2017年对外经济贸易大学商务英语专业考研词汇复习笔记4—新祥旭考研辅导
2016-2017年对外经济贸易大学831会计学综合《资产质量分析》讲义—新祥旭考研辅导
第二章资产质量分析（重点）第1节资产负债表的作用1.会计计量属性1）历史成本01、03、07、08年名词解释问答题中均考察过。
采用历史成本原则计价的优越性在于：第一，由于交易的价格是由企业与企业外部共同确定的，因而具有一定的客观性；第二，历史成本的确定通常有一定的会计凭证作依据，具有可验证性；第三，历史成本原则还可以抑制因主观判断而产生的可能蓄意歪曲企业财务状况的事件发生。
2）重置成本在重置成本计量下，资产按照当前市场条件，重新取得同样一项资产所需支付的现金或者现金等价物金额计量。
负债按照现在偿还该项债务所需支付的现金护着现金等价物的金额计量。
3）可变现净值在可变现净值剂量下，资产按照其正常对外销售所能收到的现金或者现金等价物的金额扣减该资产至完工时估计将要发生的成本、估计的销售费用以及相关税费后的金额计量。
4）现值在现值计量下，资产按照预计从其持续使用和最终处置中所产生的未来净现金流入量的折现金额计量。
负债按照预计期限内需要偿还的未来净现金流出量的折现金额计量。
5）公允价值08年问答题在公允价值计量下，资产和负债按照在公平交易中，熟悉情况的交易双方自愿进行资产交换或者债务清偿的金额计量。
在实务中，一般应当采用历史成本。
采用重置成本、可变现净值、现值、公允价值计量的，应当保证所确定的资产金额能够取得并可靠计量。
考虑到中国市场发展的现状，新准则体系中主要在金融工具、投资性房地产、非共同控制下的企业合并、债务重复、非货币性交易等方面采用了公允价值。
总体上，新会计准则体系对公允价值的运用还是比较谨慎的，但无论如何，历史成本已不再作为一项会计核算的基本原则。
2.企业资产负债表的作用如何？1）资产负债表揭示了企业拥有或控制的能用货币表现的经济资源即资产的总规模及具体的分布形态。
2）把流动资产、速动资产与流动负债联系起来分析，可以评价企业的短期偿债能力。
3）通过对企业债务规模、债务结构与所有者权益的对比，可以对企业的长期偿债能力及举债能力（潜力）做出评价。
2016-2017年对外经济贸易大学831会计学综合《资本结构质量分析》讲义—新祥旭考研辅导
第三章资本结构质量分析（重点）1．负债：是指企业在某一特定日期承担的，过去的交易或事项形成的预期导致经济利益流出企业的现时义务。
2．流动负债质量分析：流动资产是一年以内可变现的资产项目，流动负债为一年内应清偿的债务责任。
任一时点，两者的数量对比对企业的短期经营活动均产生十分重要的影响：1）流动负债周转分析。
流动性差的短期负债会在无形中降低企业的流动风险，如果不对流动负债各部分按流动性进行区分与分析，往往会高估企业的流动性风险。
2）非强制性流动负债分析。
对于企业短期偿债能力来说，能够真正影响企业显示偿债能力的是那些强制性债务。
对于预收款项，部分应付张狂，其他应付款鞥，由于某些因素的影响，不必当期偿付，实际上并不构成对企业短期付款的压力，属于非强制性债务。
3）企业短期贷款规模可能包含的融资质量信息4）企业应付票据与应付账款的数量变化包含的经营质量信息。
5）企业税金缴纳情况与税务环境。
如果企业的应交所得税递延所得税负债表现为增加的态势，表明在纳税方面有可以允许企业推迟缴纳税款的相对有利的税务环境。
3．预计负债：反映企业确认的对外提供担保、未决诉讼、产品质量保证、亏损性合同、重组义务等很可能产生的负债，如果与或有事项有关的义务同时符合以下条件，企业应将其确认为负债，并在资产负债表上以预计负债单独反映：第一，该义务是企业承担的现时义务；第二，该义务的履行很可能导致经济利益流出企业；第三，该义务的金额能可靠地计量。
其中“很可能”指发生的可能性为“>50%<=95%”4．非流动负债质量分析1）企业非流动负债所形成的固定资产、无形资产的利用状况与增量效益。
企业非流动负债形成的固定资产无形资产必须得到充分利用；企业非流动负债形成的固定资产无形资产必须产生增量效益。
2）企业非流动负债所形成的长期股权投资的效益及其质量。
长期股权投资必须产生投资收益，且投资收益对应相当规模的货币回收。
3）企业非流动负债所对应的流动资产与质量。
2017年对外经济贸易大学金融硕士考研重要考点词汇汇总1—新祥旭考研辅导
商业银行发展历史商业银行是一个古老的行业。
它起源于古代的银钱业和货币兑换业。
1、主要业务形式：1)货币的兑换业务2)货币保管业务3)异地支付业务(汇兑业务)后来银钱业主发现，通过从事上述业务，他们手中总有大量的货币闲置，所以他们将这些货币贷给需要用钱的人并收取利息。
而且发现这项业务的收入比前三项的收入都要高，因此银钱业主便开始积极从事这项业务，这样就需要大量的资金，为了聚集大量的资金银钱业主们开始不再向存钱户收取利息，反而向他们支付利息，这就是现代意义上的银行。
现代意义上的银行起源于文艺复兴时期的意大利。
1397年世界上第一家银行——梅迪西银行成立，并且此后的一个多世纪里控制了整个意大利的银行业。
英国的银行则起源于为顾客保管金银的金匠。
由于金匠为顾客开出的收据可以流通，所以它就是我们今天银行券的前身。
因此1694年，在政府的支持下，英国出现了第一家股份制商业银行——英格兰银行。
中国的银行业是从明清时代开始的。
北方是山西的“票号”;南方是浙江、绍兴、湛江等地的“钱庄”。
由于规模小、风险大、经营成本比较高，所以贷款的利息比较高，这样就不能满足工商企业的发展需要。
商业银行发展前景1、集中化二战后，银行业发展的重要趋势就是集中化，许多国家的银行业主要为少数几家大银行所控制。
进入90年代后，银行业集中化的进程更是加速发展，银行合并的浪潮风起云涌，首先在日本出现了比较有影响的银行合并。
美国银行在90年代同样也掀起了一波接一波的银行合并浪潮。
花旗公司和旅行者集团的合并标志着商业银行、投资银行、保险业开始合并，在一定程度上推动了美国银行业全能化的进程。
欧洲同样也有大规模的银行合并。
例如、香港汇丰银行收购了米兰银行。
总而言之，银行合并的浪潮还会继续下去，因为，随着竞争的日益激烈，单家银行无法与其它的大银行相抗衡，此外，由于信息技术的发展使得银行内部的成本变得低廉所以银行规模开始扩大。
2、全能化商业银行有全能型和职能分工型两种模式，80年代以后，职能分工型开始逐渐向全能型银行转化。
商务英语复习笔记.docx
商务英语复习笔记Matthew Effect:马太效应[From Bible]一The Matthew Effect is the phenomenon that "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer" Matthew effect (sociology), for fame, status, or economic capital Matthew effect (education), for how new readers acquire the skills to readInternational Trade: (Definition)• It is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another. • Trade for money • Trade for goods - barterDomestic Trade vs. International Trade • Country / Law/ Money/ Language/ Culture/ Negotiation/ Cost/ Transportation Types of International trade:• Free Trade: . Bilateral Trade:• Transit Trade: • Barter Trade: • Visible trade: . General trade: • Invisible trade: 看不见的 • Trade surplus: • Trade deficit: • Foreign Trade:• Merchandise 商品 货物 买卖 销售 • Trade surplus 顺差 -deficit 逆差(亏损) •Compensation Trade:Explanation:•A: European countries that want to sell equipment.Government imposes no or little tax on import goods. Trade between two countries.Trade among three countries. [Mainland —Hongkong —U.S.] Trade in totalTrade without using currency.看得见的 GoodsTransport, services, insurance, technology, patent, copyright, tourism.Export > Import Export v ImportTrade with other countries•B: Chinese companies that don't have enough U.S dollars and technique.•C: Bank•B—A: Money can be paid back in 4-5 years and effect payment every 6 months.•C—A: If B fails to pay for the equipment, Bank will pay for B.•B—A: Buyback when B can't sell well in the International Market. Practice：1.Chinese Co. trades with Japanese Co. foreign trade2.Both tourism & insurance are forms of _ invisible trade.3.People trade goods or services without the exchange of money. Barter trade4.Foreign Co. provides China Co. with equipment & technology, payment of which is made withthe goods manufactured with the Equipment & technology, compensation trade5.Countries do not impose customs duties or other taxes on the imports of goods from abroad,free trade6.Is CNY/RMB a freely convertible currency? NO7.Explain foreign trade and int'l trade.一Foreign Trade: Trade between China and other countries.一International Trade: Trade between two countries.Explain a win-win result,: Profitable for all the parties involved.Reasons for International Trade1.Resource Reasons (Uneven distribution)•Favorable climatic conditions•Natural resources•Skilled workers•Capital resources•Favorable geographic location & transport cost•Insufficient production2. Economic Reasons•Production cost•Absolute advantageScotland has absolute advantage in making cloth.• Comparative-cost ExampleA 2 4 1R:2CB 1 1 1R:1CB either produces R or C, their profit is the same.3.Political Reasons•To support the government•Economic sanctionInfl Trade, why? — Vocabulary1.Foreign Exchange 夕卜汇2.Surplus raw materials 多余的原材料3.Profitable for both sides 对双方都有利4.Have any effects on 对。
2017年对外经贸大学商务英语专业MA考研综合英语复习要点6—新祥旭考研辅导
常见错误提醒一．格式错误1.题目格式大小写规范：除了冠词，连词（如and，or，but等），介词和不定式to之外，单词首字母都要大写。
如以上单词处于题目的开头或结尾，也要大写。
如：The Visit to BeijingWhom to Live With段落格式段落开头应缩进4个字母的空格距离。
2词的拆写。
原则：按音节拆分规律：单音节词不可拆：car，good专有名词不可拆：Japan一页的最后一个单词不可拆，只能将整个单词放在第二页。
单词有连字符，则只能从连字符处拆分，如would-be-husband3.标点符号：书名号如段落中引用了书目，应该在书目下划线。
However后面有‘，’；如果是‘however’，则前面和后面都有‘，’。
二、语法错误1.人称指代·She told my sister she was guilty.·An important thing for the student to remember is that when attending lecture,you should not let your attention diffuse.2.平行结构使用平行结构的基本要求是并列成分性质相同。
·She reviewed the lecture given last semester,and all the exercises assigned by the professor were done.更正：…and did all the exercises assigned by the professor.3.重复累赘the final conclusion—conclusionmutual cooperation—cooperation4.定语从句All who live must die.All that live must die.(先行词是all，anything，something或nothing，关系代词用that）5.介词用法6.时态一致，语态7．词性错误和形近词错误Effect/affect natural source/natural resources三，思维差异1.否定转移I think that new boss isn’t a gentleman.2.时间的持续Mike has left half an hour.3.主语My English has made great progress thissemester.4.词汇The price of land is so expensive that…。
2017年对外经济贸易大学商务英语专业考研综合英语复习要点4—新祥旭考研辅导
●图表作文的类型Table细目表Pie Charts圆形图Line Charts线性图Bar Charts条形图●格式使用书面语1.n’t——not2.‘ll’——‘will’3.Numbers except in dates are usually written asword s.4.‘etc’&’‘e.g.’●重要的表达方式（a）The trade deficit in the first half of2003was $3.5billion,8%higher than in the same period last year.Exports to other Asian countries fell by9%in value(and by nearly30%in volume)in the first half of this year, putting in doubt the government’s plan to reduce last year’s$2.3billion current account deficit to$1.8billion.(b)The carmakers’sales slumped from$8.4billion in2002 to$6.3billion last year.(c)More than100,000steelworkers in European countries lost their jobs,about6%of the total and about half the number of job-losses in the whole of the previous five years.In America,employment in steel fell by56,000, In Britain by28,000.(d)OPEC’s total capacity is close to34m b/d—10m b/d more than it is now producing in the heady days of the 1960s and early1970s,when oil consumption grew by 6%~7%a year,OPEC produced30m~31m b/d.(e)Passenger traffic has plummeted in the United States, 10%down in the first three months of this year against the same period in1980.比较comparison1.大小多少bigger than…the same as…/as big as2.程度much bigger than…marginally,fractionally<slightly,a little,abit<rather,somewhat<considerably,substantially<a great deal,far,much…大约、接近approximation常用来比较数据。
2017年对外经济贸易大学英语翻译硕士考研翻译基础经济学名词笔记1—新祥旭考研辅导
1国民生产总值和国内生产总值国民生产总值（简称GNP）是指一个国家（地区）所有常住机构单位在一定时期内（年或季）收入初次分配的最终成果。
一个国家常住机构单位从事生产活动所创造的增加值（国内生产总值）在初次分配过程中主要分配给这个国家的常住机构单位，但也有一部分以劳动者报酬和财产收入等形式分配给该国的非常住机构单位。
同时，国外生产单位所创造的增加值也有一部分以劳动者报酬和财产收入等形式分配给该国的常住机构单位。
从而产生了国民生产总值概念，它等于国内生产总值加上来自国外的劳动报酬和财产收入减去支付给国外的劳动者报酬和财产收入。
GNP是与所谓的国民原则联系在起的。
国内生产总值，简称GDP)是指在一定时期内（一个季度或一年），一个国家或地区的经济中所生产出的全部最终产品和劳务的价值，常被公认为衡量国家经济状况的最佳指标。
它不但可反映一个国家的经济表现，更可以反映一国的国力与财富。
一般来说，国内生产总值共有四个不同的组成部分，其中包括消费、私人投资、政府支出和净出口额。
用公式表示为：GDP=CA+I+CB+X式中：CA为消费、I为私人投资、CB为政府支出、X 为净出口额。
国内生产总值GDP是核算体系中一个重要的综合性统计指标，也是我国新国民经济核算体系中的核心指标。
它反映一国（或地区）的经济实力和市场规模。
国内生产总值是反映常住单位生产活动成果的指标。
2生产法、收入法和支出法生产法是从生产过程中创造的货物和服务价值入手，剔除生产过程中投入的中间货物和服务价值，得到增加价值的一种方法。
国民经济各产业部门生产法增加值计算公式如下：增加值=总产出一中间投入。
将国民经济各产业部门生产法增加值相加，得到生产法国内生产总值。
收入法也称分配法，从生产过程形成收入的角度，对常住单位的生产活动成果进行核算。
国民经济各产业部门收入法增加值由劳动者报酬、生产税净额、固定资产折旧和营业盈余四个部分组成。
计算公式为：增加值＝劳动者报酬＋生产税净额＋固定资产折旧＋营业盈余。
贸大翻硕-对外经济贸易大学MTI翻译硕士考研笔记
贸大翻硕-对外经济贸易大学MTI翻译硕士考研笔记各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上对外经济贸易大学，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的笔记，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。
advance his or her promotion提前晋升adverse factors不利因素4adverse selection逆向选择advisory capacity咨询能力Advisory committees咨询委员会advisory panels咨询小组advisory services咨询服务advocacy powers and capacities主张权力和能力affordability 负担能力★after-sales support售后支持★★after-tax profits税后利润After-tax return税后收入★age cohort年龄层age group年龄组ageing population人口老龄化agglomeration economy集聚经济★★★★贸大翻硕-对外经济贸易大学MTI翻译硕士考研笔记2014年考研专业课复习安排及方法问题一：专业课复习的复习进度及内容安排回答一：专业课的复习通常在9月或者更早就要开始了，集中复习一般放在11月－12月左右。
在复习的初期主要是对课程的大致内容进行了解，大概要拿出一个月的时间对所有的内容进行一下梳理，最好所有的章节的大概内容都在脑中留有印象，然后再结合历年试题，掌握命题的重点，把考过的知识点以及考过几遍都在书上做出标记，把这些作为复习的重点。
接下来的就是熟记阶段，这个阶段大概要持续两个月的时间。
在这段日子里要通过反复的背记来熟练掌握专业课的知识，理清知识脉络。
专业课的辅导班也通常会设在10月初或者11月，如果报了补习班，可以趁这个机会检验一下自己的复习结果，并且进一步加强对知识点的印象。
在面对繁多的复习内容的时候，运用行之有效的复习方法是非常重要的。
2017年对外经济贸易大学831会计学综合考研专业英语讲义13—新祥旭考研辅导
Chapter10LiabilitiesCollateral:assets that have been pledged to secure specific liabilities.Creditors with secured claims can foreclose on these assets if the borrower defaultsEstimated liabilities:liabilities known to exist,but that must be recorded in the accounting records at estimated dollar amounts.Current liabilitiesAccrued liabilities arise from the recognition of expense for which payment will be made in a future period.Thus accrued liabilities also are called accrued expenses.Examples of accrued liabilities include interest payable,income payable,income taxes payable,and a number of liabilities relating to payrolls.Long-term liabilitiesMaturing obligations intended to be refinancedIf management has both the intent and the ability to refinance soon-to-mature obligations on a long-term basis,these obligations are classified as long-term liabilities.In this situation,the accountant looks more to the economic substance of the situation rather than to its legal form. When the economic substance of a transaction differs from its legal form or its outward appearance,financial statements should reflect the economic substance.Accountants summarize this concept with the phrase“substance takes precedence over form”Amortization table:a schedule that indicates how installment payments are allocated between interest expense and repayment of principal.Bonds payable(非常重要的内容)Bonds payable:long-term debt securities that subdivide a very large and long-term corporate debt into transferable increments of$1000or multiples thereof.The principal advantage of issuing bonds instead of capital stock is that interest payments to bondholders are deductible in determining taxable income,whereas dividends payments to stockholders are not.Sinking fund:cash set aside by a corporation at regular intervals(usually with a trustee)for the purpose of repaying a bond issue at its maturity date.Convertible bond(10年名詞):a bond that may be exchanged(at the bondholder’s option)for a specified number of shares of the company’s capital stock.Junk bond:bonds payable that involve a greater than normal risk of default and,therefore,must pay higher than normal rates of interest in order to be attractive to investors.Changes in the current level of interest are not the only factors that influencing the market prices of bonds.The length of time remaining until the bonds mature is another major force.As a bond nears its maturity date,its market price normally moves closer and closer to the maturity value.This trend is dependable because the bonds are redeemed at face value on the maturity date.(05年汉译英)Remember that,after bonds have been issued,they belong to the bondholder,not to the issuing corporation.Therefore,changes in the market price of bonds subsequent to their issuance do not affect the amounts shown in the financial statements of the issuing corporation,and these changes are not recorded in the company’s accounting records.Estimated liabilities,loss contingencies,and commitmentsEstimated liabilities（2011年名词解释）The term estimated liabilities refers to liabilities that appear in financial statements at estimated dollar amounts.Estimated liabilities involve some degree of uncertainty.However,(1)the liabilities are known to exist,and(2)the uncertainty as to dollar amount is not so great as to prevent the company from making a reasonable estimate and recording the liability.Loss contingenciesSituations involving uncertainty as to whether a loss has occurred.The uncertainty will be resolved by a future event.An example of a loss contingency is the possible loss relating to a lawsuit pending against a company.Although loss contingencies are sometimes recorded in the accounts,they are more frequently disclosed only in notes to the financial statements.Loss contingencies are recorded in the accounting records only when both of the following criteria are met(1)it is probable that a loss has been incurred,and(2)the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.When these criteria are not met,loss contingencies are disclosed in notes to the financial statements if there is a reasonable possibility that a material loss has been incurred Loss contingencies differ from estimated liabilities in two ways.First,a loss contingency may involve a greater degree of uncertainty.Often the uncertainty extends to whether any loss or expense actually has been incurred.In contrast,the loss or expense relating to an estimate liability is known to exist.Second,the concept of a loss contingency extends not only to possible liabilities,but also to possible impairments of assets.Commitments:agreements to carry out future transactions.although they are not a liability(because the transaction has not yet been performed),they may be disclosed in notes to the financial statements.Evaluating the Safety of Creditors’ClaimsDebt ratio负债比率=Total Liabilities/total assetsInterest coverage ratio利息保障比率or Times interest earned利息保障倍数=operating income/annual interest expense.Indicating the number of times that the company was able to earn the amount of its interest charges.Leverage:using borrowing money to finance business operations is called applying~The effect of leverage may be summarized as follows:ROA>interest rates being paid net income/ROE increaseROA<nterest rates being paid net income/ROE decreaseFinancial analysis and decision makingShort-term:Quick ratio.Current ratio Working capital Turnover rates Operating cycle Net cash flows from operating activities Lines of credit.Long-term:Debt ratio interest coverage ratio Trend in net cash flows from operating activities. Trend in net incomeDeferred income taxes:A liability account to pay income taxes that have been postponed to a future year’s income tax return.In some cases,this account can also be an asset account representing income taxes to be saved in a future year’s income tax return.Present value:(of a future amount):the amount of money that an informed investor would pay today for the right to receive the future amount,based on a specific rate of return required by the investor.Summary of learning objectivesLog6.Account for bonds issued at a discount or premium:Log8.Explain how estimated liabilities,loss contingencies,and commitments are disclosed in financial statements.。
商务英语笔记4
一、翻译下列句子，注意采用转译、反译、减译。
增词和词序调整等方法翻译画线词语:1. We should be grateful if you would give us further details of American computers at the earliest time.如能尽快惠告美国电脑的详细情况，不胜感激。
析：句中的we, you和us减译。
2. We very much regret that the current general slackness of the market hasprevented us from placing new orders with you.市场的不景气使我方无法再向贵方订货，对此我方深感遗憾。
析：句中的prevent原意是“阻止”，但直译无法确切表达句意，反译为“无法”，就能恰当表达句意。
3. In going-rate pricing, the company bases its prices largely on competitors' prices, with lessattention paid to cost or demand considerations.从随行就市价来看，公司在很大程度上以竞争对手的价格为基础定价，而不大注意成本和需求。
析：less attention意为“较少注意”，正面翻译，句意不通，而反译为“不大注意”符合汉语的表达习惯。
4. We regret to inform you that the result of examination was theemergence of disagreement between the shipment and the bill of lading.很遗憾地通知贵方，检查的结果是出现了装运的货物与提单不一致的情况。
析：句中的emergence来自动词emerge，具有动词意义，转译成动词更符合汉语的表达习惯，we在句中减译，翻译disagreements则需要加上范畴词“情况”。
商务英语复习重点
商务英语复习重点第一章单词：business 商业entrepreneur 企业家Material resources 物力资源human resources 人力资源Financial resources 财政资源information resources 信息资源Manufacturing business 制造业tangible goods 有形财物Service business 服务型行业middlemen 经纪人Sales revenue 销售收入expense 费用Profit 利润loss 亏损Free-market system 自由市场经济pure competition 完全竞争Supply 供给demand 需求Monopolistic competition 垄断市场oligopoly 垄断寡头Monopoly 垄断段落：①、A person who risks his or her time ,effort ,and money to start and operate a business is called an entrepreneur . To organize a business ,an entrepreneur must combine four kinds of resources :material , human ,financial ,and informational . 企业家的概念和组成②、Pure competition is the complete form of competition .Pure competition is the market situation in which there are many buyers and sellers of a product , and no single buyers or sellers is powerful enough to affect the price of that product. In pure competition ,then, sellers and buyers as well must accept the going price.完全竞争③、Monopolistic competition is a market situation in which there are many buyers along with relatively many sellers who differentiate their products form the products of competition .垄断竞争④、An oligopoly is a market situation in which there are afew sellers . 寡头垄断⑤、A monopoly is a market with only only seller.完全垄断第二章单词：sole proprietorship 独资企业unlimited liability 无限责任Partnership 合伙general partner 普通合伙人Limited partner 有限合伙人corporation 公司Stock 股份stockholder 股东Close corporation 股份不公开公司open corporation 股份公开公司Corporate charter 公司执照common stock 普通股Preferred stock 优先股board of director 董事会Corporate officers 公司官员limited liability 有限责任Merger 兼并，合并cooperative 合作社Joint venture 合资企业syndicate 财团段落：①、In today a business environment , there are three major forms of legal organization : sole proprietorship , partnership , and corporation.企业的组织形式②、A sole proprietorship is a business that owned by one person . Sloe proprietorship is the oldest and simplest form of business ownership ,and it is the easiest and start. In most instances ,the owner simply decides that he or she is in business and begins operations.独资企业③、A partnership is an association of two or more persons to act as co-owners of a business for profit. 合伙企业④、A corporation is an artificial person created by law ,with most of legal rights of a real person .股份公司句子翻译：1、I think we should start /make a start/get started.我想我们应该开始/着手开始/进入正题了吧。
2017年对外经济贸易大学商务英语专业考研综合英语复习要点11—新祥旭考研辅导
Blood Mary血腥玛丽----It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I than by her nickname Blood Mary.Thatcherism撒切尔主义----The election of1979returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain.Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries,the use of monetarist policies to control inflation,the weaking of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.The Trade Union Act of1871工会法----It legalized the trade unions and give financial security.It meant that in law there was no difference between money for benefic purposes and collecting it to support strike action.Agribusiness农业产业----The new farming has been called “agribusiness”,because it is equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the processes which occur on the farm and outputs or products which leave the farm. British disease英国病----The term“British disease”is now often used to characterize Britain’s economic decline. Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制----It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious revolution of1688.According to this system,the Constitution is superior to the Monarch.In law,the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice,the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers.She reigns but does not rule.The real power lies in the Parliament,or to be exact,in the House of Commons.Privy Council枢密院----A consultative body of the British monarch.Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings.After the Glorious Revolution of1688,its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet.Today,it is still a consultation body of the British monarch,Its membership is about400,and includes al Cabinetministers,the speaker of the House of Commons,the Archbishops of Canterbury and York,and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.The National Health Service----It is a very important part of the welfare system in Britain.It is a nationwide organization based on Acts of Parliament.It provides all kinds of free or nearly free medical treatment both in hospital and outside.It is financed mainly by payments by the state out of general taxation.People are not obliged to use this service.The service is achieving its main objectives with outstanding success.Comprehensive schools----Comprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.Reuters----It was founded in1851by the German,Julius Reuter. It is now a publicly owned company,employing over11000 staff in80countries.It has more than1300staff journalists and photographers.The Crown Court----A criminal court that deals with the more serious cases and holds sessions in towns throughout England and Wales.It is presided over either by a judge from the High Court of Justice or a local full-time judge.The Great lakes----The Great Lakes are the five lakes in the northeast.They are Lake Superior which is the largest fresh water lake in the world,Lake Michigan(the only one entirely in the U.S.),Lake Huron,Lake Eire and Lake Ontario.They are all located between Canada and the United States expect Lake Michigan.The Mississippi----The Mississippi has been called“father of waters“or”old man river”.It and Its tributaries drain one of the richest farm areas in the world.It is the fourth longest river in the world and the most important river in the United States. Uncle Tom’s Cabin----It was a sentimental but powerful antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe.It converted many readers to the abolitionist cause.Gettysburg----It refer to the short speech President Lincolnmade when he dedicated the national cemetery at Gettyburg.He ended the speech with“the government of the people,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth”.The Red Scare----When the WWI was over,there existed a highly aggressive and intolerant nationalism.Between1919and 1920,the Red Scare happened.On Nov.7,1919and Jan.2,1920, the Justice Department launched two waves of mass arrests. Over4000suspected Communists and radical were arrested. The New Deal----In order to deal with the Depression,President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program.It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems.The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy. Truman Doctrine----On Mar.12,1949,President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in his speech to the joint session of Congress.The Doctrine meant to support any country which said it was fighting communism.Marshall Plan----It was announced by George Marshall on June.5,1947,and was the economic aid plan for Western Europe.It was also used to prevent the loss of Western Europe into the Soviet sphere.London smog----In195,the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog,an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog.It left4000people dead or dying.Since then most cities in Britain have introduced“clean air zones”whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.Family Doctor----In order to obtain the benefits of the NHS a person must normally be registered on the list of a general practitioner,sometimes known as a“family doctor”.The family doctor gives treatment or prescribes medicine,or,if necessary, arranges for the patient to go to hospital or to be seen at home by a specialist.Marvellous Melbourne----After the gold rush in1850s and 1860s,there was an important revolution in transport,especially with the network of tram and railway systems.This changed the pace of urban life and the appearance of the city and soonpeople were calling the city“Marvellous Melbourne”.But by the1890s outsiders were calling the city“Marvellous Melbourne”because of the bad smell of the city.Waitangi Day----In1840the first official governor,William Hobson,was sent to negotiate with Maori leaders.In1840 Hobson,representing Queen Victoria,and some Maori chiefs, signed the Treaty of Waitangi.Modern New Zealand was founded.The anniversary of the signing,February6,is celebrated as New Zealand National Day,Waitangi Day,and is a national holiday.Multiculturalism----The term multiculturalism was coined in Canada in the late1960s.It was in official use in Australia by 1973.In other words,under multiculturalism migrant groups are able to speak their own language and maintain their own customs.Multiculturalism as a policy recognizes that social cohesion is attained by tolerating differences within an agreed legal and constitutional framework.Quiet Revolution----Ever since1763,when France lost its empire in North America to England,French Canadians have struggled to preserve their language and culture.In the early 1960s French Canadians became more vocal in their protests.In particular,they complained that were kept out of jobs in government and in some large businesses because they spoke only French.They have been struggling more rights common which was called“Quiet revolution”.British Culture。
2016-2017年对外经济贸易大学国际贸易实务期末考试模拟题—新祥旭考研
一、单项选择:1、贸易术语中一般不涉及的内容是（C）。
Ａ．交货地点Ｂ．费用划分Ｃ．所有权转移Ｄ．风险转移2.凭样品买卖要求卖方交货（A）Ａ．必须符合样品Ｂ．大致符合样品Ｃ．必须符合样品，并提供对等样本Ｄ．大致符合样品，并不需提供对等样品3.专门解释CIF合同的国际贸易惯例是（A）。
A.《华沙—牛津规则》B.《美国对外贸易定义》C.《国际贸易术语解释通则》D.《国际货物销售合同公约》4、凭样品买卖要求卖方交货（A）Ａ．必须符合样品Ｂ．大致符合样品Ｃ．必须符合样品，并提供对等样本Ｄ．大致符合样品，并不需提供对等样品5、贸易术语中一般不涉及的内容是（C）。
Ａ．交货地点Ｂ．费用划分Ｃ．所有权转移Ｄ．风险转移6、保护人身安全的运输标志是（B）Ａ．运输标志Ｂ．警告性标志Ｃ．指示性标志Ｄ．集装箱标志7、船舶搁浅时，为使船舶脱险而雇用拖驳强行脱浅所支出的费用，属于（C）A．实际全损B．推定全损C．共同海损D．单独海损8、某公司对外报价为CIF价150美元，外商要求改报CIF5％，我方应报价为（）A．157．0美元B．157．4美元C．157．8美元D．157．9美元9、在进出口业务中，经过背书能够转让的单据有（B）A．铁路运单B．海运提单C．航空运单 D.邮包收据；10、以银行所负的责任为标准，如果该信用证允许第二家银行承担付款责任，则该信用证为（A）A．保兑信用证B．不保兑信用证C．可转让信用证D．可撤销信用证E．不可撤销信用证11、国际贸易中最主要的运输方式是（C）A．航空运输B．铁路运输C．海洋运输D．公路运输12、在定程租船方式下，对装卸费收取较为普遍采用的办法是（C）A．船方不负担装卸费B．船方负担装卸费。
C．船方负担装货费，而不负担卸货费D．船方只负担卸货费，而不负担装货费13、在国际买卖合同中，使用较普遍的装运期规定办法是（B）A．明确规定具体的装运时间B．规定收到信用证后若干天装运C．收到信汇、电汇或票汇后若干天装运D．笼统规定近期装运14、在海运过程中，被保险物茶叶经水浸已不能饮用，这种海上损失属于（A）A．实际全损B．推定全损C．共同海损D．单独海损＋15、在国际货物保险中，不能单独投保的险别是（C）A．平安险B．水渍险C．战争险D．一切险16、国际上应用较广泛的商品检验时间、地点的规定方法是（B）A．装船前装运港检验B．出口国装运港（地）检验，进口国目的港（地）复验C．装运港（地）检验重量，目的港（地）检验品质D．进口国目的港（地）检验17、根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的规定，接受于（C）生效。
2017年对外经济贸易大学商务英语专业考研综合英语复习要点9—新祥旭考研辅导
Norman Conquest----The Norman Conquest of1066is perhaps the best-known event in English history.William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers.He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government.So the feudal system was completely established in England.Alfred the Great----He was king of Wessex,one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms.It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time.Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime,but also a wise king at peacetime.He encouraged education and introduced a legal system.He is known as“the father of the British navy”.St.Augustine----In597,Pope Gregory I sent St.Augustine,the Prior of St.Andrew’s Monastery in Rome,to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity.That year,St.Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.Domesday Book----It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in1086.The book was in fact a property record.It was the result of a general survey of England.It recorded the extent,value,state of cultivation,and ownership of the land.It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England.Today,it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.Geoffrey Chaucer----He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century.His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims travelling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb.Because he was the first important English poet to write in English，he has been known as the “Father of English Poetry”.The Black Death----It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic（bubonic[bju'bɑnɪk] a.淋巴腺肿的）plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenthcentury particularly in1348-1349.It came without warning,and without any cue.In England,it killed almost half of the total population,causing far-reaching economic consequences.。
2017年对外经济贸易大学商务英语专业考研词汇复习笔记9—新祥旭考研辅导
Bretton Woods System布雷顿森林体系Under this post-World War II agreement,countries were allowed devaluations and revaluations of an adjustable peg exchange rate when faced with fundamental disequilibria that would otherwise require drastic domestic adjustment to keep the exchange rate fixed.Keynes was one of the architects of the Bretton Woods system.Capital Account固定资产帐户Records the values of financial assets purchased and sold abroad by private residents(not monetary authorities)of the home country.Capital Controls资本管制Government limits placed on the use of the foreign exchange market to make payments related to international financial activity as opposed to payments for goods and services.Capital Flight资金外流When investors flee a country(taking their capital with them)because of doubts about government policies.Central Bank]中央银行The official authority that controls monetary policy and also(usually) undertakes the official intervention in the foreign exchange market.CITES（onvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora）The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora,first signed in1973and now with over130member countries.Calls for strict regulation of trade in products related to species threatened with extinction.Clean Float清洁浮动，自由变动的行市制度(政府不介入而由市场的供求关系自动调节的行市制度)Exchange rates determined by a freely functioning foreign exchange market.Clearing清算ermitting payments to be made between entities who want to hold or use different munity IndifferenceCommon Market欧洲共同体An international union going beyond a customs union by also allowing for the free movement of labor and capital(factor flows)among member nations.Consumption Effect消费效应The welfare loss to consumers in the importing nation that corresponds to their being forced to cut their total consumption as a result of the tariff.Countervailing Import Duties反补贴税Retaliatory duties against a foreign government subsidizing exports into your national market.Crawling Peg小幅度调整汇率An exchange rate system in which the pegged rate is changed frequently according to a set of indicators or in response to monetary authority direction. Currency Board货币局制One system for fixing a country's exchange rate.The board stands ready to exchange domestic currency for foreign currency at a rate specified and fixed rate,and can issue new domestic currency only in exchange for foreign reserves.In essence,the domestic currency is fully backed by reserves of foreign exchange.Currency boards are popular in emerging economies.Currency Futures货币期货Contracts to buy or sell a foreign currency on a specific date in the future at a price set today.In this sense,futures are exactly like forward exchange contracts.The difference lies in their form.While forward contracts are tailored to the needs of the customer in terms of amount of funds,due date of contract,and so on,futures contracts have standardized denominations and due dates.As a consequence they can be traded in organized markets such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.Almost anyone with some up-front funds can enter into a futures contract;only very large firms get forward contracts from their banks.Currency Options外汇期权A currency options contract gives parties the right(but not the requirement)to buy/sell foreign exchange in the future at a price set today.If someone purchases a call option she buys the right to obtain the currency at the strike price at a given date in the future.A person purchasing a put option buys the right to sell the currency at the strike price.A person expecting foreign currency to become pricier in the future might buy a call option;a person expecting the currency to fall in value might buy a put option.Current Account活期存款帐户Records the values of goods and services sold and purchased abroad,plus net interest and other factor payments and net unilateral transfers and gifts.Customs Union关税联盟One in which members remove all barriers to trade among themselves and adopt a common set of external barriers,thereby eliminating the need for customs inspection at internal borders(e.g.,MERCOSUR today,and the EEC from1957-1992).Dollar Crisis美元危机Denotes the situation prevailing toward the end of the Bretton Woods era,with the excessive build up of dollar reserves in the hands of foreign central banks due to the large and persistent U.S.payments deficit.The gold backing of the dollar was questioned and ultimately the dollar allowed to float freely starting in1973.。
2016-2017年对外经济贸易大学考研常用法律专业英语术语一—新祥旭考研
常用法律英语(一)案件受理费courtacceptancefee案情重大、复杂importantandcomplicatedcase案由causeofaction包揽诉讼monopolizelawsuits被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件);theaccused(用于刑事案件)被上诉人appellee被诉人respondent;defendant本案律师councelprohacvice本地律师localcounsel毕业证diploma;graduationcertificate辩护词defense;pleadings辩护律师defenselawyer辩护要点pointofdefense辩护意见submission财产租赁propertytenancy裁定书order;ruling;determination（指终审裁定）裁决书award（用于仲裁）裁决书verdict（用于陪审团）采信的证据admittedevidence;establishedevidence草拟股权转让协议draftingagreementofassignmentofequityinterests查阅法条sourcelegalprovisions产权转让conveyancing出差goonerrand;goonabusinesstrip出国深造furtherstudyabroad出具律师意见书providinglegalopinion出示的证据exhibit出庭appearincourt传票summons;subpoena答辩状answer;reply代理词representation代理房地产买卖与转让agencyforsaleandtransferofrealestate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agencyfornotarization,trademark,patent,copyright,andregistrationofrea lestateandincorporations代理仲裁agencyforarbitration代写文书draftingoflegalinstruments待决案件pendingcase当事人陈述statementoftheparties第三人thirdparty吊销执业证revocationoflawyerlicense调查笔录investigativerecord调查取证investigationandgatheringforevidence调解mediation调解书mediation二审案件caseoftrialofsecondinstance发送电子邮件sende-mail法律顾问legalconsultants法律意见书legalopinions法律援助legalaid法律咨询legalcounseling法庭division;tribunal法学博士学位LL.D(DoctorofLaws)法学会lawsociety法学课程legalcourses法学硕士学位LL.M(MasterofLaws)法学系facultyoflaw;departmentoflaw法学学士学位LL.B(BachelorofLaws)J.D(jurisdoctor缩写，美国法学学士)法学院lawschool法院公告courtannouncement反诉状counterclaim房地产律师realestatelawyer;realpropertylawyer非合伙律师associatelawyer非诉讼业务non-litigationpractice高级合伙人seniorpartner高级律师seniorlawyer各类协议和合同agreementsandcontracts公安局PublicSecurityBureau公司上市companylisting公诉案件public-prosecutingcase公证书notarialcertificate国办律师事务所state-runlawoffice国际贸易internationaltrade国际诉讼internationallitigation国内诉讼domesticlitigation合伙律师partnerlawyer合伙制律师事务所lawofficeinpartner-ship;cooperatinglawofice 合同审查、草拟、修改contractreview,draftingandrevision会见当事人interviewaclient会见犯罪嫌疑人interviewacriminalsuspect兼职律师part-timelawyer监狱prison;jail鉴定结论expertconclusion缴纳会费membershipdues举证责任burdenofproof;onusprobandi决定书decision勘验笔录recordofrequest看守所detentionhouse抗诉书protest控告人accuser;complainant跨国诉讼transnationallitigation劳动争议labordisputes劳动争议仲裁委员会arbitrationcommitteeforlabordisputes劳改场reform-through-laborfarm;prisonfarm利害关系人interestedparty;partyininterest律管处处长directoroflawyercontroldepartment律师lawyerattorney;attorneyatlaw律师惩戒lawyerdiscipline律师法LawyerLaw律师费lawyerfee律师函lawyer’sletter律师见证lawyerattestation/authentication律师见证书lawyercertification/authentication/witness律师卷宗lawyer’sdocile;file律师刊物lawyer’sjournal律师联系电话contactphonenumberofalawyer律师事务所lawoffice;lawfirm律师收费billingbylawyer律师协会NationalBar(Lawyer)Association律师协会会员memberofLawyerAssociation律师协会秘书长secretarygeneralofBar(Lawyer)Association律师协会章程ArticlesofLawyerAssocition律师业务室lawyer’soffice律师执业证lawyerlicense律师资格考试barexam;lawyerqualificationexam律师资格证lawyerqualificationcertificate民事调解civilmediation民事诉讼civillitigation派出所localpolicestation;policesubstation判决judgement(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);sentence(用于刑事);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证circumstantialevidence企业章程articlesofassociation;articlesofincorporation;bylaw企业重组corporaterestructure起诉状information;indictment取消律师资格disbar全国律师代表大会NationalLawyerCongress缺席宣判pronouncejudgementordeterminationbydefault人民法院People’sCourt人民检察院People’sProcuratorate认定事实determinefacts上诉案件caseoftrialofsecondinstance;appellatecase上诉人appellant上诉状petitionforappeal涉外律师lawyersspeciallyhandlingforeign-relatedmatters 申请复议administrativereconsiderationpetition申请加入律师协会applicationforadmissiontoLawAssociation 申请人petitioner;claimant申诉案件appealcase申诉人（仲裁）claimant;plaintiff申诉书appealforrevision,petitionforrevision实习律师apprenticelawyer;lawyerinprobationperiod实习律师证certificateofapprenticelawyer视听证据audio-visualreferencematerial适用法律applylawtofacts受害人victim书证documentaryevidence司法部MinistryofJustice司法建议书judicialadvise司法局JudicialBureau司法局副局长deputydirectorofJudicialBureau司法局局长directorofJudicialBureau司法统一考试uniformjudicialexam送达serviceofprocess诉讼当事人litigationparty;litigiousparty诉讼业务litigationpractice诉状complaint;billofcomplaint;statementofclaim推销法律服务promote/marketlegalservice委托代理合同authorizedrepresentationcontract委托代理人agentadlitem;entrustedagent委托授权书powerofattorney物证materialevidence嫌疑人criminalsuspect项目融资projectfinancing项目谈判projectnegotiating刑事案件criminalcase刑事诉讼criminallitigation行政诉讼administrativelitigation休庭adjournthecourt;recess宣判pronouncejudgement;determination宣誓书affidavit业务进修attendanceinadvancedstudies一审案件caseoftrialoffirstinstance原告plaintiff证券律师securitieslawyer证人证言testimonyofwitness;affidavit执行笔录executionrecord执业登记registrationforpractice执业范围scopeofpractice;sphereofpractice;practicearea执业申请practiceapplication执业证年检annualinspectionoflawyerlicense仲裁案件arbitrationcase仲裁机构arbitrationagency专门律师specializedlawyer专职律师professionallawyer;full-timelawyer撰写法律文章writelegalthesis资信调查creditstandinginvestigation自诉案件privateprosecutingcase常用法律英语二案件发回remand/rimitacase(toalowcourt)案件名称titleofacase案卷材料materialsinthecase案情陈述书statementofcase案外人personotherthaninvolvedinthecase案值totalvalueinvolvedinthecase败诉方losingparty办案人员personnelhandlingacase保全措施申请书applicationforprotectivemeasures报案reportacase(tosecurityauthorities)被告defendant;theaccused被告人最后陈述finalstatementoftheaccused被告向原告第二次答辩rejoinder被害人victim被害人的诉讼代理人victim’sagentadlitem被上诉人respondent;theappellee被申请人respondent被申请执行人partyagainstwhomexecutionisfiled被执行人personsubjecttoenforcement本诉principalaction必要共同诉讼人partyinnecessaryco-litigation变通管辖jurisdictionbyaccord辩护defense辩护律师defenseattorney/lawyer辩护人defender 辩护证据exculpatoryevidence;defenseevidence辩论阶段stageofcourtdebate驳回反诉dismissacounterclaim;rejectacounterclaim驳回请求deny/dismissamotion驳回上诉、维持原判reject/dismisstheappealandsustaintheoriginaljudgement/ruling驳回诉讼dismissanaction/suit驳回通知书noticeofdismissal驳回自诉dismiss/rejectaprivateprosecution驳回自诉裁定书rulingofdismissingprivate-prosecutingcase补充答辩supplementaryanswer补充判决supplementaryjudgement补充侦查supplementaryinvestigation不公开审理trialincamera不立案决定书writtendecisionofnocase-filing不批准逮捕决定书writtendecisionofdisapprovinganarrest不起诉nolpros不予受理起诉通知书noticeofdismissalofaccusationbythecourt财产保全申请书applicationforattachment;applicationforpropertypreservation裁定order;determination(指最终裁定)裁定管辖jurisdictionbyorder裁定书order;ruling裁决书award采信的证据admittedevidence查封sealup撤回上诉withdrawappeal撤诉withdrawalawsuit撤销立案revokeacaseplacedonfile撤销原判，发回重审rescindtheoriginaljudgementandremandthecaserotheoriginalcourtforretri al出示的证据exhibit除权判决invalidatingjudgement(fornegotiableinstruments)传唤summon;call传闻证据hearsay答辩answer;reply答辩陈述书statementofdefence答辩状answer;reply大法官associatejustices;justice大检察官deputychiefprocurator代理控告agencyforaccusation代理申诉agencyforappeal代理审判员actingjudge代为申请取保候审agencyforapplicationofthebailpendingtrialwithrestrictedlibertyofmovin g弹劾式诉讼accusatoryprocedure当事人陈述statementoftheparties当庭宣判pronouncementofjudgementorsentenceincourt地区管辖territorialjurisdiction地区检察分院inter-mediatePeople’sProcuratorate第三人thirdparty调查笔录recordofinvestigation定期宣判pronouncementofjudgementorsentencelateronafixeddate定罪证据incriminatingevidence;inculpatoryevidence冻结freeze督促程序procedureofsupervisionandurge独任庭sole-judgebench独任仲裁员solearbitrator对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施compulsorymeasuresagainstimpairmentofcivilaction对席判决judgementinterparties二审trialofsecondinstance二审案件caseoftrialofsecondinsurance罚款imposeafine法定证据statutorylegalevidence法定证据制度systemoflegalevidence法官judges法警bailiff;courtpolice法律文书legalinstruments/papers法律援助legalaid法律咨询legalconsulting法庭辩论courtdebate法庭调查courtinvestigation法庭审理笔录courtrecord法庭审理方式modeofcourttrial法庭庭长chiefjudgeofatribunal法院court法院公告courtannouncement反诉counterclaim反诉答辩状answerwithcounterclaim反诉状counterclaim犯罪嫌疑人criminalsuspect附带民事诉讼案件acollateralcivilaction附带民事诉讼被告defendantofcollateralcivilaction复查reexamination;recheck复验reinspect高级人民法院HigherPeople’sCourt告诉案件caseofcomplaint告诉才处理的案件caseacceptedatcomplaint告诉申诉庭complaintandpetitiondivision工读学校work-studyschoolfordelinquentchildren公开审理trialinpublic公开审判制度opentrialsystem公示催告程序procedureofpublicsummonsforexhortation公诉案件public-prosecutingcase公诉词statementofpublicprosecution公证机关publicnotaryoffice共同管辖concurrentjurisdiction管辖jurisdiction国际司法协助internationaljudicialassistance海事法院maritimecourt合议庭collegialpanel合议庭评议笔录recordofdeliberatingbythecollegiatebench和解composition;compromise核对诉讼当事人身份checkidentityoflitigiousparties恢复执行resumptionofexecution回避withdrawal混合式诉讼mixedaction基层人民法院basicPeople’sCourt羁押期限termincustody级别管辖subjectmatterjurisdictionofcourtsatdifferentlevels监视居住livingathomeundersurveillance监狱prison检察官procurator检察权prosecutorialpower检察委员会procuratorial/prosecutorialcommittee检察院procuratorate 检察院派出机构outposttribunalofprocuratorate简易程序summaryprocedure鉴定结论expertconclusion经济审判庭economictribunal径行判决directadjudicationwithoutsessions;judgementwithoutnotice纠问式诉讼inquisitionalproceedings拘传summonbyforce;summonbywarrant拘留所detentionhouse举报information/reportofanoffence举证责任burdenofproof;onusprobandi决定书decision军事法院militaryprocuratorate开庭审理openacourtsession开庭通知noticeofcourtsession勘验笔录recordofinquest看守所detentionhouse可执行财产executableproperty控告式诉讼accusatoryproceedings控诉证据incriminatingevidence控诉职能accusationfunction扣押distrainon;attachment扣押物distress/distraint宽限期periodofgrace劳动争议仲裁申请书petitionforlabordisputearbitration劳改场reform-through-laborfarm劳教所reeducation-through-laboroffice类推判决的核准程序procedureforexaminationand approvalofanalogicalsentence累积证据cumulativeevidence立案报告placeacaseonfile立案管辖functionaljurisdiction立案决定书writtendecisionofcase-filing立案侦查reportofplacingacaseonfile利害关系人interestedparty临时裁决书interimaward律师见证书lawyer’swrittenattestation;lawyer’swrittenauthentication律师事务所lawoffice;lawfirm律师提前介入priorinterventionbylawyer免于刑事处分exemptionfromcriminalpenalty民事审判庭civiltribunal民事诉讼civilaction民事诉讼法CivilProceduralLaw扭送seizeanddeliverasuspecttothepolice派出法庭detachedtribunal派出所policestation判决judgement;determination判决书judgement;determination;verdict(指陪审团作出的)旁证circumstantialevidence陪审员juror批准逮捕approvalofarrest破案clearupacriminalcase;solveacriminalcase破产bankruptcy;insolvency普通程序general/ordinaryprocedure普通管辖generaljurisdiction企业法人破产还债程序procedureofbankruptcyand liquidationofabusinesscorporation起诉filingofalawsuit起诉sue;litigate;prosecute;institutionofproceedings起诉状indictment;information区县检察院grassrootsPeople’sProcuratorate取保候审thebailpendingtrialwithrestrictedlibertyofmoving缺席判决defaultjudgement人民调解委员会People’sMediationCommittee认定财产无主案件casesconcerningdeterminationofpropertyasqwnerless认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件casesconcerningdeterminationofacitizenasincompetentorwithlimiteddispo singcapacity上诉appeal上诉人appellant上诉状petitionforappeal少管所juvenileprison社会治安综合治理comprehensivetreatmentofsocialsecurity涉外案件casesinvolvingforeigninterests涉外民事诉讼foreigncivilproceedings涉外刑事诉讼foreigncriminalproceedings申请人applicant;petitioner申请书petition;applicationforarbitration申请执行人executionapplicant申诉人宣誓书claimant’saffidavitofauthenticity申诉书appealforrevision;petitionforrevision神示证据制度systemofdivinityevidence神示制度ordealsystem审查案件casereview审查并决定逮捕examineanddecidearrest审查起诉阶段stageofreviewandprosecution审理通知书noticeofhearing审判长presidingjudge审判长宣布开庭presidingjudgeannouncecourtinsession审判管辖adjudgement/trialjurisdiction审判监督程序procedurefortrialsupervision审判委员会judicialcommittee审判员judge审问式诉讼inquisitionalproceedings生效判决裁定legallyeffectivejudgement/order胜诉方winningparty省市自治区检察院higherPeople’sProcuratorate失踪和死亡宣告declarationofdisappearanceanddeath实（质）体证据substantialevidence实物证据tangibleevidence实在证据realevidence示意证据demonstrativeevidence视听证据audio-visualevidence 收容所collectingpost;saferetreat首席大法官chiefjustice首席检察官chiefprocurator受害人的近亲属victim’simmediatefamily受理acceptance受理刑事案件审批表registrationformofacceptanceofcriminalcase 受送达人theaddressee书记员courtclerk书记员宣读法庭纪律courtclerkreadscourtrules书证documentaryevidence死缓的复核judicialreviewofdeathsentencewitharetrieve死刑复核程序procedureforjudicialreviewofdeathsentence死刑复核权competenceforjudicialreviewofdeathsentence送达serviceofprocess送达传票serviceofsummons/subpoena送达诉状serviceofbillofcomplaint搜查search诉sue;suit;action;lawsuit诉前财产保全propertyattachmentpriortolawsuit诉讼litigation;lawsuit;sue;action诉讼保全attachment诉讼参加人litigiousparticipants诉讼代理人agentadlitem诉状complaint;billofcomplaint;stateofclaim特别程序specialprocedures提起公诉instituteapublicprosecution铁路法院railwaycourt铁路检察院railroadtransportprocuratorate庭审程序procedureofcourttrial通缉wantedforarrest投案appearance退回补充侦查returnofacaseforsupplementaryinvestigation委托辩护entrusteddefense未成年人法庭juvenilecourt无行政职务的法官associatejudge无正当理由拒不到庭refusetoappearincourtwithoutduecause无罪判决acquittal,findingof“notguilty”物证materialevidence先予执行申请书applicationforadvancedexecution先予执行advancedexecution刑事案件criminalcase刑事拘留criminaldetention刑事强制拘留criminalcoercive/compulsorymeasures刑事审判庭criminaltribunal刑事诉讼criminalproceedings刑事诉讼法CriminalProceduralLaw刑事自诉状self-incriminatingcriminalcomplaint行政案件administrativecase行政审判庭administrativetribunal行政诉讼administrativeproceedings行政诉讼法AdministrativeProceduralLaw宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件casesconcerningthedeclaration ofdisappearanceanddeath宣判笔录recordofrenditionofjudgement选民资格案件casesconcerningqualificationsofvoters询问证人inquire/questionawitness训诫reprimand讯问笔录recordofinterrogation询问犯罪嫌疑人interrogatecriminalsuspect言词证据verbalevidence要求传唤证人申请书applicationforsubpoena一裁终局arbitrationawardshallbefinalandbinding一审trialoffirstinstance一审案件caseoftrialoffirstinstance应诉通知书noticeofrespondencetoaction有罪判决sentence;findingof“guilty”予审preliminaryexaminantion;pretrial原告plaintiff院长courtpresident阅卷笔录recordoffilereview(bylawyers)再审案件caseofretrial 再审申请书petitionforretrial责令具结悔过ordertosignastatementofrepentance债权人会议creditors’meeting侦查阶段investigationstage侦查终结conclusionofinvestigation征询原、被告最后意见consultingfinalopinion oftheplaintiffanddefendant证据evidence证据保全preserveevidence证据保全申请书applicationforevidencepreservation证人证言testimonyofwitness;affidavit支付令paymentorder/warrant知识产权庭intellectualpropertytribunal执行程序procedureexecution执行逮捕executionofarrest执行和解conciliationofexecution执行回转recoveryofexecution执行庭executivetribunal执行异议objectiontoexecution执行员executor执行中止discontinuanceofexecution执行终结conclusionofexecution指定辩护appointeddefense指定仲裁员声明statementofappointingarbitrator中级人民法院intermediatePeople’sCourt中途退庭retreatduringcourtsessionwithoutpermission仲裁arbitration仲裁被诉人respondent;defendant仲裁裁决award仲裁申请书arbitration仲裁申诉人claimant;plaintiff仲裁庭arbitrationtribunal仲裁委员会arbitrationcommittee仲裁协议arbitrationagreement;clausesofarbitration仲裁员arbitrator主诉检察官principalprocurator助理检察官assistantprocurator助理审判员assistantjudge专门法院specialcourt专门管辖specificjurisdiction专属管辖exclusivejurisdiction追究刑事责任investigateforcriminalresponsibility自首confessiontojustice自诉案件private-prosecutingcase自行辩护self-defense自由心证制度doctrineofdiscretionalevaluationofevidence自侦案件self-investigatingcase最高人民法院theSupremePeople’sCourt最高人民检察院theSupremePeople’sProcuratorate最后裁决书finalaward。
对外经济贸易大学英语专业考研择校、参考书、考研经验分享-新祥旭考研
对外经济贸易大学英语专业考研择校、参考书、考研经验分享-新祥旭考研英语学院下设语言文学系、翻译学系、商务英语学系和通用英语学系4个系；此外，还设有理论语言学研究所、应用语言学研究所、英美文学研究所、翻译研究所、英语国别文化研究所、商务英语研究所6个研究所。
英语专业每年在校本科生有480人，每年招收英语研究生80人，研究生教育是1978年国家批准的第一批硕士点，已有近30年的历史。
目前，拥有外国语言文学硕士学位授权一级学科，设有英语语言文学和外国语言学及应用语言学2个硕士点。
2019年对外经济贸易大学英语学院招生专业目录、考试科目初试参考书目（1）外国语言学及应用语言学、英语语言文学各专业及方向翻译硕士专业学位各专业及方向培养模式英语笔译专业商务笔译方向商务笔译方向采取“校企联合”的培养模式，学习期间可去政府外事翻译部门和翻译公司等部门实践教学，并为外事外交部门定向培养能胜任各种场合和行业的高层次笔译和英文编辑人才。
商务法律翻译方向本方向拟采取跨学科的培养模式，引进核心法律课程和教学资源，为涉外商务法律部门培养高层次的法律翻译人才。
英语口译专业国际会议口译方向国际会议口译方向与欧盟合作，采用“MTI硕士学位+欧盟证书”的双证培养模式，旨在为国际组织和我国政府机构、跨国企业培养合格的国际会议译员。
全部课程主要由实践和教学经验丰富的中外教师共同执教。
欧盟口译总司派考官全程参加入学考试、中期与毕业资格考试。
学生修满全部课程、各课程考试合格，同时达到规定的口译实践时数并完成口译实习报告者，可获得MTI硕士学位；学生参加欧盟毕业考试合格者，将获得欧盟口译总司和对外经济贸易大学共同签发的“国际会议译员资格证书”。
所有报考此方向的考生统一先报“商务口译方向”，确定录取后，择优选拔参加“国际会议口译方向”考试。
商务口译方向在商务口译方向，采取国际培养模式，有条件并有意愿的学生可选择去英、美等国外高校修读完规定课程和学分，合格者可分别获得中、外两校硕士学位。
对外经济贸易大学 商务英语二复习资料
Test for unit 11.on, in, about, on, of, in, at2. e f c d a b3.nutshell, beat, point, purposes, brick, picture, wrong, tail, different, hear4. A C B A A C B C A B5.hesitant fluent extrovert coherent persuasive inhibited concise ramble6. A C B C A B D B D A7. C实际上，谈生意一般最好是面对面，如果做不到，那就通过电话谈。
通过电子邮件，你更容易表达强硬的态度、以无力的借口逃避惩罚、编造故事或拒绝他人。
必须承认的是，在传输文档和数据这一点上，电子邮件难觅对手。
就与相隔遥远的商界熟人保持联系而言，电子邮件可谓一种极其经济的工具。
它还是一种既慎重又直接的向权重人士进行推销的绝妙方式。
Test for unit 21.global / culture/ consumption/ chains/engine /papers/ gross/ staff/ standards2.income distribution/ monetary regulations / buying habit/ political stabilitygovernment bureaucracy/ economic situation /niche market/ focus group3. b c b c d c c a c a4.consumer protection laws inspiring team leadershipcustomer relationship management sustainable competitive advantagean upmarket distribution outlet A travel insurance claim formnew product development strategies informal market research methodsA 24-hour global satellite news channel An increasingly volatile mobile phone market5. 1 e / 2 h / 3 c / 4 g / 5 i / 6 f / 7 a / 8 b / 9 d6.out / of / back/into/in/ out/out7.A: price rise / sales figures / advertising agency / product range / brand awarenessB: declining / impressive / increasingly / selling / obligations8.三星电子将于本周在韩国推出Galaxy Mega, 这款手机较该公司旗舰Galaxy S4的售价更低，机身更大。
大学商务英语复习要点.doc
大学商务英语复习要点.docUnit 1重点词汇conjure v.想象operation n.企业，公司neighborhood n.街区，街道，居民区financial adj.资金的，金融的anticipate v.预测resource n,财力，资源profit n,利润revenue n.收入，收益legitimate adj.合法的pursue v.追求distinguish v,区分,区别开agency n,部门,机构run v.管理，经营institution n.机构，团体distinct adj.不同的manufacturing n,生产，制造entertainment n.娱乐enterprise n.企业wholesaler n.批发商retailer n,零售商capitalistic adj.资本主义的survive v,继续生存，存活identify v.辨认，确认spot v.识出，找到promising adj,有希望的entrepreneur n.企业家characteristic n.特征，特点assume v,承担resourcefulness n.足智多谋，善于随机应变uncertainty n.不确定性stereotype v.对.... 抱有成见self-reliant adj.自信的，依赖自己的consensus n,共识acumen n.敏锐，洞察力innovation n.仓ij新indefinitely adv.无限期地，长期地stockholder n.股东charity n.慈善机构特殊词组commercial and industrial activities 商业与工业活动financial resources 财政资源legitimate right 合法权利industrial business 工?业企业commercial business 商业企业wholesaler 批发商retailer零仲商consumer choice 消费选择consumer needs 消费需求entrepreneur 企业家customer relations 客户关系business plan 商业计划business climate 商业环境stockholder 股东industrial activity 工业活动重要翻译“1.Does it conjure up images of successful corporations, such as General Motors and IBM? Or of less successful operations, such as Enron and Kmart?你的脑海里是否会浮现出成功的公司形象，如通用汽车公司和国际商用机器公司？或者是稍逊一等的企业，像安然和凯马特？2.Neither a snowblower shop in Florida nor a beach umbrella store in Alaska is likely to do very well.佛罗里达州的吹雪机商店或阿拉斯加州的沙滩遮阳伞商店都不可能销传得很好。
《国际商务英语》词汇部分必备学习
美式论文、报告写作技巧编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。
研究生presentation 及seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。
如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。
美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。
反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。
通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：(一) 篇首：封面(Title)序言(Preface)谢词(Acknowledge)提要(Summary)目录(Tables and Appendixes)(二) 本文：引言(Introduction)主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释(Footnotes)(三)参考资料：参考书目(References or Bibliography)附录资料(Appendix)。
进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。
题目可以提供研究者：一.研究的方向二.研究的范围三.资料搜集的范围四.预期研究成果通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。
构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal 的先前步骤，大纲是论文、报告的骨干，Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。
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商务英语词汇
GDP国内生产总值:The total market value of all goods and services produced within the political boundaries of an economy during a given period of time,usually a year.
GNP国民生产总值:The total market value of all the goods and services produced by a nation during a given time,usually a year.
Economic growth经济增长:The process in which a steady long-time growth in real GDP and an improvement in living standards are achieved.
Recession衰退:A period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment.
Depression:萧条期A severe recession.A period of drastic decline in a national or international economy,characterized by decreasing business activity,falling prices,and unemployment.
Value added增值:It can be defines as the gross value of an industry’s output minus the value of its inputs from other industries.
Okun’s Law奥肯法则:In economics,Okun's Law,named after economist Arthur Okun, describes a relationship between the change in the rate of unemployment and the difference between actual and potential real GDP.It can be stated as saying that for every one percentage point by which the actual unemployment rate exceeds the"natural"rate of unemployment,there is a2to4percent"GDP Gap.
Indexing指数化，价格相关指数化:It is a mechanism by which wages,prices,and contracts are partially or wholly compensated for changes in the general price level.
Potential GDP潜在GDP:A situation in which all the economy’s labour,capital,land and entrepreneurial ability are fully employed.
Equilibrium(以市场供求均衡为特点的)经济稳定状态:A situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.
Stagflation通货滞胀:A situation in which an economy is experiencing both falling output and rising prices.产量下降，价格上升。
指物价上升，但经济停滞不前
MPC边际消费倾向marginal propensity to consume:It is the extra amount that people consume when they receive an extra dollar of disposable income.
MPS边际储蓄倾向MPS（marginal propensity to save）:It can be defined as the fraction of an extra dollar of disposable income that goes to extra saving.
Theory of liquidity preference偏好理论；流动性偏好理论:Keynes’s theory that the interests rate adjusts to bring money supply and money demand into balance.
Supply shock供给冲击:An event that directly alters firm’s costs and prices,shifting the economy’s aggregate-supply curve and thus the Phillip’s curve.
Crowding effect拥挤效应:The offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raises the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spending.
Fraction-reserve banking:(银行部分准备金制度)A banking system in which banks holds only a fraction of deposits as reserve.
Money multiplier货币乘数:The amount of money that banking system generates with each
dollar of reserve.
Open-market operations公开市场业务:The purchase and sale of US government bonds by the Fed.
Reserve requirements法定准备金:Regulation on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposits.
The Laffer curve拉菲尔曲线:A curve which supposes that for a given economy there is an optimal income tax level to maximize tax revenues.It shows that tax revenue rises first with the size of the tax;but then.As the tax gets larger,the market shrinks so much that tax revenue starts to fall.
Trade deficit贸易赤字:The amount by which a nation’s imports of goods exceeds its exports of goods.
Trade surplus贸易顺差:The amount by which a nation’s exports of goods exceeds it imports of goods.
Balance of trade贸易差额The value of a country’s exports minus the value of its imports. Absolute Advantage绝对利益:The ability of a country to supply a particular product or class of goods at lower costs than competing nations.
Comparative advantage相对优势:The ability to produce a good at lower cost,relative to other goods,compared to another country.。