Peristaltic transport of MHD Williamson fluid in an inclined asymmetric channel through po

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9-聚合物的流变学汇总

取向观点的解释
在熔体流动过程中，高分子链沿流动方向取向，粘度反比于取向度
低剪切区(第一牛顿区)：分子链构象变化慢，分子链有足够时间进行松弛，高分子链的构象实际上不发生变化，粘度无明显变化
中等剪切区(假塑性区)：取向占优势，高分子没有足够的时间进行充分松弛，使长链大分子偏离原来的平衡构象取向的大分子间相对流动阻力降低，表观粘度随切变速率增加而降低
特点和机理
特点
✓ 粘度大 ✓ 多数属假塑性流体 ✓ 有弹性效应 ✓ 交联高分子无粘流态
Viscosities of some common materials
Composition Air
Water Polymer latexes Olive oil 橄榄油
Glycerin 甘油 Golden Syrup 糖浆
(Herraclitus)的经典名言“Panta Rhei万物皆流everything flows” 1929，美国首先成立流变学学会，流变学逐渐形成独立学科 1939，荷兰皇家科学院成立了以伯格斯教授为首的流变学小组 1940，英国出现流变学家学会 1948，国际流变学会议在荷兰举行。荷兰的工作处于领先地位 1985，中国流变学专业委员会Chinese Society of Rheology成立，是中国化学会和中国力学学会下
109 太妃糖 stiff
1012
glassy
1021
rigid
Flow Mechanism 流动机理
小分子液体的流动：分子向“孔穴”相继跃迁
small molecule
hole
高分子熔体的流动：链段(储备长度)向“孔穴”相继跃迁
Reptation 蛇行
Flow curve
a

最近鲁棒优化进展Recent Advances in Robust Optimization and Robustness An Overview

Recent Advances in Robust Optimization and Robustness:An OverviewVirginie Gabrel∗and C´e cile Murat†and Aur´e lie Thiele‡July2012AbstractThis paper provides an overview of developments in robust optimization and robustness published in the aca-demic literature over the pastﬁve years.1IntroductionThis review focuses on papers identiﬁed by Web of Science as having been published since2007(included),be-longing to the area of Operations Research and Management Science,and having‘robust’and‘optimization’in their title.There were exactly100such papers as of June20,2012.We have completed this list by considering 726works indexed by Web of Science that had either robustness(for80of them)or robust(for646)in their title and belonged to the Operations Research and Management Science topic area.We also identiﬁed34PhD disserta-tions dated from the lastﬁve years with‘robust’in their title and belonging to the areas of operations research or management.Among those we have chosen to focus on the works with a primary focus on management science rather than system design or optimal control,which are broadﬁelds that would deserve a review paper of their own, and papers that could be of interest to a large segment of the robust optimization research community.We feel it is important to include PhD dissertations to identify these recent graduates as the new generation trained in robust optimization and robustness analysis,whether they have remained in academia or joined industry.We have also added a few not-yet-published preprints to capture ongoing research efforts.While many additional works would have deserved inclusion,we feel that the works selected give an informative and comprehensive view of the state of robustness and robust optimization to date in the context of operations research and management science.∗Universit´e Paris-Dauphine,LAMSADE,Place du Mar´e chal de Lattre de Tassigny,F-75775Paris Cedex16,France gabrel@lamsade.dauphine.fr Corresponding author†Universit´e Paris-Dauphine,LAMSADE,Place du Mar´e chal de Lattre de Tassigny,F-75775Paris Cedex16,France mu-rat@lamsade.dauphine.fr‡Lehigh University,Industrial and Systems Engineering Department,200W Packer Ave Bethlehem PA18015,USA aure-lie.thiele@2Theory of Robust Optimization and Robustness2.1Deﬁnitions and BasicsThe term“robust optimization”has come to encompass several approaches to protecting the decision-maker against parameter ambiguity and stochastic uncertainty.At a high level,the manager must determine what it means for him to have a robust solution:is it a solution whose feasibility must be guaranteed for any realization of the uncertain parameters?or whose objective value must be guaranteed?or whose distance to optimality must be guaranteed? The main paradigm relies on worst-case analysis:a solution is evaluated using the realization of the uncertainty that is most unfavorable.The way to compute the worst case is also open to debate:should it use aﬁnite number of scenarios,such as historical data,or continuous,convex uncertainty sets,such as polyhedra or ellipsoids?The answers to these questions will determine the formulation and the type of the robust counterpart.Issues of over-conservatism are paramount in robust optimization,where the uncertain parameter set over which the worst case is computed should be chosen to achieve a trade-off between system performance and protection against uncertainty,i.e.,neither too small nor too large.2.2Static Robust OptimizationIn this framework,the manager must take a decision in the presence of uncertainty and no recourse action will be possible once uncertainty has been realized.It is then necessary to distinguish between two types of uncertainty: uncertainty on the feasibility of the solution and uncertainty on its objective value.Indeed,the decision maker generally has different attitudes with respect to infeasibility and sub-optimality,which justiﬁes analyzing these two settings separately.2.2.1Uncertainty on feasibilityWhen uncertainty affects the feasibility of a solution,robust optimization seeks to obtain a solution that will be feasible for any realization taken by the unknown coefﬁcients;however,complete protection from adverse realiza-tions often comes at the expense of a severe deterioration in the objective.This extreme approach can be justiﬁed in some engineering applications of robustness,such as robust control theory,but is less advisable in operations research,where adverse events such as low customer demand do not produce the high-proﬁle repercussions that engineering failures–such as a doomed satellite launch or a destroyed unmanned robot–can have.To make the robust methodology appealing to business practitioners,robust optimization thus focuses on obtaining a solution that will be feasible for any realization taken by the unknown coefﬁcients within a smaller,“realistic”set,called the uncertainty set,which is centered around the nominal values of the uncertain parameters.The goal becomes to optimize the objective,over the set of solutions that are feasible for all coefﬁcient values in the uncertainty set.The speciﬁc choice of the set plays an important role in ensuring computational tractability of the robust problem and limiting deterioration of the objective at optimality,and must be thought through carefully by the decision maker.A large branch of robust optimization focuses on worst-case optimization over a convex uncertainty set.The reader is referred to Bertsimas et al.(2011a)and Ben-Tal and Nemirovski(2008)for comprehensive surveys of robust optimization and to Ben-Tal et al.(2009)for a book treatment of the topic.2.2.2Uncertainty on objective valueWhen uncertainty affects the optimality of a solution,robust optimization seeks to obtain a solution that performs well for any realization taken by the unknown coefﬁcients.While a common criterion is to optimize the worst-case objective,some studies have investigated other robustness measures.Roy(2010)proposes a new robustness criterion that holds great appeal for the manager due to its simplicity of use and practical relevance.This framework,called bw-robustness,allows the decision-maker to identify a solution which guarantees an objective value,in a maximization problem,of at least w in all scenarios,and maximizes the probability of reaching a target value of b(b>w).Gabrel et al.(2011)extend this criterion from aﬁnite set of scenarios to the case of an uncertainty set modeled using intervals.Kalai et al.(2012)suggest another criterion called lexicographicα-robustness,also deﬁned over aﬁnite set of scenarios for the uncertain parameters,which mitigates the primary role of the worst-case scenario in deﬁning the solution.Thiele(2010)discusses over-conservatism in robust linear optimization with cost uncertainty.Gancarova and Todd(2012)studies the loss in objective value when an inaccurate objective is optimized instead of the true one, and shows that on average this loss is very small,for an arbitrary compact feasible region.In combinatorial optimization,Morrison(2010)develops a framework of robustness based on persistence(of decisions)using the Dempster-Shafer theory as an evidence of robustness and applies it to portfolio tracking and sensor placement.2.2.3DualitySince duality has been shown to play a key role in the tractability of robust optimization(see for instance Bertsimas et al.(2011a)),it is natural to ask how duality and robust optimization are connected.Beck and Ben-Tal(2009) shows that primal worst is equal to dual best.The relationship between robustness and duality is also explored in Gabrel and Murat(2010)when the right-hand sides of the constraints are uncertain and the uncertainty sets are represented using intervals,with a focus on establishing the relationships between linear programs with uncertain right hand sides and linear programs with uncertain objective coefﬁcients using duality theory.This avenue of research is further explored in Gabrel et al.(2010)and Remli(2011).2.3Multi-Stage Decision-MakingMost early work on robust optimization focused on static decision-making:the manager decided at once of the values taken by all decision variables and,if the problem allowed for multiple decision stages as uncertainty was realized,the stages were incorporated by re-solving the multi-stage problem as time went by and implementing only the decisions related to the current stage.As theﬁeld of static robust optimization matured,incorporating–ina tractable manner–the information revealed over time directly into the modeling framework became a major area of research.2.3.1Optimal and Approximate PoliciesA work going in that direction is Bertsimas et al.(2010a),which establishes the optimality of policies afﬁne in the uncertainty for one-dimensional robust optimization problems with convex state costs and linear control costs.Chen et al.(2007)also suggests a tractable approximation for a class of multistage chance-constrained linear program-ming problems,which converts the original formulation into a second-order cone programming problem.Chen and Zhang(2009)propose an extension of the Afﬁnely Adjustable Robust Counterpart framework described in Ben-Tal et al.(2009)and argue that its potential is well beyond what has been in the literature so far.2.3.2Two stagesBecause of the difﬁculty in incorporating multiple stages in robust optimization,many theoretical works have focused on two stages.Regarding two-stage problems,Thiele et al.(2009)presents a cutting-plane method based on Kelley’s algorithm for solving convex adjustable robust optimization problems,while Terry(2009)provides in addition preliminary results on the conditioning of a robust linear program and of an equivalent second-order cone program.Assavapokee et al.(2008a)and Assavapokee et al.(2008b)develop tractable algorithms in the case of robust two-stage problems where the worst-case regret is minimized,in the case of interval-based uncertainty and scenario-based uncertainty,respectively,while Minoux(2011)provides complexity results for the two-stage robust linear problem with right-hand-side uncertainty.2.4Connection with Stochastic OptimizationAn early stream in robust optimization modeled stochastic variables as uncertain parameters belonging to a known uncertainty set,to which robust optimization techniques were then applied.An advantage of this method was to yield approaches to decision-making under uncertainty that were of a level of complexity similar to that of their deterministic counterparts,and did not suffer from the curse of dimensionality that afﬂicts stochastic and dynamic programming.Researchers are now making renewed efforts to connect the robust optimization and stochastic opti-mization paradigms,for instance quantifying the performance of the robust optimization solution in the stochastic world.The topic of robust optimization in the context of uncertain probability distributions,i.e.,in the stochastic framework itself,is also being revisited.2.4.1Bridging the Robust and Stochastic WorldsBertsimas and Goyal(2010)investigates the performance of static robust solutions in two-stage stochastic and adaptive optimization problems.The authors show that static robust solutions are good-quality solutions to the adaptive problem under a broad set of assumptions.They provide bounds on the ratio of the cost of the optimal static robust solution to the optimal expected cost in the stochastic problem,called the stochasticity gap,and onthe ratio of the cost of the optimal static robust solution to the optimal cost in the two-stage adaptable problem, called the adaptability gap.Chen et al.(2007),mentioned earlier,also provides a robust optimization perspective to stochastic programming.Bertsimas et al.(2011a)investigates the role of geometric properties of uncertainty sets, such as symmetry,in the power ofﬁnite adaptability in multistage stochastic and adaptive optimization.Duzgun(2012)bridges descriptions of uncertainty based on stochastic and robust optimization by considering multiple ranges for each uncertain parameter and setting the maximum number of parameters that can fall within each range.The corresponding optimization problem can be reformulated in a tractable manner using the total unimodularity of the feasible set and allows for aﬁner description of uncertainty while preserving tractability.It also studies the formulations that arise in robust binary optimization with uncertain objective coefﬁcients using the Bernstein approximation to chance constraints described in Ben-Tal et al.(2009),and shows that the robust optimization problems are deterministic problems for modiﬁed values of the coefﬁcients.While many results bridging the robust and stochastic worlds focus on giving probabilistic guarantees for the solutions generated by the robust optimization models,Manuja(2008)proposes a formulation for robust linear programming problems that allows the decision-maker to control both the probability and the expected value of constraint violation.Bandi and Bertsimas(2012)propose a new approach to analyze stochastic systems based on robust optimiza-tion.The key idea is to replace the Kolmogorov axioms and the concept of random variables as primitives of probability theory,with uncertainty sets that are derived from some of the asymptotic implications of probability theory like the central limit theorem.The authors show that the performance analysis questions become highly structured optimization problems for which there exist efﬁcient algorithms that are capable of solving problems in high dimensions.They also demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves computationally tractable methods for(a)analyzing queueing networks,(b)designing multi-item,multi-bidder auctions with budget constraints,and (c)pricing multi-dimensional options.2.4.2Distributionally Robust OptimizationBen-Tal et al.(2010)considers the optimization of a worst-case expected-value criterion,where the worst case is computed over all probability distributions within a set.The contribution of the work is to deﬁne a notion of robustness that allows for different guarantees for different subsets of probability measures.The concept of distributional robustness is also explored in Goh and Sim(2010),with an emphasis on linear and piecewise-linear decision rules to reformulate the original problem in aﬂexible manner using expected-value terms.Xu et al.(2012) also investigates probabilistic interpretations of robust optimization.A related area of study is worst-case optimization with partial information on the moments of distributions.In particular,Popescu(2007)analyzes robust solutions to a certain class of stochastic optimization problems,using mean-covariance information about the distributions underlying the uncertain parameters.The author connects the problem for a broad class of objective functions to a univariate mean-variance robust objective and,subsequently, to a(deterministic)parametric quadratic programming problem.The reader is referred to Doan(2010)for a moment-based uncertainty model for stochastic optimization prob-lems,which addresses the ambiguity of probability distributions of random parameters with a minimax decision rule,and a comparison with data-driven approaches.Distributionally robust optimization in the context of data-driven problems is the focus of Delage(2009),which uses observed data to deﬁne a”well structured”set of dis-tributions that is guaranteed with high probability to contain the distribution from which the samples were drawn. Zymler et al.(2012a)develop tractable semideﬁnite programming(SDP)based approximations for distributionally robust individual and joint chance constraints,assuming that only theﬁrst-and second-order moments as well as the support of the uncertain parameters are given.Becker(2011)studies the distributionally robust optimization problem with known mean,covariance and support and develops a decomposition method for this family of prob-lems which recursively derives sub-policies along projected dimensions of uncertainty while providing a sequence of bounds on the value of the derived policy.Robust linear optimization using distributional information is further studied in Kang(2008).Further,Delage and Ye(2010)investigates distributional robustness with moment uncertainty.Speciﬁcally,uncertainty affects the problem both in terms of the distribution and of its moments.The authors show that the resulting problems can be solved efﬁciently and prove that the solutions exhibit,with high probability,best worst-case performance over a set of distributions.Bertsimas et al.(2010)proposes a semideﬁnite optimization model to address minimax two-stage stochastic linear problems with risk aversion,when the distribution of the second-stage random variables belongs to a set of multivariate distributions with knownﬁrst and second moments.The minimax solutions provide a natural distribu-tion to stress-test stochastic optimization problems under distributional ambiguity.Cromvik and Patriksson(2010a) show that,under certain assumptions,global optima and stationary solutions of stochastic mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints are robust with respect to changes in the underlying probability distribution.Works such as Zhu and Fukushima(2009)and Zymler(2010)also study distributional robustness in the context of speciﬁc applications,such as portfolio management.2.5Connection with Risk TheoryBertsimas and Brown(2009)describe how to connect uncertainty sets in robust linear optimization to coherent risk measures,an example of which is Conditional Value-at-Risk.In particular,the authors show the link between polyhedral uncertainty sets of a special structure and a subclass of coherent risk measures called distortion risk measures.Independently,Chen et al.(2007)present an approach for constructing uncertainty sets for robust opti-mization using new deviation measures that capture the asymmetry of the distributions.These deviation measures lead to improved approximations of chance constraints.Dentcheva and Ruszczynski(2010)proposes the concept of robust stochastic dominance and shows its applica-tion to risk-averse optimization.They consider stochastic optimization problems where risk-aversion is expressed by a robust stochastic dominance constraint and develop necessary and sufﬁcient conditions of optimality for such optimization problems in the convex case.In the nonconvex case,they derive necessary conditions of optimality under additional smoothness assumptions of some mappings involved in the problem.2.6Nonlinear OptimizationRobust nonlinear optimization remains much less widely studied to date than its linear counterpart.Bertsimas et al.(2010c)presents a robust optimization approach for unconstrained non-convex problems and problems based on simulations.Such problems arise for instance in the partial differential equations literature and in engineering applications such as nanophotonic design.An appealing feature of the approach is that it does not assume any speciﬁc structure for the problem.The case of robust nonlinear optimization with constraints is investigated in Bertsimas et al.(2010b)with an application to radiation therapy for cancer treatment.Bertsimas and Nohadani (2010)further explore robust nonconvex optimization in contexts where solutions are not known explicitly,e.g., have to be found using simulation.They present a robust simulated annealing algorithm that improves performance and robustness of the solution.Further,Boni et al.(2008)analyzes problems with uncertain conic quadratic constraints,formulating an approx-imate robust counterpart,and Zhang(2007)provide formulations to nonlinear programming problems that are valid in the neighborhood of the nominal parameters and robust to theﬁrst order.Hsiung et al.(2008)present tractable approximations to robust geometric programming,by using piecewise-linear convex approximations of each non-linear constraint.Geometric programming is also investigated in Shen et al.(2008),where the robustness is injected at the level of the algorithm and seeks to avoid obtaining infeasible solutions because of the approximations used in the traditional approach.Interval uncertainty-based robust optimization for convex and non-convex quadratic programs are considered in Li et al.(2011).Takeda et al.(2010)studies robustness for uncertain convex quadratic programming problems with ellipsoidal uncertainties and proposes a relaxation technique based on random sampling for robust deviation optimization sserre(2011)considers minimax and robust models of polynomial optimization.A special case of nonlinear problems that are linear in the decision variables but convex in the uncertainty when the worst-case objective is to be maximized is investigated in Kawas and Thiele(2011a).In that setting,exact and tractable robust counterparts can be derived.A special class of nonconvex robust optimization is examined in Kawas and Thiele(2011b).Robust nonconvex optimization is examined in detail in Teo(2007),which presents a method that is applicable to arbitrary objective functions by iteratively moving along descent directions and terminates at a robust local minimum.3Applications of Robust OptimizationWe describe below examples to which robust optimization has been applied.While an appealing feature of robust optimization is that it leads to models that can be solved using off-the-shelf software,it is worth pointing the existence of algebraic modeling tools that facilitate the formulation and subsequent analysis of robust optimization problems on the computer(Goh and Sim,2011).3.1Production,Inventory and Logistics3.1.1Classical logistics problemsThe capacitated vehicle routing problem with demand uncertainty is studied in Sungur et al.(2008),with a more extensive treatment in Sungur(2007),and the robust traveling salesman problem with interval data in Montemanni et al.(2007).Remli and Rekik(2012)considers the problem of combinatorial auctions in transportation services when shipment volumes are uncertain and proposes a two-stage robust formulation solved using a constraint gener-ation algorithm.Zhang(2011)investigates two-stage minimax regret robust uncapacitated lot-sizing problems with demand uncertainty,in particular showing that it is polynomially solvable under the interval uncertain demand set.3.1.2SchedulingGoren and Sabuncuoglu(2008)analyzes robustness and stability measures for scheduling in a single-machine environment subject to machine breakdowns and embeds them in a tabu-search-based scheduling algorithm.Mittal (2011)investigates efﬁcient algorithms that give optimal or near-optimal solutions for problems with non-linear objective functions,with a focus on robust scheduling and service operations.Examples considered include parallel machine scheduling problems with the makespan objective,appointment scheduling and assortment optimization problems with logit choice models.Hazir et al.(2010)considers robust scheduling and robustness measures for the discrete time/cost trade-off problem.3.1.3Facility locationAn important question in logistics is not only how to operate a system most efﬁciently but also how to design it. Baron et al.(2011)applies robust optimization to the problem of locating facilities in a network facing uncertain demand over multiple periods.They consider a multi-periodﬁxed-charge network location problem for which they ﬁnd the number of facilities,their location and capacities,the production in each period,and allocation of demand to facilities.The authors show that different models of uncertainty lead to very different solution network topologies, with the model with box uncertainty set opening fewer,larger facilities.?investigate a robust version of the location transportation problem with an uncertain demand using a2-stage formulation.The resulting robust formulation is a convex(nonlinear)program,and the authors apply a cutting plane algorithm to solve the problem exactly.Atamt¨u rk and Zhang(2007)study the networkﬂow and design problem under uncertainty from a complexity standpoint,with applications to lot-sizing and location-transportation problems,while Bardossy(2011)presents a dual-based local search approach for deterministic,stochastic,and robust variants of the connected facility location problem.The robust capacity expansion problem of networkﬂows is investigated in Ordonez and Zhao(2007),which provides tractable reformulations under a broad set of assumptions.Mudchanatongsuk et al.(2008)analyze the network design problem under transportation cost and demand uncertainty.They present a tractable approximation when each commodity only has a single origin and destination,and an efﬁcient column generation for networks with path constraints.Atamt¨u rk and Zhang(2007)provides complexity results for the two-stage networkﬂow anddesign plexity results for the robust networkﬂow and network design problem are also provided in Minoux(2009)and Minoux(2010).The problem of designing an uncapacitated network in the presence of link failures and a competing mode is investigated in Laporte et al.(2010)in a railway application using a game theoretic perspective.Torres Soto(2009)also takes a comprehensive view of the facility location problem by determining not only the optimal location but also the optimal time for establishing capacitated facilities when demand and cost parameters are time varying.The models are solved using Benders’decomposition or heuristics such as local search and simulated annealing.In addition,the robust networkﬂow problem is also analyzed in Boyko(2010),which proposes a stochastic formulation of minimum costﬂow problem aimed atﬁnding network design andﬂow assignments subject to uncertain factors,such as network component disruptions/failures when the risk measure is Conditional Value at Risk.Nagurney and Qiang(2009)suggests a relative total cost index for the evaluation of transportation network robustness in the presence of degradable links and alternative travel behavior.Further,the problem of locating a competitive facility in the plane is studied in Blanquero et al.(2011)with a robustness criterion.Supply chain design problems are also studied in Pan and Nagi(2010)and Poojari et al.(2008).3.1.4Inventory managementThe topic of robust multi-stage inventory management has been investigated in detail in Bienstock and Ozbay (2008)through the computation of robust basestock levels and Ben-Tal et al.(2009)through an extension of the Afﬁnely Adjustable Robust Counterpart framework to control inventories under demand uncertainty.See and Sim (2010)studies a multi-period inventory control problem under ambiguous demand for which only mean,support and some measures of deviations are known,using a factor-based model.The parameters of the replenishment policies are obtained using a second-order conic programming problem.Song(2010)considers stochastic inventory control in robust supply chain systems.The work proposes an inte-grated approach that combines in a single step dataﬁtting and inventory optimization–using histograms directly as the inputs for the optimization model–for the single-item multi-period periodic-review stochastic lot-sizing problem.Operation and planning issues for dynamic supply chain and transportation networks in uncertain envi-ronments are considered in Chung(2010),with examples drawn from emergency logistics planning,network design and congestion pricing problems.3.1.5Industry-speciﬁc applicationsAng et al.(2012)proposes a robust storage assignment approach in unit-load warehouses facing variable supply and uncertain demand in a multi-period setting.The authors assume a factor-based demand model and minimize the worst-case expected total travel in the warehouse with distributional ambiguity of demand.A related problem is considered in Werners and Wuelﬁng(2010),which optimizes internal transports at a parcel sorting center.Galli(2011)describes the models and algorithms that arise from implementing recoverable robust optimization to train platforming and rolling stock planning,where the concept of recoverable robustness has been deﬁned in。

tpo22阅读参考译文

TPO22 READING参考译文米草属植物互花米草，俗称网茅，是一种冬季枯萎的多年生开花植物，原产自大西洋沿岸和美国的墨西哥湾。

它是这些海岸地区低海拔盐碱地的优势本地种，生长于潮汐带（有时淹没在水中，有时暴露在空气中的区域）。

这些天然的盐碱地位于海洋环境下最肥沃的生境中。

涨潮时会给沼泽带来营养丰富的海水，使得食物有可能获得高产。

随着海草和沼泽禾草叶子的死亡，细菌将植物体分解，昆虫、小型虾状浮游生物、招潮蟹和沼泽蜗牛吃掉了腐烂的植物组织，消化后排出富含营养的排泄物。

沼泽里生活着无数的昆虫，它们以活着或死去的网茅组织为食，红翼歌鸫、麻雀、啮齿动物、兔子以及鹿都直接食用网茅。

每一个潮汐周期都会将植物带到近海海水中，它们可以被潮水下的生物所利用。

米草属植物是极具竞争力的植物。

它主要通过地下茎向四周扩展，当根系或整株植物漂到一个区域并扎下根来，或者当种子漂到一个适合的地方并发芽，就会形成新的群落。

从泥沙地到卵砾石地，米草属植物都能生长，其耐盐度从接近淡水（0.05%）到盐水（3.5%）。

由于沼泽沉积物里缺乏氧气，因而含有很多的硫化物，对多数植物而言是有毒的。

米草属植物具有能够吸收硫化物并将其转换成为硫酸盐——一种植物可以利用的硫形式的能力。

这种能力使得米草属植物能够在沼泽环境中生存。

另一个适应性优势就是米草属植物比其它植物能更为有效的利用二氧化碳的能力。

这些特征使得在河口处自然生长出的米草属植物成为了该地重要的组成部分。

植物起到了稳定器和沉积物收集器的作用，而且还充当了河口鱼类和贝类的哺育场所。

一旦落地生根，一片米草属植物就开始截留沉积物，改变基质的海拔高度，最终这片米草属植物会逐渐被更高海拔的微咸淡水植物所取代，发展成了一个高海拔的沼泽系统。

1894年，为了将牡蛎从东海岸转移到华盛顿州，米草属植物被打包运往华盛顿州。

由于缺少捕食性昆虫，网茅沿着西海岸华盛顿州的潮汐河口缓慢而稳定地传播开来，排挤本地植物，并通过截留沉积物极大地改变了当地的景观。

专四阅读+详细讲解

专四阅读+详细讲解星期4 ThursdayBusiness is the salf of life.事业是⼈⽣的第⼀需要。

Text ADespite all the progress toward wo men’s equality, women who work full time are still earning only 75 cents on average to every dollar earned by men.Driving home that point, the National Committee on Pay Equity has chosen April 16 this year, to remind Americans that all women would need to work at least an extra two days in a workweek to earn almost as much as all men do in one normal workweek.Why does such a wage gap still persist?Economists differ in their explanations. And yet this income disparity is seen as a key indicator of how women are treated —in both the workplace and at home.Fortunately, the women’s movement and civil rights enforcement have ended most gender discrimination in setting wages. Now advocates are focused on ensuring that working women have female advisers and role models, while they try to remove subtlediscrimination in promotions —the “glass ceiling” (指职业⼥性在职务提升时遇到的⽆形阻⼒)that accounts for so few women being in top management.Many economists, however, say many women have lower-paying jobs because of choices made in their home life, such as taking time out to raise children. Or women take part-time, low-wage jobs for the flexibility. When they do reenter the workforce full time, they’re often behind their working peers in pay and promotions.But as more women feel empowered to make career choices, their pay rises.Another explanation is that women d on’t r eally make the choice to drop off the career ladder or to stay at a lower job rung. They may, for example, accept the expectations of others to take traditional jobs for women, such as nursing, which have low market wages. They must often take jobs that do n’t account for the unpredictability of families. Working moms may find their income can’t pay for day care, or day care doesn’t su it their child. If they are married, they may realize their husbands are not inclined to child rearing (or house chores), so they either quit work or go part time.So as their life choices seem to become a life burden, wo men’s income slips behind men’s.No matter what the explanation, much progress has been made in reducing the pay gap. While government still has a major role, employers can do more. Many have found a market advantage in supporting working mothers or putting women in management. And in the home, men and women are getting smarter in defining their marital relationships, often before tying the knot.Just as women now outnumber men in college, perhaps someday their average paywill surpass men’s —and that may make up for lost wages.1. April 16 has been chosen[A] to show the organization’s attitude towards equal pay.[B] to define the day as pay day for women who are not equally paid.[C] to make it clear that women working full time are earning less than men.[D] to remind women to work longer hours to earn as much as men.2. How can women raise their salary?[A] By going out for work instead of staying at home.[B] By asking their employer to raise their salary.[C] By sending their child to the kindergarten.[D] By having the ability to choose their jobs.3. Which of the following is NOT a traditional job for women?[A] Nurse. [B] Teacher.[C] Economist. [D] Typist.4. Which of the following statement is NOT true?[A] Wage gap servers as a key indicator of how women are treated.[B] Many women have lower-paying jobs because of house chores.[C] Some working mothers earn less than their children’s day care.[D] Many employers have already done enough to support working mothers.5. Who are expected to contribute more to narrowing the pay gap?[A] Women themselves.[B] Employers.[C] The government.[D] Men.Text BIf sustainable competitive advantage depends upon work force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired —rented at the lowest possible cost — much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer (CFO) is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central — usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm’s hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts they spend in training their work forces, in fact, they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessaryfor the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take muchlonger to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can’t effectively start the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.6. In an American firm, the executive of human-resource management[A] has a position directly under the chief financial executive.[B] is one of the most important executives of the firm.[C] has no say in making important decisions of the firm.[D] is unimportant when new technologies have been introduced.7. The money most American firms put in work force training mainly goes on[A] technological and managerial staff.[B] workers who will run new equipment.[C] workers who lack basic background skills.[D] top executives.8. Technological change in American firms is slower because[A] new equipment in America is more expensive.[B] they don’t pay enough attention to the job training of their workers.[C] they are less responsive to technological changes.[D] their professional staff are less paid and so less creative.9. Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?[A] They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.[B] They see the gaining of skills as their employees’ own business.[C] They attach more importance to workers than equipment.[D] They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.10. According to the passage, the decisi ve factor in maintaining a firm’s competitive advantage is[A] the introduction of new technologies.[B] the improvement of worker’s basic skills.[C] the rational composition of professional and managerial employees.[D] the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees.Text CDespite the fact that comets are probably the most numerous astronomical bodies in the solar system aside from small meteor(流星) fragments and the asteroids (⼩⾏星), they are largely a mystery. Scientists don’t know exactly what comets are or where theycome from. Educated guesses are the best we have in hand.Considering the role of comets in lore, legend, and the memory of man, it is remarkable that we still know so little, relatively, about them. The most famous comet of all, Halley’s Comet (named for the man who predicted its return), was first sighted by the Chinese in 240 B.C., and it has returned to terrify the people of the world on a regular basis ever since then (last scheduled return: 1986). The ancients considered it an object of ill omen. By mysterious coincidence, the arrival of Halley’sComet coincided with such events as the battle of Hastings in 1066, the Jewish revolt of 66 A.D., and the last battle of Attila the Hun against the Romans. Nor is it the only comet to fill man with awe, but merely the most famous in a rich aristocracy of blood-freezers.Comets are even more fascinating to amateur astronomers than to professionals, because this is one area where amateurs can (and do) make major discoveries. Comet Ikeya Seki, one of the brightest comets to appear in last century was discovered in 1965 by a pair of Japanese amateurs, Ikeya and Seki. The person who discovers a new comet gets his (or her) name put on it. And amateurs have a head start in the race to discover new comets; the shorter focal lengths on their smaller telescopes give them a positive advantage over the huge telescope such as Mount Wilson which is built to scan for galaxies, not comparatively of short distances.Most scientists tend to agree with the astronomer Fred T. Whipple that a comet is really a large mushy snowball of frozen ices and gases (ammonia, methane, possibly carbon dioxide) with a few bits of solid particles stuck inside. But no one is sure how comets are created in the first place.Scientists believe that comets don’t exhibit their characteristic tail while they lurk far out in space away from the warmth of the sun but, rather, wander in the form of frozen lumps, like icebergs. This is the core of the comet. Only when the comet approaches the heat of the sun, does the ice begin to melt and stream away in the form of visible gases. The tails o f the comet stream out behind for, literally, astronomical distances. Halley’s Comet had a tail of 94 million miles long when it visited here in 1910. The Great Comet of 1843 had a tail of 186 million miles long.11. At the beginning of the passage, the author indicates that[A] comets are the most commonly seen astronomical bodies.[B] comets, meteor fragments and the asteroids are mysterious.[C] not much is known about comets.[D] nothing do we know about comets except guesses.12. Halley’s Comet is mentioned in paragraph 2[A] to introduce some famous historical events.[B] to explain some traditional beliefs about comets.[C] to demonstrate the harm it has done to man.[D] to show its significance to human history.13. We learn from the passage, amateur astronomers[A] began their discovery earlier than the professionals .[B] tend to be the leaders in the area of astronomy.[C] have some advantages in discovering new comets.[D] established some theories on how comets come into being.14. The core of a comet[A] has no solid form.[B] wanders like a frozen lump when it’s far out in space.[C] requires the warmth of the sun to survive.[D] is always followed by a long tail.15. Which of the following about comets is INCORRECT?[A] They are great in number.[B] Their arrivals used to frighten human beings.[C] They are named after their discoverers.[D] They are large mushy snowballs of frozen ices and gases.Text DAround the world, hearts were broken when news came that the conjoined Bijani twins had died on the operating table. Having lived in tortured unity for 29 years, they traveled form their native Iran to Singapore for the surgery meant to set them free. The doctors who performed it were distressed. When you lose a patient, particularly when the patient dies at your own hand, the heartbreak mixes with unbearable guilt. The doctors are asking themselves the same question everyone else is asking: Should they have done it?The doctors certainly knew the risk. They knew that with the women’s shared circulatory systems, the risk was great. They might have underestimated the technical challenges, but they did not deceive their patients. The sisters, highly educated and highly motivated, knew full well the risk of never waking up from the surgery.Indeed, they never did. Should the surgeons have attempted such a risky procedure on patients who were not dying, and, in fact, were not even sick?For all the regrets and second guesses, it is hard to see how the answer could have been anything but yes. The foundation of the medical vocation is that the doctor is servant to the patient’s will. Not always, of course. There are times when the doctor must say no. This was not such a time.Consider those cases in which outside values trump(占据上风) the patients-expressed desire. The first is life. Even if the patient asks you to, you may not kill him. In some advanced precincts(地区) —Holland and Oregon, for example —this is thought to be a quaint(奇怪的)idea, and the state permits physicians to perform “assisted suicide”. That is a terrible mistake, for the state and for the physician. And not only because it embarks us on a slippery slope where putting people to death in the name of some higher humanity becomes progressively.Even if there were no slippery slope, there is a deeply important principle at stake: doctors are healers, not killers. You cannot eliminate the subject you are supposedly serving — it is not just a philosophical absurdity, it constitutes the most fundamental violation of the Hippocratic oath. You are not permitted to do any harm to the patient, let alone the ultimate harm. There are other forms of self-immolation, less instantaneous and less spectacular, to which doctors may not contribute. Drug taking, for example. One could say, the patient wants it, and he knows the risks —why not give him what he wants? No. The doctor isthere to help save a suffering soul from the ravages of a failing body. He is not there to ravage a healthy body in the service of a sick and self-destructive soul.The patient is sovereign and the physician’s duty is to be the servant, which is why the doctors in Singapore were right trying to separate the twins. They were not seeking self-destruction; they were seeking liberation. And they were trying to undo a form of impairment imposed on them by nature. The extraordinary thing about their request was that it was so utterly ordinary. They were asking for nothing special, nothing superhuman, nothing radically enhancing of human nature. They were only seeking to satisfy the most simple and pedestrian of desires: to live as single human being.16. At the beginning of the passage, the author sounds towards the doctors.[A] indifferent. [B] pitiful. [C] accusing. [D] objective.17. Why do es the author say “this was not such a time” in Para. 4?[A] Because the twin sisters are conjoined.[B] Because the twin sisters know the risks very well.[C] Because the operation is the twin sisters’ expressed desire.[D] Because the twin sisters are seeking liberation, not self-destruction.18. We can infer from Para. 6 that “Hippocratic oath” is[A] a philosophical conception.[B] an oath for all common citizens.[C] about the doctors’ responsibilities to the patients.[D] the doctors’ oath to serve the patients’ expressed desires.19. The author pointed out all the following facts EXCEPT that[A] the doctors do not have any responsibility for the failure of the twin sisters’ operation.[B] it is correct for the Singapore doctors to do the operation, although it failed in the end.[C] the twin sisters’ desire is different from the desire of those who want drugs or suicide.[D] doctors should decide whether the patient is attempting self-destruction before serving his desire.20. Which would be the best title for the passage?[A] The Conjoined Sisters from Iran.[B] Should They Have Made the Attempt?[C] On Patients’ Self-immolation.[D] Doctors and Patients.语境词汇Text A1. Driving home把…讲得透彻明⽩2. disparity n.不同，不等3. indicator n.指⽰者，指⽰器；指⽰牌4. enforcement n.实施，执⾏；强制，强迫5. subtle a.微细的，微妙的；精巧的；敏锐的6. reenter vt.重新加⼊，再加⼊7. empower vt.授权，准许8. rear vt.抚养，养育；饲养，栽培n.后部，背⾯9. tie the knot 结婚Text B1. sustainable a.持续的；能维持的；⽀撑得住的2. acquisition n.取得，获得；得到的东西3. hierarchy n.等级制度，阶层4. specific a.特定的；明确的n.特效药；详情5. extensive a.⼤规模的，⼴阔的；全⾯的，彻底的6. bottleneck n.瓶颈，障碍；窄路段，交通阻塞点Text C1. astronomical a.天⽂的2. aside from 除了…之外(尚有)3. educated a.根据知识或经验的；有教养的4. remarkable a.不平常的，值得注意到5. on a regular basis 定期地6. focal a.焦点的：focal length焦距Text D1. conjoin v.使联合，使连接：conjoined twins 连体双胞胎2. underestimate v.低估3. trump v.占据上风4. precinct n.区域；近郊5. quaint a.奇怪的；古怪的6. at stake 濒临危险7. absurdity n.荒谬，违背常理8. ravage n.蹂躏，饱受折磨9. pedestrian a.平常的；徒步的；缺乏想象的n.⾏⼈难句突破Text A1. Now advocates are focused on ensuring that working women have female advisers and role models, while they try to remove subtle discrimination in promotions —the “glass ceiling” that accounts for so few women being in top management.【分析】复合句。

全国通用2024高考英语一轮复习Unit2练习牛津译林版必修3

必修三 Unit 2 单元话题语篇训练（每单元3练）练(一) 阅读理解组块专练——练速度(限时：35分钟)Ⅰ.阅读理解A(2024·石家庄模拟)International Competitions in 2024A．Creating the story in English.B．Having the work scanned.C．Paying money for the entry.D．Submitting the work by July.解析：选A 细微环节理解题。

依据The H．G.Wells Short Story Competition部分中的“Entries must be in English and must be entirely your own work”可知，写故事竞赛要求参赛者的作品是用英语写的原创作品，故选A。

2．What is special about “16th Annual Smithsonian Photo Contest”？A．It gives a theme. B．It offers a grand prize.C．It has an age limit. D．It has two categories.解析：选C 细微环节理解题。

依据16th Annual Smithsonian Photo Contest部分中的“Who may enter: Open to photographers who are 18 years old or older”并结合其他三个竞赛的“Who may enter”的信息可知，这个竞赛对参赛者的年龄有肯定的限制，故选C。

3．Who may get Margaret Reid Prize after winning the contest?A．Short story writers. B．Photographers.C．Art designers. D．Poem writers.解析：选D 推理推断题。

当代研究生英语第七单元 B课文翻译

价格的利润生物公司正在吞噬可改变动物DNA序列的所有专利。

这是对阻碍医学研究发展的一种冲击。

木匠认为他们的贸易工具是理所当然的。

他们买木材和锤子后，他们可以使用木材和锤子去制作任何他们所选择的东西。

多年之后来自木材厂和工具储藏室的人并没有任何进展，也没有索要利润份额。

对于那些打造明日药物的科学家们来说，这种独立性是一种罕见的奢侈品。

发展或是发现这些生物技术贸易中的工具和稀有材料的公司，对那些其他也用这些工具和材料的人进行了严格的监控。

这些工具包括关键基因的DNA序列，人类、动物植物和一些病毒的基因的部分片段，例如，HIV,克隆细胞，酶，删除基因和用于快速扫描DNA样品的DNA 芯片。

为了将他们这些关键的资源得到手，医学研究人员进场不得不签署协议，这些协议可以制约他们如何使用这些资源或是保证发现这些的公司可以得到最终结果中的部分利益。

许多学者称这抑制了了解和治愈疾病的进程。

这些建议使Harold得到了警示，Harold是华盛顿附近的美国国家卫生研究院的院长，在同年早期，他建立了一个工作小组去调查此事。

由于他的提早的调查，下个月出就能发布初步的报告。

来自安阿伯密歇根大学的法律教授，该工作组的主席Rebecea Eisenberg说，她们的工作组已经听到了好多研究者的抱怨，在它们中有一份由美国联合大学技术管理组提交的重量级的卷宗。

为了帮助收集证据，NIH建立了一个网站，在这个网站上研究者们可以匿名举报一些案件，这些案件他们相信他们的工作已经被这些限制性许可证严重阻碍了。

迫使研究人员在出版之前需要将他们的手稿展示给公司的这一保密条款和协议是投诉中最常见的原因之一。

另一个问题是一些公司坚持保有自动许可证的权利，该许可证是有关利用他们物质所生产的任何未来将被发现的产品，并且这些赋予他们对任何利用他们的工具所赚取的利润的支配权利的条款也有保有的权利。

Eisenberg说：“如果你不得不签署了许多这样的条款的话，那真的是一个大麻烦”。

欧洲文化入门考试内容归纳中文版

《欧洲文化入门》本作者绪论《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。

其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。

我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。

《欧洲文化入门》的考试大致包括以下几种题型：四选一，填空，判断，简答题，名词解释，论述题。

选择题：这种题型可考查考生的记忆、理解、判断、推理分析，综合比较，鉴别评价等多种能力，评分客观，故常被应用。

在答题时，如果能瞬时准确地把正确答案找出来最好，假如没有把握，就应采用排除法，即应从排除最明显的错误开始，把接近正确答案的备选项留下，再分析比较强以逐一否定最终选定正确答案。

填空题：这种题型常用于考核考生准确记忆的“再现”能力，在答题时，无论有几个空，回答都应明确、肯定，不能含糊其辞，填空题看似容易实则难，最好的应对办法是对英语语言知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记。

名词解释：这种题型一般针对英语专业自考本科段课程中的基本概念、专业名词进行命题，主要考核考生的识记、理解能力。

在答题时，答案要简明、概括、准确，如分值较大，可简要扩展。

简答题：这种题型一般围绕基本概论、原理及其联系进行命题，着重考核考生对概念、史实、原理的掌握、辨别和理解能力。

在答题时，既不能像名词解释那样简单，也不能像论述题那样长篇大论，答案要有层次性，列出要点，并加以简要扩展就可以。

论述题：这种题型一般从试卷编制的全局出发，能从体现考试大纲中的重点内容和基本问题的角度来命题，着重考核考生分析、解决实际问题的能力，考核考生综合应用能力和创见性。

在答题时，要仔细审题，列出答案要点，然后对要点逐一展开叙述，此时考生应发挥自己的真知灼见，要在深度，广度上下功。

了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎

了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Vocabulary of Chapter 7 in The Great Gatsby: A Student's In-Depth AnalysisWhat's up, fellow literature lovers and word nerds? Today, we're diving deep into the rich and symbolic vocabulary found in Chapter 7 of F. Scott Fitzgerald's masterpiece, The Great Gatsby. As a student who adores dissecting literary works, I'm thrilled to share my insights and personal interpretations of the language used in this pivotal chapter.First things first, let's set the stage. Chapter 7 is the climax of the novel, where tensions reach a boiling point, and the illusions surrounding Gatsby's persona and his pursuit of Daisy begin to unravel. The atmosphere is thick with dramatic irony, and Fitzgerald masterfully employs evocative diction to convey the underlying emotions and thematic elements.One word that immediately caught my attention is "inexplicable." Fitzgerald describes the "inexplicable certified confusion" surrounding Gatsby's background and wealth. Thisword not only highlights the mystery and ambiguity surrounding Gatsby but also foreshadows the eventual revelation of his shady past and the disillusionment that follows.Moving on, we encounter the phrase "fantastic conceits." This phrase perfectly encapsulates the grandiose delusions and unrealistic expectations that have driven the characters' actions throughout the novel. It's a poignant reminder of the theme of disillusionment and the harsh reality that often shatters our idealized dreams.Another standout word is "appalling." Used to describe Gatsby's reaction to Tom's revelations about his past, it conveys the profound sense of shock and dismay that overwhelms him as his carefully crafted persona crumbles. The intensity of this word mirrors the devastating impact of the truth on Gatsby's psyche.Let's not forget the word "colossal." Fitzgerald employs this adjective to depict the sheer magnitude of Gatsby's illusions and the scale of his dreams. It's a testament to the grandiose nature of his aspirations, which ultimately prove to be his undoing.Shifting gears, the phrase "grotesque, circumstantial" caught my eye. Fitzgerald uses it to describe the evidence Tom presents against Gatsby, hinting at the sordid and unsavory details of his past. This phrase adds a sense of ugliness and distortion to therevelations, further emphasizing the stark contrast between Gatsby's idealized persona and the harsh realities of his life.One word that struck me as particularly powerful is "holocaust." Fitzgerald employs this term to describe the intense emotional turmoil and devastation that Gatsby experiences as his dreams are shattered. The word's connotations of complete destruction and sacrifice resonate deeply with the theme of disillusionment and the sacrifices Gatsby made in pursuit of his dreams.Finally, let's explore the phrase "obscurity borne once more in line of sight." This poetic line refers to the resurfacing of Gatsby's obscure past, which had been carefully concealed until this point. It's a haunting reminder that no matter how hard we try to reinvent ourselves, our pasts have a way of catching up with us, and the truth ultimately prevails.In conclusion, the vocabulary employed by Fitzgerald in Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby is a masterclass in literary craftsmanship. Each word and phrase is meticulously chosen to convey deeper meanings, symbolism, and thematic elements. From the sense of mystery and ambiguity to the harsh realities of disillusionment, the diction in this chapter is a powerful tool thatenhances the emotional impact of the narrative and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.So, there you have it, my fellow word enthusiasts – a deep dive into the vocabulary of Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby. I hope this analysis has piqued your interest and inspired you to delve deeper into the rich tapestry of language woven by Fitzgerald in this literary masterpiece.篇2Vocabulary Gems from Chapter 7 of The Great GatsbyHey fellow bookworms! As an avid reader and lover of literature, I always look forward to diving deep into the linguistic riches found in classic novels. Today, I want to share some of the juiciest vocabulary morsels from Chapter 7 of F. Scott Fitzgerald's masterpiece, The Great Gatsby.Let's kick things off with a word that perfectly encapsulates the lavish lifestyle portrayed in the novel: "sumptuous." When Gatsby's house is described as "a solemn, haunting house, broodingly immense among its fringed and sumptuous gardens," the word "sumptuous" conjures up images of extravagant opulence and luxurious splendor. It's a word that screams "over-the-top" and "no expense spared."Speaking of lavish parties, the word "revelers" caught my eye. It refers to the raucous, carefree merrymakers who attended Gatsby's legendary bashes. Can't you just picture a horde of revelers, decked out in their finest threads, dancing the night away with reckless abandon?Now, let's delve into a word that carries a more ominous undertone: "sinister." When Nick describes Gatsby's smile as having "a quality of eternal reassurance in that conclusive smile, the vigorous promise that the rock of the world was founded securely on a fairy's wing," the word "sinister" is used to describe the smile's "sinister resilience." This word choice hints at something darker lurking beneath the surface, foreshadowing the tragic events to come.Moving on, we have the delightfully whimsical word "oblivious." When the narrative states that Gatsby was "oblivious of the sunshine," it paints a vivid picture of someone so lost in their own thoughts and preoccupations that they fail to notice the world around them. It's a relatable feeling we've all experienced at one point or another.Next up is a word that evokes a sense of mystique and intrigue: "inscrutable." When Nick observes Gatsby's "inscrutable vision," it suggests a depth and complexity to Gatsby's characterthat defies easy comprehension. It's a tantalizing hint at the layers of mystery surrounding this enigmatic figure.Let's not forget the deliciously descriptive word "grotesque." When Nick describes the "grotesque, fascinating brightness" of Gatsby's wealth and possessions, it simultaneously conveys a sense of awe and repulsion. It's a word that perfectly captures the allure and excess of the Gatsby lifestyle while hinting at its inherent ugliness.Moving on, we have the evocative word "haunt." When Nick mentions Gatsby's "haunting loneliness," it conjures up images of a specter-like figure, forever trapped in a state of melancholic solitude. It's a word that adds a haunting, ethereal quality to Gatsby's character.Finally, let's explore the word "permeate." When Nick describes the "permeating scent" of Gatsby's house, it creates a vivid sensory experience, as if the reader can smell the rich, lingering aromas wafting through the air. It's a word that adds depth and texture to the descriptive passages.Well, there you have it, fellow word nerds! A tantalizing glimpse into the rich vocabulary that permeates Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby. Whether you're a seasoned literary connoisseur or a budding bibliophile, these words are sure to add somelinguistic sparkle to your reading experience. Happy reading, and may the words dance off the page and into your heart!篇3The Dazzling Vocabulary of Gatsby's ReunionChapter 7 of The Great Gatsby is a pivotal moment in the novel, where the long-awaited reunion between Gatsby and Daisy finally occurs. As a student of literature, I was struck by the masterful way Fitzgerald uses language to convey the intense emotions and tensions at play during this climactic scene. The vocabulary he employs is rich, evocative, and at times, dazzlingly complex, adding layers of depth and nuance to the narrative. Let's delve into some of the most captivating words and phrases from this chapter.One word that immediately caught my attention was "colossal," used to describe Gatsby's dreams and aspirations. This adjective conjures up images of something vast, monumental, and awe-inspiring, perfectly capturing the grandiose nature of Gatsby's pursuit of Daisy. The word's etymological roots in Greek further emphasize its magnitude, lending a sense of timelessness and universality to Gatsby's desires.Another striking word is "feign," which Fitzgerald employs when describing Gatsby's attempts to appear casual and nonchalant in Daisy's presence. The term "feign" suggests a deliberate act of deception or pretense, hinting at the complex web of emotions and facades that Gatsby has woven around himself. This word choice skillfully underscores the deep vulnerability and insecurity that lie beneath Gatsby's carefully constructed persona.Fitzgerald's use of the word "ineffable" is particularly noteworthy, as he applies it to describe the quality of Gatsby's smile when he finally reunites with Daisy. "Ineffable" suggests something that is too profound or too sublime to be adequately expressed in words, perfectly capturing the depth of Gatsby's emotional state in that moment. This word choice elevates the scene to a level of almost spiritual transcendence, reflecting the intensity of Gatsby's long-held dreams and desires.The phrase "furnace of vitriol" is another evocative turn of phrase that caught my eye. Fitzgerald uses this vivid metaphor to describe Tom Buchanan's simmering anger and hostility towards Gatsby. The word "vitriol" conjures up images of a highly corrosive and toxic substance, while "furnace" implies an intense and uncontrollable heat, together painting a powerful picture ofTom's barely contained rage. This metaphor foreshadows the explosive confrontation that ultimately erupts between the two men, heightening the sense of tension and impending conflict.Fitzgerald's use of the word "appalling" is particularly interesting, as it carries a dual meaning. On one level, it suggests something that is shocking or horrifying, reflecting the profound emotional turmoil and disillusionment that Gatsby experiences as his dreams begin to unravel. However, the word "appalling" can also mean "causing dismay or disappointment," which aptly describes the sense of disenchantment that Gatsby must feel as he realizes the true nature of Daisy's character and the insurmountable challenges standing in the way of their reunion.The phrase "grotesque and fantastic conceits" is another standout example of Fitzgerald's rich vocabulary. "Conceits" refers to fanciful or imaginative notions, while "grotesque" and "fantastic" suggest something that is both distorted and whimsical. This phrase is used to describe the extravagant and over-the-top decorations adorning Gatsby's mansion, reflecting the grandiose and almost absurd lengths to which he has gone in his pursuit of wealth and status – all in an effort to win over Daisy. This vivid description not only paints a striking visualpicture but also serves as a metaphor for the distorted and fantastical nature of Gatsby's dreams and aspirations.Throughout Chapter 7, Fitzgerald employs a multitude of evocative and richly descriptive words and phrases, such as "riotous," "curtains of azaleas," "vanished trees," and "ecstatic caress." These word choices not only create a vivid and immersive reading experience but also serve to reinforce the overarching themes of the novel, such as the futility of pursuing the past, the corrupting influence of wealth and materialism, and the disillusionment that often accompanies the pursuit of idealized dreams.As a student of literature, I am in awe of Fitzgerald's masterful command of language and his ability to weave together words in a way that not only tells a compelling story but also resonates on a deeper, emotional level. The vocabulary he employs in Chapter 7, with its rich tapestry of evocative and nuanced terms, is a testament to his literary genius and his profound understanding of the human condition.In conclusion, the dazzling vocabulary and artful use of language in Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby are a true hallmark of Fitzgerald's literary prowess. From the grandiose "colossal" to the sublime "ineffable," and the vivid "furnace of vitriol," eachword is carefully chosen and expertly woven into the narrative, adding depth, nuance, and emotional resonance to this pivotal moment in the novel. As a student, exploring and unpacking the meanings and connotations of these words has not only enriched my understanding of the text but has also deepened my appreciation for the power of language and the craft of great literary works.。

航海英语翻译

第六章 34-54，第七章第九节 93-98，第八章99-110，第十章 128-144，第十一章 145-163，第十三章 174-192 第一节第二节各类证书的内容、展期与更新各类报表（海事、海关、检疫、边防等）航海图书资料（ 16）第二章航海图书资料（1-16）第一节第二节第三节第1组航路指南进港指南航海出版物（灯标表、天文表、海员手册、大洋航路图等） 1. __D____ are published for the correction of AdmiraltyCharts． A．Admiralty Sailing Directions B．Admiralty List of Signals C．Mariner's Handbook D．Admiralty Notices to Mariners 英版《航海通告》出版用于英版海图的改正。

2.___C___ gives a description of the combined Cardinal and Lateral Buoyage system including textual and diagrammatic explanations of the five types of marks；lateral；cardinal，isolated danger；safe water and special marks． A．Ocean Passages for the World（NP136） B．Symbols and Abbreviations used on Admiralty Charts，Chart 5011 C．IALA Maritime Buoyage System（NP735）D．The Mariners Handbook（NP100）国际航标协会海上浮标系统给出有关包括文字和图表解释的方位标和侧标（五种航标：侧标，方位标，安全水域，特殊标志）的描述。

关于海豹的作文英语初一

Sea otters are fascinating marine mammals known for their playful behavior and unique adaptations.Heres a detailed composition on sea otters suitable for a firstyear middle school student:Title:The Enchanting World of Sea OttersIntroduction:Sea otters,the smallest marine mammals,are a sight to behold in their natural habitat. They are not only charming but also vital to the health of their ecosystems.This essay delves into the characteristics,habitat,and importance of sea otters in the marine environment.Characteristics of Sea Otters:Sea otters are characterized by their sleek,dense fur which is essential for insulation in cold waters.They possess a compact body shape with short,strong limbs that end in webbed feet,perfect for swimming.Their fur is one of the thickest among animals,with up to a million hairs per square inch,which helps them maintain buoyancy and warmth. Diet and Feeding Habits:Sea otters have a diet primarily consisting of marine invertebrates such as sea urchins, crabs,and various mollusks.They are known to use tools,like rocks,to break open the shells of their prey.This behavior showcases their intelligence and adaptability.Habitat:These marine mammals are found in the coastal waters of the northern Pacific Ocean, ranging from the western coast of North America to the eastern shores of Russia.They prefer shallow waters with abundant food sources and kelp forests for resting and protection from predators.Reproduction and Social Behavior:Sea otters are social animals and often form groups known as rafts.They mate in the water and give birth to a single pup,which they carry on their belly while swimming.The mothers bond with her pup is strong,and she nurses and protects it diligently. Conservation Status and Threats:Despite their resilience,sea otters face numerous threats including oil spills,habitat destruction,and predation by sharks and orcas.Climate change also poses a significant threat by altering their food sources and habitats.Conservation efforts are crucial toensure the survival of these remarkable creatures.Importance in the Ecosystem:Sea otters play a critical role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystems.They are known as keystone species,influencing the health of kelp forests by controlling the population of sea urchins.A healthy kelp forest is vital for biodiversity,providing shelter and food for various marine species.Conclusion:In conclusion,sea otters are more than just adorable creatures they are essential contributors to the marine ecosystem.Their survival is a testament to the interconnectedness of life and the importance of conservation.As we learn more about these captivating animals,we are reminded of our responsibility to protect and preserve the natural world for future generations.This composition provides a comprehensive overview of sea otters,suitable for a firstyear middle school English assignment,focusing on their biology,behavior,and ecological significance.。

对生命起源的思考,就象对宇宙起源的思考一样,构成人类理性

啊！好大一锅汤！
1953 年芝加哥大学研究生米勒的模拟实验
Stanley Miller (1953 时 23 岁)
米勒的实验装置
子ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
可得到复杂的稍大分子。
用电击提供能量，从简单
小
分
一、什么是生命？
1. 生命的三大基本特征
新陈代谢自我繁殖应激
每一条都遭受哲学责难！
2. 生命存在的条件
水——生命之源能量——阳光氧气——后来，绝大多数生命之于地球，是一系列偶然和必然的结果。
二、有关生命起源的几种假说
1. 神创论 2. 自然发生论 3. 宇生论 4. 化学进化说
1、神造论
第二期讨论生物进化角度讨论：
一朵鲜花为什么多插在牛粪上？
第二章生命的起源
一、什么是生命？
1. 佛曰：万物皆生命，善恶轮回的产物 2. 教徒：上帝吃饱后消遣的产物 3. 薛定谔说：生命是基因居住的房子 4. 物理学家说：靠负熵为生的东西 5. 哲学家说：生命是宇宙的灵魂，生命就
是等待死亡！
6. 凡人：1）生命？什么是生命？靠！2）生命就是一次改变世界的机会！3）生命就是不想消失的那种东西！
•宇宙历史，6天创世发生在几千年前。 •在17世纪，詹姆斯·厄谢尔主教试图通过将《圣经》中记载的祖先追溯到亚当来计算创世的时间，公元前4004年。 •剑桥大学副校长约翰·莱特弗特声称创造人类发生在公元前4004.10.23星期天上午9点。
女娲尤利诺姆与欧菲恩
《圣经》并非唯一，上帝不只一个
2、自然发生论
生物是从非生物环境中自然发生出来的：
▪ 腐草化萤 ▪ 腐肉生蛆 ▪ 淤泥生鼠

林斯顿托福样题

林斯顿样题 21. Helium is _____ all gases to liquefy and is impossible to solidify at normal air pressure.(A) more than difficult(B) the most difficult of(C) more difficult of(D) most difficult2. Every year Canadian ______ about 75 percent of their exports to the United States.(A) businesses that sell(B) selling businesses(C) businesses sell(D) that sell to businesses3. An innovator, ballerina Augusta Maywood was ___ a traveling company.(A) to form the first(B) the first to form(C) who formed the first(D) forming the first4. When water freezes in the cracks of rocks, _____ expands, causing the rocks to break apart.(A) it(B) but(C) then(D) and5. With x-ray microscopes scientists can see through live insects ___ even through solid pieces of metal.(A) however(B) nevertheless(C) or(D) yet6. Dennis Chavez of New Mexico _____ to the House of Representatives in 1930 and to the Senate in 1938.(A) when elected(B) elected(C) who was elected(D) was elected7. _______ are not leached out of soil, reclamation procedures are needed to restore the land’sproductivity.(A) For concentration of salt(B) Salt concentrations that(C) If salt concentrations(D) With concentrations of salt8. ______ social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion ofeducational facilities for immigrants to the United States.(A) No(B) Nothing(C) Not(D) None9. ______ as 2500 B.C., the Egyptians used mirrors made of highly polished metal.(A) In early(B) As early(C) Early(D) Was as early10. The quantum theory states ______, such as light, is given off and absorbed in tiny definite unitscalled quanta or photons.(A) energy that(B) that it is energy(C) it is energy(D) that energy11. Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable _______ spring into full flight instantly whendisturbed in their hiding places.(A) they(B) to their(C) its(D) them to12. Geysers are found near rivers and lakes, where water drains through the soil ______.(A) surface below the deep(B) deep below the surface(C) the deep below surface(D) the deep surface below13. Algebra generalizes certain basic laws _____ the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of all numbers.(A) govern(B) that govern(C) have governed(D) which they govern14. Even at low levels,______(A) the nervous system has produced detrimental effects by lead(B) lead’s detrimental effects are producing the nervous system(C) lead produces detrimental effects on the nervous system(D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on the nervous system15. _____ a lonely and rugged life, far from home and family.(A) However the early gold prospector often lived(B) The early gold prospector often lived(C) Not only did the early gold prospector often live(D) The early gold prospector often living16. The culinary expert Fannie Farmer taught dietetics, kitchen management, and to cook at herfamous Boston school.17. The elephant relies more on its sense of smell than for any other sense.17. A few of the naturally elements exist in such small amounts that they are known mainly fromlaboratory-made samples.19. Some insects hear ultrasonic sounds more than two octaves than higher humans can.20. Because of its larger size, the United States House of Representatives is more impersonal,hierarchical, and specialization than the Senate.21. To stay warm in cold weather cold-blooded animals must expose itself to a source of warmth suchas direct sunlight.22. A severe illness where she was just nineteen months old deprived the well-known writer andlecturer Helen Keller of both her sight and her hearing.23. Like all ecological systems, a forest is made up of a living environment and a nonlivingenvironment, the latter composed of air, rocks,soiled,and water.24. The purposeful of the elementary school is to introduce children to the skills, information, andattitudes necessary for a smooth adjustment to society.25. Notorious as a host for wheat rust, the barberry bush has been banned from many area.26. Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has starred in stage, television and film productionson both sides the Atlantic Ocean.27. A microphone enables musical tones to be amplified, thus making it possible the gentle renditionsof soft songs in large halls.28. The poetry of e.e. cummings illustrates the way in which some poets bend grammatical rules asthey strive to expression their insights.29. In the wild, tea plants become trees of approximately thirty feet in high.30. Accounting is described as art of classifying, recording, and reporting significant financial events.31. The development of the watch depended upon the invent of the mainspring.32. The ordeal of the Cherokee Indians who were forcible moved from their homeland in the 1830’s isremembered as the “Trail of Tears.”33. Physical fitness activities can lead to an alarming variety of injuries if participants push themselvesgreatly hard.34. The structure but behavior of many protozoans are amazingly complex for single-celled animals.35. Alaska’s rough climate and terrain divide the state into isolated regions, making highwaymaintenance difficulty.36. For hundreds of years, sailors relied on echoes to warn them of another ships, icebergs or cliffs infoggy weather.37. Although he is employed in the scientific and technical fields, the metric system is not generallyutilized in the United States.38. Prototypical oboes did a loud, harsh tone, but the modern oboe is appreciated for its smooth andbeautiful tone.39. Beneath the deep oceans that cover two-thirds of the Earth, intriguing secret of the planet areconcealed.40. The pioneer John Chapman received the “Johnny Appleseed” because he planted appleseedlings during him travels in what are now Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.普林斯顿样题 31. Cobalt resembles iron and nickel in tensile strength, appearance, ---.(A) is hard(B) although hard(C) has hardness(D) and hardness2. --- who was the first Black woman to run for the office of President of the United States in1972.(A) Shirley S. Chisholm(B) It was Shirley S. Chisholm(C) Shirley S. Chisholm was(D) When Shirley S. Chisholm3. --- versatile performer, soprano Kathleen Battle has often concluded a program of art songs and arias with selections from ragtime or popular music.(A) A(B) Which(C) So(D) Because4. Before starting on a sea voyage, prudent navigators learn the sea charts, ---, and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter.(A) sailing directions are studied(B) study the sailing directions(C) to direct sailing studies(D) studies direct sailing5. --- social nesting birds that build their nests in trees and on cliffs.(A) The most storks(B) Most are storks(C) Most storks are(D) Storks most6. Plankton, ---, is the basic foodstuff for everything that lives in the ocean.(A) comprise both minute marine animals and plants(B) is the name given to minute marine animals and plants(C) the collective name for minute marine animals and plants(D) minute marine animals and plants collectively that7. The best-known diffuse nebula is the great Orion Nebula,--- can be seen by the naked eye.(A) one(B) it(C) which(D) who8. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been --- .(A) the least studied(B) study the least(C) study less and less(D) to study the less9. Most amphibians hatch from eggs laid in water or moist ground, and begin life --- water-dwelling larvae.(A) such(B) as(C) to be(D) are10. At the Seventh International Ballet Competitions, Fernando Bujones won the first gold medal ever --- to a United States male dancer.(A) to be awarded(B) to award(C) that awards(D) should be awarding11. Founded around 1075, the Acoma pueblo is considered --- settlement in the United States.(A) the oldest continuously occupied(B) occupied continuously the oldest(C) the oldest occupied continuously(D) continuously the oldest occupied12. On March 1, 1867, --- to the Union when President Andrew Johnson’s veto was overridden.(A) since the state of Nebraska had been admitted(B) admitted that the state of Nebraska(C) the admission of the state of Nebraska(D) the state of Nebraska was admitted13. The best known of all the Arctic birds, --- .(A) birdwatchers favor ptarmigans(B) being ptarmigans and birdwatchers’ favorites(C) favored by both ptarmigans and birdwatchers(D) ptarmigans are a favorite of birdwatchers14. Nearly all trees contain a mix of polymers that can burn like petroleum --- properly extracted.(A) after(B) if(C) when it(D) is15. Acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people --- .(A) do(B) hear(C) do them(D) hearing it16. Emily Dickinson, one of the greatest poets of the United States, was entirely almost unknown tothe people of her own time.17. Charcoal is employed widely as a deodorizer because it absorbs gases good.18. Abstract Expressionism was a movement in American painting that flourished from the mid-1940’sand mid 1950’s.19. The National Cowboy Hall of Fame in Oklahoma City pay tribute to everyone associated with whatAmericans call the “Old West.”machine that registers difference brain waves in a sleeping individual.21. The Obie Awards have been given annually for 1956 to outstanding artists in off-Broadway theater.23. Because geophysics embraces the concepts, data, and methods of variety other sciences, it isvery board in scope, and its boundaries are hard to define.24. A white oak at Rutgers University is said to had been the inspiration for Joyce Kilmer’s poem“Trees”.25. Starfish move, feed, and breathes with their tube feet.26. The Whitney Museum continues to reflect the diversity of the art of the United Stated in all of itacquisitions.28. Despite the broad acclaim of him novels, James Baldwin is most highly respected as an essayistand social critic.29. Along the East Coast, American India women’s councils could vote a declaration of war atrefusing to supply moccasins and field rations.30. In proportion to its size, the hungriest animal is the shrew, which must consume several timestheir own weight every day.knowledge which learned by living there for many years.32. North America has eight time zone, ranging from Newfoundland on the East Coast to Alaska onthe West Coast.33. Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and trade.34. Although fluorine tests and x-ray analyses, archaeologists can prove the validity of artifacts.35. Dams are used to control flooding, provide water for irrigation, and generating electricity for thesurrounding area.36. The development of photographic techniques and equipment provided an important aid to industry,medical, and research.37. United States tennis championship Pancho Gonzales gained international acclaim for his strongserve.38. Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means of on-the-spot,alive reports.39. Certain zoologists regard crows and ravens are the most intelligent of birds.40. While the twentieth century, the field of dentistry has developed braches that specialize in thetreatment of individual dental problems普林斯顿样题 41 .Hanya Holm is a doctor, choreographer, and ---.（A）dance that she teaches（B）her teaching of dance（C）to teach dancing（D）dance teacher2. During an eclipse of the Sun, --- in the shadow of the Moon.（A）the Earth lies（B）the Earth when lying（C）that the Earth lies（D）the lying Earth3. Under the influence of Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle became associated with the Imagists and --- into one of the most original poets of the group.（A）developed（B）to be developed（C）who developing（D）developing it4. --- all rainwater falling from a cloud reaches the ground; some of it is lost through evaporation. （A）Nowhere（B）Not（C）No（D）None5. In an area first explored by Samuel de Champlain, --- .（A）establishment of the city of Halifax in 1749（B）in 1749 the city of Halifax established（C）in 1749,establishing the city of Halifax（D）the city of Halifax was established in 17496. A nation’s merchant marine is made up of its commercial ships and the people --- them.（A）they operate（B）who operate（C）they operate of（D）do they operate77 -- Nat Turner who led a revolt against slavery in Virginia in 1831.（A）Where was（B）It was（C）He was（D）That he was8. The most elaborate of all bird nests ---,domed communal structure built bysocial weaverbirds.（A）larger（B）largely is（C）the large（D）is the large9. William Walker’s mural, “ Wall of Respect”, --- an outdoor wall in Chicago, dealswith social issues.（A）covers（B）covers it（C）which covers（D）which it covers10. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate --- yield when unusual weight isplaced on them.（A）although its crust and mantle（B）its crust and mantle to（C）that its crust and mantle（D）for its crust and mantle to11. The columbine flower, --- to nearly all of the United States, can be raised from seedin almost any garden.（A）native（B）how native is（C）how native is it（D）is native12. The photoperiodic response of algae actually depends on the duration of darkness, --- .（A）the light is not on（B）and not on light（C）but is not on the light（D）is not on light13. ---, the first Black denomination in the United States.(A) Richard Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church(B) Richard Allen, who founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church(C) The African Methodist Episcopal Church founded by Richard Allen(D) The foundation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church by Richard Allen14. The annual worth of Utah’s manufacturing is greater than --- .(A) that of its mining and farming combined(B) mining and farming combination(C) that mining and farming combined(D) of its combination mining and farming15. The wallflower --- because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.(A) so called is(B) so is called(C) is so called(D) called is so16 The tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays a vital role in chewing,swallowed, and speaking.17. Instead of being housed in one central bank in Washington, D.C, the Federal Reserve system isdivision into twelve districts.18. Philodendrons of various kinds are cultivated for their beautifully foliage.19. Kiwi birds mainly eat insects, worms, and snails and to search for their food by probing the groundwith their long bills.20. William Penn founded the city of Philadelphia in 1682, and he quickly grew to be the largest city incolonial America.21. Fewer people reside in Newfoundland than in other any Canadian province except Prince EdwardIsland.22. Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune, the founder of Bethune-Cookman college, served as advice to bothFranklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry Truman.23. Some plant produce irritating poisons that can affect a person even if he or she merely brushesagainst them.24. The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible the alternation of periods of light and darkness.25. Anne Elizabeth McDowell is best remembered for a weekly journal, Woman’s Advocat e, who shelaunched in January 1855.26. In every society there are norms that say individuals how they are supposed to behave.27. An erupting volcano or an earthquakes sometimes affected the featured of the surrounding regionand can even cause lakes to disappear.28. Most tree frogs change color to harmonize with its background.29. Due to the refraction of light rays, this is impossible for the naked eye to determine the exactlocation of a star close to horizon.30. Modern poets have experimented with poetic devices such alliteration and assonance.31. Birds eggs vary greatly of size, shape, and color.32. Social reformer Frederick Douglass dedicated his life to working for the abolish of slavery and thefight for civil rights.33. Mount Edith Cavell, a peak in the Canadian Rockies, is named after a famous nurses.34. Xanthines have both good and bad effect on the body, and these effects are generally determinedon the size and regularity of dosage.35. When a severe ankle injury forced herself to give up reporting in 1926, Margaret Mitchell beganwriting her novel Gone with the wind.36. One of the most difficult problems in understanding sleep is determining what the functions ofsleep is.37. The Millicent Rogers Museum houses five thousands pieces of Hispanic and American Indiajewelry, textiles, and other objects documenting the vibrancy of these cultures.38. Seven of planets rotate in the same direction as their orbital motions, while Venus and Uranusrotate in the opposite direction.39. In the United States voters election representatives to the national legislature, which consists ofthe House of Representatives and Senate.40 It is the interaction between people,rather than the events that occur in their lives that are the mainfocus of social psychology.。

泛读第三册课文翻译

泛读第三册课文翻译第一单元第一篇脐带血:未来的干细胞研究吗?明尼苏达大学的研究人员最近宣布,他们能够在很大程度上扭转中风影响在实验室老鼠发现利用干细胞培育人类脐带血中。

在实验中,进行低神经科沃特和他的同事们,移植的干细胞特性的脑细胞了,似乎刺激大鼠的大脑“负责”自己。

研究人员几乎完全愈合后48小时的大鼠动物持续大脑损伤。

通常医生需要三个小时内行动治疗中风病人人类成功。

脐带血细胞移植是一种治疗已成为一般为血液病。

现在科学家们喜欢低发现干细胞从脐带blood-once的思想只能变成血可能是能够生长成其他类型的细胞。

(见《华夏地理》杂志的特征科学的干细胞和周围的争议。

) 先进铸造脐带血,此前视为医学废料在分娩后,一个新的视角。

虽然专家们对未来感到乐观的脐带血来源为新的干细胞疗法,他们也不同意关于这可能保命的资源应该如何处理。

一个吸引人的干细胞的来源目前尚不清楚是否治疗的研究团队使用低的老鼠身上会是安全的,也在人体上的效果。

但许多人与其他危及生命安全的疾病已经痊愈收集这容易的干细胞来源。

今天医生使用脐带血细胞治疗大约70的疾病,大部分贫血或血液系统肿瘤,如白血病或淋巴瘤)。

方法将免疫diseases-like患者重症联合免疫缺陷,俗称男孩也回应了泡沫Disease-have脐带血治疗。

“[脐带血干细胞]可以用来代替失败的血细胞,\他解释Kristine Gebbie教授、护理位于纽约的哥伦比亚大学。

全球六千例治疗脐带血干细胞移植到目前为止,尽管美国食品与药品管理局仍然认为实验的程序。

为治疗,医生通常会获得脐带血的志愿捐赠从胎盘生后。

血是库存的那几个公共登记处。

如果供者的和耐心不是足够的基因相似,病人的身体会拒绝输血。

结果可能是致命的。

“一个战争继续[差、供受体细胞],而你想要捐赠(细胞)来取得胜利,”玛丽说劳克林专家脐带血移植的凯斯西储大学的教授在俄亥俄州。

但脐带血移植是更包容比其他的过程,如骨髓移植,如果供者的不是一个最好的遗传的比赛。

“永久化学物质”就藏在你的厨房里！

designed proteins.D. He is positive about the market of designed proteins in the future.参考答案1. B。

解析：观点态度题。

材料第一段提到“人工智能设计的蛋白质会被用作生物武器吗？为了消除这种可能性及可能给政府监管带来的负担，研究人员发起了一项倡议，呼吁安全、合乎道德地使用这种蛋白质”，由此可知，科学家们担心人工智能设计的蛋白质会被不合理使用。

B选项“担忧的”与材料内容相符，故选B。

2. B。

解析：推理判断题。

材料第一段的最后一句提到“研究人员发起了一项倡议，呼吁安全、合乎道德地使用这种蛋白质”，第五段的第一句提到“Baker 和其他几十位来自其他国家的科学家推出的这项倡议呼吁生物设计界自我监管”，由此可知，科学家们签署这项倡议是为了确保这种由人工智能设计的蛋白质得到合理使用。

B选项“确保人工智能设计的蛋白质得到合理使用”与材料相符，故选B。

3. D。

解析：词义猜测题。

材料第五段的第一句中提到“包括定期审查人工智能工具的能力和监测研究实践”，因此画线词“police”的意思应与“审查”和“监测”相近。

D选项“这个行业由一个监管机构来监管”与材料内容相符，故选D。

4. C。

解析：推理判断题。

材料第四段的第一句提到“包括Baker和他的同事在内的研究人员几十年来一直在尝试设计和制造新的蛋白质”，第五段的最后一句提到“Baker希望看到他的领域建立一个专家委员会，在软件广泛使用之前对其进行审查”，由此推测Baker一直致力于这项技术的研究，C选项“他一直致力于设计蛋白质的研究”与材料内容相符，故选C。

Linda Birnbaum used to have a set of nonstick pans. Not anymore. She got rid of them.Why? Because Birnbaum—former director of the U.S. government’s National Institute of Environmental Health Science—became increasingly uncomfortable with an essential fact about that oh-so-easy-to-clean cookware: It’s very often made with PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl(多氟烷基) substances, used to treat an array of products to make them resistant to heat, oil, stains, grease and water.That’s pretty useful. But PFAS also belong to the set of human-made compounds known as “forever chemicals” that can linger endlessly in the environment and human body, sometimes with toxic(有毒的) effects. They can be found everywhere—on the receipts from your drugstore, on your stain-resistant couch, in firefighting foams, in the water supply and, yes, in your kitchen.That’s why Birnbaum’s pans went out the door.“This huge class of chemicals is everywhere, in everything and in all of us,” she says. “I don’t use them anymore because I don’t want to be exposed to this stuff.”PFAS and another forever chemical, BPA, have increasingly been the focus of concern among researchers and consumers in recent years. What are they? What are the effects?PFAS are a “huge family of chemicals,” says Tasha Stoiber, senior scientist for the Environmental Working Group. How huge? Nobody seems to know—estimates range as high as 15,000 different compounds or more. Each contains a fluorine-carbon bond “that gives them unique properties of being stain-resistant, grease-resistant, water-resistant,” Stoiber says.Officially, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says the human health effects of PFAS exposure“永久化学物质”就藏在你的厨房里！●琼海市嘉积中学　麦千叶71艺术史中潜藏的关于女性脱发的解读●琼海市嘉积中学　麦千叶At least 40 percent of women experience hair loss or alopecia over their lifetime. This could be alopecia areata (patchy hair loss), traction alopecia (strained hair loss) or another form.The different ways that women’s hair loss has been depicted across art history demonstrates the many different ways it has been interpreted over the years. In 16th and 17th century Britain, for example, women’sare “uncertain” and require more research. But the agency also acknowledges that existing animal studies indicate the chemicals “may affect reproduction, thyroid(甲状腺) function, the immune system and injure the liver.”（材料来自Science网站，有删改）1. Why does the article start with Birnbaum’s story?A. To strike a chord with readers.B. To lead to the topic of the article.C. To warn readers of nonstick pans.D. To help her gain sympathy of readers.2. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?A. Where PFAS hide.B. How PFAS affect people.C. Why PFAS function well.D. What benefits PFAS bring to us.3. The benefits of using nonstick pans with PFAS should exclude _______.A. no worry about water penetrationB. anti-high temperature protectionC. strong resistence to oil stainsD. the potential of health damage4. According to the text, it has been proved that ________.A. human health effects of PFAS exposure are certainB. people in the future will quit the use of nonstick pansC. the potential benefits of nonstick pans far exceed their dangersD. uses of non-stick pans with PFAS run the risk ofpoisoning参考答案1. B。

十万个为什么瓶中美食的读后感

十万个为什么瓶中美食的读后感英文版After reading "A Hundred Thousand Whys: The Delicacies in the Bottle," I was left with a sense of wonder and amazement. The book takes readers on a journey through the fascinating world of molecular gastronomy, where food is transformed into art through scientific techniques and creativity.The author, a renowned chef and food scientist, delves deep into the science behind the creation of these unique dishes, explaining the chemical reactions and processes that take place to achieve such incredible results. From edible bubbles to deconstructed desserts, each dish is a work of art that challenges traditional notions of food and cooking.What I found most intriguing about the book was the author's passion for pushing boundaries and experimenting with new flavors and textures. The recipes included in the book are not only innovative but also accessible, inspiring readers to try their hand at molecular gastronomy in their own kitchens.Overall, "A Hundred Thousand Whys: The Delicacies in the Bottle" is a thought-provoking and inspiring read that will leave you with a newfound appreciation for the art and science of food. It is a must-read for anyone interested in exploring the boundaries of culinary creativity.中文版阅读完《十万个为什么：瓶中美食》，我被留下了惊叹和惊叹之感。

选择性必修第一册 Unit 5 Revealing nature

Ⅰ.阅读单词——会意1．disgrace n．丢脸，耻辱2．beak n．鸟嘴，喙3．giant tortoise巨型陆龟4．comb-like adj.梳状的5．spine n．(动植物的)刺，刺毛6．myth n．(古代的)神话7．pesticide n．杀虫剂，农药8．chilli n．辣椒9．cybercrime n．网络犯罪10．centimetre n．厘米Ⅱ.重点单词——记形1．seed n．种子，籽2．sample n．样本3．ancestor n．(动物的)原种，祖先4．generate v．产生，创造5．characteristic n．特征，特性6．decline v．减少7．blame v．责怪，指责；把……归咎于8．goat n．山羊9．primitive adj.原始的，低等的10．worldwide ad v.遍及全世界11．giant adj.巨大的，特大的12．legend n．传说，传奇(故事) 13．root n．根14．link v．把……联系起来；连接Ⅲ.拓展单词——悉变1．distant adj.遥远的；冷淡的→distance n．距离→distantly ad v.疏远地2．geologist n．地质学家→geology n．地质学3．evolve v．进化→evolution n．进化(论)4．suspect v．猜想，怀疑，觉得→suspicious adj.怀疑的；可疑的5．detect v．发现，察觉(尤指不易觉察到的事物)→detection n．发现→detective n．侦探1．have ...at heart 把……放在心上；热心于做某事2．keep ...on track使……做法对路3．count on信赖；依靠；指望4．indispensable /ˌI nd I'spensəbl/adj.不可缺少的；必需的5．betray /b I'tre I/v t.背叛；出卖；流露6．stick up to支持；捍卫7．take a hit承受打击；遭到破坏；受到严重影响8．nurture /'nɜːtʃə(r)/v t.培育；养育9．undertaking /ˌʌndə'te I k Iŋ/n．任务；事业10．dwell /dwel/v i.居住；栖身dwell on老是想着或唠叨某事(尤指令人不愉快之事)Ⅳ.背核心短语1．answer the call响应号召2．be a disgrace是耻辱，是丢脸的事3．be native to源于……的，原产于……4．first choice 首选5．of all time 有史以来6．in question 正被讨论的，谈论中的7．be crowded with 挤满，充满8．come to exist 开始存在9．adapt to适应10．a variety of 各种各样的11．in the end最后，终于12．be home to...是……的家园13．carry out执行14．tiny amounts of 微量的15．drive...away赶跑；驱车离开16．in some ways在某些方面Ⅴ.悟经典句式1．And that was the answer to how new species of plants and animals came to exist：they evolved from earlier ancestors.(how引导的宾语从句)于是，关于动植物的新种类是如何产生的这个问题就有了答案：它们是从早期的祖先进化而来的。

十万个为什么之英国最早的叉子读后感

十万个为什么之英国最早的叉子读后感英文版The earliest known forks in England date back to the 11th century, when they were introduced by the Normans. These early forks were two-pronged and were primarily used for serving food, rather than eating with. It wasn't until the 17th century that forks with multiple tines were commonly used for eating.The introduction of forks in England was met with resistance and skepticism. Many people believed that using a fork was an unnecessary and pretentious practice. Some even saw it as a sign of weakness, as it was thought to prevent people from properly tasting and enjoying their food.Despite the initial resistance, forks eventually became an accepted part of dining etiquette in England. They were seen as a symbol of refinement and sophistication, and were used by the upper classes to distinguish themselves from the lower classes.Today, forks are a common utensil in households around the world. They are used for a variety of purposes, from eating to cooking to serving food. The evolution of the fork in England is a testament to how cultural practices can change and evolve over time.十万个为什么之英国最早的叉子读后感十一世纪，最早出现在英国的叉子由诺曼人引入。

物以稀为贵英语作文

物以稀为贵英语作文Rare things are always considered valuable. In a world where everything seems to be easily accessible, rarity adds a sense of exclusivity and prestige. People are naturally drawn to things that are hard to come by, whether it's a limited edition item or a unique experience.The concept of rarity extends beyond material possessions. Rare talents, skills, and qualities in individuals are highly sought after in the job market. Employers value employees who possess rare abilities that set them apart from the rest. These individuals are often seen as indispensable assets to the company.In nature, rare species are often the focus of conservation efforts. Endangered animals and plants are protected and preserved to prevent them from becoming extinct. The rarity of these species adds to their appeal and importance in the ecosystem.In the world of art and collectibles, rare pieces command high prices at auctions. Paintings by famous artists or vintage items that are no longer in production are highly coveted by collectors. The scarcity of these items makes them more valuable and desirable to those who appreciate their rarity.Even in relationships, rare qualities in a partner can make them stand out from the crowd. Kindness, loyalty, and honesty are rare traits that are highly valued in a romantic partner. People are drawn to those who possess these qualities because they are seen as genuine and trustworthy.In conclusion, rarity adds a sense of value and significance to things in various aspects of life. Whether it's a rare item, talent, species, or quality in an individual, the scarcity of these things makes them more desirable and precious. So, next time you come across something rare, appreciate its uniqueness and cherish it for its exceptional qualities.。

西方食物英语作文

Western cuisine is a diverse array of food traditions from various regions across Europe and the Americas.Heres an essay that explores some of the key aspects of Western food,its history,and its influence on global gastronomy.The Rich Tapestry of Western CuisineWestern cuisine,with its rich and varied flavors,has long been a staple in many households around the world.Originating from Europe and the Americas,it has evolved over centuries,influenced by the cultural exchanges and trade routes that have shaped the worlds history.Historical RootsThe roots of Western cuisine can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as the Greeks and Romans,who laid the groundwork for many of the cooking techniques and ingredients still used today.The Middle Ages saw the introduction of new flavors from the East,brought back by traders and explorers,while the Renaissance period was marked by an explosion of culinary creativity.Key IngredientsA hallmark of Western food is its reliance on a wide range of ingredients.From the hearty grains and dairy products of Northern Europe to the olive oil,wine,and fresh produce of the Mediterranean,each region has its own unique set of staples.The Americas have contributed corn,potatoes,tomatoes,and peppers,which have become integral to many Western dishes.Culinary TechniquesWestern cooking techniques are as diverse as its ingredients.Roasting,baking,grilling, and frying are common methods,with an emphasis on achieving a balance between flavor and texture.The use of herbs and spices is also prevalent,with each region having its own signature blend.Popular DishesSome of the most iconic dishes in Western cuisine include Italian pasta,French baguettes with cheese,American hamburgers,and British fish and chips.Each dish represents notonly the culinary traditions of its country of origin but also the broader cultural influences that have shaped Western food.Influence on Global CuisineThe influence of Western cuisine extends far beyond its borders.With the spread of globalization,dishes like pizza,tacos,and sushi have been adapted and integrated into Western culinary traditions.This fusion of flavors has led to the creation of new dishes that are a testament to the adaptability and creativity of Western chefs.Health ConsiderationsWhile Western cuisine is known for its rich and indulgent dishes,there is a growing awareness of the importance of a balanced diet.Many Western countries are now embracing healthier options,with a focus on whole grains,lean proteins,and plenty of fruits and vegetables.ConclusionWestern cuisine is a testament to the diversity and adaptability of human culture.From its historical roots to its modernday manifestations,it continues to evolve,reflecting the everchanging tastes and preferences of people around the world.As we continue to explore and appreciate the flavors of the West,we also gain a deeper understanding of the rich tapestry of human culinary history.。

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