Study on Industrial Application of Hydrogen Sulfide Removal by Wet Oxidation Method with High G

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应化专业英语作文

应化专业英语作文{z}Title: English Essay for Chemical Engineering MajorEnglish Essay for Chemical Engineering MajorAs a student majoring in chemical engineering, it is essential to have a strong command of English, as it is the international language of science and technology.In this essay, I will discuss some of the key aspects of the chemical engineering field and how English plays a vital role in this discipline.Firstly, chemical engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and operation of chemical plants and processes.It involves the manipulation of chemicals and reactions to produce useful products such as fuels, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.To excel in this field, it is crucial to have a solid understanding of chemical terminology and principles, which are predominantly written in English.Secondly, the field of chemical engineering is highly research-oriented.English is the primary language used in scientific research and publications.To stay updated with the latest advancements in the field, chemical engineers need to read and understand English-language research papers, journal articles, and technical books.Moreover, English is the language of choice for presenting research findings at international conferences and seminars, enabling chemical engineers to share their knowledge and expertise on a global platform.Thirdly, the chemical engineering industry is highly globalized.Many chemical plants and companies are located in different parts of the world, and communication in English is essential for successful collaboration and business transactions.English serves as a common language that enables chemical engineers to communicate with colleagues, clients, and suppliers from diverse cultural backgrounds.Furthermore, English is the language of choice for chemical engineering education and training.Many universities and institutions offer English-language programs for chemical engineering students.By studying in these programs, students can develop their language skills and gain a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.Additionally, English-language technical courses, workshops, and seminars are available online, allowing chemical engineers to continue their professional development and stay abreast of the latest industry trends.In conclusion, English plays a vital role in the field of chemical engineering.It is the language of scientific research, global communication, and educational opportunities.A strong command of English is essential for chemical engineers to excel in their careers, collaborate with international colleagues, and contribute to the advancement of the field.Therefore, as a chemical engineering student, it is imperative to develop excellent English language skills to maximizeopportunities and achieve success in this dynamic and evolving discipline.。

化工方面引言英语范文

化工方面引言英语范文Chemical Engineering: A Gateway to Innovation and Sustainability.Chemical engineering, a multifaceted discipline at the nexus of science, technology, and industry, plays a pivotal role in shaping our world. From the production of essential materials to the development of life-saving pharmaceuticals, chemical engineers are at the forefront of innovation, driving progress and improving the quality of life for society.Materials Science: The Foundation of Modern Engineering.Chemical engineering underpins the development and production of advanced materials, forming the backbone of modern infrastructure and technological advancements. Engineers in this field harness the principles of chemistry, physics, and materials science to create and improve materials with tailored properties for specificapplications. From lightweight composites for aerospace engineering to biocompatible implants for medical devices, chemical engineers are pushing the boundaries of material science to meet the demands of the future.Energy Conversion and Storage: Addressing Global Challenges.With the growing global energy demand and the urgent need for sustainable solutions, chemical engineers are atthe forefront of developing efficient and environmentally friendly energy systems. They design and optimize processes for the conversion, transportation, and storage of energy, exploring renewable sources such as solar, wind, and biomass. By harnessing their expertise in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and electrochemistry, chemical engineers are contributing to the transition towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology: Improving Healthcare.Chemical engineers play a crucial role in thepharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, where they design and optimize processes for the production of life-saving drugs and therapies. Utilizing their knowledge of reaction kinetics, bioprocessing, and separation technologies, they develop efficient methods for manufacturing biologics, vaccines, and other essential healthcare products. Chemical engineers are also at the forefront of drug delivery research, devising innovative strategies for targeted and personalized treatments.Process Engineering: Optimizing Industrial Efficiency.Chemical engineers are responsible for designing, operating, and optimizing industrial processes, ensuring efficient and sustainable production of chemicals, fuels, and other essential products. They apply principles of mass and energy transfer, thermodynamics, and reaction engineering to develop and improve processes, minimizing waste, reducing energy consumption, and meeting environmental regulations. Process engineering is a key aspect of chemical engineering, enabling industries to operate efficiently while meeting the demands of a growingpopulation.Sustainability and Environmental Protection.Chemical engineers are acutely aware of the environmental impact of industrial activities and are committed to developing sustainable solutions. They design and implement processes that minimize pollution, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and conserve natural resources. Chemical engineers are also involved in the development of renewable energy technologies, waste management systems, and other initiatives aimed at protecting the environment and ensuring a sustainable future.Education and Training: Preparing the Next Generation.The field of chemical engineering is constantly evolving, with the emergence of new technologies and the need to address global challenges. Chemical engineering education provides students with a strong foundation in the fundamental principles of chemistry, mathematics, physics, and engineering, equipping them with the knowledge andskills necessary to succeed in this dynamic field. Universities and institutions around the world offer undergraduate, graduate, and research programs in chemical engineering, preparing the next generation of engineers to drive innovation and shape the future of our world.Conclusion.Chemical engineering is an essential discipline that touches every aspect of modern life. Chemical engineers are innovators, problem-solvers, and guardians of the environment, harnessing their knowledge and skills to create solutions that improve the quality of life for society. As the world faces new challenges and opportunities, chemical engineers will undoubtedly continue to play a pivotal role in shaping our future.。

科研成果英语作文

科研成果英语作文Scientific research has been a driving force behind the advancement of human civilization for centuries. From the groundbreaking discoveries of ancient philosophers to the cutting-edge innovations of modern-day scientists, the pursuit of knowledge and understanding has transformed our world in countless ways. In this essay, we will explore some of the most significant scientific research achievements that have had a profound impact on our lives.One of the most remarkable scientific achievements in recent history is the development of renewable energy technologies. As the world grapples with the pressing issue of climate change, the need for sustainable energy solutions has become increasingly urgent. Researchers and engineers have risen to the challenge, developing innovative technologies that harness the power of the sun, wind, and water to generate clean, renewable electricity. Solar photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, and hydroelectric dams are just a few examples of the remarkable advancements in renewable energy research.These technologies not only help to reduce our carbon footprint andmitigate the effects of climate change, but they also have the potential to provide affordable, accessible energy to communities around the world. In many developing countries, access to reliable and affordable electricity remains a significant challenge, but the proliferation of renewable energy solutions is helping to bridge this gap. By investing in and supporting further research in this field, we can continue to drive progress and create a more sustainable future for all.Another area of scientific research that has had a profound impact on our lives is the field of medicine and healthcare. From the development of life-saving vaccines to groundbreaking surgical techniques, medical research has transformed the way we approach the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. One particularly noteworthy achievement in this field is the development of mRNA vaccines, which have proven to be highly effective in the fight against COVID-19.The rapid development and deployment of these vaccines, which were made possible by decades of prior research into mRNA technology, have saved countless lives and helped to curb the devastating effects of the pandemic. This achievement not only highlights the power of scientific research but also the importance of continued investment and collaboration in this critical field. As we face new and emerging health challenges, the ability to rapidlydevelop and deploy effective treatments and preventative measures will be crucial.In addition to advancements in renewable energy and healthcare, scientific research has also made significant contributions to our understanding of the natural world. From the exploration of deep-sea ecosystems to the study of the cosmos, researchers have uncovered a wealth of knowledge about the complex and interconnected systems that shape our planet and the universe beyond.One particularly notable example is the field of climate science, which has provided invaluable insights into the causes and effects of global climate change. Through rigorous research and the analysis of vast amounts of data, climate scientists have been able to paint a clearer picture of the threats we face and the actions we must take to mitigate them. This knowledge has been instrumental in driving policy changes and inspiring global efforts to address the climate crisis.Similarly, the field of evolutionary biology has greatly expanded our understanding of the origins and diversity of life on Earth. From the discovery of new species to the study of genetic adaptations, this research has shed light on the complex processes that have shaped the natural world over billions of years. This knowledge has not onlysatisfied our innate curiosity about the world around us but has also informed our efforts to preserve and protect the delicate balance of our ecosystems.Beyond these broad areas of scientific research, there are countless other examples of groundbreaking achievements that have transformed our lives in ways both large and small. From the development of advanced materials and nanotechnology to the breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and quantum computing, the pace of scientific progress shows no signs of slowing.As we look to the future, it is clear that continued investment and support for scientific research will be essential to addressing the complex challenges facing our world. Whether it is finding solutions to the climate crisis, developing new medical treatments, or expanding our understanding of the universe, the power of scientific inquiry and discovery will be crucial in shaping the world of tomorrow.In conclusion, the scientific research achievements highlighted in this essay represent just a small fraction of the remarkable advancements that have been made in recent decades. As we continue to push the boundaries of human knowledge and understanding, we can be confident that the future holds even greater discoveries and innovations that will transform our world in ways we can scarcelyimagine. By supporting and nurturing the scientific community, we can ensure that the benefits of these achievements are shared with people around the globe, and that the pursuit of knowledge and understanding remains a driving force in the ongoing progress of human civilization.。

[2021年考研]《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译

Unit 1 Chemical Industry1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939).1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。

应用化工技术毕业作文1000字

应用化工技术毕业作文1000字英文回答：Chemical engineering is a branch of engineering that applies physical and chemical principles to design and operate industrial processes. It plays a crucial role in various industries such as petroleum refining, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and food processing. As a chemical engineering graduate, I have gained knowledge and skills in areas such as thermodynamics, mass transfer, reaction kinetics, and process control.One of the applications of chemical engineering technology is in the field of petroleum refining. Crude oil, which is a mixture of various hydrocarbons, undergoes a series of processes to separate and purify different components. Chemical engineers design and optimize these processes to maximize the yield of valuable products suchas gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel while minimizing environmental impact.Another important application of chemical engineeringis in the pharmaceutical industry. Chemical engineers are involved in the development and production of drugs, ensuring that they are safe, effective, and manufactured in a cost-efficient manner. They work on processes such as synthesis, purification, and formulation of pharmaceutical compounds.Chemical engineering technology is also applied in the food processing industry. Chemical engineers work on processes that involve the transformation of raw agricultural products into various food products. They ensure that these processes are efficient, safe, and meet the required quality standards.中文回答：化工技术是一门应用物理和化学原理来设计和操作工业过程的工程学科。

克罗韦尔 1756 ControlLogix 集成运动技术数据表

Technical Data1756 ControlLogix Integrated Motion Modules SpecificationsSERCOS Motion Catalog Numbers 1756-M03SE, 1756-M08SE, 1756-M16SE, 1756-M08SEG Analog Motion Catalog Numbers 1756-M02AE, 1756-M02AS, 1756-HYD02The controller can control servo drives through these motion interfaces.Some servo drives are supported through communication interface modules. The controller can communicate with these servo drives over these networks.For more information, see the Motion Analyzer CD to size your motion application and to make final component selection. Download the software from /motion/software/analyzer.htmlTopicPage SERCOS Interface Modules 3Analog Motion Modules5ApplicationCatalog Number Rockwell Automation SERCOS interface drives1756-M16SE 1756-M08SE 1756-M03SESERCOS interface drives that are Extended Pack Profile compliant 1756-M08SEG Analog servo interface drives with quadrature feedback 1756-M02AE Analog hydraulic servo interface drives LDT feedback 1756-HYD02 Analog servo interface drives with SSI feedback1756-M02ASDrives (1)EtherNet/IP ControlNet DeviceNet Universal Remote I/O RS-232 Serial DH-4852098 Ultra3000 DeviceNet servo driveNo No Yes No No No 2098 Ultra5000 intelligent positioningNoNoYesNoYesNo(1)Each drive has different options you order for its supported communication networks. See the appropriate catalog or selection information for a drive to make sure you select the appropriate option when specifying a drive for a specific network.1756 ControlLogix Integrated Motion Modules SpecificationsImportant User InformationSolid state equipment has operational characteristics differing from those of electromechanical equipment. Safety Guidelines for the Application, Installation and Maintenance of Solid State Controls (publication SGI-1.1 available from your local Rockwell Automation sales office or online at /literature/) describes some important differences between solid state equipment and hard-wired electromechanical devices. Because of this difference, and also because of the wide variety of uses for solid state equipment, all persons responsible for applying this equipment must satisfy themselves that each intended application of this equipment is acceptable.In no event will Rockwell Automation, Inc. be responsible or liable for indirect or consequential damages resulting from the use or application of this equipment.The examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for illustrative purposes. Because of the many variables and requirements associated with any particular installation, Rockwell Automation, Inc. cannot assume responsibility or liability for actual use based on the examples and diagrams.No patent liability is assumed by Rockwell Automation, Inc. with respect to use of information, circuits, equipment, or software described in this manual.Reproduction of the contents of this manual, in whole or in part, without written permission of Rockwell Automation, Inc., is prohibited.Throughout this manual, when necessary, we use notes to make you aware of safety considerations.Rockwell Automation, Rockwell Software, Allen-Bradley, TechConnect, ControlLogix, Kinetix, Ultra3000, and Ultra5000 are trademarks of Rockwell Automation, Inc.Trademarks not belonging to Rockwell Automation are property of their respective companies.WARNINGIdentifies information about practices or circumstances that can cause an explosion in a hazardous environment, which may lead to personal injury or death, property damage, or economic loss.IMPORTANTIdentifies information that is critical for successful application and understanding of the product.ATTENTIONIdentifies information about practices or circumstances that can lead to personal injury or death, property damage, or economic loss. Attentions help you identify a hazard, avoid a hazard, and recognize the consequenceSHOCK HAZARDLabels may be on or inside the equipment, for example, a drive or motor, to alert people that dangerous voltage maybe present.Labels may be on or inside the equipment, for example, a drive or motor, to alert people that surfaces may reach dangerous temperatures.1756 ControlLogix Integrated Motion Modules SpecificationsSERCOS Interface ModulesThe SERCOS interface modules use a single, digital fiber-optic link, which eliminates as many as 18 digital wires per axis. Detailed drive-statusinformation can be sent from drive to controller and from controller to drive.The SERCOS interface modules can connect to these servo drives:•2093 Kinetix 2000 multi-axis servo drive •2094 Kinetix 6000 multi-axis servo drive •2099 Kinetix 7000 high-power servo drive •2098 Ultra3000 SERCOS servo driveTechnical Specifications - 1756 SERCOS Interface ModulesAttribute1756-M03SE 1756-M08SE 1756-M16SE 1756-M08SEGNumber of drives, max 3 8168 (Extended Pack Profile compliant)SERCOS data rate4 Mbps 8 MbpsSERCOS cycle time @ 4 Mbps0.5 ms, up to 2 drives (1)1 ms, up to 4 drives 2 ms, up to 8 drives SERCOS cycle time @ 8 Mbps0.5 ms, up to 4 drives (1) 1 ms, up to 8 drives 2 ms, up to 16 drives Drive control modes Position, velocity, and torque Position onlyCurrent draw @ 5.1V DC 760 mA Current draw @ 24V DC 2.5 mA Power dissipation 5.0 W Slot width 1Module location Chassis-based, any slotChassis1756-A4, 1756-A7, 1756-A10, 1756-A13, 1756-A17Power supply, standard 1756-PA72/C, 1756-PA75/B, 1756-PB72/C, 1756-PB75/B, 1756-PC75/B, 1756-PH75/B Power supply, redundant 1756-PA75R, 1756-PB75R, 1756-PSCA2Plastic fiber-optic cables2090-SCEP xx -0 non-jacketed, chlorinated polyethylene 2090-SCVP xx -0 standard jacket, polyvinyl chloride 2090-SCNP xx -0 nylon jacketGlass fiber-optic cables 2090-SCVG xx -0 standard jacket, polyvinyl chloride Enclosure type ratingNone (open-style)(1)Kinetix 6000 drives let you use a 0.5 ms cycle time.Environmental Specifications - 1756 SERCOS Interface ModulesAttribute1756-M03SE, 1756-M08SE, 1756-M16SE, 1756-M08SEG Temperature, operatingIEC 60068-2-1 (Test Ad, Operating Cold),IEC 60068-2-2 (Test Bd, Operating Dry Heat),IEC 60068-2-14 (Test Nb, Operating Thermal Shock)0…60 °C (32…140 °F)Temperature, storageIEC 60068-2-1 (Test Ab, Unpackaged Nonoperating Cold),IEC 60068-2-2 (Test Bb, Unpackaged Nonoperating Dry Heat),IEC 60068-2-14 (Test Na, Unpackaged Nonoperating Thermal Shock) -40…85 °C (-40…185 °F)Relative humidityIEC 60068-2-30 (Test Db, Unpackaged Nonoperating Damp Heat)5…95% noncondensing1756 ControlLogix Integrated Motion Modules SpecificationsVibrationIEC 60068-2-6 (Test Fc, Operating)2 g @ 10…500 HzShock, operatingIEC 60068-2-27 (Test Ea, Unpackaged Shock)30 gShock, nonoperatingIEC 60068-2-27 (Test Ea, Unpackaged Shock)50 gEmissions CISPR 11: Group 1, Class AESD immunity IEC 61000-4-24 kV contact discharges 8 kV air dischargesRadiated RF immunity IEC 61000-4-310V/m with 1 kHz sine-wave 80% AM from 80... 2000 MHz 10V/m with 200 Hz 50% Pulse 100% AM @ 900 MHz10V/m with 200 Hz 50% Pulse 100% AM @ 1890 MHzEnvironmental Specifications - 1756 SERCOS Interface ModulesAttribute1756-M03SE, 1756-M08SE, 1756-M16SE, 1756-M08SEGCertifications - 1756 SERCOS Interface ModulesCertification(1)1756-M03SE, 1756-M08SE, 1756-M16SE, 1756-M08SEGc-UL-us UL Listed Industrial Control Equipment, certified for US and Canada. See UL File E65584.UL Listed for Class I, Division 2 Group A,B,C,D Hazardous Locations, certified for U.S. and Canada. See UL FileE194810.CE European Union 2004/108/IEC EMC Directive, compliant with:•EN 61326-1; Meas./Control/Lab., Industrial Requirements•EN 61000-6-2; Industrial Immunity•EN 61000-6-4; Industrial EmissionsEN 61131-2; Programmable Controllers (Clause 8, Zone A & B)C-Tick Australian Radiocommunications Act, compliant with:AS/NZS CISPR 11; Industrial Emissions(1)When marked. See the Product Certification link at for Declarations of Conformity, Certificates, and other certification details.1756 ControlLogix Integrated Motion Modules SpecificationsAnalog Motion ModulesThe ControlLogix family of analog servo modules is a cost effective option for closed-loop or open-loop motion control of devices that support an analogmotion interface. The analog servo modules provide a ±10V analogoutput-command reference and support a variety of position feedback devices. As many as two axes can be controlled per module, and multiple modules can be used to provide as many as 32 axes of control per ControlLogix controller.Technical Specifications - 1756 Analog Motion ModulesAttribute1756-M02AE 1756-HYD021756-M02ASNumber of axes per module, max 2Servo loop typeNested PI digital position and velocity servoProportional, integral, and differential (PID) with feed-forwards and directional scalingExternal drive = torquePosition loop: PID with velocity feed-forwardsVelocity loop: PI with accel feed-forwards (nested); with directional scaling and friction compensationExternal drive = velocity or hydraulic Position loop: PID with velocityfeed-forwards and accel feed-forwards with directional scaling and friction compensationVelocity loop: N/A (handled by drive or valve)Gain resolution 32-bit floating pointAbsolute position range ±1,000,000,000 encoder counts 230,000 LDT counts 232 (4,294,967,296) transducer counts Rate5 kHz 500 Hz…4 kHz (selectable)500 Hz, 666.7 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz (selectable)Current draw @ 5.1V DC 700 mA Current draw @ 24V DC 2.5 mA Power dissipation 5.5 W Thermal dissipation — 18.77 BTU/hr18.77 BTU/hrIsolation voltage — 30V continuous, user to system30V continuous, user to systemRemovable terminal block 1756-TBCH 1756-TBS6H Slot width 1Module location Chassis-based, any slotChassis1756-A4, 1756-A7, 1756-A10, 1756-A13, 1756-A17Power supply, standard 1756-PA72/C, 1756-PA75/B, 1756-PB72/C, 1756-PB75/B, 1756-PC75/B, 1756-PH75/B Power supply, redundant 1756-PA75R, 1756-PB75R, 1756-PSCA2Wire size 0.324…2.08 mm 2 (22…14 AWG) stranded, 1.2 mm (3/64 in.) insulation max (1)Wire category 1(2)2(1)2(1)Wire typeCopper CopperCopperEnclosure type ratingNone (open-style)(1)Maximum wire size requires extended housing, catalog number 1756-TBE,(2)Use this conductor category information for planning conductor routing as described in the system level installation manual. See the Industrial Automation Wiring and Grounding Guidelines, publication 1770-4.1.1756 ControlLogix Integrated Motion Modules SpecificationsInput Specifications1756-M02AE 1756-HYD02 1756-M02ASInput Type Encoder input: Incremental AB quadraturewith marker LDT input: PWM, Start/Stop rising orfalling edgeSSI input: Synchronous Serial InterfaceEncoder mode 4X quadrature — —Encoder rate, max 4 MHz counts per second — —Resolution — <0.001 in. with single recirculation 8…31 bitsElectrical interface Optically isolated, 5V differential Isolated 5V differential (RS-422 signal) Isolated 5V differential (RS-422 signal)On-state voltage range 3.4…5.0V — —Off-state voltage range 0…1.8V — —Input impedance 531 Ω differential 215 Ω differential 215 Ω differentialOutput load, min — 100 Ω min 100 Ω minTransducer — Must use External Interrogation signal Binary or gray codeClock frequency — — 208 kHz or 625 kHzRegistration Input Type Optically isolated, current sinking24V on-state voltage, min 18.5V DC24V on-state voltage, max 26.4V DC24V off-state voltage, max 3.5V DC24V input impedance 9.5 kΩ 1.2 kΩ9.5 kΩ5V on-state voltage, min 3.7V DC5V on-state voltage, max 5.5V DC5V off-state voltage, max 1.5V DC5V input impedance 1.2 kΩ9.5 kΩ 1.2 kΩResponse time (position latched) 1 μs 1 servo update period(1) 1 servo update period(1)Other Input Type Optically isolated, current sinkingInput voltage, nom 24V DCOn-state voltage, min 17V DCOn-state voltage, max 26.4V DCOff-state voltage, max 8.5V DCInput impedance 7.5 kΩ(1)Servo update period is the period at which the position and/or velocity feedback is sampled and a new servo loop is closed to generate a new servo output. The time of this period is a user-defined setting from 250…2000 μs.1756 ControlLogix Integrated Motion Modules SpecificationsOutput Specifications1756-M02AE1756-HYD02 1756-M02ASServo Output Type Analog voltageIsolation 200 kΩ— —Voltage range ±10VVoltage resolution 16 bitsOutput load, min 5.6 kΩ resistiveOutput offset, max 25 mVOutput gain error ±4%Other Outputs Solid-state isolated relay contactOperating voltage, nom 24V DC (Class 2 source) 24V DC 24V DCOperating voltage, max 26.4V DCOperating current 75 mAEnvironmental Specifications - 1756 Analog Motion ModulesAttribute1756-M02AE1756-HYD02, 1756-M02AS Temperature, operatingIEC 60068-2-1 (Test Ad, Operating Cold),IEC 60068-2-2 (Test Bd, Operating Dry Heat),IEC 60068-2-14 (Test Nb, Operating Thermal Shock)0…60 °C (32…140 °F) 0…60 °C (32…140 °F)Temperature, storageIEC 60068-2-1 (Test Ab, Unpackaged Nonoperating Cold),IEC 60068-2-2 (Test Bb, Unpackaged Nonoperating Dry Heat),IEC 60068-2-14 (Test Na, Unpackaged Nonoperating Thermal Shock)-40…85 °C (-40…185 °F) -40…85 °C (-40…185 °F)Relative humidityIEC 60068-2-30 (Test Db, Unpackaged Nonoperating Damp Heat)5…95% noncondensing 5…95% noncondensingVibrationIEC 60068-2-6 (Test Fc, Operating)— 2 g @ 10…500 HzShock, operatingIEC 60068-2-27 (Test Ea, Unpackaged Shock)—30 gShock, nonoperatingIEC 60068-2-27 (Test Ea, Unpackaged Shock)—50 gEmissions—CISPR 11: Group 1, Class AESD immunity IEC 61000-4-2— 6 kV contact discharges8 kV air dischargesRadiated RF immunity IEC 61000-4-3—10V/m with 1 kHz sine-wave 80% AM from80... 2000 MHz10V/m with 200 Hz 50% Pulse 100% AM @900 MHzEFT/B immunityIEC 61000-4-4—±2 kV at 5 kHz on signal portsSurge transient immunity IEC 61000-4-5—±2 kV line-line (DM) and ±2 kV line-earth (CM)on signal portsConducted RF immunity IEC 61000-4-6—10Vrms with 1 kHz sine-wave 80% AM from150 kHz...80 MHz1756 ControlLogix Integrated Motion Modules Specifications1756 Removable Terminal BlocksCertifications - 1756 Analog Motion ModulesCertification (1)1756-M02AE1756-HYD02, 1756-M02ASUL UL Listed Industrial Control Equipment, certified for US and Canada.UL Listed Industrial Control Equipment, certified for US and Canada.CSACSA Certified Process Control Equipment for Class I, Division 2 Group A,B,C,D.CSA Certified Process Control EquipmentCSA Certified Process Control Equipment for Class I, Division 2 Group A,B,C,D Hazardous LocationsCE Marked for applicable directives.European Union 89/336/EEC EMC Directive, compliant with:•EN 50082-2; Industrial Immunity•EN 61326; Meas./Control/Lab., Industrial Requirements •EN 61000-6-2; Industrial Immunity •EN 61000-6-4; Industrial EmissionsC-TickMarked for applicable acts.Australian Radiocommunications Act, compliant with:AS/NZS CISPR 11; Industrial Emissions(1)When marked. See the Product Certification link at for Declarations of Conformity, Certificates, and other certification details.Attribute 1756-TBCH1756-TBS6H1756-TBEDescription 36-pin cage-clamp removable terminal block with standard housing 36-pin spring-clamp removable terminal block with standard housingExtended depth terminal block housing Screw torque 0.4 N•m (4.4 lb•in) —Screwdriver width8 mm (5/16 in.) max1756 ControlLogix Integrated Motion Modules Specifications Notes:Publication 1756-TD004B-EN-E - May 2010Rockwell Automation SupportRockwell Automation provides technical information on the Web to assist you in using its products. At/support/, you can find technical manuals, a knowledge base of FAQs, technical and application notes, sample code and links to software service packs, and a MySupport feature that you can customize to make the best use of these tools.For an additional level of technical phone support for installation, configuration, and troubleshooting, we offer TechConnect support programs. For more information, contact your local distributor or Rockwell Automation representative, or visit /support/.Installation AssistanceIf you experience an anomaly within the first 24 hours of installation, review the information that is contained in this manual.You can contact Customer Support for initial help in getting your product up and running.New Product Satisfaction ReturnRockwell Automation tests all of its products to ensure that they are fully operational when shipped from the manufacturing facility. However, if your product is not functioning and needs to be returned, follow these procedures.Documentation FeedbackYour comments will help us serve your documentation needs better. If you have any suggestions on how to improve this document, complete this form, publication RA-DU002, available at /literature/.United States or Canada 1.440.646.3434Outside United States or CanadaUse the Worldwide Locator at /support/americas/phone_en.html , or contact your local Rockwell Automation representative.United States Contact your distributor. You must provide a Customer Support case number (call the phone number above to obtain one) to your distributor to complete the return process.Outside United StatesPlease contact your local Rockwell Automation representative for the return procedure.。

文献翻译的英文原文

ReviewHydropower’s future,the environment,and global electricity systemsR.SternbergDepartment of Earth and Environmental Studies,Montclair State University,1Normal Ave,Montclair,NJ07043-1624,United StatesContents1.Introduction (713)2.Purpose of study (714)3.Hydropower as instrument of change (714)4.Water management-hydropower and water availability (715)5.The environment and hydropower (718)6.Hydropower and changing electricity economies (719)7.Hydropower and governments’energy plans (720)8.Hydropower-geopolitics (721)9.Hydropower’s future in aﬂuid energy world (722)Acknowledgements (723)References (723)1.IntroductionWater management emerged out of the agricultural revolution. Agricultural origins are associated with regions of water deﬁcits.To foster productivity water had to be diverted to land to be sown.The urban revolution reinforced this process.Water management had rustic origins;it is the cumulative effect and the changes emerged that imparted growing signiﬁcance to effective water utilization.Mesopotamia and the Nile valley were hearth regions for applied hydraulic manipulations.It is the industrial revolution that turned to use of hydropower to move machinery by means of waterwheels along stream courses to avail itself of this energy source.Hydro-power at this juncture became a magnet for industrial location in the UK as well in New England.Even in Paterson,NJ in the early19th century,the Great Falls served to power the local silk industry,the Colt(sixth-shooter fame),and the local locomotive factories. Hydropower for electricity generation had to await the convergence of scientiﬁc efforts of numerous researchers’experiments whose efforts matured to control and produce electricity.Faraday was theRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews14(2010)713–723A R T I C L E I N F OArticle history:Received2July2009Accepted11August2009Keywords:HydropowerHydropower project planning comparative energy sourcesEnvironmental conservationGeopoliticsDamless hydropowerHydrokinetic A B S T R A C THydropower is a well established electricity system on the global scene.Global electricity needs by far exceed the amount of electricity that hydrosystems can provide to meet global electricity needs.Much of the world’s hydropower remains to be brought into production.Improved technology,better calibrated environmental parameters for large projects have become the norm in the past15years.How and why does hydropower retain a prominent role in electricity production?How and why does hydropowerﬁnd social acceptance in diverse social systems?How does hydropower project planning address issues beyond electricity generation?How does the systems approach to hydropower installations further analysis of comparative energy sources powering electricity systems?Attention to the environmental impact of hydropower facilities forms an integral part of systems analysis.Similarly,the technical, political and economic variables call for balanced analysis to identify the viability status of hydro projects.Economic competition among energy systems requires in context assessments as these shape decision making in planning of hydropower systems.Moreover,technological change has to be given a time frame during which the sector advances in productivity and share in expanding electricity generation.The low production costs per kWh assure hydropower at this juncture,2009,a very viable future.ß2009Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.E-mail address:fsternie@.Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews j o u r n a l ho m e pa g e:w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e/r s e r1364-0321/$–see front matterß2009Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.08.016ﬁrst to achieve the production of electricity in 1831,but another ﬁfty years were needed to produce electricity derived from a water powered waterwheel,invented by Francis in 1851.Hydropower’s history covers 130years,but its role in electricity use is disproportionate when the consequences are globally assessed.Electricity has become a pervasive,ubiquitous energy source in nearly all spheres of life.In the 21st century,virtually nothing functions without electricity,whether it’s an electric tooth brush or a space shuttle,and everything in between.Electricity dependence has reached near universal status.Dependable electricity availability has become a condition that shapes policies and challenges economic planning and production,necessitates environmental preservation,and fosters energy-electricity conservation.Electricity can be produced in numerous ways in terms of resources used,such as oil,gas,coal,geothermal,biomass,eolian,nuclear,solar,and water,as electricity enters the transmission system,it is impossible to tell its source of origin,especially when numerous different sources are used.It is the availability and dependability of the electricity driven resource that matters as the per capita consumption rises globally inexorably (see Table 1).Hydropower’s future has to be considered as a transition stage for many states of the world that have ﬂuvial systems that can be drawn into the electricity generating system.Environmental conditions,political planning,economic options,available tech-nical personnel,existing electro-mechanical industries,and energy-kind competition,each of these variables shapes the decision-making process when,if and where to place such electricity generating utilities.Hydropower plants turn out to be very long term projects,hence their future is planning dependent and anticipated economic viability measured.Electricity systemswill exist for the predictable future;it is the energy source(s)that may change radically.In this context,hydropower may serve for a longer time as major ‘‘energy bridge’’to a different energy future.2.Purpose of studyWith most of the world’s hydropower potential available for near future development,it is local interests and sovereign states that decide how to manage their water resource base.Hydropower projects require prolonged planning and construction ernments change,electricity needs shift,and increase but the basic physical conditions tend to retain their physical character-istics for a predictable time span.Given the increased environ-mental awareness,why and how do hydropower systems continue to ﬁnd social and political acceptance in diverse social systems?How does hydropower project planning address issues beyond electricity generation?How does the systems approach to hydro-power installations further analysis of comparative energy sources powering electricity systems?How compatible is hydropower with the changing energy matrix?Hydropower installations appear in phases,in response to electricity demand and a state’s preparedness to absorb the added electricity supply.It is in the BRIC (Brazil,Russia,India,China)states where this progression can be represented in regional and chronological detail.And techno-logical changes in hydropower have to be anticipated,such as hydrokinetic systems,e.g.3.Hydropower as instrument of changeHydropower turned into an instrument of production change,powering the beginning of the industrial revolution,notably in theTable 11950to 2000world electricity systems installed MW increased by nearly 2,100%or about 42%/year.Worldwide increasing electricity dependence fosters larger generating systems and changing technologies advance electricity conservation.World Electricity Systems-World Regions-1950–1960(MW,kWh/p/y)19501960ThermHyd Tot kWh/p/y Therm Hyd Tot kWh/p/y World 10247357360154092382369957149571520,755763Africa 3062485352166728519799264128Asia 732875841491241201191651236631122Europe 556652735583259733117262538791718851607N.Amer.N/A N/A N/A 2061161375535692152533643S.Amer.2892216450561677225609613321349Oceania2045944208910194856275576501960World Electricity Systems-World Regions-1970–1980(MW,kWh/p/y)19701980ThermHyd Tot kWh/p/y Therm Hyd Tot kWh/p/y World 8179452906521,125,3921347140341646539620130061601Africa 16608750824116244297281317042898321Asia 9399542775138537279226923718218324294510Europe 2239349936533083230773506191371695347634551N.Amer.3217668811441671159345472031321807429897611S.Amer.1441614654290705642609941914683831131Oceania1289668881997636202259810234329925322World Electricity Systems-World Regions-1990–2000(MW,kWh/p/y)19902000ThermHyd Tot kWh/p/y Therm Hyd Tot kWh/p/y World 177159162842927461272207223061676380833778282475Africa 5237019332727424867745122104101463524Asia 40497312059257294281775072019226910200131288Europe 376809171588678338571062761624131710550705168N.Amer.638100160186926446865868214317895798163810388S.Amer.34759803751168091504521271191491652742055Oceania328901225645750106004055913284543708362Sources :UN [25]energy statistics yearbook-1982,p.684–710.Energy yearbook-1990,p.456–473,energy yearbook-2000,p.478–494.R.Sternberg /Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14(2010)713–723714UK Midlands.Then it was waterwheel powered with driveshafts to activate textile production.In Brazil,at Juiz de Fora(1889)one of theﬁrst hydroelectric plants powered a textile mill.Numerous technological changes were needed to achieve greater electricity transmission distances,which freed machinery from transmission belts and introduced the dynamo driven individual machines. Hydropower served as an electricity provider in the industrializa-tion process in France,Germany,Norway,the UK,Italy,and the US. After World War II,Brazil started to foster hydropower projects to serve the major urban cores and the beginning of industrialization [1].Coal rich states such as the UK,USA,and Germany used hydropower and coal powered thermal plants,but coal-poor states such as Italy and France turned to their‘‘white coal,’’the hydropower resource base.For hydropower-rich states such as China,India,Russia,and Brazil,hydropower construction in phases served to promote industrialization.Lenin as early as1920borrowed from a friend ‘‘...The age of steam is the age of the bourgeoisie,the age of electricity is the age of socialism.’’[2].The post World War II industrialization of Japan,S.Korea,and China without hydropower would have had a different pace then actually recorded.It is economy of foreign exchange that plays its part.China has actively fostered its hydropower sector dating to the1970s,and currently it is the premier hydropower in the world.Similarly,much of the USSR’s industrialization was hydropowered.Hydropower serves as an instrument of change and in most instances it is a domestic energy source that fosters exchange rate savings,but also encourages the formation of a domestic electro-mechanical heavy industry to provide the mechanical equipment that can be domestically manufactured(e.g.Mecanica Pesada,Brazil).Another essential component of the hydropower system is the electricity transmission infrastructure,the less complicated component to produce locally.Hydropower turns into an instrument of reciprocal,complementary beneﬁts,providing essential electricity and supporting a host of electro-mechanical industries.4.Water management-hydropower and water availabilityIn the popular perception,hydropower dominates in the world of river regulation.In the numerical context,hydropower in total river water management at this time regulates about12%of the world’s riversﬂuvial volume(Chao[4],see also[3],p.366).It is the evolution of large dams,1000MW and larger,which create notable reservoirs.Among theﬁrst of this scale is the Hoover Dam, 1951MW and now there is the Three Gorges Project,22,400MW. One of the largest reservoirs is Lake Nasser with160km3.Actually, 88%of the world’s stored riverwaters serve urban water supply systems,irrigation(which uses70%of the world’s fresh water),ﬂood control,recreational water projects(in the US,this is36%), and canal systems([3],WATER,366).Water management is a most sensitive subject matter.In undergraduate economics,the economics professor(1950)pointed to water as a ubiquitous and free resource,offered as example of a costless factor in economic analysis.Times have changed.As per capita water consumption increases with changing global urba-nization rates,it may become necessary to identify priority ranking for water uses.Implicitly,a water conservation categorization may foster voluntary per capita use reduction in general populations. Water-pricing would encourage increased conservation by means of direct personal economy.Even hydropower plants may have to pay for water use and charge more for electricity to achieve balance in water utilization rates.Hydropower’s water dependence is precipitation and river volume contingent(Table2).Precipitation totals expressed in km3 for the speciﬁc watershed provide the hydroproject planner essential parameters for project planning.Another measure that project planners are keenly interested in are streamﬂow values in m3/s.These are closely related data,but topography and streamgrade inﬂuence rate of runoff and speed of streamﬂow. Water availability may be evaluated on the basis of the km2/km3 ratio as the ratio gets intoﬁve digits,electricity generation tends to lose dependability in contrast to three digits when the generating potential gains in predictability(see Table2).For the world this kind of data collection is uneven in quality,quantity,and time gathered.Data gathering,reporting,and publishing comes with the culture of scientiﬁc inquiry,and with scientiﬁc experimentation. The absence of this basic data for use in hydropower planning impacts adversely,technically,economically,socially,environ-mentally,and politically.Sound water management under the circumstances stands signiﬁcantly compromised.The data serves to restrain hasty assumptions about climate as a determining consideration for setting up hydropower projects.Table2Select river basin data for annual water availability.Region River basin km2Water(km3)km2/km3Mean Flow(m3/s)Asia Yangtze18100001003180535000Ganges/Brahmaputra17500001389126020000Indus96000022043643850Mekong646000459140715900Armur1860000355524012500Europe Danube57830017632866450Volga136000025253978000Pechora31700013723144060Rhine10370050.620502200Africa Niger209000030269205700Congo36800001320278842000Nile2870000161178261584North America Mississippi2980000515578617545Columbia66800023728196650Colorado6370001638813168wrence1026000320320610400South America Amazon692000069201000180000Parana3100000811382219500Orinoco1000000101099028000Bio Bio21220365961230Source:Ref.[22],p.5–6,68,124,190,247,307.R.Sternberg/Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews14(2010)713–723715Possibly one of the more favorable rivers for hydropower projects is the Bio-Bio,Chile,as 1km 3needs less than 600km 2in area of surface (see Table 2),and Pange is a top revenue producer per hectare of installed power,about $90,000/year/ha at 57%of installed capacity.The Itaipu experience,different in scale,is exceptional,as it often generates above installed capacity.Water management for hydropower is subject to local norms,a global formula proves elusive to articulate as regions and sites tend to uniqueness.An overview of some of the world’s major rivers,their watershed areas,the approximate amounts of precipitation as recorded in km 3,and their drainage area are reported in km 2and approximate streamﬂow values provides tangible reference points for hydro-power planning (Fig.1).At this time,the Amazon River volume is less useful for electricity generation than the Colorado River with its 16km 3/year water accumulation versus the Amazon’s 6920km 3/year (see Table 2,Fig.2).How does the Blue Nile (Ethiopia)contribute to the Nile main channel,and for how long have the Ethiopians had dependable data to manage the national hydro-power resource base effectively?In this part of Africa,evaporation rates enter the hydropower planning assessment when Lake Nasser yields 14–15km 3of water to evaporation a year (or about 440m 3/s).One of the more hydropower generating rivers of reference in the table is the Parana-Paraguay-Uruguay-La Plata system,which in the Brazilian segment has 42hydropower projects.The headwater dam Furnas tends to be a key control unit for down-river volume of water and velocity,hence as the water moves downstream,each subsequent dam registers a certain increase in its generating rate.Engineers assume 50–57%average of ﬁrm power yield for the year,or a 1000MW unit is projected to generate 500–570MW on a continuous base load for the year.At Itaipu,75–90%yield are the norm,or 12,500+MW at 90%daily (675,000barrels of petroleum/day).675,000barrels of petroleum per day =$33,750,000/day at $50,for the year that equals $12,319,000,000.(It is unwise to use a higher petroleum value,as market ﬂuctuations should constrain unrealistic claims).In ﬁve consecutive years the capital generated comes to $61,593,750,000.The two maps of precipitation in select river basins expressed in km 3and stream ﬂow per second in m 3for selected rivers (Figs.1and 2)point to improved resource utilization possibilities with a less environment intrusive technology.Time and investment will be needed to develop run-of-the-river turbines,a form of damless hydroelectricity system.This is a challenge for the next three to four decades as an increase in fossil fuel reduction for multiple resources will gain in global acceptance (merely consider one state burning 2.3Â109tons of coal per year out of the world 5.3Â109tons per year:see [4],p.78).This kind of electricity generating system would be most appropriate initially for very large river system,with the watersheds registering receiving above the 1000km 3/year mark.1The stream ﬂow data are the more informative to assess hydroelectricity generating potential.To this have to be added local geomorphology,notably streambed morphology and river grade.(An excellent source for speciﬁc river studies is [5].Many of the rivers mapped are considered in detail in the text).With notable variation in river grade naturally,theoneFig.1.Selected world river annual discharges in km 3.1In August 2008,Itaipu was operating at 12,500MW/day or 90%of installed capacity.Itaipu at this time operates as a run-of-the-river unit.R.Sternberg /Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14(2010)713–723716created by hydropower dams adds to stream velocity variations between dams and corresponding inter-dam distance variation.The steeper the grade between projects,the more attractive the possibility to install damless turbines with better than average water availability and speed for power generation.Instead of individual dams with speciﬁc name-plate installed potential,it is essential to ﬁnd the approximate size turbine and rotor for certain water volume and river speed to ﬁt into the speciﬁc river system.The next step involves optimal separating turbines in the context from upstream to downstream to retain even water speed and pressure for operating efﬁciency.Placement of the units could be achieved by devising a factory ship that places the supporting pylons,turbine installation,and platform for attaching to the rotor system.Transmission line development would include essential consolidating transformer station loca-tions to up the kV dispatched over longer distances.This more active use of transmission could result in more efﬁcient transmission delivery in the form of notable reductions of electricity losses during the transforming phases,the consolidating one,and the receiving end the transformer station,where transformation generally registers a 7%electricity loss.Numerous technological hurdles have to be overcome to achieve improved returns on these possibly massive projects.In the project planning process productivity dependability comprises a notable aspect to identify the scheme’s long term viability.Stream-ﬂow data and watershed areal extent afford a measure to approximate water volume availability of a speciﬁc river segment.As noted above,the larger the surface required to gather runoff,two conditions become apparent:one,the reservoir has to be proportionally sized to store ample seasonal precipitation accumulation to allow a minimal operational timeframe for the installed generating system;and two,the larger drainage surface surrenders a higher percentage of the precipitation to evaporation losses.A project in a watershed area where 1km 3needs 600km 2compared with a drainage shed of 6000km 2/km 3,informs the project planner of potential water availability a potential generating time frame for operating parameters of kWh.Function of the dam in the river system identiﬁes actual watershed areal extent.There is the headwater project and then there is the dam closest to the river estuary,which includes the river’s entire watershed.Tucurui registers about 11,200m 3/s or about 352km 3/year,or the Tucurui watershed of 758,000km 3/year translates into 2152km 2/km 3of precipitation in its watershed,the daily average that transits Tucurui is .96km 3.The Madeira,a tributary to the Amazon,at Porto Velho,averages 19,000m 3/s,or,599.2km 3/y.Its drainage area is 903,500km 2or 1505km 2of surface collects 1km 3of stream ﬂow/year,and 1.64km 3on average transits Porto Velho daily.Each project can be assessed in this way to project its generating production parameters.The Bio Bio Pange Dam,can be considered among the most productive.Itaipu and Xingo (both are in Brazil)are run-of-the-river projects and need to be considered in a different analytical context.With the possible reduction upon dam dependence along river courses,and signiﬁcant economy in project expenditures,the ﬂooding of productive land or population resettlement would become unnecessary and it would be economically rewarding and be socially constructive,as no resettlements would be called for.Fish life and river transport are other variables that need to be addressed.For protection of ﬁsh life there may be forms of barriers that deﬂect ﬁsh to be drawn into the turbine draft.FornavigationFig.2.Selected world river per second m 3stream ﬂow at key control stations.R.Sternberg /Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14(2010)713–723717the turbine pylons could serve as guides instead of needed buoys.The environmental impact of this system is an unknown.Until a system is in place and its function has been monitored for a decade,any assertion is inappropriate at this stage of knowledge.In most likelihood this system could be the least environment damaging energy system available.Figs.1and 2provide a comparative overview of select river basins.Fig.3affords a measure of how much precipitation in km 3is registered in a speciﬁc watershed.What the data does not include is the soil moisture absorption rate or the local evaporation losses.The ratio of km 2to km 3provides an additional parameter of stream ﬂow assessment and predictability.The larger the catchment area per km 3,the more uncertain the streamﬂow regime.From Table 2,the least reliable river listed is the Colorado,which depends upon over 38,800km 2per km 3of registered precipitation,the Bio Bio in Chile drains 596km 2to collect 1km 3of precipitation.The data point to a possible streamﬂow reliability measure namely the lower the ratio the more productive the hydro potential of this river.The rivers listed for South America in this table register above average values,notably the Bio Bio and the Orinoco.The mean value for the selected rivers is 5585km 2/km 3.Four of the rivers included in the list exceed the average registered,and two of these,the Colorado,U.S.,Nile,Egypt,Sudan,Ethiopia,and Uganda are seven and three times exceeding the average.It can be said that the lower the measured ratio,the more dependable the river’s productivity potential.5.The environment and hydropowerConstraint in a river system will lead to multiple modiﬁcations in its metabolism and its environmental fabric.Actual extent of environmental change depends upon project magnitude,in the case of hydropower it is generally the reservoir size (volume and extent)rather than the installed generating hydropower project altering area project morphology (that affects the larger project area).Two Brazilian projects serve to illustrate different aerial project morphology.Serra da Mesa,head dam on the Tocantins has a 54.4km 3reservoir (Serra da Mesa installed potential is 1998MW);Xingo on the Sao Francisco,3000MW installed,5000MW potential,is a run of the river project,essentially without reservoir as it reworks the turbined waters from the up-river Paulo Afonso system.This affords an overview of the range of differences that are hydropower project associated.Emphasis is on hydropower,and the environmental impact is project size related.Reservoirs for example in Amazonia generate less humidity than the natural vegetation,which impacts the original precipitation pattern.Forest removal in planned reservoir areas in the Amazonian environment has proven difﬁcult because of the rapidity of the regeneration of secondary growth.Forest inundation produces eutrophication and its dissolution depends upon the streamﬂow regime in volume and velocity.The more frequent the renewal of the reservoir water,the sooner the eutrophication process can be attenuated and in time restore the water body to functional health.At Tucurni,Tocantins River,Brazil,the reservoir water is renewed about every 47days,nearly eight times per year,Balbina dam,Uatuma River,Brazil,requires at least one year to recycle its reservoir volume.Sedimentation is generally part of the natural drainage process from runoff.There is far more complexity to the topic than can be addressed,but a key agent is active land uses.Agriculture,roads,forest clearance,urban systems,rank high as sedimentation agents.Hydropower planners cannot accurately predict the sedimentation rates since land use management practices are uneven in much of the world.Hydropower managers sharetheFig.3.km 2/km 3provides an approximation of water availability,this information can serve to assign reservoir size by the respective project engineer(s).R.Sternberg /Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14(2010)713–723718topic at meetings and special symposia,addressing the complexity of the issue[6].Continuous expansion of the hydropower systems into open river systems points to conditions of electricity demand for which an effective response has to be found locally.Rising electricity demand and increasing electricity costs point to the shrinking options to policy makers on how to balance environmental conservation and electricity demand.Hydropower professionals are turning increasingly environment sensitive and hydropower projects are designed to minimize environmental stress.In Brazil, the Madeira project is for a15meter high dam,or a barrier that limits the reservoir to theﬂoodplain accepting bulbar turbines of 72and75MW each([7],77ff).Future hydroprojects can be expected to differ from antecedent projects and be less conspic-uous in the physical landscape.6.Hydropower and changing electricity economiesInvestment resource availability shapes future electricity generating infrastructure.A convergence of multiple interests mold future plans in the hydropower sector and its corresponding construction schedules.Heterogeneity in the resource base of the world’s states,varied stages of domestic infrastructure formation, notably different lifestyles and cultural contexts,and uneven environmental perceptions affect broader generalizations about hydropower’s future[8].As hydropower projects gain in magni-tude,so do the needed investments which have to anticipate returns for the long term.Given these conditions,governments become increasingly the key agencies as paymasters for the key hydropower projects.In the US it was the Hoover Dam,the TVA system,the Columbia River system,and the wrence River projects that can be cited as government sponsored.At the international level reference can be made to the multiple hydropower projects along the Danube,or in the La Plata River system.The latter home to three projects has grown into MERCOSUR,a regional supranational economic union.Cost assessment is generally on price per kW installed. Economy of scale favors large projects as it lowers the cost per installed kW.Emphasis is on the generating facility,but implicit in general consideration is the availability of transforming stations and transmission lines.While these cost elements are not addressed here,they form an integral part of the generating system,the dam([9],NETWORKS,233–261).In the planning and execution phase of hydropower projects,their construction phase is compressed in time,it is the hydropower project that is a timecostly,or the interest charges that consume large sums that play their part in compressing the construction schedules.Hydropower project planners,depending upon project size,have to include a time horizon of30–50years to insure project economic viability. While these professionals address project economic viability,the larger horizon is serving the public needs of a speciﬁc country. Larger projects tend to become part of the national budget,hence these projects turn into public property.Mega projects mobilize a large labor force to foster timely completion of the power plant.If30,000people work on such project,allowﬁve to ten years before theﬁrst turbine of many comes on line.That means that during these years,payrolls to be met without any income from such projects.And the additional turbines,depending upon their respective size,each generally takes four to six months to install,so when a project has10–20 turbines,anotherﬁve to eight years are needed to complete the project(see Figs.4–6).At this point,it is easier to explain the initial high cost of hydropower,it is the hiatus of no income to the last unit coming on line.Private investment cannot sustain such investments without income producing operations which clariﬁes why major projects tend to be publicly owned([10],‘‘LATINA-MERICANIZATION.’’).Much of economic development worldwide has been hydro-powered,whether it came off the waterwheel or from the hydropower plant.In South America urbanization has been largely hydropowered,and that came from government coffers.Hydro-powerﬁnds general acceptance as a domestically available energy source.The term‘‘white coal’’comes from Switzerland and Italy, two states without domestic coal resources,but with extensive ﬂuvial systems which provide actively used hydropower potential.In the21st century electricity has become a dominant energy source.Its costs reﬂect the source from which it is derived,hence while the kWh has one price,its production costs are source dictated.At this time hydropower derived electricity continues to be the lowest cost electricity available world-wide(Table3—Energy systems,p.501[11]).Hydropower cannot be expected to meet the world’s electricity needs,it serves as‘‘energy bridge’’to a technology manipulating world.It contributes to infrastructure formation,transmission systems,transformers,and inﬂuences electricitypricing.Fig. 4.Itaipu-Binacional an upstream panoramic view.There are20installed generators of700MW and18of these are in continuous operation with two as standbys in case of outage.In August2008daily generation averaged12,560MW,or 90%of installed capacity.The plant can be considered a run-of-the-river unit. Source:RolfSternberg.Fig.5.Standard transmission towers out of Itaipu-Binacional,these are500kV lines,which feed into a transformer station where the electricity is converted to 600kV,DC,and750kV AC for delivery to key consuming poles.Source:Rolf Sternberg.R.Sternberg/Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews14(2010)713–723719。

介绍化工专业的英语作文

介绍化工专业的英语作文英文回答：Chemical engineering is a fascinating field that combines principles of chemistry, physics, and mathematics to design and operate processes that convert raw materials into valuable products. As a chemical engineering student, I have learned how to apply scientific knowledge to solve practical problems in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, energy, and environmental protection.One of the reasons I chose to study chemical engineering is because of the wide range of career opportunities available in this field. For example, chemical engineers can work in research and development, process design, production, quality control, and even sales and marketing. This versatility allows me to explore different areas and find a job that best suits my interests and skills.In addition, chemical engineering is a constantly evolving field, with new technologies and innovations being developed all the time. For instance, I recently learned about the use of nanotechnology in drug delivery systems, which has the potential to revolutionize the pharmaceutical industry. Being able to work on cutting-edge projects like this is both challenging and rewarding.Furthermore, studying chemical engineering has taught me valuable skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and teamwork. These skills are not only important in my academic studies but also in my future career. For example, during a group project to design a water treatment plant, I had to collaborate with my classmates to come up with creative solutions to complex problems. This experience not only improved my technical knowledge but also my communication and leadership skills.Overall, studying chemical engineering has been a rewarding experience that has prepared me for a successful career in a dynamic and fast-paced industry.中文回答：化工专业是一个迷人的领域，它结合了化学、物理和数学原理，设计和操作过程，将原材料转化为有价值的产品。

学会在中国的新升级的大学毕业生使用或不使用诡计测试(IJEME-V3-N1-1)

I.J. Education and Management Engineering, 2013, 1, 1-6Published Online January 2013 in MECS ()DOI: 10.5815/ijeme.2013.01.01Available online at /ijemeLearned to Use or Learned not to Use?- An Application of the Wiles Test on Graduates of China’s Newly-upgradedUniversitiesXiaowen Zhu a1 , Zhiwen Zhu b2a Department of Enrollment & Employment Huaiyin Institute of Technology Huaian, Chinab School of Economics & Management Huaiyin Institute of Technology Huaian, ChinaAbstractThe human capital hypothesis and the screening hypothesis were commonly used to explain the positive effect of education level on individual incomes in the field of education economics. Using graduates of the newly-upgraded universities of China as the sample, this paper tested the two contending hypothesis. The results were in favor of the human capital hypothesis, which indicated higher education was rather a production means than merely a signal of productivity for graduates of these universities.Index Terms: Human capital hypothesis; screening hypothesis; Wiles test; job match; newly-upgraded colleges© 2013 Published by MECS Publisher. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the International Conference on E-Business System and Education Technology1.INTRODUCTIONThe human capital hypothesis (HCH) and the screening hypothesis (SH) are commonly used to explain the positive effect of education level on individual incomes in the field of education economics. According to the HCH, individuals invest in their human capital via education, learning, training or working, which improves their productivities and hence enables them acquire higher returns in labor markets [1]. However, the SH contends that employers use education as productivity signals screening job applicants in labor markets with asymmetric information [2].Wiles (1974) designed a method to test the two contending hypothesis. The idea of Wiles test is: If the SH were true, the productivities and incomes of college graduates employed in positions unmatched with their fields of study would be indifferent from those employed in positions matched with their fields of study [3]. The Wiles test had been replicated many times with different samples since 1974; however, the results are still inconclusive, This study is sponsored by the Philosophy and Social Science Foundation for Higher Education of Jiangsu Province of China (Grant No. 09SJB880013).* Corresponding author.E-mail address: 1zhuxiaowen8@, 2zhu_zhiwen@2Learned to Use or Learned not to Use?- An Application of the Wiles Test on Graduates of China’s Newly-upgraded Universitiesfor instance, in [4] and [5] versus [6].This paper will reexamine the Wiles test by using the sample of graduates of China’s newly-upgraded universities (NUs). Because most NUs were established by merging and upgrading several three-year colleges, which used to emphasize the trainings of occupational and application skills, since Chinese Government launching an extensive expansion of higher education in 1999. As such, many NUs are faced with the question whether transforming to emphasize the general education and the trainings of academic skills [7].At this point, conducting a Wiles test on graduates of NUs would be instructive to answer this question. Obviously, if the results of Wiles test support the HCH, the NUs should maintain their previous principles and objectives of education. Otherwise, if the results support the SH, they should change their previous principles and objectives of education after upgrading.2.Research DesignA.Data and SamplesWe undertook a survey of graduates’ s eeking jobs in 6 NUs at Jiangsu Province of China in June 2010. By July 2010, a total of 2572 valid questionnaires had been collected, of which 68.5% had confirmed their next career or study future prospects, while 50.9% had signed their first job contract after graduation. We dropped samples having not signed a job contract and outliers whose starting monthly salaries are fewer than 500 or more than 15000 yuan, leaving 1276 observations in the database.B.Variables and Measures1)Dependent variable: Income was used as the dependent variable, which was measured by the respondent’s self-reported starting monthly salary.2)Explanatory variable: Job match index was used as the explanatory variable, which indicates the extent of a job matching with the respondent’s field of study. In this study such an index was measured based on the work of Richards (1984) in which respondents were asked to report whether their current occupation was matched with their qualification in terms of status and pay, usefulness of the skills acquired in their academic work and the relationship between their job and the field of study [8]. A five point scale was used as follows: 1–much unmatched with, 2 – unmatched with, 3 – uncertain, 4 – matched with, 5 – much matched with. A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating the scale point equals 3, 4 or 5 and 0 indicating the scale point equals 1 or 2.3)Control variables:a)Major field of study: We divided majors using Biglan’s (1973) typology of academic fields[9]. Categories introduced included soft-pure (e.g. literature, history), soft-applied (e.g. economics, management), hard-pure (e.g. physics, chemistry) and hard-applied (e.g. computer science, electronics, mechanical engineering).b)Gender: Respondents were divided into two groups, the male and the female, according to their gender.c)Enrollment type: A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating state planning and 0 indicating non-state planning.d)Family habitation: A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating urban area and 0 indicating rural area.e)Family income: A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating high income (annual income ≥ 50000 yuan) and 0 indicating low income (annual income < 50000 yuan).f)Family social connections:A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating “extensive” or “very extensive” and 0 indicating “ordinary”, “few” or “very few”.g)Parents’ education level: A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating high education level (either of parents is over senior high school level) and 0 indicating low education level (both of parents are under college level).h)Self-esteem: A five point scale based on Rosenberg (1965) was designed to measure self-esteem [10]. A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating high self-esteem (average point ≥ 2.5) and 0 indicating low self-esteem (average point < 2.5).i)Academic record: A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating excellent academic record (grade point average ranking at the top 25%) and 0 indicating ordinary or bad academic record (grade point average ranking below the top 25%).j)College English Test: A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating possessing and 0 indicating not possessing a band 6 certificate of College English Test.k)Occupational skills certificate: A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating possessing at least one and 0 indicating not possessing any occupational skills certificate.l)CCP member: A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating being and 0 indicating not being a CCP member.m)Student leader: A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating having been and 0 indicating having not been a student leader.n)Practice or internship: A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating having and 0 indicating not having practice or internship experiences.o)Employment area: A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating developed areas and 0 indicating developing areas.p)Employment place: A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating large and medium-sized cities and 0 indicating county seats, villages and towns.q)Public/private employment: A dummy variable was used with 1 indicating public employment (including state-owned enterprises, government sponsored institutions and government agencies) and 0 indicating private employment (including private enterprises, township and village enterprises and contractual joint ventures).r)Job seeking times: The frequency of a respondent submiting his/her resume.s)Job seeking expenses: The money (thousand yuan) a graduate paid for finding his/her job.t)Job information sources: Four dummy variables were used: (1) Source-from-college, with 1 indicating obtaining job informations from colleges, (2) Source-from-internet, with 1 indicating obtaining job informations from internet, (3) Source-from-relations, with 1 indicating obtaining job informations from relatives or friends, (4) Other-sources, with 1 indicating obtaining job informations from sources other than above. Other-sources was used as the reference dummy variable.C.ModelA semi-logarithmic regression model was developed for parameter estimation as followln (y) 'Where y stands for the explained variable (Income), x the explanatory variable (Job match index),also the parameter mostly concerned in this study. is a vector of control variables and is the vector of regression coefficients for these control variables.Major field of study and Gender did not enter (1) as control variables directly; nevertheless, they are used as two grouping variables for the convenience of comparisons between different majors or genders.3.ResultsWe had four findings based on the regression results shown in Tab. 1: (1) coefficients of Job match index - the explanatory variable - were positive and statistically significant for all groups but “soft-pure”(p<0.05); (2)controlling Gender, coefficients of Job match index were more significant for application-oriented disciplines (“soft-applied” and “hard-applied”) than for theory-oriented discipline s (“soft-pure” and “hard-pure”), which implied that the income of graduates from application-oriented disciplines (vs. theory-oriented disciplines) were more prone to be affected by Job match index; (3) controlling Major field of study, coefficients of Job match index were more significant for males than for females, which implied that the income of male (vs. female) graduates were more prone to be affected by Job match index; (4) coefficients of Academic record were statistically significant for most groups.TABLE I. R EGRESSION R ESULTSa. The significance level of 1‰, 1%, 5% and 10% are respectively noted by ***, **, * and †.b. Standardized coefficients.c. The numbers in parentheses are t ratios based on Huber-White robust standard errors.d. Statistically insignificant control variables (p>0.1) are not listed in the table.Miller and Volker (1984) considered that graduates of humanities were not suitable for the Wiles test, because the professional education of humanities could not improve students’ oc cupational skills immediately [6]. As such, the regression results for group “soft-pure” could not be the evidences supporting or rejecting the Wiles test. Based on that, the results of Wiles test in our study are more likely to support the HCH.4.Discussions and ConclusionsA.RobustnessTo check the robustness of regression results, two transformations were made.1)Redefine the explanatory variable: The dummy variable for Job match index was redefined, with 1 indicating the scale point equals 4 or 5 and 0 indicating the scale point equals 1, 2 or 3. The regression results were not changed qualitatively.2)Put grouping variables into (1) directly: Generating three dummy variables for Major field of study,then put Major field of study,Gender, the interaction term Gender *Job match index and three interaction terms between Job match index and the dummy variables of Major field of study into (1). Results showed that the explanatory variable was still significant (p<0.01), and all interaction terms were significant (p<0.05), which were consistent with the results in Tab. 1.B.Self-selection biasBecause the six NUs surveyed are all situated at Jiangsu Province, and we kept only samples having signed a job contract, innegligible sample bias or self-selection bias may exist. In regard to this, Heckman correction was used [11]. The results were not changed qualitatively.C.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe results indicated that graduates employed in positions matched with their fields of study earned more than graduates employed in positions unmatched with their fields of study. Thus according to the logic of Wiles test, we could draw the conclusion that the HCH is more likely to be supported than the SH, which also implies higher education is rather a production means than a signal of productivity for graduates of NUs.This conclusion has practical implications for the NUs and their graduates.1)For the NUs: For occupational skills are very important for the employment outcome of graduates, the NUs should continue to emphasize the trainings of occupational and application skills instead of transforming hastily to the general education and the trainings of academic skills. For this purpose, the NUs should adjust their curriculum and faculty structure to accommodate with the skill demands in labor markets.2)For the graduates: Graduates of the NUs should seek jobs as matched with their major fields of study as possible. Because according to the HCH, only at such jobs could their human capital accumulated through higher education work well.5.References[1]G. Becker, Human Capital. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.[2]M. Spence, “Job market signaling,”The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 355–374,August, 1973.[3]P. Wiles, “The correlation between education and earnings: the External-Test-Not-Content hypothesis,”Higher Education, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 43–58, 1974.[4]G. Arabsheibani, “The Wiles test revisited,” Economics Letters, vol. 29, pp. 361–364, 1989.[5]W. N. Grubb, “The returns to education in the sub-baccalaureate labor market,” Economics of EducationReview, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 231–245, 1997.[6]P. W. Miller and P. A. Volker, “The screening hypothesis: an application of the Wiles test,”EconomicInquiry, vol. 22, pp. 121–127, 1984.6Learned to Use or Learned not to Use?- An Application of the Wiles Test on Graduates of China’s Newly-upgraded Universities[7]W. H. Xie, “Match and adaption – the two patterns of relationship between trainings in higher educationand the labor market,” Peking University Education Review, no. 4, pp. 9–11, 2004.[8] E. Richards, “Early employment situations and work role satisfaction among recent college graduates,”Journal of Vocational Behavior, vol. 24, pp. 305–318, 1984.[9] A. Biglan, “The characteristics of subject matter in different academic areas,”Journal of AppliedPsychology, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 195–203, 1973.[10]M. Rosenberg, Society and the Adolescent Self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.[11]J. Heckman, “Sample selection bias as a specification error,” Econometrica, vol. 47, pp. 153–161, 1979.。

Research_on_the_Application_of_New_Inorganic_Chemi

Research on the Application of New Inorganic Chemistry Technology in Heat ProcessingQingfeng WangDepartment of Chemistry, Taishan University, Taian 271021, Shandong, PR ChinaABSTRACTWith the increasing development of science and technology, the heatprocessing of metals has become a very important subject, and theresearch on the application of new inorganic chemistry techniques inheat processing and related textbooks is almost blank. This paper brieflydescribes the reaction mechanism in heat processing using inorganicchemical reaction principles to solve the problem of applying chemistry inproduction.KEYWORDSInorganic chemistry; Technology; Heat processing; ApplicationsDOI: 10.47297/taposatWSP2633-456910.202304011 IntroductionInorganic chemistry textbooks hardly introduce chemical reactions other than aqueous systems such as chemical reactions at high temperatures, which can be of great help to expand students’ knowledge and combine with production practice. Among them, the heat processing of steel in various media is both high-temperature chemistry and the application of new inorganic technology in heat processing.2 Overview of Inorganic ChemistryInorganic chemistry is a study of the performance of various metals and substances and their interaction with the laws of experimental analysis and chemical principles in addition to hydrocarbons and derivatives,and it is one of the fastest growing fields of research in the field of organic chemistry.Although the number of inorganic substances is less than ten percent of all known chemical substances, inorganic substances are the majority of known basic properties, that is, although the number of organic substances exceeds the number of inorganic substances, the number of substances contained is much lower than that of inorganic substances, and the variety of substances is much lower than that of inorganic substances. This has resulted in a much smaller number of organic reactions than inorganic reactions (many inorganic-related reactions may only be carried out on one substance and do not conform to the general universality of organic synthetic reactions). The notable advances made in inorganic chemistry research in recent years have been mainly in the areas of physical chemistry of biosolids, coordination chemistry, etc., which to some extent have kept pace with the international level of progress. With the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China for more than ten years, and with the joint efforts of a large number of researchers in bioinorganic chemistry, the main research results of bioinorganic chemistry have developed further in ten years, and the main research scope has risen from small biological ligandsVol.4 No.1 2023 to biological macromolecules; from the study of isolated macromolecules to the study of new life systems; in recent years, the research on bio-molecules has also been carried out. In recent years, we have also started to study inorganic chemistry at the biomolecular level, and the research level has been gradually increased. Inorganic chemistry in China has formed a relatively stable scientific research direction in the fields of interaction between metal complexes and biopolymers, chemical interaction with metalloproteins, physicochemical mechanisms of biological reactions with metal molecules, inorganic medicinal chemistry, biomineralization, etc., and the researchers are getting younger and younger. However, the overall level of bioinorganic chemistry in China is still lower than foreign standards, mainly because of insufficient investment in research, relatively long research time, and the most obvious difficulty is the lack of outstanding young researchers. The rapid development of radiochemistry has also shown the above advantages, and one of the key reasons is the need to support young researchers to stand out.3 The Decarburizated Heating of Steel without OxidationAt room temperature, the oxidation of steel in the air is slow, but when heating steel above 800 ℃, the oxidation rate increases greatly, resulting in a large number of high-quality steel corrosion and modification, if it is made in the salt furnace heating, vacuum heating or atmosphere protection, it can solve a series of problems such as oxidation and decarburization of steel when heated in air. In fact, decarburization also belongs to the oxidation reaction.4 The Alloying of Steel SurfaceThe alloying of steel surface is the main means to improve the surface properties of steel (corrosion resistance, corrosion wear resistance and galling resistance, etc.). In inorganic chemistry, it is used to create single reactions, most of them can be used for alloying steel surfaces. The steel surface is obtained not as a monomer, but as an alloyed layer, whose main reactions are chemical reactions: Fe + Al (e) = Fe + Al (e) (aluminum thermal immersion); thermal decomposition of compounds: 2C0=C+CO2 (carbon penetration reaction); reduction reactions: NH3=N+3/2H2 (nitriding reaction); thermal reduction of metals: CrCl2+Fe=Cr+FeCl2 (chromium penetration reaction) ; hydrogen reduction: CrCl2+H2=Cr+2HCl (chromium permeation reaction); Na2B4O7+2SiC+8Fe=4Fe2B+2C0+Na2O·2SiO2; molten salt electrolysis: Na2B4O7+8Fe=2Na+4 Fe2B +7/202. In terms of electrolysis of aqueous solutions, organic salts (HCOOK, CH3COOK), etc. in aqueous solutions , steel as the cathode, electrolysis can make carburization in steel, but the surface alloying reaction of some steels is more complicated. For example, NH4Cl and aluminum powder’s carburization reaction is: 3NH4Cl+Al=AICl3+3NH3+3/2H2 (NH3 can be decomposed reaction out of gas N2, H2); 2 AICl + Al = 3 AICl3 3AICl2 + Fe = Fe-Al + 2 AlCl3 (pulverization reaction).5 The Application of New Inorganic Technology in Heat ProcessingFirst, it is only applicable to the water gas reaction between gases and other low carbon steel without oxidation protection heating: (O2 + H2 = C0 + H20 (g) first remove H2O and CO2 in it with deep-cooled silicon molecular sieve, you can get the protective gas with very low amount of CO2, H2O (g) and H2 to expand its use. If O2 remains in the matrix, it can be removed by palladium A molecular sieve or silver molecular sieve (the former contains PdO, the latter contains Ag20, both need reductionTheory and Practice of Science and Technologytreatment at present.) Pd-A molecular sieve is used as H2 and O2 reaction catalyst, and should be aggravated when deacidifying. The silver molecular sieve is used as a reducing agent and should not be weighted when deoxidizing. The above molecular sieves can be used to further purify N2, Ar, H2 and other gases for heat treatment.Second, adding reducing agent (NaH2PO3) and buffer (NaAc) to the metal salt solution such as NiSO4 in amorphous alloy chemical plating, and processing steel at a certain temperature and pH, can obtain amorphous alloy plating with Ni-P on the surface, and the amorphous alloy plating is better than normal in terms of corrosion, and can be used as a resist component in chemical and other devices. For example, the plating is annealed at 400°C with a microhardness of 1000 kg-mm-1. This method used for metal cutting and corrosion inhibitor parts is known as nickel phosphate infiltration.Third, the application of chemical vapor deposition technology: by chemical vapor deposition on the surface of steel, you can obtain good corrosion of carbon, nitrogen, boron, oxide film (also known as coating). For example, some products of inorganic synthesis of Si3N4 is a high-temperature ceramic raw materials, Al2O3 synthesis of Cr2O3, Ti2 + Fe2O3 - MgO + CoO can obtain artificial red, co-colored gemstones.Fourth, the application of stable ZrO2 solid electrolyte: add 15% mol CaO to pure ZrO2 solid, after high temperature melting into an exchange solid solution, you can get a stable CaF2 type cubic crystal. When CaO is added to ZrO2, the O2- number per -CaO is less than half of -ZrO2 when 15% molCaO is added, 7.5% O2- vacancy will be generated in the crystallization, if different oxygen is ejected from both sides of the stable ZrO2, this O2- vacancy will generate electric conductivity and thus electric potential. Using stable ZrO2 as electrolyte (ZrO2 as small test tube) and air as reference electrode, RTLnPO2 in the atmosphere can be measured. the application process is as follows: (1) PtO2(atmosphere)/ZrO2-CaO/O2(air)Pr(+); when PO2(atmosphere)<PO2:(air), O2 in the air occurs and moves into the atmosphere through ZrO2. Oxygen in the atmosphere comes from the following reactions: CO2-CO system: Co2=CO+1/2O2; H2O-H2 system: H2O=H2+1/2O2; CO2-H2O-CO-H2 system: CO2+H2O=CO+H2+O2. The following reactions can also determine the carbon activity (or carbon potential) of the atmosphere ao. CO2+C=2CO K1= P2co/P co2•ao ; CO+ 1/2O= =CO2 K2=Pco2/P co Po2; ao=1/ K1K2·P co1/2P o21/26 Objections to the Inorganic Chemical Reactions Described in the Currently Used Professional Textbooks or MonographsSeveral other chemical reaction equations are frequently recorded in heat processing monographs, as described below.(1) Boron penetration reaction (including other metal penetration reactions)Gas phase boron permeation is the reaction documented in the following reaction equations in monographs or monograph textbooks. BCL3+Fe= Fe B+3/2HCl2 (decomposition reaction); BCL3+3/2H2+ Fe = FeB+3HCl (reduction reaction); BCL3+5/2Fe= FeB+3/2FeCl2 (substitution reaction) ΔG. -T relationship curve for the above reaction. If the reaction is reliable, ΔG°=0 in the reaction of H2 reduction of BCI3 at about 1500°C, i.e. the temperature of boron penetration treatment on the steel surface should exceed 1500°C. However, the actual treatment temperature should be around 900°C. The difference between the two is that the above reaction equation does not represent the true reaction. The boron penetration reaction is changed to BCl3+Fe=Fe+3/2Cl2 BCL3+3/2H2+Fe=FeB+3HCl;BCL3+5/2 Fe=FeB+3/2 FeCl2, the resulting FeB (or Fe2B) is reflected belowVol.4 No.1 2023 900 ℃, so this result is more in line with reality. In addition, according to the difference of the post-reaction equation, it can be seen that the substitution reaction is easier than the reduction reaction. That is, the steel is easy to be corroded by BCI3 in this environment, forming the boron penetration of FeB, but this boron penetration technology is difficult to be widely used in production at present. There are also works that Na2CO3 for the salt furnace in the salt solvent of harmful impurities, electrolytic leaching of boron anode reaction intermediate product of B4O7, which in theory and in practice are not based.(2) The carbon and nitrogen of high-temperature gas’s penetrationGenerally it should be written CH4+NH3=HCN+3H2；CO+NH3=HCN+H2O; HCN=[C]+[N]+1/2H2, [C], [N] indicate the carbon and nitrogen atoms that can penetrate into the surface layer of steel. The first two equations in the reaction equation actually synthesize the HCN reaction. On the other hand, HCN is stable at high temperatures and generates HCN decomposition, which precipitates carbon and nitrogen on the steel surface. Because CH4, CO, NH3 itself leaches carbon and nitrogen on the steel surface by thermal decomposition, the latter is less stable than HCN in three ways. The exhaust gas discharged from the reaction furnace contains a small amount of HCN, but from the HCN pyrolysis formula, HCN is the equilibrium product of gaseous carbon and nitrogen co-infiltration, and the presence of HCN is very small amounts, which has begun to be applied in the carburizing and nitrogen high-temperature heat treatment process.7 ConclusionThere is a lack of theoretical research and little relevant information on the application of new inorganic chemical techniques in heat processing. Also, more relevant researchers are needed. The authors have done some rough research in the practice of teaching inorganic chemistry for the readers’ reference. Please point out any inappropriate points.About the AuthorQingfeng Wang (1981-03), ShandongTaian male, the Han nationality, lecturer, master, inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry.References[1] He Lingbo, Wang Sifang, Wang Xitong. New Technology of Nuclear Waste Capacity Reduction Treatment[J]. One HeavyTechnology,2018(05):1-6.[2] Zhang Liming, Gao Yuming. Thermal Analysis Technology and Its Application in Catalysts[J]. Tianjin ChemicalIndustry,2015,29(02):32-33+60.[3] Wang Meng, Zhao Bin, Lin Lin, Chen Chao, He Danong. Research Progress on Supercritical Fluid Technology-AssistedSynthesis of TiO_2 Nanomaterials[J]. Materials Guide,2013,27(23):120-24.。

基于新技术应用人才培养的高职院校工匠精神培育探讨——以温州职业技术学院为例

浙江工贸职业技术学院学报JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG INDUSTRY&TRADE VOCATIONAL COLLEGE第21卷第1期2021年03月V ol.21No.1Mar.2021基于新技术应用人才培养的高职院校工匠精神培育探讨*——以温州职业技术学院为例王涟(温州职业技术学院，浙江温州325035)摘要：高职院校是新技术应用人才培养的摇篮，是工匠精神培育的主阵地。

温州职业技术学院在新技术应用型人才培养的过程中，把培育“工匠精神”摆在了突出的位置，在实践中，探索出了一条以工匠之魂、工匠之器、工匠之技、工匠之智四位一体培育“工匠精神”的模式，在人才培养上取得可喜的成绩，得到用人单位和社会各界的广泛认可。

为更好地实现富含工匠精神的新技术应用人才培养目标，必须积极营造良好的工匠精神文化氛围，完善相关制度建设，提高“工匠型”师资队伍质量，推进产教融合和校企合作平台建设。

关键词：新技术应用型人才；高职院校；工匠精神中图分类号:G715文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-0105（2021）01-0006-04Studies and Discussion on Craftsmanship Spirit of Higher Vocational Colleges in View of NewTechnology Application Talents Cultivation --With a Case Study of Wenzhou PolytechnicWANG Lian（Wenzhou Polytechnic,Wenzhou,325003,China ）Abstract:Higher vocational colleges are the cradle of new technology application talents training and the major field of crafts-manship spirit cultivation.In the process of cultivating new technology application talents,Wenzhou Polytechnic puts craftsmanship spirit in a prominent position and has explored a four-in-one mode to adopt the soul of craftsmanship spirit,the talent of craftsman,the skills of craftsman and the intelligence of craftsman to cultivate craftsmanship spirit,which,as a result,has achieved encouraging suc-cess and has been widely well recognized by employers and all walks of life.To better achieve the goal of new technology talents culti-vation with craftsmanship spirit,it is essential to actively create favorable cultural atmosphere of craftsmanship spirits,improve rele-vant system construction,boost the quality of craftsmanship-type faculty team and promote the platform construction for the integra-tion of industry and education as well as school-enterprise cooperation.Key Words:new technology application talents ；higher vocational colleges ；craftsmanship spirit收稿日期：2020-11-07基金项目：2020年温州职业技术学院科研项目“基于‘工匠精神’的高职院校创新创业人才培养模式研究”（WZY2020062）作者简介：王涟（1987—），女，浙江温州人，研究实习员，硕士，主要研究方向：职业教育，创业教育。

有害物质国际法规介绍

绝对品质不是选择,而是生存的必要条件
SESC QRE
法律/法规清单
区分
有害/化学物质管理现状
日本
- Japan J-MOSS - Japan Law Concerning Prevention from Radiation Hazards - Japan Law concerning the evaluation of chemical substances - Japan Law for the Regulation of Nuclear Source Material,Nuclear Fuel Material, and
。。。。。。
绝对品质不是RE
RoHS
名称：《电子电气设备中限制使用某些有害物质指令》简写“RoHS指令” The Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment
绝对品质不是选择,而是生存的必要条件
SESC QRE
RoHS
RoHS 1.0
RoHS 2.0
元素符号
Pb
Cd
Hg Cr(VI) PBBs PBDEs DIBP DEHP
DBP BBP
中文名称
限值要求
高风险材质
检测仪器
铅及其化合物
镉及其化合物汞及其化合物
六价铬多溴联苯多溴二苯醚邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯
SESC QRE
蒙特利尔议定书-关于消耗臭氧层物质
名称：蒙特利尔破坏臭氧层物质管制议定书
（Montreal Protocol on Substances that Depletethe Ozone Layer）

介绍化工英文作文

介绍化工英文作文Title: The Fascinating World of Chemical Engineering。

Chemical engineering is a dynamic field that plays a crucial role in various industries, ranging from pharmaceuticals to petrochemicals. In this essay, we will explore the fundamentals of chemical engineering, its importance in modern society, and its exciting future prospects.To begin with, chemical engineering involves the application of principles from chemistry, physics, biology, and mathematics to solve real-world problems related to the production and processing of chemicals and materials. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including designing processes for manufacturing chemicals, developing new materials with enhanced properties, and optimizing existing processes for efficiency and sustainability.One of the key aspects of chemical engineering isprocess design. This involves conceptualizing, designing, and optimizing chemical processes to convert raw materials into valuable products. Whether it's designing a new pharmaceutical drug or optimizing a refinery process to produce gasoline more efficiently, chemical engineers play a vital role in ensuring the smooth operation of industrial processes.Moreover, chemical engineers are at the forefront of innovation, constantly seeking ways to improve existing processes and develop new technologies. For example, in the field of renewable energy, chemical engineers are working on developing advanced biofuels, solar cells, and battery technologies to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change.Furthermore, sustainability is a core principle in modern chemical engineering. As the world faces pressing environmental challenges such as climate change and pollution, chemical engineers are tasked with finding sustainable solutions to ensure the long-term viability of our planet. This includes developing cleaner productionprocesses, implementing waste minimization strategies, and exploring alternative sources of energy and raw materials.In addition to its practical applications, chemical engineering also contributes to fundamental scientific research. Many breakthroughs in fields such as materials science, nanotechnology, and biotechnology are driven by advances in chemical engineering. By understanding the underlying principles of chemical reactions and materials synthesis, chemical engineers can contribute to a wide range of scientific disciplines.Looking ahead, the future of chemical engineering is filled with exciting possibilities. With rapid advancements in fields such as artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and biotechnology, chemical engineers are well-positioned to drive innovation and address some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity. From developing new materials with unprecedented properties to revolutionizing healthcare through personalized medicine, the potential applications of chemical engineering are limitless.In conclusion, chemical engineering is a diverse and dynamic field that plays a vital role in shaping the world around us. From designing processes for manufacturing essential chemicals to developing sustainable solutions for a greener future, chemical engineers are at the forefront of innovation and progress. As we continue to face new challenges and opportunities, the importance of chemical engineering in modern society will only continue to grow.。

关于海洋科学研究的伦理审查流程英语作文

The ethical review process in marine science research is a critical framework designed to ensure that studies conducted in marine environments adhere to the highest standards of ethical conduct.This process is vital for protecting marine ecosystems,species,and habitats while advancing scientific knowledge.The complexity of marine environments and the diverse life forms they support necessitate a thorough and considerate approach to research ethics,balancing the pursuit of understanding with the responsibility to do no harm.The ethical review process typically begins with the submission of a research proposal to an ethics committee or review board.This proposal must detail the objectives,methodologies,potential impacts,and mitigation strategies for any adverse effects the research may have on marine environments or species.The committee,often composed of scientists,ethicists,and sometimes representatives from the public or indigenous communities,evaluates the proposal based on a set of established ethical guidelines and principles.One of the primary considerations in the review process is the principle of minimal impact.Researchers are expected to design their studies in a way that minimizes disturbance to marine life and habitats.This includes considering the use of non-invasive methods whenever possible and ensuring that any sampling or experimental interventions are justified and limited to what is necessary for the study's objectives.Another crucial aspect of the ethical review is the consideration of biodiversity conservation.Proposals must demonstrate an awareness of and plans to mitigate any potential negative effects on the diversity and abundance of marine species.This is particularly important in studies involving endangered or vulnerable species,where researchers must provide strong justification for their inclusion and detailed plans for minimizing harm.The ethical review process also addresses issues of data sharing and publication.Researchers are encouraged to share their findings in a way that contributes to the broader scientific community and public knowledge while respecting any sensitive information related to specific locations or species that could lead to exploitation or harm.In addition to scientific and ethical considerations,the review process often includes an evaluation of the socio-economic impacts of the research.Studies that involve local communities or have the potential to affect the livelihoods of those dependent on marine resources are scrutinized for their approach to engaging with and benefiting these communities.Upon completion of the review,the committee provides feedback and recommendations.Research proposals may be approved,require modifications before approval,or be rejected based on their adherence to ethical guidelines.Approval is typically contingent on ongoing compliance with these guidelines,and researchers may be required to submit progress reports or undergo additional reviews during their study. In conclusion,the ethical review process in marine science research serves as a cornerstone for responsible scientific inquiry.It ensures that research conducted in marine environments is carried out with respect for the complex and delicate ecosystems under study.By adhering to rigorous ethical standards,scientists contribute to the sustainable advancement of knowledge and the protection of the marine world for future generations.。

介绍化工专业的认识英文作文

介绍化工专业的认识英文作文Insights into Chemical Engineering.Chemical engineering, often referred to as the "mother of all engineering disciplines," is a broad field that intersects chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology, and other engineering specializations. At its core, chemical engineering is concerned with the design, development, and optimization of processes that convert raw materials into valuable products, while ensuring safety, sustainability, and economic feasibility.One of the most fascinating aspects of chemical engineering is its versatility. It finds applications in almost every industry, from Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, where it is responsible for developing new drugs and therapies, to Energy and Environmental Engineering, where it plays a crucial role in developing clean and efficient energy sources. Chemical engineers are also integral to the Petroleum and Petrochemical industry,where they are involved in refining crude oil and producing chemicals like plastics, fertilizers, and detergents.The role of chemical engineers in the Pharmaceutical industry is particularly noteworthy. They are responsible for developing and scaling up manufacturing processes for drugs, ensuring their purity and potency. This involves a deep understanding of biochemistry, pharmacology, and the complex interactions between different chemical compounds. Chemical engineers in this field must also be mindful of regulatory requirements and comply with strict safety standards to ensure the safety of patients.In the Energy sector, chemical engineers are at the forefront of developing renewable and sustainable energy sources. They are involved in research and development activities to improve the efficiency of solar cells, wind turbines, and fuel cells. They also play a crucial role in carbon capture and storage technologies, which aim to reduce the environmental impact of fossil fuel combustion.Another important area of application for chemicalengineers is in Environmental Engineering. They are responsible for developing and implementing solutions to address environmental pollution and waste management issues. This involves the design of waste treatment facilities, the development of recycling processes, and the optimization of water and air pollution control systems. Chemical engineers in this field must have a deep understanding of environmental science and the ability to balance economic, environmental, and social factors.The skills required to excel in chemical engineeringare diverse and demanding. A strong foundation in mathematics, physics, and chemistry is essential. Chemical engineers must also possess excellent problem-solving abilities, analytical skills, and the ability to work effectively in teams. They must be able to understand complex systems, identify bottlenecks, and proposeinnovative solutions. Additionally, they must be willing to adapt to rapidly changing technologies and regulations, and have the ability to communicate effectively with stakeholders from different backgrounds.The future of chemical engineering looks bright. With the increasing global demand for energy and the need to develop sustainable solutions to environmental problems, the role of chemical engineers in society is becoming increasingly important. The field is also benefiting from advances in technology, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, which are enabling engineers to design and optimize processes more efficiently.In conclusion, chemical engineering is a dynamic and challenging field that offers ample opportunities for innovation and growth. It requires a unique blend of technical knowledge, problem-solving skills, and adaptability, making it an exciting choice for those interested in making a positive impact in the world through engineering.。

工业催化英文作文

工业催化英文作文Title: The Pivotal Role of Industrial Catalysis in Modern Chemical ManufacturingIn the realm of chemical production and manufacturing, few technologies hold as much significance as industrial catalysis. The application of catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions has revolutionized the way we produce a vast array of substances, from pharmaceuticals to plastics, and from agrochemicals to fuels. In this essay, I will explore the critical role that industrial catalysis plays in modern chemical manufacturing, discussing its advantages, applications, and future prospects.At the heart of industrial catalysis lies the catalyst, a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. Catalysts can be homogeneous, operating in the same phase as the reactants, or heterogeneous, existing in a different phase. Their unique ability to lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur makes them indispensable in many industrial processes.One of the primary advantages of industrial catalysis is efficiency. By enabling reactions to occur at lowertemperatures and pressures than would otherwise be required, catalysts help to reduce energy consumption and increase process safety. Additionally, they often provide higher yields and selectivity, meaning that the desired product is produced more consistently and with fewer by-products. This not only improves the economic viability of chemical manufacturing but also minimizes waste and reduces environmental impact.The applications of industrial catalysis are manifold. In the petrochemical industry, catalysts are essential for processes such as cracking and reforming, which convert crude oil into usable fuels and petrochemicals. In the production of plastics, catalysts facilitate polymerization reactions, allowing long chains of repeating monomers to be formed with precision. The synthesis of pharmaceuticals often relies on complex organic reactions that require catalysts to proceed efficiently and with high specificity. Moreover, the development of green catalytic technologies is paving the way for sustainable chemical production, utilizing renewable feedstocks and minimizing harmful emissions.Despite their numerous benefits, challenges remain in the field of industrial catalysis. The search for more active, selective, and durable catalysts continues, as does the effort tounderstand the complex mechanisms underlying catalytic processes. The need for efficient catalyst recovery and regeneration is also a key consideration, particularly for precious metal catalysts where cost and resource scarcity are major concerns.Looking ahead, the future of industrial catalysis appears bright. Advances in materials science are leading to the development of new catalytic materials with enhanced properties. The integration of computational methods and artificial intelligence is enabling the rational design of catalysts and the optimization of reaction conditions. Furthermore, the growing emphasis on environmental sustainability is driving research into cleaner, more efficient catalytic processes that align with the principles of green chemistry.In conclusion, industrial catalysis is an indispensable cornerstone of modern chemical manufacturing. It offers a multitude of benefits, including increased efficiency, improved product quality, and reduced environmental impact. As technology continues to evolve, so too will our ability to harness the power of catalysts to create a more sustainable and prosperous chemical industry. The ongoing advancements in catalysis research promise a future wherechemical production is not only economically viable but also environmentally responsible, laying the foundation for a healthier planet and a thriving global community.。

产业研究英语作文

产业研究英语作文Title: Industrial Research: Unveiling the Potential and Challenges。

In today's dynamic global landscape, industrial research plays a pivotal role in driving innovation, fostering economic growth, and addressing societal challenges. This essay delves into the realm of industrial research, exploring its significance, potential, and the challenges it faces.First and foremost, industrial research serves as the cornerstone of innovation in various sectors, ranging from technology to healthcare to manufacturing. Through rigorous scientific inquiry and experimentation, researchers strive to develop novel products, processes, and technologies that enhance efficiency, improve quality, and meet evolving consumer demands. For instance, in the field of renewable energy, ongoing research efforts are focused on developing cost-effective solar panels, efficient wind turbines, andadvanced energy storage solutions to accelerate the transition to a sustainable energy future.Moreover, industrial research drives economic growth by fostering competitiveness and creating new opportunitiesfor businesses. By investing in research and development (R&D), companies gain a competitive edge in the market, allowing them to introduce cutting-edge products and services that capture consumer interest. Additionally, successful research outcomes often lead to the formation of new industries and the expansion of existing ones, generating employment opportunities and stimulating economic activity.However, despite its immense potential, industrial research faces several challenges that warrant attention and concerted efforts to address. One significant challenge is the high cost associated with R&D activities, including funding for equipment, personnel, and facilities. Securing adequate financial resources poses a barrier, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with limited budgets, hindering their ability to invest in researchinitiatives and innovate effectively.Furthermore, the pace of technological advancement and the increasingly complex nature of research topics pose challenges for researchers and organizations alike. Keeping abreast of the latest developments and breakthroughs requires continuous learning and adaptation, which can strain human and organizational resources. Additionally, interdisciplinary collaboration is often essential for tackling multifaceted problems, yet fostering effective collaboration across disparate fields remains a daunting task due to disciplinary boundaries and communication barriers.Moreover, the issue of intellectual property rights (IPR) presents a complex challenge in the realm of industrial research. Balancing the need to incentivize innovation through patent protection with the imperative of promoting knowledge sharing and collaboration is a delicate undertaking. Striking the right balance is crucial to fostering an innovation ecosystem that rewards creativity while facilitating the dissemination of knowledge for thebenefit of society as a whole.In conclusion, industrial research holds immensepromise for driving innovation, stimulating economic growth, and addressing pressing societal challenges. However, realizing this potential requires overcoming various obstacles, including financial constraints, technological complexity, and intellectual property concerns. Byfostering collaboration, investing in research infrastructure, and implementing policies that incentivize innovation, we can unlock the full potential of industrial research and harness its transformative power for the betterment of society.This essay has provided a comprehensive exploration of the significance, potential, and challenges of industrial research, highlighting its critical role in driving innovation and economic growth. Through concerted efforts and strategic investments, we can overcome the obstaclesthat impede progress and unlock the full potential of industrial research to create a brighter and moreprosperous future.。

英语作文有关研究生专业

英语作文有关研究生专业Choosing a Postgraduate MajorIn today's society, pursuing a postgraduate degree has become increasingly popular. Many people choose to continue their education in order to gain advanced knowledge and improve their career prospects. However, deciding on a specific postgraduate major can be a daunting task. In this essay, I will outline some important factors that should be considered when choosing a postgraduate major.Firstly, it is essential to evaluate your own interests and passions. Your postgraduate major should align with your personal goals and aspirations. Consider your strengths and weaknesses, as well as the subjects or fields that you find most appealing. By studying something you are genuinely interested in, you are more likely to stay motivated and enjoy the learning process.Secondly, it is important to conduct thorough research on the potential career opportunities related to your chosen major. Look into the job market and identify the demand for professionals in that field. Consider the potential salary, work-life balance, and growth prospects associated with the career path. This step will help you understand whether your chosen major offers good job prospects and aligns with your long-term career goals. Additionally, it is advisable to seek guidance from professionals or experts in the field you are considering. Speak to professors, current students, or industry professionals to gain insights into the practical aspects of the postgraduate major. They can share theirfirsthand experiences and help you understand the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.Furthermore, it is important to consider the reputation and resources of the universities or institutions offering the postgraduate programs you are interested in. Look into the faculty members, research facilities, and alumni network associated with the program. A strong academic environment and access to resources can greatly enhance your learning experience and future opportunities.Lastly, it is crucial to consider the financial aspect of pursuing a postgraduate major. Look into the tuition fees, scholarships, and potential funding options available. Evaluate whether the cost of the program aligns with your financial capabilities and if it offers a good return on investment in the long run.In conclusion, choosing a postgraduate major is a significant decision that requires careful consideration. By evaluating your interests and passions, researching career prospects, seeking guidance, considering the reputation of the institution, and evaluating the financial aspects, you will be able to make an informed choice that aligns with your personal and professional goals.。

The application of microbial enzymes in industry

The application of microbial enzymes inindustryMicrobial enzymes play a crucial role in various industries, including food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and biofuels. These enzymes are derived from microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast, and they have the ability to catalyze chemical reactions at a much faster rate and under milder conditions compared to traditional chemical catalysts. This makes them highly valuable in industrial processes, offering numerous benefits such as cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and improved product quality. In the food and beverage industry, microbial enzymes are widely used in the production of cheese, bread, beer, and various other products. For example, rennet, an enzyme derived from the stomach lining of calves, has been traditionally used in cheese-making to coagulate milk. However, microbial rennet produced from fungi such as Rhizomucor miehei and Aspergillus niger has gained popularity as a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative. Its consistent quality and reduced production time make it a preferred choice for cheese manufacturers, contributing to the overallefficiency and profitability of the industry. Moreover, the pharmaceutical industry extensively utilizes microbial enzymes in the production of antibiotics, hormones, and other therapeutic drugs. Enzymes such as penicillin acylase and cephalosporin acylase are employed in the synthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics, playing a vital role in the pharmaceutical manufacturing process. Theirspecificity and efficiency in catalyzing key reactions contribute to the production of high-quality drugs, meeting the stringent standards and regulations of the industry. Additionally, the use of microbial enzymes in pharmaceutical production aligns with the growing emphasis on sustainable and eco-friendly practices within the sector. In the textile industry, microbial enzymes are employed in processes such as desizing, bio-polishing, and stone-washing of fabrics. These enzymes offer a more environmentally friendly alternative to harsh chemicals and mechanical treatments, resulting in reduced water consumption and energy usage. The use of cellulases, amylases, and proteases derived from microbial sources allows for the efficient removal of starch, pectin, and protein-based impurities from textiles, leading to softer and cleaner fabrics. This not only meets the increasing consumer demand for sustainable and ethically produced textiles but also contributes to the overall reduction of environmental impact within the industry. Furthermore, the application of microbial enzymes in biofuel production has gained significant attention in recent years. Enzymes such as cellulases and hemicellulases are utilized in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels such as ethanol. Their ability to break down complex plant materials into fermentable sugars is essential for the efficient and cost-effective production of biofuels. By utilizing microbial enzymes, the biofuel industry can mitigate the reliance on fossil fuels, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote the development of renewable energy sources. In conclusion, the application of microbial enzymes in various industries has revolutionized industrial processes, offering sustainable, cost-effective, and high-quality solutions. From food and beverage production to pharmaceutical manufacturing,textile processing, and biofuel production, microbial enzymes play a pivotal rolein driving efficiency, sustainability, and innovation. As industries continue to prioritize environmentally friendly practices and seek ways to improve production processes, the demand for microbial enzymes is expected to grow, furthersolidifying their indispensable role in industrial applications.。

机械英文缩写

缩写单词Abbreviate缩写ABBRBabbit ...巴氏合金BABAbout ..关于ABTBack to back ...背靠背B to BAcetylene 乙炔ACETBase line 基线BLActual ..实际的ACTBearing 轴承BRGAddendum, Addition ..增量ADD.Beryllium 铍BEAdjust ..调整ADJBetween 在…之间BET.Advance ..提前ADVBetween centers .在两中心之间....... BC Alignment ..同轴度ALGINBetween perpendiculars 在两垂线之间BP Allowance ..公差ALLOW.Bevel ....斜角BEVAlteration, Alternate .更换ALTBill of material .材料表B/MAlternating current .交流电.ACBlueprint ...........蓝图.... BPAluminum ..铝... ALBolt circle ......螺栓圆周... BCAnd ............以及，和...... &Bottom ...............底面...... BOTApplication ...运用......... APPLBottoming .........底平面.................. BOTMG Approved ......批准的....................... APPDBracket ...............支架......................BRKT Approximate ..大约.......................... APPROX Brass ...................黄铜...................... BRSArc Weld ...弧焊................................ ARC/W Brinell hardness ...布氏硬度.............. BH Arrangement ...布置........................... ARRBrinell hardness number布氏硬度值BHNArticle ..............项目.......................... ART.British thermal unit英热单位(热量单位) BTU Asbestos ..........石棉.......................... ASBBroach ....拉孔刀............................ BROAssemble ......装配............................ ASSEMBronze .......青铜........................... BRZAssembly ......装配组件.................... ASSYBushing ....轴衬....................... BUSH.Assign ............分派........................... ASGBy (used between dimensions).用于尺寸之间表示乘以. X Auxiliary .......辅助的........................ AUXAutomatic .......自动的....................... AUTOAverage ...........平均.......................... A VGWORDCadmium ..... 镉.............................. CAD Counterbore.....沉孔................ CBORECalculate .......计算............................. CALC Counterbore clockwise 沉孔顺时针CCWCapacity ...........能力........................ CAP.Counterdrill ...反钻孔..................... CDRILLCarbon steel ..碳钢............ CSCountersink ...埋头................... CSKCase harden ...表面硬化.................... CH Counterweight ...平衡力.................. CTWTCasting ........铸造................... CSTGCoupling ..............联轴器................ CPLGCast iron .....铸铁......................... CICross section .........横截面............ XSECTCast steel ....铸钢........................ CSCubic ......................立方............... CUCement ......水泥........................... CEMCubic foot ............立方英尺............ CU FTCenter .......中心............................. CTRCubic inch ............立方英寸.......... CU INCenter line ...中心线..................... CL orCubic centimeter ....立方厘米. CCCenter to center ..中心到中心..... C TO CCubic feet per minute立方英尺每分钟CFM Centigrade ...摄氏度................. CCubic feet per second立方英尺每秒CFSCentimeter .厘米....................... CMCurrent .......电流................... CURChamfer ...倒角.......................... CHAMCycle ...........循环........................... CYChange ...改变............................ CHGCylinder .......缸体/缸筒............. CYLCheck .....检查........................... CHKChord ......弦向....CHD D Chromium ..铬..................... CRChrome molybdenum ...铬钼...... CRMOLY Dated ...............日期............... DTDChrome vanadium .........铬钒.......... CR V ANDatum .............数据..................... DATCircular pitch .圆周齿距，周节...... CPDecimal ........小数................ DECCircumference .圆周长............... CIRCDedendum ...齿根................... DEDClassification ......分类...................... CLASS.Degree ..........度......................... DEGClearance ...........间隔....................... CLDepartment .....部门......................DEPT Coaxial ..........同轴............... COAXDepth .............深度...................... DCold-drawn ....冷延......................... CDDesign ............设计....................... DSGNCold-drawn steel.冷作钢.............. CDSDetail, Detailer细节..................... DETCold-punch ...........冷冲................ CPDevelop ..........发展...................... DEVCold-rolled ............冷轧................. CRDiagonal ......对角线............ DIAGCold-rolled..............冷轧钢................ CRSDiagram ........图表...................... DIAGCommercial .............商业用........... COMLDiameter ........直径 (I)Common ........常见的，同轴........ COMDiameter bolt circle...螺栓圆周直径. DBCCompression ......压缩..... COMPRDiametral pitch ..........径节DPConcentric ............同心的............... CONCDimension ............尺寸............ DIM.Connect, Connector ....连接器........... CONNDirect current ......直流电................. DCConfidential ....机密的................. CONFDivision ..............分开，除以...... DIVContents ............目录.................. CONTDovetail .......楔形榫头.................DVTL Contour .........轮廓.............. CTRDraft room manual ..制图室手册.... DRMCopper .........铜....................... COP.Draftsman ...制图人..................... DFTSMNWORD WORDCadmium ..镉........................... CADCounterbore.....沉孔..............CBORE Drawing .....图纸.............................. DWGForging 锻造.................................. FORGDrawing list ...图纸列表.............. DLFrequency ....频率.......................... FREQFriction Horse power .....摩擦马力.... FHPEFront ..前面................... FRFull indicator reading指示器总读数FIR.Each .......每个........................ EAEccentric ..离心...................... ECC GElbow ....弯管.......................... ELLElongation ....延长..................... ELONGGage .........节距.................... GAEnclose ...装入.......................... ENGLGalvanize ..镀锌............................. GALVEnd to end ...两端之间............. E TO EGalvanized iron 镀锌铁...................GI Engineer ........工程师.................. ENGRGasket ................垫圈.............. GSKTEngineering ......工程..................... ENGRGGeneral ...............概述................... GEN Equal.................等于..................... EQGovernment .......政府...................... GOVTEquipment ......设备..................... EQUIPGrade ...........等级.................... GRExample ......示例....................... EXGraduation ....刻度/分级.............. GRADExpansion ....扩大 (X)Graphite .石墨........................ GPHExternal .......外部的. (X)Grind .......磨削.............................. GRDExtra heavy ...超重....................... X HVYExtra strong ....超强........................ S STR H Extrude, Extrusion 挤压................ EXTRHandle ....把手HDLHard .....坚硬的/困难的........ HHarden ...硬化............. HDNFabricate ....构造.................... FABHardware 硬件...................... HDWFace to face ...面对面.............. F TO FHead ........头部............................. HDFahrenheit .....华氏度.................. FHeavy ......重的.. (V)Far side .........远端面..................... FSHeight .......高度............................. HGTFastener .........紧固件.................... FASTNRHeat treat .热处理............................ HT TRFeet, Foot .......英尺.................... FTHexagon .....六角的.......................... HEXFigure ..........数字/图.. (I)High-speed steel ...高速钢............... HSSFillet ..........倒圆/圆角 (I)Horizontal .....水平的................... HORFinish ........表面处理 (I)Horsepower .....马力.................... HPFinish all over ..全部处理................ FAOHot-rolled steel .热轧钢.............. HRSFitting .........安装，配合............. FTGHousing .........机架................. HSGFixed ..............固定的.. (X)Hydraulic ....液压................... HYDFlexible ..........柔性的.................... FLEXFoot, Feet .........英尺................... FTFoot-pound ......英尺磅..................... FT LBForged steel ....锻造钢.................. FSTIdentification ....标识............... IDENTWORD WORDIllustrate .....图示................. ILLUSLength over-all ..总长......... LOAInch ...........英寸........................... IN.Limit ...............极限.. (I)Inches per second .英寸每秒........... IPSLinear .......直线的.. (I)Inch-pound ............英寸磅........ IN. LBLocate .........定位于........................ LOCInclosure .................附件............. INCLLong ...............长........................ LGIndicate ............指示.............. INDLongitudinal, Longitude ..纵向的.. LONG.Induction ..........感应...................... INDLubricate ..润滑...................... LUBIndustrial ...........工业的................... INDInformation ......资料................ INFO Inside diameter ...内径................. ID MInside radius ......内半径................... IRMachine ....机器.................. MACHInspect ...........检验................ INSPMaintenance ...维护保养............ MAINT.Installation, Install ...安装........... INSTAL.Malleable ...韧性的，可锻的.......... MALL.Interchangeable .可互换的................ INTCHGManual ....手册........................ MAN.Intermediate ..........中间的............. INTERManufacture ....制造，生产............ MFRInternal ................内部的............. INTManufacturing ....制造.................. MFGInverse ..................倒转的............... INVMaterial ..............材料............... MATLIron pipe size ........铁管尺寸............. IPSMaximum .........最大..................... MAX.Maximum working pressure最大工作压力MWPJMeasure ..测量MEASMechanical .机械的.............. MECHJoint ......连接.............................. JTMedium .....中间................ MEDJunction ....连接....................... JCTMechanism ..机械..................... MECHMicrometer ...千分尺，测微计MICKMillimeter ........毫米MMMinimum 最小MINKeyseat ....键槽................................ KSTMiscellaneous ...杂项的............... MISCKeyway ....键槽............................. KWYModified ..修改的....................... MODKilocycle ...千周................... KCMolybdenum ...钼....................... MOKilogram .千克.............................. KGMounting ...安装....................... MTGKilometer ...千米............................ KMMotor .....马达...................... MOTKilovolt-ampere .千伏安................... KV AN Kip (1,000 lb).....千磅......... KLNegative ....负极...............(-) or NEGNickel ............镍NILaboratory .....实验室.................... LABNominal ....公称的...NOM Left hand .......左手................... LHNormal ...普通的，一般NORNot to scale .....不按比例.............. NTSLength ...长度............................. LGNumber .....数字，编号............... NOWORD WORDObsolete .....旧的，过时的.............. OBSRadius ....半径..................... R or RAD On center .............在中心上........... OC Received ....接收的........................ RECDOperate ..................操作......... OPRReduce ..........减小，降低................ RED.Opposite .....相反的...................... OPPReference ........参考.................. REF.Optional ......可选的........................ OPTReference line 参考线............ REF LOriginal ......原始的，最初的...... ORIGRelease .......释放......................REL Ounce .......盎司.......... OZRemove....去除，删掉............ REMOutside diameter ...外径....... ODRequired ....要求的................ REQDOutside radius .......外半径................. OR.Revise ..........修改........................ REVRevolutions per minute .................转每分钟RPMPRight hand ....右手RHRockwell hardness洛氏硬度RHParallel 平行.................... PAR.Rolled ......卷曲的，轧制的........... RLDPart ........部分，零件................... PTRootmean square .均方根.......... RMSParting line ......分割线.................... PLRough ...粗糙的，大略的................. RGHRound .............圆的............ RDPerpendicular ...垂直....................... PERPPhase ..........相位PHPhosphur bronze ..磷铜............. PH BRZ SPiece ...................个，只.................. PCSchedule ....计划.......................... SCHPitch circle .........节距圆............... PCSchematic ...示意的，原理的.......... SCHEMPitch diameter ....节距直径................ PD Screw .....螺钉.................. SCRPlate ....................电镀，平面.......... PLSeamless ...无缝的...................... SMLSPositive .....................负极........ POSSecondary ...次要的，辅助的....... SECPotentiometer .....电位计............. POT.Section ...部分，截面................ SECTPounds .................磅................ LBSSerial ......连续的.................. SERPounds per square inch磅每平方英寸PSISet screw ....定位螺丝..................... SSPreliminary ....初步的....................... PRELIMSheet ............页数................... SHPrimary ...最初的...................... PRIShop order ..工程订单........... SOProcess, Procedure ..步骤......... PROCShoulder ......轴肩................. SHLDProduction, Product ...生产..... PRODSimilar .......类似的. (I)Project .......项目.................... PROJSingle phase ....单相的.................... 1PHSketch ....草图.. SKQSlotted 开槽的................. SLOT.Socket ....插座，孔............ SOCQuality ............质量QUALSpare .........备用的..... SPQuantity ...数量........................... QTYSpare part ...备用件............. SPWORD WORDS (接上页.) Specimen, Specification ...规格..SPEC WWeight ...重量.......... WTSpherical ..球形.............................. SPHER Width ..........宽度............................ WSpot face ......孔口面......................... SF Working circle ....工作周期循........... WC Spring ..................弹簧...................... SPR Work line ...........工作流水线......... WL Square ..........平方，方形................. SQ Stainless steel 不锈钢...................... SST Standard ................标准................... STD Steel .......................钢................ STL Straight ..............直线.................... STR Superseded ..........代替的................ SUPSD Switch .....................开关.............. SW Symbol ...............符号...................... SYM Symmetrical ..........对称的............... SYM System ...............系统.................... SYSTTachometer ......流速计............... TACH Taper ............锥度................... TPR Technical ........技术的.................... TECH Temper .............回火................... TEMP Thick ..................厚的..................... THK Thread ...................螺纹................... THD Threads per inch .......英寸螺纹........ TPI Through .................穿透.................. THRU Tolerance ................公差................ TOL Tool steel .................工具钢............... TS Total indicator reading指示器总读数. TIR Typical ............................典型.. TYPVVertical ....垂直..................... VERTVertical center line...垂直中心线...... VCL Vertical reference line .垂直参考线.. VRLMGW=MAXIMUM GROSS WHEIGH 最大毛重Ccw 逆时针Cw 顺时针O/D外径I/D 内径关于探伤的几个术语NDT non-destructive testingUT ultrasonic testingRT ray testingMT magnetic testingPT penetration testing意大利文的，最近刚接触到的SP. -> spessore （厚度）（指磷化或镀铬等的厚度）+DFT：小端-DFT：大端T.ε.T.：形位公差UNF:细牙UNC：粗牙hole thro：通孔REV：版本BUR Back up roll 支撑辊WR Work roll 工作辊DR Drive side 驱动侧OR Operation side 工作侧AGC Automatic gauge control 自动辊缝控制CPC Center position control 自动对中EPC Edge position control 自动对边SX 左旋DX 右旋Cham Chamber倒角TYP加在焊接符号后面我们也翻译为同类焊缝THK 厚度Brinell hardness number 的缩写，也就是HBM-凸面；RF-凹面；FM-凹凸面；ID: 内径OD:外径内径：I.D.＝inside diameter外径：O.D.=outside diameterREF：参考reference另外分享一下我收集的一些：PL:parting line 分模线c'bore:counterbore 柱坑thru:through 孔DP: depth 深WD: wide 宽cyl.zone:cylindrical zone 圆筒状区域prof: profile 剖面BSC: basic spacing between center 到中心的基本尺寸C/L: center line 中心线FYI: for your informationHD'N: hardness 硬度PLS: places 处INCL:include /including 包括DFT: draft 出模角度DWG. NO: 图纸编号E.J. PINS: 顶针S/F: surface 表面。

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