石棉绒ascending stroke上升冲程ash灰ash composition灰分组成ash content灰分ash ejector放灰器排灰器ash free fuel无灰分燃料ash hoist起灰机ash pit灰槽ash removal除灰aspect ratio展弦比asphalt沥青asphalt base crude oil沥青基原油asphalt paper沥青纸aspirating stroke吸气冲程aspiration hygrometer通风湿度计aspirator吸引器assay试金assay balance试金天平assay furnace试金炉assembler装配工assembler programming system. aps汇编程序系统assemblererector装配工assembling安装assembling machine安装机;装配机械assembling robot装配机扑assembling shop装配车间assembling tool装配工具assembly安装assembly automation装配自动化assembly conveyor装配输送带assembly drawing装配图assembly fixture装配夹具assembly industrial robot装配用工业机扑assembly line装配线assembly plant装配厂。

航空钣金维修-紧固件

3.1盲钉的分类
1.Cherry系列，如cherry lock(cr2)、cherry Max(cr3)、cherry maxibolt（cr7） 2.NAS系列,NAS1921XX（凸头）、NAS1919XX 3.BACR15XX系列 4.MS9035XXX系列（工作中用的最多的主要是cherry系列以及NAS系列，下面主要讲述一下这两个件
2.Rivet（铆钉）
2.1、Rivet（铆钉）
一般对于铆钉材质，可以根据铆钉头上面的标志来判断区分，可以参照下面图
说明一下，DD钉经过了热处理，使用时在低温状态下取出来，在短时间内尽早使用完
2.1、Rivet（铆钉）
2.1、Rivet（铆钉）
接下来说一下铆钉的件号规律特点，件号主要是规范不同，后面的几乎大同小异没啥区别。先举几个列子：
航空紧固件
接下来我将逐步介绍一下本人在航空领域所使用频率高的紧固件，包括紧固件安装拆除以及相应件号规律等，定义性的东西网上有大把就不说了。(以下均是本人靠经验总结，仅供参考学习)
董汪同学 2020-05-11
一、紧固件的种类（包括但不局限以下）
1. Screw、Bolt、Nut plate 2. Rivet 3.Blind rivets 4.ASP 5.JO-BOLT 6.HI-LOK和HI-LITE 7、其他
③.NAS10976AD8
这种美国通用标准规范的铆钉不多，会在盲钉中常见到，NAS1097和NAS1200代表小埋，后面的标码位置跟前面的表示的一样。不过需要注意的是对于小埋，它的特性是 shear 即抗剪力，而对于大埋的特性是tension即抗拉。
2.2、铆钉的安装
①、对于件号的选取主要参照手册，不过如果手册中对于长度的选取说以实际为主的话，这时候就需要用勾尺勾长度来选择件号长度。

中科院SCI分区目录

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刊名简称 J AM CHEM SOC ANGEW CHEM INT EDIT ANAL CHEM CHEM REV ACCOUNTS CHEM RES COORDIN CHEM REV CHEM SOC REV ANNU REV PHYS CHEM PROG POLYM SCI TOP CURR CHEM ADV POLYM SCI SURF SCI REP CATAL REV CURR OPIN COLLOID IN ADV CATAL ADV ORGANOMET CHEM PROG SOLID STATE CH ALDRICHIM ACTA J ORG CHEM MACROMOLECULES CHEM COMMUN INORG CHEM J PHYS CHEM B LANGMUIR J CHROMATOGR A ORGANOMETALLICS DALTON T J CATAL ORG LETT CHEM-EUR J ELECTROPHORESIS J COMPUT CHEM CARBON RAPID COMMUN MASS SP CHEM RES TOXICOL J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM APPL CATAL B-ENVIRON MACROMOL RAPID COMM J AM SOC MASS SPECTR J PHYS CHEM REF DATA FARADAY DISCUSS J MASS SPECTROM ADV COLLOID INTERFAC BIOMACROMOLECULES TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM ELECTROCHEM COMMUN J BIOL INORG CHEM ADV SYNTH CATAL ADV INORG CHEM CHEMPHYSCHEM GREEN CHEM J COMB CHEM PROG SURF SCI CRYST GROWTH DES

Wang HC,Meng AP,Li JQ,Sima YK2005A karyotypic study on Manglietia (Magnoliaceae) from China

CARYOLOGIA Vol.58,no.2:189-199,2005A Karyotypic Study on Manglietia(Magnoliaceae)from China Heng-Chang Wang1,Ai-Ping Meng1,Jian-Qiang Li1*and Yong-Kang Sima21Department of Taxonomy and Systematics,Wuhan Botanical Garden,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan Hubei430074,P.R.China.2Yunnan Laboratory for Conservation of the Rare,Endangered&Endemic Forest Plants,State Forestry Adminis-tration/Yunnan Academy of Forestry,Kunming Yunnan650204,P.R.China.Abstract—Twenty species of Manglietia and one species of Manglietiastrum from China are cytologically investi-gated,of which12are reported for the first time.All the studied species are diploid(2n=38).Chromosomes are me-dium-small to small with gradually decreased sizes.The interphase nucleus and the prophase chromosomes of all species are categorized as the complex chromocenter type and the interstitial type respectively.Karyotype is mainly of2B or in rare condition,2A or1A.The metacentric(m)and submetacentric(sm)chromosomes are found to form the main part of chromosome complement while the subtelocentric(st)chromosomes were rare or absent.It seems that karyotypic variation at the diploid level is the predominant feature of chromosome evolution in Manglietia.Nev-ertheless,karyomorphological differences are disordered and show no significant correlation with the morphological variation and the circumscription of the sampled taxa.Key words:China,karyomorphology,Manglietia,Manglietiastrum.INTRODUCTIONManglietia is a genus of the family Magno-liaceae endemic to Asia.It is mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical Asian regions from the eastern Himalayas to southern China and Malay-sia.Its main center of diversity is in China.Man-glietia is mainly characterized with the number of ovules4-12(-16),while its ally Magnolia with 2(-4).(Dandy1927;1964;1974;1978;Gagnepain 1938;Nooteboom1985;1993;1998;2000;Chen and Nooteboom1993;Law1984;1996;2000). Baillon(1866)thought it would not be natural to divide Manglietia from Magnolia only on the basis of their different numbers of ovules and proposed to include the former in the latter.Praglowski (1974)pointed out the similarity between Mangli-etia and Magnolia Subgen.Magnolia in pollen morphology.Recently,according to three main taxonomical characters,i.e.sylleptic branching, flowers appearing after leaves and anthers in-trorsely dehiscent,Gong et al.(2003)treated Manglietia as a synonym of Magnolia.Another way,Baranova(1972)and Tucker(1977)ob-served unique morphological characteristics of w(1984;1996;2000)and Law et al.(1995)pointed out that Manglietia plants pos-sessed comprehensive morphological characters as well as a special distribution pattern.Whilst disagreeing with the lumper concept of Baillon (1866),Canright(1955)and Keng(1978)on Manglietia,Law appeared to support the pro-posal of Dandy(1927;1964;1974)that Mangli-etia should be treated as a separate genus.Mo-lecular evidences from a number of researchers (Shi2000;Ueda et al.2000;Azuma et al.2000; 2001;Kim et al.2001)have revealed that Mangli-etia is a monophyletic group.Recently,Figlar and Nooteboom(2004)combined molecular and morphological considerations and propose a new taxonomy of Magnolioideae(Magnoliaceae).Ac-cording to the system,Magnolioideae contains only one genus,Magnolia.To account for the vari-ability that resulted in the recognition of several to many genera in the past,Magnolia is subdivided into three subgenera:1.Magnolia with eight sec-tions and seven subsections;2.Yulania with two sections and six subsections;3.Gynopodium with two sections.Thus for Manglietia:Magnolia sub-genus Magnolia section Manglietia.Delimitation of Manglietia has been change-able.Chen and Nooteboom(1993)mainly adopted the outline of Nooteboom(1985).They*Corresponding author:fax++86-027-********;e-mail: lijq@(The author contributes equally to the paper)transferred Manglietiastrum from Magnolia to Manglietia ,and according to them there are 25Manglietia species in the world and 18in w (1996)thought there were over 30species in the world and 22in China,and he recognized Manglietiastrum as a distinct genus (Law 1979;1984;1995;1996;1997;2000).Based on a com-prehensive literature review,Frodin and Gov-aerts (1996)listed 29Manglietia species and five varieties in the world and 22species and three va-rieties in China.In addition,new species are con-tinually published (Wei 1993;Zheng 1995A;Shui and Chen 2003).According to Figlar and Nooteboom (2004),there are about 29species in Magnolia section Manglietia.Though chromosome numbers and shape are just one of a multiple of characters that can be used in the classification of taxa,they sometimes are an important tool in investigations of plant systematics and diversification (Stebbins 1971;Hong 1990;Stace 2000).Manglietia has been cy-tologically studied by a number of researchers (Darlington and Wylie 1955;Fedorov 1974;Okada 1975;Biswas 1979;Biswas and Sharma 1984;Singhal and Gill 1984;Goldblatt 1984;1985;1988;1990;Chen et al.1985;1989;2003;Li et al.1997;Chen et al.2000).All these studies have found a consistent basic chromosome number of x =19throughout Magnoliaceae and that all entities of Manglietia are diploid.How-ever,most of the investigations have only reported chromosome and there is a paucity of data fromkaryotypic studies of the genus,with only eight entities described by Li et al.(1997),Chen et al.(2003)and Meng et al.(2004).Karyotypic evi-dence is often important in infrageneric taxonomy as well as systematics.In this paper the karyotypes of 20species from China,including the indig-enous and cultivated,from temperate to tropical and deciduous to evergreen are described and analyzed aim to (1)provide comprehensive cyto-logical data for further taxonomical study in Man-glietia ;(2)examine its patterns of chromosome variation if present.MATERIALS AND METHODMaterials.-In China,several botanical gar-dens and institutes,including the South China Botanical Garden,the Chinese Academy of Sci-ences (CAS),Kunming Botanical Garden (CAS),Wuhan Botanical Garden (CAS)and Yunnan Academy of Forestry (YAF),have built up their particular conservation bases of Magnoliaceae through introduction and cultivation from the original localities in China and abroad.This has enabled us to carry out the cytological studies of Manglietia to be reported in this paper,which is performed from March to May,2004,under ex-pert guidance of the above botanical gardens and with their careful confirmation to the species of Manglietia (see Acknowledgements).Table 1listsTable 1—Sampling localities,original localities,vouchers of Species of Manglietia .Taxon Sampling Lo.Original Lo.Voucher Taxon Sampling Lo.Original Lo.Voucher M.megaphylla YAF Xichou,Yunnan Meng 019M.yuyuanensis WBG Ruyuan,Guangdong He 001M.rufibarbata KBG Xichou,Yunnan Meng 016M.patungensis Badong,Hubei Badong,HubeiHe 002M.grandis KBG Xichou,Yunnan Meng 006M.forrestii KBG Southwestern Yunnan Meng 003M.crassipes KBG Jinxiu,Guangxi Meng 008M.fordiana YAF Jingdong,Yunnan Meng 030M.moto KBG Beijiang,Guangdong Meng 018M.conifera SCBG Xinyi,Guangdong Wang 035M.chingii KBG Pingbian,Yunnan Meng 004M.glauca KBG Indonesia Meng 014M.aromatica KBG Malipo,Yunnan Meng 020M.ovoidea KBG Maguan,Yunnan Meng 022M.hookeri KBG Jingdong,Yunnan Meng 002M.deciduas KBG Yichun,Jiangxi Meng 033M.duclouxii KBG Yanjin,Yunnan Meng 034M.maguanica YAF Maguan,Yunnan Meng 029M.insignisWBGSouthwest of Hunan He 003Manglietiastrum sinicumKBGXichou,YunnanMeng,010M.pachyphylla SCBGConghua,GuangdongWang 011Notes:KBG =Kunming Botanical Garden;SCBG =South China Botanical Garden;WBG =Wuhan Botanical Garden;YAF =Yunnan Academy of Forestry.190heng-chang,meng,li and simathe information of collection.All the voucher specimens are now deposited in the herbarium of Wuhan Botanical Garden(HIB).Though Figlar and Nooteboom(2004)have changed the names of Manglietia,for the convenient purpose of spe-cific recognition,we still adopt the scientific names listed in the bibliographic checklist of Magnoliaceae by Frodin and Govaerts(1996).Methods.-All chromosome observations are made from shoot apices at mitotic metaphase.The shoot apices are first pretreated in a mixture of saturated aqueous solution of p-Dichlorobenzene and a small amount of bromonaphthalene for2-3 hours;then fixed with Carnoy fluid(1:3glacital acetic acid/absolute alcohol)at about4°C for30 min,macerated in1N HCL at60°C for nine min-utes,stained with1%acetoorcein and then squashed for observation.The authors have made permanent slides of these squashed specimens. Measurements are done in10well-spread met-aphases of not less than five individuals of each species.The cytological classification of the rest-ing and prophase chromosomes follows Tanaka’s categories(1971;1977).The symbols for the de-scription of chromosomes follow Levan et al. (1964).The symmetry of karyotype is classified according to Stebbins(1971).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONWe present karyotypes of20species of Man-glietia plus one species of Manglietiastrum from China,of which12species are reported here for the first time.Table2gives the chromosome num-bers and summarizes the main karyomorphologi-cal features of these species.The interphase nu-cleus(Plate I,Fig.1)and the prophase chromo-somes(Plate I,Fig.2)of all these species are cat-egorized as the complex chromocenter type and the interstitial type,respectively.The selected photographs of the chromosome morphology at metaphase are illustrated in plate I-II,Figs.3-21 and the karyotypic idiograms in plate III-IV, Figs.1-21.They confirm that all species are dip-loid with2n=38.From the results in Table2,the following observations may be made:1)the chro-mosome shape and size of each species are differ-ent each other but generally consistent among in-dividuals from different populations;2)the chro-mosomes are not longer than5µm in absolute length and can be generally classed into the cat-egory of medium-small to small chromosome ac-cording to Lima-De-faria(1949).In the chromo-some complements chromosomes change their size gradually;3)the ratio of the longest to the shortest chromosome length ranges from1.72(M. conifera)to2.50(M.rufibarbata),but most of the data are near around2.00,a breakpoint to classify whether karyotype is A-type or B-type;4)karyo-type asymmetry is mainly of2B or in rare condi-tion,2A or1A;5)the metacentric(m)and sub-metacentric(sm)chromosomes appear to form the main part of chromosome complement while the subtelocentric(st)chromosomes are rare or absent.Karyomorphological differences within Manglietia are therefore exhibited in some de-tailed parameters including karyotypic formula, number of m,sm and st chromosomes,ratio of the longest to the shortest chromosome length,pres-ence or absence of satellites and so on.Although it is common that in some taxa karyotypes of metaphase chromosomes are di-verse in different populations or even in different individuals,at present investigation,karyotype ofTable2—Comparison of karyotype characteristics of20species of Manglietia Bl.Plus one species of Manglietias-trum Law from ChinaTaxon KF(2n=38)L/S NC KA Taxon KF(2n=38)L/S NC KAM.megaphylla30m+8sm 2.1232B M.yuyuanensis32m+2m*+4sm 2.0522B M.rufibarbata22m+14sm+2sm* 2.5032B M.patungensis32m+2m*+4sm 2.1512B M.grandis20m+16sm+2sm* 2.0052B M.forrestii18m+20sm 2.0422B M.crassipes22m+16sm 2.0422B M.fordiana16m+22sm 2.2372B M.moto26m+12sm 1.9532A M.conifera34m+4sm 1.7201A M.chingii22m+14sm+2st 1.9662A M.glauca22m+10sm+6st 2.1762B M.aromatica16m+22sm 2.1272B M.ovoidea20m+16sm+2sm* 1.9562A M.hookeri34m+4sm 2.1022B M.deciduas16m+22sm 2.1152B M.duclouxii20m+18sm 2.1842B M.maguanica28m+10sm 1.8322AM.insignis32m+4sm+2sm* 2.4912B Manglietias-trum sinicum12m+26sm 1.972A M.pachyphylla26m+12sm 1.8532ANotes:*=chromosome with satellite,L/S=ratio of the longest chromosome to the shortest,NC=number of chromosomes with arm ratio2,KA=karyotype asymmetry.a karyotypic study on manglietia(magnoliaceae)from china191Plate I.Fig.1—Interphase of Manglietia glauca representing the similar interphase nuclei pattern in Manglietia and Manglietiastrum ;Fig.2.Prophase of M.glauca representing the similar prophase nuclei pattern in Manglietia and Manglietiastrum ;Figs.3-12.Metaphase nuclei of ten Manglietia species.Fig.3.M.megaphylla ;Fig.4.M.grandis ;Fig.5.M.crassipes ;Fig.6.M.rufibarbata ;Fig.7.M.moto ;Fig.8.M.aromatica ;Fig.9.M.chingii ;Fig.10.M.hookeri ;Fig.11.M.duclouxii ;Fig.12.M.yuyuanensis .Scale bar =5µm.192heng-chang,meng,li and simaPlate II.Figs.13-22—Metaphase nuclei of ten Manglietia species.Fig.13.M.pachyphylla ;Fig.14.M.patungensis ;Fig.15.M.insignis ;Fig.16.M.forrestii .Fig.17.M.fordiana ;Fig.18.M.conifera ;Fig.19.M.glauca ;Fig.20.M.ovoi-dea ;Fig.21.M.decidua ;Fig.22.M.maguanica ;Fig.23.Manglietiastrum sinicum.Scale bar =5µm.a karyotypic study on manglietia (magnoliaceae)from china 193Plate III.Figs.1-11—Karyomorphology of eleven Manglietia species .Fig.1.M.megaphylla ;Fig.2.M.rufibarbata ;Fig.3.M.grandis ;Fig.4.M.crassipes ;Fig.5.M.moto ;Fig.6.M.chingii ;Fig.7.M.aromatica ;Fig.8.M.hookeri ;Fig.9.M.duclouxii ;Fig.10.M.patungensis;Fig.11.M.pachyphylla .Scale bar =5µm.194heng-chang,meng,li and simaeach Manglietia species is relatively stable among individuals/populations.We have observed not less than five individuals of two to four popula-tions for all the analyzed species.There are only slight chromosomal parameters variation oc-curred between individuals,which does not change the karyomorphology or karyotypic for-mula of them.The main karyotypic differences exist in interspecific rather than in infraspecific level.This seems to imply that in natural condi-Plate IV.Figs.12-21.Karyomorphology of nine Manglietia species.Fig.12.M.insignis ;Fig.13.M.yuyuanensis .Fig.14.M.forrestii .Fig.15.M.fordiana ;Fig.16.M.conifera ;Fig.17.M.glauca ;Fig.18.M.ovoidea ;Fig.19.M.decidua ;Fig.20.M.maguanica .Fig.21.Manglietiastrum sinicum.Scale bar =5µm.a karyotypic study on manglietia (magnoliaceae)from china 195tion species differentiation of Manglietia group has long been evolved and hybridization or recip-rocal chromosome translocation occurred few fre-quently.We have noticed that the sampled Man-glietia species can be distinguished by some minor but comprehensive morphological characters ei-ther in field or in cultivated locality.It seems that like Stebbins(1971)pointed out a minute chro-mosome structural change produced obvious morphological divergence.Despite Manglietia’s placement in various ranks(Dandy1927;1964; 1974;1978;Gagnepain1938;Nooteboom1985; 2000;Chen and Nooteboom1993;Law1996; 2000;Figlar and Nooteboom2004),we think that people should be more cautious in species treatment within the group.It is difficult to discuss the phylogenetic rela-tionship within Manglietia based on cytological evidence.Though diverse karyomorphological characters occurred among the observed species, and according to the traditional cytotaxonomical standard of Stebbins(1971),species that has high chromosomal asymmetry is in general more ad-vanced,it is not safe to indicate any possible evo-lutionary line in Manglietia.For example,M.de-cidua is the sole completely deciduous species, which is restricted in Yichun County,Jiangxi Province of China.In Manglietia the species is dis-tributed mostly northward(27°83t-28°5t N, 113°54t-114°37t E)(Yu1994).Deciduous seems to be an advanced character that adapted to the se-vere cold environment comparing to the ever-green.Some authors also divided Manglietia into two sections(TieŸp1980;Zheng1995B).Never-theless,the karyotype of M.decidua belongs to the relatively primitive2A type.In general karyomor-phological differences(see Table2)are disor-dered and show no significant correlation with the morphological variation and the circumscription of these taxa.Inferred from ndh F sequences,Kim et al.(2001)indicated Manglietia(they selected12 species)to form a well-supported monophylum. However,within the Manglietia clade,bootstrap values are weak,which implies that phylogenetic relationship within the group is still uncertain and need to be elucidated further.Previous reports and the present study indi-cate that all Manglietia members are diploid, while in Magnolia,in addition to diploidy,there exist triploidy,tetraploidy,pentaploidy and hexa-ploidy(Yashui1937;Jankai-ammal1952; Biswas1979;Biswas and Sharma1984;Chen et al.1985;1989;Chen et al.1989;Wu1995;Li et al.1998;Zhang et al.2002;Li and He2003)(see Table3).This seems to imply that chromosome variation at various ploidy levels occurred fre-quently in Magnolia.While in Manglietia,as ana-lyzed above,the intrachromosomal variation rep-resents a major evolutionary line at the diploid level.Magnolia has a more broad distribution pat-tern and morphological divergence range than Manglietia and is usually recognized as polyphyletic(Shi2000;Azuma et al.2000;2001; Kim et al.2001;Li and Conran2003).Obviously,Table3—List of previously published polyploid species in Magnolia(FRODIN and GOVERTS,1996)and Parak-meria(Law,1996).Species Chromosome ReferencesM.acuminata(L.)L76JANAKI AMMAL1952M.acuminata var.subcordata(Spach)Dandy76JANAKI AMMAL1952M.biondii Pamp.76CHEN et al.1985M.campbellii Hook.f.et Thoms.114JANAKI AMMAL1952;CHEN et al.1985Magnolia cylindrical E.H.Wilson76WU1995M.dawsoniana Rehder&E.H.Wilson114JANAKI AMMAL1952M.denudata Desr.114YASUI1937;JANAKI AMMAL1952;CHEN et al.1989;LIand HE2003M.denudata Desr.76CHEN et al.1985;LI et al.1998aM.grandiflora Desr.114JANAKI AMMAL1952;BISWAS1979;BISWAS andSHARMA1984;CHEN et al.1985;LI et al.1998M.liliiflora Desr.76JANAKI AMMAL1952;BISWAS1979;CHEN et al.1985;LI et al.1998M.sargentiana Rehder&E.H.Wilson114JANAKI AMMAL1952;CHEN et al.1985M.schiedeana Schltl.114JANAKI AMMAL1952M.sprengeri Pamp.114JANAKI AMMAL1952;M.×soulangeana Soul.-Bod.76CHEN et al.1989Parakmeria lotungensis(Chun et C.Tsoong)Law114CHEN et al.1985;ZHANG et al.2002P.omeiensis Cheng76CHEN et al.1985P.yunnanensis Hu114CHEN et al.1989Notes:Parakmeria=Magnolia section Gynopodium Dandy(NOOTEBOOM1985;FIGLAR and NOOTEBOOM2004)196heng-chang,meng,li and simasome infrageneric re-identification within Magno-lia is necessary.However,in light of contribution of cytological evidence to the existing taxonomy, it is not logical to place Manglietia in the present hierarchical scheme(Law,1996;etc),especially out of context with the rest of the family,because there are some similarities between the cytological character of Manglietia and other genera of Mag-noliaceae(Li et al.1997;1998A;1998B;1998C; Chen et al.2003).We think the recent new sys-tem of Figlar and Nooteboom(2004)on Mag-nolioideae is no doubt generally reasonable but will face a process of test and acceptance by other workers.Additionally Manglietiastrum sinicum(Law 1979)has been observed this time.Nooteboom (1985)reduced the taxon to Magnolia and Chen and Nooteboom(1993)transferred it to Mangli-etia.Manglietiastrum can be distinguished from Manglietia morphologically.They thought this could warrant its status as a section of Manglietia. Some recent morphological cladistic analyses(Xu et al.2000;Li and Conran2003)and molecular phylogenetic evidences(Shi et al.2000;Kim et al. 2001)seem to indicate that Manglietiastrum is as-sociated with Parakmeria(=Magnolia section Gy-nopodium Dandy(Nooteboom1985;Figlar and Nooteboom2004))and Pachylarnax.Through a systematical observation of the prefoliation fea-tures in Magnoliaceae.Sima et al.(2001)found prefoliation of the whole family could be classi-fied into three types:Magnolia-type,Pachylarnax-type and Liriodendron-type.All the Manglietia be-long to Magnolia-type,and three genera,Pachyly-larnax,Manglietiastrum and Parakmeria belong to the Pachylarnax-type.Figlar and Nooteboom (2004)reduce Pachylarnax and Manglietiastrum to Magnolia subgenus Gynopodium section Man-glietiastrum.Although the chromosome param-eters of Manglietiastrum sinicum fall to the ranges of those of the whole Manglietia,the resolution of the cytological disposition of Manglietiastrum is rather poor cytologically.At this stage of a detailed investigation of karyomorphology of Manglietia it is neither possi-ble nor realistic to attempt to suggest satisfactory relationship either within the group or with other genera.In many cases it would seem that there is a complex reticulation of‘advanced’and‘primitive’cytological characters in Magnoliaceae and karyo-morphology alone cannot really be considered to contribute any single linear trend in the systematic relationship of Manglietia as a whole.Eventually, to try and determine relationship,with other Mag-nolious members even with other families,it will be necessary to compare and integrate the results of this investigation with the large amount of data collected by other workers.Acknowledgements—We wish to thank Gong Xun,Yue Zhong-shu of Kunming Botanical Garden, Xia Nian-he of South China Botanical Garden,Zhang Bing-kun of Wuhan Botanical Garden for providing plant materials for cytological studies;Gu Zhi-jian of Kunming Institute of Botany for experiment guidance. We are also great grateful to the anonymous referee. This study was financially supported by grants from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KSCX2-SW-104),the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan of P. R.China(G2000046806),and the Wuhan Botanical Garden,CAS(01035108,01035123).REFERENCESAzuma H.,Thien L.B.and Kawano S.,2000—Mo-lecular phylogeny of Magnolia based on chloroplast DNA sequence data(trnK intron,psbA-trnH and atpB-rbcL intergenic space regions)and floral scent chemistry.In:w et al.(eds.),“Proceedings of the International Symposium of the family Mag-noliaceae”Pp.205-209.Science Press,Beijing. Azuma H.,Garcia-franco J.G.,Rico-gray V.and Th-ien L.B.,2001—Molecular phylogeny of the Mag-noliaceae:the biogeography of tropical and temperate disjunctions.Amer.J.Bot.88(12):2275-2285. Baillon H.E.,1866—Me´moire sur la Famille des Mag-noliace´es.Adansonia7:66.Baranova M.,1972—Systematic anatomy of the epi-dermis in the Magnoliaceae and some related fami-lies.Taxon21(4):447-469.Biswas B.K.,1979—Chromosome studies in the family Magnoliaceae.Proc.Indian Sci.Congr.Assoc.(III,C)66:77.Biswas B.K.and Sharma A.K.,1984—Chromosome studies in the family Magnoliaceae.Cytologia49: 193-200.Canright J.E.,1955—The comparative morphology and relationships of the Magnoliaceae.IV wood and nodal anatomy.J.Arn.Arb.36:119-140.Chen B.L.and Nooteboom H.P.,1993—Notes on Magnoliaceae III:the Magnoliaceae of China.Ann.Missouri Bot.Gard.80:1030-1051.Chen R.Y.,Chen Z.G.,Li X.L.and Song W.Q.,1985—Chromosome numbers of some species in the fam-ily Magnoliaceae in China.Acta Phytotax.Sin.23(2):103-105.Chen R.Y.,Zhang W.and Wu Q.A.,1989—Chromo-some numbers of some species in the family Magno-liaceae in Yunnan of China.Acta Bot.Yunnan.11: 234-238.Chen R.Y.,Song W.Q.,Li X.L.,Li M.X.,Liang G.L., An Z.P.,Chen C.B.,Qi Z.X.and Sun Y.Z.(eds.), 2003—Chromosome atlas of major economic plantsa karyotypic study on manglietia(magnoliaceae)from china197genome in China.Tomus III:395-406.Science Press,Beijing.Chen Z.Y.,Huang X.X.and Wang R.J.,2000—Chro-mosome data of Magnoliaceae.In:w et al.(eds.),“Proceedings of the International Sympo-sium of the family Magnoliaceae”Pp.192-201.Sci-ence Press,Beijing.Chen Z.Y.,Law Y.W.,Chen S.J.and Huang S.F., 1989—The chromosome numbers of Magnoliaceae.Acta Bot.Austro Sin.4:67-74(in Chinese).Dandy J.E.,1927—The genera of Magnoliaceae.Kew Bull.257-263.Dandy J.E.,1964—Magnoliaceae.In:J.Hutchinson (ed.),“The Genera of Flowering Plants”I:50-57.Clarendon,Oxford.Dandy J.E.,1974—Magnoliaceae.In:J.Praglowski (ed.),“World pollen spore flora”,vol.3:1-5.Almqvist and Wiksell press,Stockholm.Dandy J.E.,1978—Revised survey of the genus Magno-lia together with Manglietia and Michelia.Pp.29-37 In:N.C.Treseder(ed.),“Magnolias”.Faber and Faber,London.Darlington C.D.and Wylie A.P.(eds.),1955—Chromosome atlas of flowering plants.George Allen &Unwin,London.Fedorov A.(ed.),1974—Chromosome numbers of flowering plants.Science Publishers,Koenigstein city,Otto Koeltz.Figlar R.B.and Nooteboom H.P.,2004—Notes on Magnoliaceae IV.Blumea.49:87-100.Frodin D.G.and Govaerts R.(eds.),1996—World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae.Whit-stable Litho Printer Ltd,Britain.Gagnepain F.,1938—Magnoliaceae.In:P.H.Le-comte(ed.),Fl.Indo-Chine,Suppl.1:29-59.Mas-son&Cie,Paris.Goldblatt P.(ed.),1984—Index to plant chromosome numbers1979∼1981.Missouri Bot.Gard.Goldblatt P.(ed.),1985—Index to plant chromosome numbers1982∼1983.Missouri Bot.Gard.Goldblatt P.(ed.),1988—Index to plant chromosome numbers1984∼1985.Missouri Bot.Gard.Goldblatt P.(ed.),1990—Index to plant chromosome numbers1986∼1987.Missouri Bot.Gard.Gong X.,Shi S.H.,Pan Y.Z.,Huang Y.L.and Yin Q., 2003—An observation on the main taxonomic char-acters of subfamily Magnolioideae in China.Acta Bot Yunnan.25(4):447-456.Hong D.Y.(ed),1990—Plant cytotaxonomy.Sciences Press,Beijing.Jankai-ammal E.K.,1952—The race history of magno-lias.Indian J.Gen.P.Bre.12(2):182-192.Keng H.,1978—The delimitation of the genus Magno-lia(Magnoliaceae).Gard.Bull.Singapore31:127-131.Kim S.,Park C.W.,Kim Y.D.and Suh Y.,2001—Phylogenetic relationships in family Magnoliaceae in-ferred from ndhF sequences.Amer.J.Bot.88(4): 717-728.Law Y.H.,1979—A new genus of Magnoliaceae from China.Acta Phytotax.Sin.17:w Y.H.,1984—A preliminary study on the systemat-ics of Magnoliaceae.ActaPhytotax.Sin.22(2):89-109.Law Y.H.,1996—Magnoliaceae.In:C.Y.Wu(ed.), Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae,vol.30(1):151-191.Science Press,Beijing.Law Y.H.,1997—Woonyoungia Law,A new genus of Magnoliaceae from China.Bull.Bot.Res.(Harbin) 17(4):353-356.Law Y.H.,2000—Studies on the phylogeny of Magno-liaceae.In:w et al.(eds.),“Proceedings of the International Symposium of the family Magno-liaceae”Pp.3-13.Science Press,Beijing.Law Y.H.,Xia N.H.and Yang H.Q.,1995—The ori-gin,evolution and phytogeography of Magnoliaceae.J.Trop.Subtrop.Bot.3(4):1-12.Levan A.,Fredge K.and Sandberg A.A.,1964—No-menclature for centromeric position on chromo-somes.Hereditas52:201-220.Li J.Q.and He Z.C.,2003âMeiosis observation and chromosome configuration analysis of Magnolia denudata.Acta Phytotax.Sin.41(4):362-368.Li J.and Conran J.G.,2003—Phylogenetic relation-ships in Magnoliaceae subfam.Magnolioideae:a mor-phological cladistic analysis.P.Syst.Evol.242: 33-47.Li X.L.,Song W.Q.,An Z.P.and Chen R.Y.,1997—The karyotype comparison among some species of Manglietia in China.Acta Sci.Nat.Uni.Nankai.30(4):109-112.Li X.L.,Song W.Q.,An Z.P.and Chen R.Y.,1998a—Karyotype analysis of some species of Magnolia in China.Acta Bot.Yunnan.20(2):204-206.Li X.L.,Song W.Q.,An Z.P.and Chen R.Y.,1998b—Karyotype analysis of Michelia(Magnoliaceae)in China.Acta Phytotax.Sin.36(2):145-149.Li X.L.,Song W.Q.,An Z.P.and Chen R.Y.,1998c—Karyotype comparison between genera in Magno-liaceae.Acta Phytotax.Sin.36(3):232-237.Lima-de-faria A.,1949—Genetics,origin and evolu-tion of kinetochores.Hereditas,35:422-444.Meng A.P.,He Z.C.,Li J.Q.and Wang H.C.,2004—Karyomorphology of three Manglietia(Magno-liaceae)species.Acta Bot.Yunnan.26(3):317-320. Nooteboom H.P.,1985—Notcs on Magnoliaceae.Blunea31:65-121.Nooteboom H.P.,1993—Magnoliaceae.In:K.Kubit-ski(ed.),The families and genera of vascular plants Vol.II:391-401.Flowering plants.Spinger−Ver-lag,New York.Nooteboom H.P.,1998—The tropical Magnoliaceae and their classification.In:D.Hunt.(ed.),Magno-lias and their allies.Pp:71-78.Divid Hunt,Mil-borne Port,UK.Nooteboom H.P.,2000—Different looks at the classi-fication of the Magnoliaceae.In:w et al.(eds.),“Proceedings of the International Sympo-sium of the family Magnoliaceae”Pp.14-25.Sci-ence Press,Beijing.198heng-chang,meng,li and sima。

First-principles study of the structural, vibrational, phonon and thermodynamic

1. Introduction Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) with melting temperatures in excess of 3000 K are usually composed by the refractory borides, carbides and nitrides of early transition metals [1–7]. Among the UHTCs, transition metal carbides (TMC) such as TiC, ZrC and HfC are metallic compounds with unique physical and chemical properties including an extremely high melting point and hardness, chemical stability, corrosion resistance combined with metallic electrical and thermal conductivities [5–10]. These features give transition metal carbides the capability to withstand high temperatures in oxidizing environments, making them candidates for applications in the atmosphere of extreme thermal and chemical environments [6,7]. The structural, vibrational, phonon and thermodynamic properties of IVb group transition metal carbides have been investigated experimentally [10–17] and theoretically [13,18–28] in the earlier reports. In the 1970s, the phonon dispersion relations of TiC, ZrC and HfC were measured using inelastic neutron scattering by Pintschovius et al. [10] and Smith et al. [15–17]. Lattice dynamics calculation and the phonon dispersion relations of transition metal carbides such as ZrC and HfC were reported using a phenomenological ‘‘double-shell’’ model theory [18] where long-range interatomic interactions were taken into account in order to get a

半圆头铆接螺栓规格型号

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不锈钢精制六角螺栓的英语

不锈钢精制六角螺栓的英语Stainless steel hex bolts are renowned for their corrosion resistance and strength, making them a popular choice for various industrial applications.These precision-engineered fasteners come in a variety of sizes, ensuring a perfect fit for diverse projects, from automotive to construction.Their sleek, polished appearance not only adds a professional finish but also provides a layer of protection against the elements, enhancing their longevity.In the world of fastening solutions, stainless steel hex bolts stand out for their versatility, offering a reliable support system for both heavy-duty and delicate tasks.The manufacturing process of these bolts is meticulous, ensuring high-quality threads and a uniform hex shape that guarantees consistent performance.When it comes to choosing the right bolt, stainless steel hex bolts are often the go-to option for their durability and resistance to rust, even in harsh environments.For those seeking a combination of functionality and aesthetics, these bolts deliver, with their robust design complementing any structure or machinery.In summary, stainless steel hex bolts are an essential component in the toolkit of engineers and craftsmen alike, offering a reliable and stylish solution to fastening challenges.。

神农湖独塔斜拉桥设计分析

主桥采用密索体系，共对称布置设置 2 4 对斜拉
索，斜拉索梁端间距为 11 X 9 m ;塔端根据张拉斜拉
索角度和张拉空间等因素，采用不等间距布置，间距由下至上为（3 . 1 + 3 + 2 .9 + 8 x 2 . 7 5 ) m ;斜拉索采用规格为 PES7-1 2 1 的平行钢丝斜拉索，标准强度
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城今复犄5衫轶
牛伟迪:神农湖独塔斜拉桥设计分析
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桥梁标准宽度：0 .3 m ( 栏杆）+ 2 .7 m ( 人行道） +
3 .5 m ( 非机动车道）+ 2.5 m ( 锚索区） + 11 m ( 机动车
摘要：以神农湖大桥为背景，对大桥的方案构思、总体设计，以及索塔、主梁、斜拉索、描固构造等主要结构进行
介绍。接着，介绍了基于 CATIA的索塔 BIM正向设计过程，包括：索塔外形、锚固构造在设计过程中对参数化的运
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板条马氏体名词解释

板条马氏体名词解释英文回答：Plate martensite is a hard, wear-resistant type of martensite that is formed when steel is rapidly cooled from a high temperature. It is named after the German metallurgist Adolf Martens, who first described it in 1890. Plate martensite is characterized by its lath-like morphology, which consists of long, thin crystals that are aligned in a parallel fashion. This structure gives plate martensite its high strength and hardness.Plate martensite is typically formed when steel is quenched from a temperature above the austenite finish temperature (Ac3). The rapid cooling rate prevents the formation of pearlite, which is a softer and less wear-resistant type of microstructure. Plate martensite can also be formed by tempering martensite at a high temperature, which causes the martensite to transform into a more stable form.The properties of plate martensite can be tailored by varying the composition of the steel and the heat treatment process. For example, increasing the carbon content of the steel will increase the strength and hardness of the plate martensite. Increasing the quenching rate will alsoincrease the strength and hardness of the plate martensite. Tempering the plate martensite at a higher temperature will decrease the strength and hardness of the plate martensite but will increase its toughness.Plate martensite is used in a variety of applications, including cutting tools, wear-resistant coatings, and springs. It is also used in the manufacture of armor and other protective materials.中文回答：板条马氏体是一种硬度高，耐磨性好的马氏体，当钢从高温快速冷却时形成。

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葡萄牙的软木生产

作者：蒋咸康
出版物刊名：世界农业
页码： 43-45页
主题词：葡萄牙;软木砖;软木板;阿木林;栓皮;天然软木;木加工;《纽约时报》;软木制品;木产品
摘要： <正> 1981年,美国航天飞机哥伦比亚号首航太空,成了当时举世瞩目的新闻。

据美国《纽约时报》报道,该航天飞机燃料箱的隔热层,就是用葡萄牙阿连特茹地区的优质软木做的。

葡萄牙软木产量占全世界的56％,居首位。

软木加工业也很发达,全国有600多家软木工厂,1.6万多名工人。

其阿木林兄弟软木公司是世界上最大的软木企业,能生产现有的一切软木产品。

这些产品销往世界上123个国家和地区,故葡萄牙有软木王国之称。

国外植物赏析之爵床科八角筋(Acanthus montanus)

国外植物赏析之爵床科Acanthaceae
牟凤娟（西南林业大学）八角筋、山叶蓟、斑叶老鼠簕
拉丁学名；Acanthus montanus (Nees) T. Anderson
英文名：Mountain Thistle 、Alligator Plant、False Thistle、Leopard's Tongue
原产地：西非热带地区。

生物特征
多年生，植株于花期高达1.2～1.8 m。

叶柄上具刺；叶片卵形至披针形，长达30 cm；深裂，顶部具长尾尖，叶缘波浪状，具刺；叶片深绿色，沿脉散布淡绿色至银色斑纹。

穗状花序顶生，长达25 cm；苞片、小苞片为白色，具淡红色条纹，边缘具棕绿色、细长的齿刺；苞片排成4列，卵状椭圆形，花基部包藏于苞片内；小苞片2枚，狭长；花萼裂片4枚，大小不一；花冠白色、粉色至玫瑰红，2裂，金鱼草形，下唇大，伸出后反卷。

栽培要点
喜阴凉环境，阳光充足下也生长良好。

播种繁殖。

应用价值
花期6～7月。

在原产地于林下蔓延生长。

叶片长长的尾部飞扬，带几分飘逸；苞片层层叠上，花序状似七巧玲珑塔。

叶片和花均具有较高的观赏价值，可用于水边、坡地绿化和美化。

在原产地区可用作药用植物，治疗疼痛、炎症和咳嗽（Burkill，1985）。

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Acta Montanistica Slovaca Ročník 8 (2003), číslo 4Intelligent measurement, diagnostic and control systemsLubomír Smutný1Inteligentné meracie, diagnostické a riadiace systémyPaper deals with problems of …intelligent“, alternatively …smart“ measurement, diagnostic and control systems. These one acquire on present time the hard importance as a new group of technical means. The great numbers of world producers vend fairly wide range of products and devices from …smart sensors“, over …smart instrumentation“, further more …smart controllers“, to …smart or intelligent actuators“.Term …intelligent systems“ is also conform or even misapply (primarily from the marketing reasons point of view) with the program solution of non-traditional or more less standard control functions and with them connected algorithms. On the contribution are summarized the basic views on the …intelligent“ devices and connected with them …advanced, or robust control algorithms“, which are acceptable for theirs installation at the industrial practice.Key words: smart sensor, intelligent instrumentation, controller, measurement system.IntroductionThe digital measurement, diagnostic and control of complex industrial processes are nowadays a standard for achieving high efficiency and reliability of production. The adaptive controllers based on modern control theory are under-exploited. A decade ago ambitious research started blaming the lack of computer-aided-commission support for this state and as an output are new devices - “smart instrumentation” The incorporating of microelectronics and microprocessor technologies into sensors, controllers and actuators has enabled more functionality such as smart or intelligent and digital communication capability to be built into the instrumentation. This enables the transitioning of sensors and other devices into digital instrumentation domain.Instrumentation manufacturers are seeking ways to build low-cost smart sensors, controllers and actuators systems to meet the continuous demand for more sophisticated applications and ease of uses. The rapid development and emergence of smart sensor and intelligent instrumentation on the field network technologies have made the networking of smart transducers (sensors and actuators) a very economical and attractive solution for a broad range of measurement and control applications. However, it seems that industry is in a crossroad and this predicament has imposed unnecessary economic burden to both instrumentation end users and vendors to support the variety of networks.On the typical present industrial enterprise we can describe the structure and link up of separated control levels and their adjoined technical devices, included rather kinds and connection of computer networks, by Figure 1.ILANfor instance.FieldbusFig.1. Hierarchical multilevel structure of industrial enterprise.1 Lubomír Smutný: Department of Control Systems and Instrumentation, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. OSTRAVA, Czech Republic lubomir.smutny@vsb.cz(Recenzovaná a revidovaná verzia dodaná 19.11.2003)156Acta Montanistica Slovaca Ročník 8 (2003), číslo 4Adaptive control systems and intelligent controllersOver the last several decades, computer control of manufacturing systems has been the focus of extensive research. Advances in microprocessor, computing, networking and interfacing technologies have improved capabilities of industrial automation and control systems substantially over this period. However, these control systems are proprietary and still have problems in areas such as interoperability, scalability, and lack of standard user interfaces. The development of open architecture control systems addresses some of these problems, in varying degrees. Open architecture control systems shift the focus of automation from being hardware centric to software centric, providing further flexibility. The focus is now shifting to the distributed hierarchical control systems (Smutný, 2002).Intelligent control systems have concentrated on low-level mechanisms or limited subsystems and we need to understand how to assemble the components in architecture for a complete control system. A mind is a self-modifying control system, with a hierarchy of levels of control, and a different hierarchy of levels of implementation. Intelligent instrumentation needs to explore alternative control architectures and their implications for management minds. Architecture provides a framework for systematically generating concepts of possible states and processes (Lin and Su, 2000).Traditional data-acquisition systems require reams and bundles of cabling to interconnect variable sensor types or smart instruments to multiple signal-conditioning circuits. This is both an expensive and time-consuming method, plus it isn't flexible when more instrumentation and controllers must be added to an industrial or wireless network. This not only limits instrumentation portability, but also requires the storage of calibration data and engineering units with no standardized output format possible (Smutný, 2002). On the Fig. 2 we can see block schema of adaptive selftunning controller and on Fig. 3 is example of this new type on intelligent instrumentation (sensor, controller, valve together).Fig.2. Block schema of adaptive selftunning controller. Fig.3. Example of intelligent controlsystem Valtek StarPac®.The Valtek StarPac® intelligent system includes a microprocessor-based controller and process sensors mounted on a control valve. The system provides single-loop measurement and control of flow, pressure, or temperature, and allows data acquisition necessary for valve or process diagnostics. Intelligent systems can improve plant operation at a lower installed cost than conventional control systems. Installation of a total control loop is simplified by mounting the microprocessor directly on the valve with the pressure, temperature and flow sensors, eliminating separate line taps. The overall complexity and potential for leaks in a process system are reduced with fewer penetrations in the flow stream.The StarPac unit can be programmed to operate as a traditional control valve (responding to a 4-20 mA controller) or as a stand-alone controller or transmitter requiring only a 24 VDC power source and air supply. In the stand-alone (controller) configuration, StarPac responds with PID action to: a 4-20 mA analog control signal, a digital signal through the serial data port, or a preprogrammed set point that is held with no external communication. A personal computer can be used to set operating and tuning parameters or reading diagnostics, but it is not needed for ongoing StarPac operation. DCSs can be linked to the StarPac unit if they support Modbus (WWW-1).Priority of Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (IMS) with smart instrumentation:o Better Process Operation: Mounting the process sensors close to the final control element reduces lag and dead time, enabling much faster response. The high turndown results in better process control over the operating range.157Smutný: Intelligent measurement, diagnostic and control systemso Real-time System Analysis: SCADA/MMI program supports an ability to gather and send process data allows up-to-the-minute engineering analysis, aiding in reducing production costs and enhancing the process.o Wide Versatility: Multiple control modes - including for instance fluid flow, upstream pressure, down-stream pressure, differential pressure and temperature- permit intelligent systems to be used in a wide variety of process applications. Remote sensors can be tied into the smart unit for control of other process parameters. Cascade action is also supported.o Simple System Configuration: Smart software is easy to use, allowing the system to be set up or reconfigured quickly as needed by the user to optimize the process system.o True Distributed Process Control: The intelligent unit can take load off a DCS by distributing measurement and control to the field. This allows the DCS to function as a process supervisor, acting on information from the whole system.ConclusionsThe era of present day manufacturing systems with its hard-wired interconnection of manufacturing cells is passing. Future manufacturing systems will be required to be agile, flexible and fault-tolerant. The next-generation intelligent manufacturing systems (IMS) will be multi-agent systems containing distributed control and application entities that dynamically collaborate to satisfy both local and global objectives. They will be implemented within dynamically re-configurable factories having decentralized and virtual organization structure. In such a real-time distributed manufacturing environment, the control relationships among resources will be ever changing and the control algorithms will need to be updated in real-time due to the changes of control relationship.Using smart instrument network systems can eliminate the difficulties associated with traditional measurement, diagnostic and control systems. Benefits of utilizing a smart instrumentation include a reduction in interconnecting cables, salvaging of existing analog type transducers and controllers, and the ease of use and maintenance. Reliability of the measurement and control system can be improved because of the smart instrumentation self-test capability and the reduced susceptibility to noise of digital signals (EMI, cross-talk, ground loops, etc.).Presented results have been supported and achieved during developing the research project MSM 272300012 and GACR 102/03/0625.ReferencesHORÁČEK, P.: Od PID regulátoru k prediktivnímu řízení. Praha: Masarykova akademie práce - Strojní společnost na ČVUT Praha, 2000. 42 s. (studijní text)LIN, C. L. and SU, H. W.:Intelligent Control Theory in Guidance and Control System Design: an Overview.Proc. National Science Council ROC(A). Vol. 24, No. 1, 2000. pp. 15 – 30.SMUTNÝ, L.: Smart Instruments in Wireless LAN. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Intelligent Mining Systems. Fukuoka (Japan): KYUSHU University Fukuoka, April 2002, pp. 85-90. ISBN 80-86111-90-3WWW-1: /valves/brochures/pages/starpac_i.stm158。