维多利亚时期文学简介The victorian Period
维多利亚时期介绍
Victorian fashion comprises the various fashions and trends in British culture that emerged and grew in province throughout the Victorian era and the reign of Queen Victoria, a period which would last from June 1837 to January 1901. Covering nearly two thirds of the 19th century, the 64 year reign would see numerous changes in fashion. 维多利亚风格指1837年至1901年间，英国维多利亚女王在位期间的服饰风格，该时代女性的服饰特点是，大量运用蕾丝、细纱、荷叶边、缎带、蝴蝶结、多层次的蛋糕裁剪、折皱、抽褶等元素，以及立领、高腰、公主袖、羊腿袖等宫廷款式。
随着复古风潮的盛行，这股华丽而又含蓄的柔美风格，正带给我们耳目一新的感觉。
These changes would include, but not be limited to, changes in clothing, architecture, literature, and the decorative and visual arts.Victorian period design was based on imitation and reproduction, made easier by the induction of mass production.The Victorian period of fashion was about living more simply than the previous era. Clothing, makeup, and hairstyles become more natural and relaxed. The use of elaborate wigs made way for cleaner, gentler looks. False hair was limited to rats or switches.服饰：Victorian Era, Clothing 1825-1850 这个时期两性服裝的潮流到达一种荒谬的定点。
英美文学讲义Chapter 4
Chapter 4 The Victorian Period一．学习目的和要求通过本章的学习，对19世纪维多利亚时代英国的政治，经济，历史，文化背景，对维多利亚时代的诗歌，散文，小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革，以及对该时代主要作家的生平，观点，创作旨意，艺术品特点及其代表作的主题，结构，语言，人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。
并通过作品选读加深体会感受，增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力。
二．考核要求（一）维多利亚时期概述1．识记:（1）维多利亚时期的界定（2）社会政治，经济，文化背景2．领会:（1）维多利亚时期的文学特点（2）批判现实主义小说对后世文学的影响3．应用：宪章运动，功利主义，批判现实主义，戏剧独自等名词的解释（二）该时期的重要作家1．一般识记：重要作家的生平与创作生涯2．识记: 重要作品及主要内容3．领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等4．应用:（1）狄更斯和萨克雷作品的批判现实主义思想及各自的创作手法，艺术特色（2）小说《简·爱》，《呼啸山庄》的主题思想与人物塑造（3）"我逝去的公爵夫人”中的戏剧独白（4）乔泊·艾略特和哈代小说中环境，氛围描述与人物内世界的展示The Victorian Period （P233）Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.Its Political, Economical & Cultural Background（P233）The early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political power from the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soon geared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reached its highest point of development as a world power. And yet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness among the working class. The worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement宪章运动(1836-1848).During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science & technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people's religious convictions. Darwin's The Origin of Species《物种起源》(1859) & The Descent of Man《人类的起源》(1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism功利主义was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. （P235）Features of the Victorian LiteratureVictorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life & thought. Greatwriters & great works abounded. （P235）Features of Victorian novels（P236）In this period, the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people's life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.（P236）Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest. （P237）名词解释（Definitions of several terms）The Chartist Movement (1836-1848) (P233)The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppress-ed people.Utilitarianism (P235)Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.Critical RealismThe Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrument of human progress.Dramatic MonologueBy dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In “listening” to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his "My Last Duchess"《我的已故公爵夫人》is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.Victorian WritersI. Charles Dickens (P238)His Life & Literary CareerCharles Dickens (1812-1870) was born at Portsmouth. His father, a poor clerk in the Navy Pay office, was put into the Marsalsea Prison for debt when young Charles was only 12 years old. The son had to give up schooling to work in an underground cellar at a blacking factory - a position he considered most humiliating. We find the bitter experiences of that suffering child reflected in many of Dickens's novels. In 1827, Charles entered a lawyer's office, & two years later he became a Parliamentaryreporter for newspapers.From 1833 Dickens began to write occasional sketches of London life, which were later collected & published under the title Sketches by Boz《博兹札记》(1836). Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club《匹克威克外传》(1836-1837) appeared in monthly installments. And since then, his life became one of endless hard work. In his later years, he gave himself to public readings of his works, which brought plaudits & comfort but also exhausted him. In 1870, this man of great heart & vitality died of overwork, leaving his last novel unfinished. (P238)His Major WorksUpon his death, Dickens left to the world a rich legacy of 15 novels & a number of short stories. They offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19th-century English novel. In nearly all his novels, behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty, behind the loud humor & buffoonery, is his gentleness, his genial mirth, his simple faith in mankind.The following is a list of his novels & other collections in three periods:(1) Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》(1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》(1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》(1840-1841); 《巴纳比·拉奇》Barnaby Rudge(1841)(2) Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Note s《美国札记》(1842); Martin Chuzzlewit《马丁·翟述伟》(1843-1845); A Christmas Carol《圣诞颂歌》(1843); Dombey & Son《董贝父子》(1846-1848); David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》(1849-1850)(3) Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House《荒凉山庄》(1852-1853); Hard Times《艰难时世》(1854); Little Dorrit 《小杜丽》(1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(1859); Great Expectations 《远大前程》(1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend《我们共同的朋友》(1864-1865); EdwinDrood《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》(unfinished)(1870)Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such " typical characters under typical circumstances," that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.(3) Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.(4) The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.His Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist,DavidCopperfield & so on. (P239)His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare's. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens's works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos. (P241)Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from Chapter III of Oliver Twist(P238)The novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse & life of the underworld in the 19th-century London. The author's intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order & of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens's first child hero & Fagin the first grotesque figure. (P243)This section, Chapter III of the novel, is a detailed account of how he is punished for that " impious & profane offence of asking for more" & how he is to be sold. At three pound ten, to Mr. Gamfield, the notorious chimneysweeper. Though we can afford a smile now & then, we feel more the pitiable state of the orphan boy & the cruelty & hypocrisy of the workhouse board.It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, itwas the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.A Tale of Two Cities这是最好的时代，也是最坏的时代；这是智慧的年代，也是愚蠢的年代；这是信仰的时期，也是怀疑的时期；这是光明的季节，也是黑暗的季节；这是希望的春天，也是失望的冬天；大伙儿面前应有尽有，大伙儿面前一无所有；大伙儿正在直登天堂；大伙儿正在直落地狱。
The Victorian Age英国文学维多利亚时期
维多利亚女王的名字，象征着一个时代。在维多利亚统治期间，英 国国民空前团结，英国成为一个强大的帝国，并不断壮大发展。这是女 王给英国人留下的最好遗产，也是对她一生政绩最有力的评价。极少有 坐上帝位的女人，能像维多利亚一样，如此出色地完成了女王的职责， 同时又拥有如此平凡的作为女人的幸福。她统治的时期，特别是1851 年以后，在英国历史上被称为维多利亚时代。她在位的六十余年正值英 国自由资本主义由方兴未艾到鼎盛、进而过渡到垄断资本主义的转变时 期，英国极度强盛，经济、文化空前繁荣，科学、艺术都有很大的发展， 君主立宪制得到充分成熟，维多利亚女王的名字成了英国和平与繁荣的 象征。
The Victorian age (1832-1901)
An Age of Expansion：
---British Empire at its highest point of development as a world power, or the largest nation on earth --- the largest exporter and importer of goods in the world; the primary manufacturer of goods and the wealthiest country
The Victorian Era
1)the early 30s of the 19th to the beginning years of the 20th century 2) the reign of Queen Victoria from 1832(1837) to 1901
the Reform Bill
Utilitarianism and Jeremy Bentham Liberalism and Jean-Jacque Rousseau Socialism and Karl Marx Religious debate German Higher Criticism Darwin’s The Origin of Species (1859) Oxford Movement led by Cardinal Newman The rapid growth of Evangelical Methodism(循道宗)
维多利亚时期英国文学
伟大的小说家，诗人。代表作《德伯家的苔丝》（Tess of the D’Urbervilles），《无名的裘德》（Jude the Obscure），《远离尘嚣》（Far From the Madding Crowd），《还乡》（The Return of the Native），《卡斯特桥市长》（The Mayor of Casterbridge），《威赛克斯故事集》（Wessex Tales），《人生小讽刺》（Life’s Little Ironies），诗歌《列王》（The Dynasts）。
现实主义作家，代表作《玛丽·巴顿》（Marry Barton），《南方与北方》(North and South)《夏洛特·勃朗特传》（Life of Charlotte Bronte）。
乔治·梅瑞迪斯（George Meredith）：
小说家，代表作《理查德·法弗尔的苦难》（The Ordeal of Richard Feverel）。 托马斯·哈代（Thomas Hardy）：
罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森（Robert Louis Stevenson）：
威廉·麦克皮斯·萨克雷（William Makepeace Thackeray）：
杰出的批判现实主义（Critical Realism）的小说家。代表作长篇小说《名利场》（Vanity Fair），《亨利·艾斯蒙德》（Henry Esmond），《纽可姆一家》（The Newcomers）。 勃朗特三姐妹（The Bronte Sisters）：
六．维多利亚时期（Victorian Era 1837年—1901年）
查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）
杰出的小说家，批判现实主义（Critical Realism）的代表人物。代表作《波兹特写》（Sketches by Boz），《匹克维克外传》（The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club），《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist），《老古玩店》（The Old Curiosity Shop），《美国札记》（American Notes），《董贝父子》（Dombey and Son），《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield），《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House），《艰难时世》（Hard Times），《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities），《远大前程》（Great Expectations）。
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚时代 ppt课件
The Victorian Period 英国 文学·维多利亚时代
• The belief that everything should be tested by the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利 亚时代
The Victorian Period 英国 文学·维多利亚时代
Literary Expression
Novel
Prose
Poetry
The Victorian Period 英国 文学·维多利亚时代
• The most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought in this period
the struggle between the workers and capitalists became the fundamental contradiction in England. A new class, the proletariat, emerged.
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚
→With Industrial Revolution in full swing, England accumulated large amounts of profit and settled down to a time of prosperity and relative stability.
1 英国文学简史第十一章 Victorian period re s
狄更斯的著名小说《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）、《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）、《远大前程》（Great Expectations）等均以孤儿为主人公，这与作家 的不幸童年经历有关。《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House）揭露了英国司法制度的腐败与黑暗。 《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities）以法国大 革命为背景，生动再现了当时伦敦和巴黎的局势， 情节跌宕起伏。狄更斯在他的小说中展示了一幅 幅维多利亚时代英国社会生活的画卷，但他是一 位具有浪漫、幽默气质的作家，笔下经常出现性 格怪异的人物。
Boer War
2) the reign of Queen Victoria from 1832 to 1901
2. The Background of the Time
the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 rapid economic development serious social problems
在《皮帕走过了》（Pippa Passes）、 《指环与书》（The Ring and the Book） 等作品中，诗人带上“面具”，进入戏剧 人物内心世界，以其口吻娓娓而谈，语言 极为生动，说话者跃然纸上。
阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生（Alfred Tennyson, 1809-1892）在他漫长的艺术生涯中创作 了大量的抒情诗、哲理诗和叙事诗，诗风 凝重、典雅。丁尼生的剑桥挚友哈勒姆溺 水而死，对他诗歌创作产生深远影响。诗 人在挽诗《悼念》（In Memoriam A. H. H）中表达了真切的伤感和悲痛，同时反映 了对生活本质和人类命运的思索和忧虑， 成为时代的心声。
与诗歌相比，19世纪英国小说成就更为辉煌。沃 尔特·司各特（Walter Scott, 1771-1832）的浪 漫主义历史小说为他赢得“西欧历史小说之父” 的声誉。《密得洛西恩监狱》（The Heart of Midlothian）、《艾凡赫》（Ivanhoe）等小说的 特点是讲述卷入重大历史事件的普通人物的故事， 并展示导致书中人物所作所为的那些社会力量和 历史力量。
【诗歌】14维多利亚时代诗歌
14维多利亚时代诗歌1️⃣ 引言：维多利亚时代的文学盛宴维多利亚时代，指的是1837年至1901年间，英国女王维多利亚统治的时期。
这一时期不仅是英国工业革命的鼎盛期，也是文学艺术的繁荣时期，尤以诗歌创作最为显著。
维多利亚时代的诗歌，以其丰富的情感表达、深刻的社会洞察和独特的艺术风格，成为了英国乃至世界文学宝库中的瑰宝。
2️⃣ 维多利亚时代诗歌的主要特征2.1 情感细腻与浪漫主义的延续维多利亚时代的诗歌深受浪漫主义影响，诗人们擅长描绘自然美景，抒发个人情感，追求自由与理想。
如阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生的《悼念集》中，他以深情的笔触悼念逝去的朋友，展现了深厚的友谊与哀思。
2.2 社会现实的深刻反映随着工业化进程的加速，社会矛盾日益尖锐。
维多利亚时代的诗人们并未回避这些现实问题，而是通过诗歌表达了对工人阶级处境的同情、对战争与贫困的批判。
罗伯特·勃朗宁的《环与书》便是通过复杂的象征手法，探讨了人性的多面性与社会的复杂性。
2.3 女性诗人的崛起维多利亚时代也是女性诗人崭露头角的重要时期。
如克里斯蒂娜·罗塞蒂，她的诗歌充满了神秘主义色彩，对爱情、死亡与自然有着独到的见解。
她的作品不仅展现了女性的细腻情感，也挑战了当时社会对女性角色的刻板印象。
3️⃣ 代表性诗人及其作品3.1 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生作为维多利亚时代最著名的诗人之一，丁尼生的诗歌风格庄重而深邃。
他的《尤利西斯》等作品，以其宏大的叙事结构和深刻的哲理思考，赢得了广泛的赞誉。
3.2 罗伯特·勃朗宁勃朗宁以其独特的戏剧独白体诗歌著称，通过内心独白的方式，深刻揭示了人物复杂的心理状态。
《我的最后一位公爵夫人》便是其代表作之一，诗中通过对一位公爵夫人形象的描绘，探讨了权力、爱情与真实性的主题。
3.3 克里斯蒂娜·罗塞蒂罗塞蒂的诗歌以其神秘、哀婉的基调闻名。
她的《歌》等作品，通过对自然景象的描绘，寄托了对爱情、死亡与永恒的哲思。
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚时代
The critical realists were unable to find a good solution to the social contradictions. The chief tendency in their works is not of revolution but of reformism.
→Common sense and moral propriety （得体） became the predominant
concern in literary works.
A
6
Changes in Ideology
• Religious collision • The widespread of Utilitarianism(功利主义)
A
15
Poetry
• Famous poets:
Robert Browning Alfred Tennyson Dante Gabriel Rossetti Gerald Manley Hopkins Algernon Charles Swinburne
A
16
The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and new ways of expression.
→With Industrial Revolution in full swing, England accumulated large amounts of profit and settled down to a time of prosperity and relative stability.
英国文学维多利亚时期
练习
• In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend ____ appeared. And it flourished in the forties and in the early fifties.
– Works • Tess of the D’urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》 • The Return of the Native 《还乡》 • Jude the Obscure 《无名的裘德》 • Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》 • The Mayor of Casterbridge 《卡斯特桥市长》 • Dynasties 《列王》
Victorian poets and poetry
Alfred Tennyson （1809——1892） 阿尔佛 雷德丁尼生 - A representative poet of the Victorian Age. “桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）
• Works: • In Memoriam 《悼念》 • The idylls of the King 《国王叙事诗》 • Ulysses 《尤利西斯》
• A. romanticism B. naturalism
• C. realism
D. critical realism
D
练习
• Which of the following writings is not the work by Charles Dickens?
A. A Tale of Two Cities.
英国文学维多利亚时期全集
Victorian
literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented 空前的. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their harvest.
. Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
the
greatest representive of English critical realism Born at Portsmouth, his father was put into the prison for debt when he was only 12 Worked in underground shoeblacking then lawyer’s office as a junior clerk In 1835, became a reporter, later an editor, manager
Chapter II the Victorian Literature
magnitude众多
& diversity: Great writers and great works abounded It was many-sided, complex, reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life and thought.
英国文学史_The_Victorian_Period_(2)
The Woodlanders, 1887 《林地居民》 Wessex Tales, 1888 《威塞克斯故事》 Tess Байду номын сангаасf the D’urbervilles, 1891 《德伯家的苔丝》 Jude the Obscure, 1896 《无名的裘德》 b. Romances and Fantasies 罗曼史和幻想 A Pair of Blue Eyes, 1873 《一双蓝眼睛》 The Trumpet Major, 1880 《号兵长》 Two on a Tower, 1882 《塔上二人》
• The mid or High Victorian phase (the 1870s) 1. The country had changed from an agricultural to an industrial nation. 2. Life improved, problems appeared with the progress of civilization, minds became confused as a result of Darwinism, and crises of different dimensions were right down the road.
a. Novels of Character and Environment （性格和环境小说） Under the Greenwood Tree, 1872 《绿荫 下》 Far from the Madding Ground, 1874 《远离尘嚣》 The Return of the Native, 1878 《还乡》 The Mayor of Casterbridge, 1886 《卡斯特桥市长》
英美文学选读 教程大纲lecture 4
Chapter 4 The Victorian Period一时代背景简介维多利亚时代（Victorian era），前接乔治时代，后启爱德华时代，被认为是英国工业革命和大英帝国的峰端。
它的时限常被定义为1837年～1901年，即维多利亚女王（Alexandrina Victoria）的统治时期。
亦有学者认为，应将通过改革法案（Reform Act 1832）的1832年视为一个新的文化时期的开端。
维多利亚女王是第一个以“大不列颠与爱尔兰联合王国女王和印度女皇”名号称呼的英国君主。
她在位的63年期间（1837年6月20日~1901年1月22日），是英国最强盛的所谓“日不落帝国”时期，她在位期间直到她去世后，到第一次世界大战开始的1914年，英国都称为维多利亚时代，1914年以后，英国开始走向衰落。
维多利亚女王（亚利山德拉·维多利亚，Alexandrina Victoria）（1819年5月24日～1901年1月22日）于1837年继承王位（当时她18岁），英国历史上在位时间最长的君主，在位时间长达63年。
1837年，18岁的女王维多利亚登基，新女王在继位之前的日记中写道：既然上帝把我置于这个国家的王位上，我将尽力履行自己的职责。
我尚年轻，可能在许多方面缺乏经验，但我肯定，几乎无人像我这样怀着为国为民的良好意愿和真切希望。
女王充分实现了自己的诺言：她在其一生中模范地履行了立宪君主的职责，因此深受国民的爱戴；她还是那个时代道德风尚的典范，她是贤妻，又是良母，是典型的大家闺秀，也是优秀的一家主妇。
她自己生活严谨，工作刻苦，对别人又充满责任感。
在许多国人眼中，她就是那个时代的缩影，她漫长的63年在位时期则是国家繁荣昌盛的顶峰。
维多利亚在位时期，被称作“维多利亚时代”，在英国所有国王中，她享有盛誉，这不是因为她做出了什么轰动的事业，而是因为她什么都不做，而仅仅恪守立宪君主的本分，做她那个时代的表率。
维多利亚时代简介(权威英文版)
Other Writer’s of the Period
Bernard Shaw • Pygmalion • Mrs. Warren’s Profession • Major Barbara
Charles Darwin
•
The Origin of the Species Natural selection Survival of the fittest
Critical Realism
A realistic presentation of the sufferings of the working class, to the criticism of English institutions, and to the education of the masses.
Major Poets of the Period
Lord Alfred Tennyson Robert Browning dramatic monologue Elizabeth Barret Browning Thomas Hardy
Victorian Poetry
Dramatic monologue – the idea of creating a lyric poem in the voice of a speaker ironically distinct from the poet is the great achievement of Victorian poetry.
• ―The sun never sets on England.‖ • Queen-empress over 200 million people living
英美文学选读-维多利亚时期资料
8. The Modern Echo of English Literature--Victorian PeriodVictorian Era:The Victorian era of British history was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a long period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities and national self-confidence for Britain. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities and political concerns to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.Queen Victoria:Queen Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert, in 1840. Their nine children and 26 of their 34 grandchildren who survived childhood married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe".Golden Jubileejubilee ['dʒu:bli:] n.纪念或者庆典（特别指周年的）In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden Jubilee.Diamond JubileeOn 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the longest-reigning monarch in English, Scottish, and British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with her Diamond Jubilee.Movie: The Young Victoria 《年轻的维多利亚女王》Summaries•The Victorian era was a period of dramatic change that brought England to its highest point of development as a world power.•The early Victorian period (1830~48) saw the opening of Britain’s first railway and its first Reform Parliament, but it was also a time of economic distress. •Although the mid-Victorian period (1848~70) was not free of harassing problems, it was a time of prosperity, optimism, and stability.•In the later period (1870~1901) the costs of Empire became increasingly apparent, and England was confronted with growing threats to its military and economicpreeminence.•The common perception of the period is the Victorians are “prudish, hypocritical, stuffy, [and] narrow-minded”•The extreme inequities between men and women stimulated a debate about women’s roles known as The Woman Question.Literature of the Victorian Period:The drive for social advancement frequently appears in literature. This drive may take many forms. It may be primarily financial, as in Charl es Dickens’s Great Expectations 《远大前程》. It may involve marrying above one’s station, as in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre《简·爱》. It may also be intellectual or education-based. Typically, any such attempt to improve one’s social standing must be accompanied by “proper” behavior (thus helping to provide the period with its stereotype).维多利亚时期被文史家们分为三个阶段：维多利亚早期（1832~1848）、维多利亚中期（1848~1870）和维多利亚晚期（1970~1891）。
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There gloom the dark broad seas ,My mariners
大海沉沉，朦胧一片。我们的水手 ——
Souls that have toil'd ,and wrought , and thought with me
与我同辛劳、同工作、同思想的人
That ever with a frolic welcome took
Charies Dickens (1812 - 1870)
Major works Tale of Two Cities《双城记》 Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》 David Copperfield《大卫.科波菲尔》,......
Tale of Two Cities
双城记 —— 节选
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times;
这是信任的纪元，这是怀疑的纪元
it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness;
这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节
it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair;
这是希望的春日，这是失望的冬日
Poets and poetry
Exclled at penning short lyrics “In the valley of Cauteretz” “Break,Break,Break ” “The Change of the Light Brigade”...... Much of his verse was based on classical mythologicalthemes. Tennyson also wrote some notable blank verse ''ldylls of the king” “Ulysses”and “Tithonus”.
我们能做一番崇高的事业，使我们配称为与神斗争的人
Novelists and He is one of the greatest critical realist Novels
writers of the Victorian Age His works are intended to expose and criticize all the poverty , injustice , hypocrisy and corruptness of the 19thcentury English , particularly London. All his works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.
• Did not find a way to eradicate social evils.Unable to find a good solution to the social contradictions • The chief tendncy in their works is not of revolution but rather of reformism
他们总是高高兴兴去迎接
The thunder
雷电和阳光，
Free hearts , free foreheads ---you and I are old;
并用自由的心和头颅来抗争，——
Old age hath yet his honour and his toil;
The victorian Period
----- Critical realism (批判现实主
义）
victorian period features Introducition of Critical realism Victorian poets and poetry Victorian novelists and novels
这是一个最好的时代，也是一个最坏的时代
it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness;
这是明智的年代，这是愚昧的年代
it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity;
你们和我都已老了，但老年
Death closes all : but something ere the end,
仍有老年荣誉、老年的辛苦；
Some work of noble note , may yet be done,
死亡终结一切，但在终点前
Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods.
Time features
• Common sense and moral propriety ,which were ignored by the Romanticsts,again became the predominant preoccupation in literary work. • Appeared a new literary trend -----critical realism • Novel is the major literary form in the Vicorian Period.
Critical • realism In the 1840s and the early 1850s
• Giving the criticism to bourgeoisie and all ruling classes,and showing their deep sympathy for the common people
we had everything before us, we had nothing before us;
我们面前应有尽有，我们面前一无所有
we were all going direct to heaven, we were all going direct the other way.
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Alfred Tennyson (1809 - 1892)
During his career Tennyson attemptred drama ,but his plays enjoye little success in his lifetime.
Ulysse
尤利西斯
Here lies the port ,the vessel puffs her sail