THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ELECTRICAL OUTPUT OF A SEDIMENT BATTERY
吉林省长春市东北师范大学附属中学2023-2024学年高三上学期第三次摸底考试英语试卷
2023-2024学年上学期东北师大附中（英语）科试卷高三年级第三次摸底考试考试时长：120分钟试卷分值：150分注意事项：1. 答题前，考生须将自己的姓名、班级、考场/座位号填写在答题卡指定位置上，并粘贴条形码。
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第一部分听力（1-20小题）在笔试结束后进行。
第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2. 5分，满分37. 5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
ADear Tommy,I am Ole Orvér, Finnair’s chief commercial officer. It’s my pleasure to warmly welcome you back to the skies with Finnair. I’d like to reflect on some of the developments that we hope you find exciting and helpful:·This summer season you can fly with Finnair to over 70 European and five US destinations. In Asia, we serve eight cities, including Guangzhou and newly added Mumbai starting 6 August. We operate over 300 daily flights and I’m excited about the addition of Seattle and Dallas to our US network.·Travel is recovering everywhere, and airports around the world are working hard to manage increased traffic volumes. It is a good idea to reserve some extra time at the airport before your flight. We are doing our very best together with our partners both at Helsinki and in our outstations to offer you a smooth travel experience during this popular travel season.·You are again able to offset flight carbon emissions (碳补偿), this time with a service that combines sustainable aviation (航空) fuel and certified climate projects. We at Finnair have ambitious emissions targets and our customers wish for a simple and transparent way to contribute.·Finnair Plus turned 30 in May. We are committed to developing the programme further to serve you in the best possible way. To make your flight bookings smoother, we recently upgraded the experience of booking award flights in the Finnair app.Finally, I’d like to thank you for your patience when we haven’t got things quite right. Wherever you’re travelling in the next few months, I hope it’s memorable. Thank you for flying Finnair.Kind Regards,Ole Orvér21. Which city is a new addition to the Finnair’s Asian network?A. Guangzhou.B. Mumbai.C. Seattle.D. Dallas.22. What is Finnair doing to help the environment?A. Launching a climate project.B. Developing sustainable fuels.C. Donating to a green programme.D. Offering a carbon offset service.23. Why does Finnair write this letter to Tommy?A. To express sincere gratitude.B. To introduce new routes.C. To apologize for bad service.D. To keep a regular customer.BI’m a talker. I’m into debating, gossiping and teasing. I solve problems by talking them through. This works perfectly well when I have people to talk to. Under lockdown, however, I’ve only had my partner, Peter. We not only lived, worked and traveled together, but mostly socialized together, too. Under the first UK lockdown, our constant closeness began to feel uncomfortable.For the first time in our 10 years together, we needed to be alone. I tried to manufacture this by going on walks on my own, but a short walk in the local park wasn’t doing the job. I considered my options and hit upon an idea: the semi-solo hike. Could we do a circular hike but walk in different directions? This would give us the space and peace of a solo hike. It felt like a promising compromise, so I told him about it. He thought it was thoroughly silly but agreed to give it a try.We started with a four-mile loop(环形) from Reeth. At the start, we parted ways. At first, I was aware of how close we were, which lessened the appeal Walking alone offers freedom and alone time, but here I was with my boyfriend nearby. As I gained ground, however, I found myself very much alone. I set my own pace, and I decided to take my time.I sat on a rock and breathed out. That moment —with the weak sun through the clouds and the breeze blowing across makeshift pools —felt extraordinary to me. I was born and raised in London and had never imagined leaving until I met an outdoorsman. Now, my former life as a city girl felt crazy. Realizing what I had gained, I felt the tension leave me. There, in the chilly air, I no longer needed to talk. The semi-solo hike gave us a shared experience with added room to breathe. I didn’t see Peter on route but reunited back where we started, both of us sheepish (难为情的) but pleased. The semi-solo hike is admittedly silly in theory, but for me it has been a lifeline. It has given me the gift of time alone and, in a year of constant closeness, the joy of reuniting.24. Why did the author decide to do a semi-solo hike?A. To get rid of the lockdown.B. To find some individual space.C. To meet more people to socialize.D. To seek the pleasure of reuniting.25. How did the author feel at the beginning of the hike?A. Curious.B. Thrilled.C. Unsatisfied.D. Relaxed.26. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A. Interest is the best teacher.B. Exercise helps increase confidence.C. Living in the city limits our imagination.D. An appropriate distance creates happiness.27. What is the best title for the text?A. Hiking TogetherB. Spending Time ApartC. Taking Exercise AloneD. Reuniting with My PartnerCWith an abundance of sun and wind, Spain is positioning itself as Europe’s future leader in green hydrogen production to clean up heavy industries. But some energy experts express caution because this process relies on massive availability of zero-carbon electivity.Green hydrogen is created when renewable energy sources power an electrical current that runs through water, separating its hydrogen and oxygen molecules (分子). The process doesn’t produce planet-warming carbon dioxide, but less than 0. 1% of global hydrogen production is currently created in this way.The separated hydrogen can be used in the production of steel, ammonia (氨) and chemical products, all of which require industrial processes that are harder to stop fossil fuels. Hydrogen also can be used as a transportation fuel, which could one day transform the highly polluting shipping and aviation sectors.Spain’s large, windswept and thinly populated territory receives more than 2, 500 hours of sunshine on average per year, providing ideal conditions for wind and solar energy, and therefore green hydrogen production.“If you look at where hydrogen is going to be produced in Europe in the next million years, it’s in two countries, Spain and Portugal,” said Thierry Lepercq, the founder and president of HyDeal Ambition, an industry platform bringing together 30 companies. “Hydrogen is the new oil.”Lepercq is working with companies like Spanish gas pipeline corporation Enagas and global steel giant ArcelorMittal to design an end-to-end model for hydrogen production, distribution and supply at a competitive price. Criticism has centered on green hydrogen’s higher cost compared with highly-polluting “gray hydrogen” drawn from natural gas. Lepercq argues that solar energy produced in Spain is priced low enough to compete.Globally, Lepercq said, “Electricity is 20% of energy consumption. What about the 80% that is not electrified? ... You need to replace those fossil fuels. Not in 50 years’ time. You need to replace them now.”28. Why are some experts cautious about green hydrogen production in Spain?A. It needs large amounts of sun and wind.B. It has an effect on heavy industries.C. It causes conflicts among countries.D. It uses lots of zero-carbon electricity.29. What is the advantage of green hydrogen production in Spain?A. Ideal geographical conditions.B. The support from government.C. Hydrogen production technology.D. Well-developed public transports.30. What can be inferred about green hydrogen in Spain according to Lepercq?A. It is highly priced.B. It is easy to store.C. It is competitive.D. It is highly-polluting.31. What is the passage mainly about?A. Spain manages to use zero-carbon electricity.B. Spain struggles to lead EU in heavy industry.C. Spain takes the lead in preventing air pollution.D. Spain replaces fossil fuel with green hydrogen.DSearch “toxic parents”, and you’ll find more than 38, 000 posts, largely urging young adults to cut ties with their families. The idea is to safeguard one’s mental health from abusive parents. However, as a psychoanalyst (精神分析学家), I’ve seen that trend in recent years becomes a way to manage conflicts in the family, and I have seen the severe impacts estrangement(疏远) has on both sides of the divide. This is a self-help trend that creates much harm.“Canceling” your parent can be seen as an extension of a cultural trend aimed at correcting imbalances in power and systemic inequality. Today’s social justice values respond to this reality, calling on us to criticize oppressive and harmful figures and to gain power for those who have been powerless. But when adult children use the most effective tool they have —themselves —to gain a sense of security and ban their parents from their lives, the roles are simply switched, and the pain only deepens.Often, what I see in my practice are cases of family conflict mismanaged, power dynamics turned upside down rather than negotiated. I see the terrible effect of that trend: situations with no winners, only isolated humans who long to be known and feel safe in the presence of the other.The catch is that after estrangement, adult children are not suddenly less dependent. In fact, they feel abandoned and betrayed, because in the unconscious, it doesn’t matter who is doing the leaving; the feeling that remains is “being left”. They carry the ghosts of their childhood, tackling the emotional reality that those who raised us can never truly be left behind, no matter how hard we try.What I have found is that most of these families need repair, not permanent break-up How can one learn how to negotiate needs, to create boundaries and to trust? How can we love others, and ourselves, if not through accepting the limitations that come with being human? Good relationships are the result not of a perfect level of harmony but rather of successful adjustments.To pursue dialogue instead of estrangement will be hard and painful work. It can’t be a single project of “self-help”, because at the end of the day, real intimacy (亲密关系) is achieved by working through the injuries of the past together. In most cases of family conflict, repair is possible and preferable to estrangement —and it’s worth the work.32. Why do young people cut ties with the family?A. To gain an independent life.B. To restore harmony in the family.C. To protect their psychological well-being.D. To follow a tendency towards social justice.33. What does the underlined word “catch” in Paragraph 4 mean?A. Response.B. Problem.C. Operation.D. Emphasis.34. To manage family conflict, the author agrees that young adults should ________.A. break down boundariesB. gain power within the familyC. live up to their parents’ expectationsD. accept imperfection of family members35. What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage?A. To advocate a self-help trend.B. To justify a common social value.C. To argue against a current practice.D. To discuss a means of communication.第二节（共5小题；每小题2. 5分，满分12. 5分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
全球变暖的影响英语
全球变暖的影响英语English:Global warming has a range of impacts on the environment, ecosystems, and human society. Rising temperatures contribute to the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers, leading to rising sea levels and the loss of critical habitats for various species. This can result in the displacement of certain wildlife and an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires. Additionally, changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can have a significant impact on agricultural productivity, leading to food shortages and potential conflicts over resources. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions also contributes to air and water pollution, leading to health problems for humans and other species. Overall, global warming presents a significant threat to the well-being of the planet and its inhabitants.中文翻译：全球变暖对环境、生态系统和人类社会有着各种影响。
1996年01月语法题译文
1996年01月语法题译文1996年01月语法题译文1. Sociologists have long recognized that social tension _____.(A) elements from group living.(B) elements of a normal group life(C) living are a group of elements.(D) are normal elements of group life参考译文：社会学家很久以前已经意识到社会压力是群体生活中的正常因素。
2. _____ have a very keen sense of hearing, although most do not hear sounds audible to the human ear.(A)While some insects do(B) Some insects which(C)Some insects(D)That some insects.参考译文：一些昆虫有非常敏锐的听觉，尽管它们中的大多数听不到那些人类的耳朵可以听到的声响。
3. Although both political parties wanted Dwight D. Eisenhower as their presidential nominee in 1952, he became a Republican candidate and _____.(A)President was electing(B) was elected President(C)to elect the President(D)being elected president.参考译文：虽然两个政党在1952年都想要Dwight D. Eisenhower成为它们的总统候选人，他还是成为共和党候选人并被选举为总统。
4. If an act is rewarded many times, immediately and with strong reinforces, it will rapidly become _____.(A)a habit(B) into a habit(C)that which a habit(D)a habit can be参考译文：如果一种行为被奖励多次，立即地并通过奖励刺激，它将很快成为一种习惯。
fundamentals of thermoelectricity oxford 2015
fundamentals of thermoelectricityoxford 2015The fundamentals of thermoelectricity, as discussed in the Oxford 2015 book, are crucial for understanding the conversion of heat into electrical energy. This field combines principles from thermodynamics, solid-state physics, and materials science to explore the behavior and performance of thermoelectric devices. Thermoelectricity has gained significance in recent years due to its potential application in waste heat recovery, portable power generation, and energy-efficient cooling systems. Let's dive into some key concepts covered in this book.Thermoelectric phenomena arise from a temperature gradient across a material or device. The underlying principle is the Seebeck effect, which describes the generation of an electric voltage when there is a temperature difference between two points in a conductor or semiconductor. This voltage is proportional to the gradient in temperature and depends on the material properties.热电现象是在材料或器件中存在温度梯度时产生的。
液体电极沿面放电高效灭活大肠杆菌_王天威
第30卷第5期2010年9月河北大学学报(自然科学版)Journal o f H ebei University(Natural Science Editio n)V ol.30No.5Sep.2010液体电极沿面放电高效灭活大肠杆菌王天威1,李杰1,2,鲁娜1,2,吴彦1,2(1.大连理工大学环境与生命学院,辽宁大连116024;2.大连理工大学静电与特种电源研究所,辽宁大连116024)摘要:利用液体电极沿面放电等离子体反应器,对大肠杆菌的灭活效果进行了研究.考察了曝气量、初始含菌量和初始pH值等因素对大肠杆菌的存活细菌群落总数(cfu)的影响.实验结果表明:大肠杆菌的存活细菌群落数随初始含菌量、处理时间的增加而减少.弱碱性条件有利于大肠杆菌的灭活.反应系统中,曝气量对大肠杆菌灭活效果影响很大.在曝气量为4.5L/m in,电源频率7kH z,电压6kV条件下,500mL初始含菌量为107cfu/mL的大肠杆菌菌液,放电处理5min,可将全部大肠杆菌杀灭.本研究为液体电极沿面放电反应器在细菌灭活方面的应用提供参考.关键词:液体电极;沿面放电;大肠杆菌;灭活中图分类号:X52文献标志码:A文章编号:1000-1565(2010)05-0556-04Inactivation of Escherichia coli Using SurfaceDischarge Plasma with Liquid ElectrodeWAN G Tian-wei1,LI Jie1,2,LU Na1,2,WU Yan1,2(1.Scho ol of Env ir onm ental and Biolog ical Science and Technolog y,Dalian Universityof T echno logy,Dalian116024,China; 2.Institute of Electrostatic and SpecialPow er,Dalian University of T echno logy,Dalian116024,China)Abstract:T he inactivation o f Escher ichia coli by using sur face discharge w ith liquid electrode in plasma reactor w as studied ex perimentally.T he effects of aeration am ount,initial content of bacterium,and initial pH on the inactiv ation of E.coli w er e evaluated.The results sho wed that the amount of E.coli decreased w ith the incr ease of the initial co ntent o f the bacterium and the treatm ent time.U nder alkaline co ndition, the inactiv ation of E.coli w as relativ ely better.T he aeration amount g reatly affected the inactivation of E. coli.500mL o f7orders of magnitude E.coli bacterium fluid could be killed com pletely after5min o f dis-charge treatment under the condition of the better aeration amount4.5L/m in,pow er fr equency7kH z and vo ltag e6kV.It is ex pected to prov ide reference fo r the applicatio n of surface discharge plasm a reactor w ith liquid electrode in the inactivatio n of bacter ium.Key w ords:liquid electro de;surface dischar ge;E.coli;inactivatio n收稿日期:2010-04-20基金项目:教育部博士点基金资助项目(20070141004);国家自然科学基金-工程科技发展战略研究联合基金资助项目(U0970166);辽宁省高校优秀人才计划资助项目(2009R09)第一作者:王天威(1986)),女,辽宁沈阳人,大连理工大学在读硕士研究生,主要从事环境等离子体技术方面的研究.通信作者:李杰(1964)),男,吉林九台人,大连理工大学教授,主要从事环境等离子体技术方面的研究.第5期王天威等:液体电极沿面放电高效灭活大肠杆菌 传统灭菌方法存在不能快速完全杀灭细菌、受区域限制、易造成环境二次污染等问题[1].而大气压下放电等离子体可以产生一些氧化活性很强的物质,如羟基自由基(#OH )、氧自由基(O #)、臭氧(O 3)、过氧化氢(H 2O 2)和原子氧(O)等,与水中细菌发生作用,实现对水体细菌的灭活处理.放电等离子体能够对传统方法难杀灭的菌体进行有效灭活,具有处理效率高、无选择性、不产生二次污染等优点,受到越来越多研究学者的广泛关注[2-4].液体电极沿面放电,一方面能够产生大量臭氧、#OH 等活性物质,并将紫外线和高压电场等物理作用引入细菌灭活中;另一方面待处理溶液在作为接地电极的同时还起到冷却系统的作用.从而,液体电极沿面放电可用于快速灭活大量菌液.实验采用一种基于沿面放电设计的反应器对大肠杆菌菌体的灭活效果进行研究,主要探讨曝气量、初始含菌量、处理时间及pH 值对细菌灭活效果的影响,为该方法在细菌灭活方面的应用提供参考.1 材料与方法1.1 实验装置与仪器实验装置如图1所示,反应器采用直径为1.2m m 的不锈钢丝制作的螺旋电极作为高压电极,平均螺距6mm,放电区域长220mm ,紧密安装在石英玻璃管介质内壁上,石英玻璃管内径13m m,管壁厚1mm.气体由石英玻璃管上端进入,沿面放电产生的活性物质从下端喷射进入溶液中.溶液位于石英玻璃管与有机玻璃管(400mm @50mm @5mm)之间,并作为接地电极.1.空气泵;2.入水口;3.排水口;4.出气口;5.进气口;6.废水;7.石英介质;8.高压电极;9.曝气头;10.电源;11.电压探头;12.电流探头;13.示波器.图1 实验装置示意Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the experim ental apparatus实验中通入空气为载气,流量为4.5L/min,初始pH 值均为7.4.采用高频(7kH z)交流电源,输出电压为6kV,通过电压、电流和示波器采样计算电源注入给反应器功率为22W.选取大肠杆菌为目标分析物,单次处理含菌废水500m L.1.2 实验方法将含大肠杆菌的培养液100m L 用高速离心机离心,大肠杆菌和培养基分离后,添加质量分数0.85%灭菌生理盐水,使用旋涡混合仪将灭菌生理盐水和大肠杆菌混合均匀,配成1000mL 溶液.启动曝气,取500m L 溶液加入反应器中,接通高频交流电源,进行放电处理,连续在线取样,测试细菌的灭活效果.大肠杆菌计数采用平板计数法.用0.1m ol/L 的NaOH 和H Cl 溶液调节pH 值,采用ORION 828pH 计测试,每组实验重复3次.LB 培养基的组分:胰蛋白胨10g/L,酵母粉5g /L,NaCl 10g/L,琼脂18g /L (液体LB 培养基不加琼脂),调节pH 值为7.0~7.4.#557#河北大学学报(自然科学版)2010年2 结果与讨论2.1 曝气量对大肠杆菌灭活效果的影响选择初始含菌量为107cfu/mL 的大肠杆菌菌液,研究曝气量对灭活效果的影响,结果如图2所示.在放电3min 内,曝气量从3.5L/min 增加到4.5L/m in 时,细菌存活菌落数降低了3个数量级;但当曝气量增加到5.5L/min 时,存活菌落数却提高了2个数量级.曝气量的增加对沿面放电所产生的高能电子及O 3,H 2O 2,#OH ,O #等活性物质的量有促进作用.当曝气量达到某一值时,放电产生的活性物质的量达到饱和,处理效果最好;继续增加曝气量对溶入水中的活性物质有吹脱作用,使处理效果减弱[5-6].因此,在本实验条件下,适宜的曝气量为4.5L/m in.2.2 初始含菌量对大肠杆菌灭活效果的影响图3为初始含菌量对灭活效果的影响.在一定浓度范围内,放电处理对初始含菌量高的水样的灭活效果要明显好于含菌量低的水样.对于容积一定的系统,在电压、曝气量等条件不变的情况下,放电产生的活性物质的量恒定.初始含菌量相对较高时,单位体积所含菌体数目较多,活性物质与菌体作用的概率增加,提高了菌体的灭活效果.因此,在曝气量4.5L/min,电压6kV 条件下,放电处理5m in 即可将初始含菌量107cfu/m L 的500mL 溶液中大肠杆菌全部杀灭.图4 初始pH 值对大肠杆菌灭活效果的影响Fig.4 Effect of the initial pH on the inactivation ef fect of E.coli2.3 溶液初始pH 值对大肠杆菌灭活效果的影响考察在大肠杆菌适宜生长的pH 值范围内放电对其灭活效果的影响,结果如图4所示,弱碱性(pH =8.2)溶液的大肠杆菌的灭活效果较好.放电处理2min,pH 值为8.2时大肠杆菌细胞数下降了6个对数,而pH 值为6.8时下降了4个对数.溶液初始pH 值的变化对放电产生活性物质的氧化能力有一定影响.酸性溶液中,臭氧比较稳定,臭氧氧化以直接氧化为主,而在碱性溶液中,臭氧不稳定,分解成氧化性更强的#OH.因此,弱碱性条件下有利于大肠杆菌的灭活.#558#第5期王天威等:液体电极沿面放电高效灭活大肠杆菌3 结论1)液体电极沿面放电反应器可以快速有效地灭活溶液中的大肠杆菌,灭活效果随着放电时间的增加而显著提高,放电处理5min,可将初始含菌量107cfu/m L 的500mL 溶液中大肠杆菌全部杀灭.2)在本实验条件下,较佳的曝气量为4.5L/min;初始含菌量的增加会使单位体积所含菌体数目增多,提高菌体的灭活效果;弱碱性条件有利于大肠杆菌的灭活.参 考 文 献:[1]张悦,李国锋,李杰.高压脉冲电场水中杀菌[J].河北大学学报:自然科学版,2007,10(增刊):78-81.[2]CL EM EN T S J S,DU BBELM AN T M .P reliminary investig atio n o f prebreak dow n pheno mena and chemical r eact ions u -sing a pulsed high vo ltag e discharg e in liquid water [J].IEEE T rans Ind A ppl,1987,I A -23(2):224-235.[3]SU N B,SA T O M.U se o f pulsed hig h -v oltage discharg e fo r remo val o f o rg anic compounds in aqueous so lution [J].J PhysD :A ppl Phys,1999,32(15):1908-1915.[4]SAT O M ,OH GIY A M A T.F or mation of chemical species and their effects on m icroo rg anisms using a pulsed hig h v oltagedischarg e in water [J].IEEE T ransact ions on Indust ry Applications,1996,32(1):106-113.[5]Z HA N G Ruo bing ,W U Y an.P lasma induced degr adat ion o f indigo carmine by bipolar pulsed dielectr ic barr ier dischar ge(DBD)in the water -air mix ture [J].Journal o f Env iro nmental Science,2004,16(5):808-812.[6]M A NA S P,BA RSO T T I L ,CH EF T EL J C.M icr obial inactivatio n by pulsed electr ic fields in a batch tr eatment chamber :effects of some elect rical parameter s and food co nstituents [J].Inno vativ e F ood Science and Emerg ing T echnolog ies,2001,2(4):239-249.(责任编辑:梁俊红)(上接第555页)参 考 文 献:[1]银涛.戊二醛消毒剂的研究进展[J].预防医学情报杂志,2005,21(3):297-300.[2]胡双启,晋日亚.气体二氧化氯灭菌特性研究[J].中北大学学报,2007,28(4):346-348.[3]黄靖雄.环氧乙烷灭菌[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2004,14(12):1435-1439.[4]张霞,周雯,王有森.环氧乙烷在灭菌物品中残留量测定及毒性研究进展[J].中国消毒学杂志,2005,22(2):217-218.[5]H A RDW ICK T J.T he free radical mechanism in the reactions of hydr ogen perox ide[J].Can J Chem,1957,35(3):428.[6]BA I M ing do ng ,ZH AO Do ng yan,XU Ho ngtao ,et al.Ex perimental studies o n elimination of E scher ichia coli and bacillussubtilis using hy dr ox yl radicals pro duced by str ong Io nizat ion dischar ge[J].P lasma Science and T echnolo gy ,2008,10(4):463-465.[7]白希尧,白敏冬,周晓见,等.羟基及其药剂制取方法研究[J].化工时刊,2002(4):1-5.[8]PU R EV DO RJ D,IGU R A N ,H A YA K A WA I ,et a1.Inactivatio n of Escher ichia coli by m icrow ave induced lo w temperaturea rg on plasma t reatments[J].Jo ur nal of F ood Eng ineering ,2002,53:341-346.[9]庞战军,周玫,陈瑷.自由基医学研究方法[M ].北京:人民卫生出版社,2000:62.[10]方允中,李文杰.自由基与酣[M ].北京:科学出版社,1989:63-85.[11]赵克然,杨毅军,曹道俊.氧自由基与临床[M ].北京:中国医药科技出版社,1999:23-24.(责任编辑:梁俊红)#559#。
电压反峰对脉冲电容器寿命特性的影响
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３实验结果与分析 图４为实验中放电电流的波形图。各个反峰下的寿命平均值如图５所示，图中黑点为寿命平均值，曲线为
拟合曲线，圆圈为各个实验数据。具体实验数据如表１所示。如图４所示，不同反峰作用下，放电电流最大脉 宽为４．５ ｍｓ，远小于充放电间隔时间１ ｓ，因此连续充放电的热量不会积累，电容器的发热为单次充放电中产
电寿命测试。在充电电压为５．７ ｋＶ下，调节负载电阻与电感，使得测
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应用型大学英语视听说教程答案unit3
Submitted: 2012-3-1 16:21:06 (Thursday) Score: 0.00%A. Look and listenLook at the pictures about various environmental problems. Listen to the statements and fill in the blanks with the words in the list.forests polluted overpopulated hunting animals sportsmillions billion melting drinking greenhouse protectionactivities p opulation1. The Earth is (overpopulated). There are over 6 (billion)people in the world.2. Many rivers and lakes are seriously (polluted). More andmore people are (drinking ) dirty water.3. (Millions ) of trees are cut down each year. The Earth iscovered by fewer and fewer (forests).4. Due to the (greenhouse ) effect, the ice in the Atlantic andAntarctic is (melting). In a century, several countries andmany cities will be covered by water.5. Illegal (hunting ) still exists. Because of human(activities), many species have disappeared, and more willdisappear in the near future.B. Ask and answer the questionsAsk and answer the following questions with a partner.1. What kinds of environmental problems do you think we have?Your answer：Reference answer： There is water, air, and noise pollution. / The Earth is becomingwarmer. There are more and more people and the Earth is becoming more crowded.2. What is the cause of these problems?Your answer：Reference answer： The problems are caused by industrial development / the invention of automobiles.3. What can we do to solve these problems?Your answer：Reference answer： We should stop dumping waste into rivers and lakes. / Laws should be established to regulate human behavior.Submitted: 2012-3-1 16:21:26 (Thursday) Score: 0.00% Section One Listen for pronunciation skillsA. Listen and practiceListen to the following statements and mark the stressed words.1. Mary painted her living room blue. (living room )Mary painted her living room blue. (Mary )Mary painted her living room blue. (her )Mary painted her living room blue. (painted )Mary painted her living room blue. (blue)2. This is my book. (book)This is my book. (This )This is my book. (is )This is my book. (my )3. I bought a red shirt. (I )I bought a red shirt. (shirt)I bought a red shirt. (bought )I bought a red shirt. (red )Submitted: 2012-3-1 16:21:48 (Thursday) Score: 0.00% Section Two Special English programsA. Item 12. Listen for details1) Listen to the report and choose the best answer to the following question.Which of the following statements is true?(c)a. People living in large cities have a higher risk of getting lung cancer than otherdiseases.b. 16 percent of people in large cities die of lung cancer.c. People living in seriously polluted areas have as high a risk of dying of lungcancer as those living with a person who smokes cigarettes.d. Air pollution can cause lung cancer, but not other diseases.2) Now listen to the report again and choose the best answer to the following question.How many years did the study cover?(b)a. 12 years.b. 16 years.c. 18 years.d. 20 years.Submitted: 2012-3-1 16:22:00 (Thursday) Score: 0.00% Section Two Special English programsB. Item 22. Listen for details1) Listen to the report and choose the best answer to the following question.A severe winter storm in __________ killed hundreds of millions of monarch butterflies. (c)a. southern Mexicob. northern Mexicoc. central Mexicod. eastern Mexico2) Now listen to the report again and choose the best answer to the following question.Under what conditions are monarch butterflies likely to die? (b)a. When they become cold and the temperature is high.b. When they become wet and the temperature is very low.c. When they become dry after a storm.d. When they become wet and the temperature increases.Submitted: 2012-3-1 16:22:09 (Thursday) Score: 0.00% Section Two Special English programsC. Item 32. Listen for details1) Listen to the report and choose the best answer to the following question.Which of the following is NOT an effect of rising temperatures on wildlife?(d)a. Many animals and plants leave their native environments.b. Trees flower earlier than before.c. Birds migrate earlier than before.d. Many animals become more fierce.2) Now listen to the report again and choose the best answer to the following question.According to many scientists, __________ the major cause of the warmer weather. (b)a. the disappearance of some species isb. industrial gases arec. earlier flowering of plants isd. long-distance travel of birds isSubmitted: 2012-3-1 16:22:25 (Thursday) Score: 0.00%Section Four Real world B. Watch for detailsWatch the video clip. Choose the best answers to the following questions.1. What was the first artificial source of air pollution? (b)a. Volcanic eruptions.b. Fire.c. Wood. d. Coal.2. Marco Polo learned of the uses of coal when__________. (c)a. traveling in Russiab. working in Italyc. traveling in Chinad. traveling in Europe3. What punishment did theblacksmith receive forviolating the sea coal law inthe 14th century?(c)a. He was put in prison.b. He was burned to death.c. He was hanged.d. He was whipped.4. When did coal become animportant fuel in York of oldEngland?(b)a. In 1731.b. In 1371.c. In 1307.d. In 1273.Submitted: 2012-3-1 16:22:38 (Thursday) Score: 0.00% Section Four Real worldC. Listen and writeListen to the sound clips and fill in the blanks with the exact words or phrases you've heard.1. In the distant past, frequent eruptions of volcanoes polluted the(atmosphere), killing plants, animals, and (any people) who could not escape.2. Agricultural practices such as slash and burn, which is still (in use) today,(contributed to) the pollution of the air.3. In (1273), the burning of sea coal was banned in England. This is the(earliest record) of an actual air pollution regulation.4. As communities grew (in size), the (problems) with air pollutionincreased.5. The change from (traditional fuel) to coal caused many (objections)because of the smoke.Submitted: 2012-3-1 16:22:52 (Thursday)Section One Making complaintsB. Get the themeAnswer the following questions according to the video clip you've just watched.1. How does the man start hiscomplaint?Your answer：Reference answer： By saying "I'mafraid I have a complaint to make."2. What is the man complainingabout?Your answer：Reference answer： The dirtyenvironment and the noise causedby the construction.3. What does the woman promise todo?Your answer：Reference answer： She will reportthe man's complaints to the managr.Submitted: 2012-3-1 16:23:01 (Thursday)Section Two Your turnWork in pairs. Suppose you live near a lake which used to be very beautiful. However, a factory was set up by the lake recently and a lot of waste water flows into the lake from the factory. As a representative of the angry residents, you go to see the manager to complain about the problem. The manager is not in and you are received by the secretary.Your answer：Reference answer：Secretary: Good morning. Is there anything I can do for youComplainer: Good morning. Can I speak to the manager? I have a complaint to make. Secretary: I'm sorry. The manager is not in at the moment. May I ask what is wrong? Complainer: Well. I live near the lake. It used to be clean and beautiful. But since your factory was opened here last year, the lake has become dirtier and dirtier. Secretary: I'm sorry to hear that. But how do you know it is our factory that's making the lake dirty?Complainer: Please go out and look at the pipes leading from your factory to the lake.A lot of waste water is drained from the factory into the lake every day. Secretary: Oh, I do apologize for that. I've only worked here for a short time, and don't know much about it. I assure you that I will report this to the manager as soon as he comes back.Complainer: I hope he will consider this seriously.Secretary: I'm sure he will.Complainer: Thanks. Goodbye.Submitted: 2012-3-1 16:23:20 (Thursday) Score: 0.00%B. Story dictationListen to a story and fill in the missing words. The story will be read three times. The first and the third times it will be read at normal speed, and the second time there will be a 10-second pause for each missing part.<TRNow listen to the story:One day the Lord came to Noah, who was now living in England, and said, "Onceagain, the earth has become overpopulated, and (1)(I see the end of alllives )before me. Build another Ark and save two of every living thing along with a few good humans. You have six months to build the Ark before I will start the unending rain for 40 days and 40 nights."Six months later, the Lord looked down and saw Noah weeping in his yard — but no Ark."Noah!" He asked, "(2)(I'm about to start the rain)! Where is the Ark?""Forgive me, Lord," begged Noah, "but things have changed. I have come across many difficulties.My neighbors claimed that I had (3)(no permission to build the Ark), even in my garden.We had to go to the Secretary of State for a decision.Then the Department of Transport asked how much it would cost for the Ark's move to the sea. I told them that the sea would be coming to us, but they would hear nothing of it.(4)(Getting the wood was another problem). I was forbidden to cut down any trees.When I started gathering the animals, people argued that it was cruel to put so many animals in such a small space.Then the government said that I couldn't build the Ark until they'd conducted an environmental impact study on the possible flood.I'm still having another problem about whom to hire for my building team. The trade unions say I can't use my sons. They insist I have to hire only union workers with Ark-building experience.To make matters worse, the customs house claims (5)(I'm trying to leave the country illegally) with endangered species. So, forgive me, Lord, but it seems impossible for me to finish this Ark."Suddenly the skies cleared, the sun began to shine, and a rainbow appeared across the sky. "I'm not going to end the world. Your government beat me to it!" said the Lord.。
导电剂对锂离子电池性能的影响[1]
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1 导电剂的种类
不同的导电剂 , 在特征上也不一样 , 其对电池的影响也有所 不同。最常用的导电 剂是乙 炔黑。一般 认为 : 由于乙 炔黑 的晶 格化程度低 , 锂离子在其中 嵌入与脱 出的吉 布斯自 由能相 差不 大 ; 又因为乙 炔黑的导 电率较大 , 且电阻 放热较小 , 故其影 响电 池安全性的程度较小 [ 4] 。 姚耀春等 [ 5] 以 自制 锰酸 锂为 活性 物 质 , 以乙 炔 为导 电剂 , P V DF 为粘结剂做成模拟 电池并 测试 其性能 , 发 现当 不添 加任 何导电剂时得到的是 一条相当 陡峭的 放电曲线 , 放 电平台 不明 显 , 随着电剂 量的逐渐 增加 , 放电平台逐 渐明显 , 而当导电 剂的 E ma il: do ry ofunki@ g mail. com
导电剂对锂离子电池性能的影响/ 刘
露等
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导电剂对锂离子电池性能的影响
刘 露, 戴永年, 姚耀春
( 昆明理 工大学材料与冶金工程学院 , 昆明 650093) 摘要 综述了锂离子电池电极中添加不同的导电剂对电池性能的影响 。 用碳黑作为导电剂能 明显改善电池的
Key words
L i ion bat teries, co nductive addit ives, cy cle per for mance, electrical conductivity 子间的导电性就较差 , 光靠 活性物质 本身的 导电性 是远远 不够 的 [ 3] 。为了保证电极具 有良好的 充放电 性能 , 在极片 制作 时通 常加入一定量的导电物质 , 在活性物质之间、 活性物质与集流体 之间起到收集微电流的作用 , 以减小电极的接触电阻 , 加速电子 的移动速率 , 同时也能有效 地提高锂 离子在 电极材 料中的 迁移 速率 , 从而提高电极的充放电效率。 导电剂对电池的 性能影响 主要包 括以下 4 个方面 : 导 电剂 的种类、 导电 剂的含量、 导电 剂的粒度及 分散程度、 表面处 理情 况。
JSOG中水蒸汽含量的模拟计算
第14卷 第4期强激光与粒子束V o l.14,N o.4 2002年7月H IGH POW ER LA SER AND PA R T I CL E B EAM S Ju l.,2002 Article I D: 100124322(2002)0420505203Si m ula tion of wa ter vapor con ten ti n JS O G for CO I L①FAN G Ben2jie, W E IL ing2yun, CH EN Fang, WAN G Zeng2qiang,J I N Yu2qi, SAN G Feng2ting(D alian Institu te of Che m ical P hy sics,the Ch inese A cad e my of S ciences,P.O.B ox110,D alian116023,Ch ina) Abstract: In Chem icalO xygen2I odine L aser(CO I L)system,the w ater vapo r p roduced from the genera2to r of singlet oxygen can have severe negative effects on the ou tpu t of the laser pow er.In th is paper,the w atervapo r con ten t in the coun ter2flow Jet type Singlet O xygen Generato r(JSO G)is si m u lated.T he resu lts agreew ell w ith tho se of experi m en ts.By w ay of si m u lati on,som e of the experi m en tal conditi on s fo r JSO G are op ti2m ized to reduce the w ater vapo r con ten t. Key words: CO I L; jet type singlet oxygen generato r; w ater vapo r con ten t CLC nu m ber: TN248.5 D ocu m en t code: A T he Jet typ e Singlet O xygen Generato r(JSO G)is one of the m o st efficien t energy sou rces fo r the Chem2 ical O xygen2I odine L aser(CO I L)[1].Since the energy carrier,O2(1∃),is generated th rough gas2liqu id reac2 ti on of the ch lo rine w ith the B asic H ydrogen Perox ide so lu ti on(BH P)[2],the generato r also p roduce w ater vapo r in the gas flow,w h ich has negative effect on laser ou tp u t[3]. T he w ater vapo r in the gas flow in CO I L has strong deactive effect to the lasing p article,electron ically excited i odine atom,and the vib rati onally excited i odine m o lecu le w h ich is the tran siti onal p roduct to fo rm excited i odine atomI(2P1 2)+H2O→I(2P3 2)+H2O, k1=3.0×10-10c m3 m o lecu lar s(1) I32(x,v"=30～40)+H2O→I2+H2O, k2=3.0×10-10c m3 m o lecu lar s(2) In sup erson ic CO I L,the w ater vapo r can also i m p air the p rop erty of sup erson ic gas flow.T he released heat th rough deactive reacti on s and conden sati on in to ice can increase the static tem p eratu re and p ressu re in the lasing cavity,and then reduce the laser ou tp u t.In th is p ap er,the w ater vapo r con ten t in coun ter2flow JSO G is studied.H ere,flu id dynam ics effects are igno red.1 M ATH M AT I CAL MOD EL In JSO G,the w ater vapo r near the su rface of BH P jets is assum ed to be satu rated,the satu rate p ressu re can be app rox i m ately derived from the C lau siu s2C lap eyron equati on and R aou lt’s lawP(T B)=X w P0exp(-∃H v R T B)(3) W here,X w is the m o le fracti on of w ater in BH P,the w ater evapo rati on en thalp y∃H v≈4×104J m o l,the con stan t P0≈2.66×1010Pa,R is the un iversal gas con stan t.T B deno tes tem p eratu re of BH P su rface,w h ich is m ain ly dep enden t on the in itial BH P tem p eratu re and the heat2released reacti on of the ch lo rine w ith BH P. L iteratu re[4]gives the app rox i m ate exp ressi onT B(z)=T B0+Q K C0ΘB C PBΠ(L-z)ΑB v j exp(-ΡK z v g)(4)W here,z2ax is is along gas flow,T B0is the in itialBH P tem p eratu re,Q≈1.55×105J m o l is the rate of①Rece ived date:2001209226; Rev ised date:2001211215Foundation ite m:Subject funded by laser techno logy dom ain of nati onal863p ro jects(86324102421)Biography:FAN G Benjie(19712),m ale,docto rial student,m aj o r in chem ical laser;E2m ail:bjfang@。
英语温度方面的知识点总结
英语温度方面的知识点总结Basics of Temperature:Temperature is a fundamental physical quantity that measures the hotness or coldness of an object or a substance. It is a scalar quantity, which means it has magnitude but no direction. The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K), and it is also commonly measured in degrees Celsius (°C) and degrees Fahrenheit (°F).The concept of temperature is based on the kinetic theory of matter, which states that all particles in a substance are in constant motion and that temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of these particles. At higher temperatures, the particles move faster, while at lower temperatures, they move slower.Temperature Scales:There are several temperature scales commonly used around the world, including the Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales. The Celsius scale is based on the freezing (0°C) and boiling (100°C) points of water, while the Fahrenheit scale uses the freezing (32°F) and boiling (212°F) points of water. The Kelvin scale is based on absolute zero (-273.15°C), which is the lowest possible temperature and the point at which all molecular motion ceases.The relationship between these scales can be expressed through the following formulas:- Celsius to Fahrenheit: °F = (°C × 9/5) + 32- Fahrenheit to Celsius: °C = (°F - 32) × 5/9- Celsius to Kelvin: K = °C + 273.15- Kelvin to Celsius: °C = K - 273.15Factors Affecting Temperature:Several factors can affect the temperature of an object or a substance, including the amount of heat energy added or removed, the mass and specific heat capacity of the substance, and its surroundings. When heat is added to a substance, its temperature increases, and when heat is removed, its temperature decreases.Specific heat capacity is a measure of how much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of a substance by a certain amount. Substances with higher specific heat capacities require more heat energy to increase their temperatures, while those with lower specific heat capacities heat up more quickly.The surroundings of a substance can also affect its temperature. For example, a substance in contact with a colder object will lose heat and decrease in temperature, while a substance exposed to a heat source will gain heat and increase in temperature.Applications of Temperature:Temperature is used in a wide range of applications across different fields, including meteorology, medicine, food industry, and engineering.In meteorology, temperature is a crucial variable for weather forecasting and climate studies. It helps meteorologists understand the behavior of the atmosphere, predict changes in weather patterns, and assess the impact of climate change.In medicine, temperature is important for monitoring the health of individuals and for various medical procedures. Body temperature is used as an indicator of fever or hypothermia, and medical equipment such as thermometers, incubators, and cryogenic storage units rely on temperature control for their proper functioning.In the food industry, temperature control is essential for food safety and preservation. Proper cooking temperatures ensure that food is safe to eat, while refrigeration and freezing processes help extend the shelf life of perishable items.In engineering, temperature plays a critical role in the design and operation of various systems and devices. For example, in the automotive industry, engines, and exhaust systems need to be able to withstand high temperatures, while in electronics, temperature control is essential for preventing overheating and ensuring the proper functioning of electronic components.In conclusion, temperature is a fundamental physical quantity that influences many aspects of our lives. Understanding the basics of temperature, its different scales, factors affecting it, and its applications can help us appreciate its importance and make informed decisions in various fields.。
高温合金循环蠕变实验
No3.2008工程与试验September 2008[收稿日期] 2008-06-26[作者简介] 关逊(1969-),女,助理工程师,从事蠕变实验工作。
刘庆(1961-),男,工程师,从事蠕变实验工作。
郭建亭(1938-),男,研究员。
博士生导师,从事高温合金与金属间化合物的研究。
高温合金循环蠕变实验关 逊,刘 庆,郭建亭(中国科学院金属研究所,辽宁沈阳110016)摘 要:本文利用装配有EDC 数字控制器的高温电子蠕变试验机开展了一种镍基高温合金的循环蠕变实验。
结果表明与恒载荷静态蠕变相比,两种方式(矩形波和锯齿波)载荷循环降低了合金蠕变寿命,但对蠕变塑性并没有影响。
关键词:高温合金;循环蠕变实验;循环载荷中图分类号:T G 132.3文献标识码:ACyclic Creep Experimentation of SuperalloyGuan Xun ,Liu Qing ,Guo Jianting(I nstit ute of M et al Research ,Chi nese A cadem y of S ciences ,L i aoni ng S heny ang 110016)Abstract :The cyclic creep test s of a Nickel 2base superalloy has been conducted on a High Temper 2at ure Elect rical Creep Machine equipped wit h an External Digital Controler (EDC ).Compared wit h t he constant load creep ,t he cyclic load in t he square and sawtoot h waveforms reduces t he creep life ,but has no effect on t he creep ductility of t he testing alloy.K eyw ords :superalloy ;cyclic creep test ;cyclic load1 引言高温合金部件在高温服役期间,往往遭受静态应力和循环应力的联合作用,实际变形过程既不同于静态载荷作用下的纯蠕变变形,也不同于完全循环载荷作用下的纯疲劳变形,而是蠕变与疲劳交互作用的复杂变形过程[1～2]。
小学上册第三次英语第1单元真题
小学上册英语第1单元真题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What do we call the process by which plants lose water?A. EvaporationB. TranspirationC. CondensationD. Photosynthesis2.What is the sound a cat makes?A. BarkB. MeowC. RoarD. QuackB3.I dream of becoming a ________.4.The chemical formula for sodium citrate is _____.5.Which planet is known for having a big red spot?A. MarsB. VenusC. JupiterD. SaturnC6.The ______ is known for her volunteer work.7.The snow is ______ on the ground. (falling)8.The __________ (历史的争议) spark debates among scholars.9.We are going to ___ a hike. (take)10.What color is a banana?A. RedB. YellowC. BlueD. GreenB Yellow11.The chemical symbol for nickel is ______.12. A ____ enjoys swimming and can often be seen in lakes.13.My ________ (玩具名称) can spin around quickly.14.We have ______ at the picnic. (sandwiches)15.Hedgehogs curl into a ________________ (球) when scared.16. A ____(biosphere) is a global sum of all ecosystems.17.The ancient Maya are known for their advances in _______ and mathematics.18.I enjoy helping my ____.19.hill) is a raised area of land, smaller than a mountain. The ____20.The sloth's slow movements help it avoid ________________ (天敌).21.What is the term for the highest part of a mountain?A. BaseB. SummitC. SlopeD. ValleyB22.Recognizing the importance of plants in our lives can lead to better ______. (认识到植物在我们生活中的重要性可以促进更好的环境保护。
锆钛酸铅纳米陶瓷粉体的低温水热合成
收稿日期:2004203211 作者简介:李涛(19742),男,山东滕州人,讲师,硕士,主要从事铁电功能材料与纳米材料的研究。
文章编号:100422474(2006)0120069203锆钛酸铅纳米陶瓷粉体的低温水热合成李 涛,彭同江(西南科技大学工程技术中心,四川绵阳621010) 摘 要:使用TiO 2粉体、ZrOCl 2・8H 2O 、Pb (NO 3)2为原料,KO H 为矿化剂,Pb/(Zr +Ti )=1.0,在160℃下反应3h ,获取了分散性较好的锆钛酸铅纳米粉体。
用X 2射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜等测试手段分析了实验结果,结果表明,所得锆钛酸铅纳米粉体颗粒为四方晶相钙钛矿结构,呈立方体状,粒子粒径为 0.5～2.0μm ,同时分析了在本实验条件下锆钛酸铅纳米粉体可能的合成机理。
关键词:水热合成;锆钛酸铅;纳米粉体中图分类号:TN304 文献标识码:ALow T emperature H ydrothermal Synthesis of PZTPiezoelectricity Ceramics PowdersL I T ao ,PENG Tong 2jiang(Sout hwest University of Science and Technology ,Engineering and Technology Cenedr ,Mianyang 621010,China ) Abstract :Lead zirconate 2titanate (PZT )nano 2powders ware synthesized with the proportion of Pb/(Zr +Ti )=1.0by a hydrothermal method based on the reaction of TiO 2powders ,ZrOCl 2・8H 2O ,Pb (NO 3)2,and KO H at 160℃for 3h.The nano 2powders were characterized by X 2ray diff raction (XRD )and scanning electron microscopy (SEM ).The nano 2powders consists of cubic grains with tetragonal crystal phase and an average diameter of 0.5～2.0μm.A possible formation mechanism of PZT nano 2powders ware analyzed.K ey w ords :hydrothermal synthesis ;lead zirconate 2titanate ;nano 2powders 锆钛酸铅(Pb (Zr x Ti 1-x )O 3简称PZT )系列陶瓷是一类典型的压电陶瓷,因其具有居里温度高,机电性能优良,稳定性好等优点,在电子技术、超声技术、计算机技术等高新技术领域中广泛地用作滤波器、传感器、换能器、存储器等电子元器件[1]。
ABB 传感器选型指南说明书
GeneralThe following questionnaires are used to select sensors according to the client's requirements.The characteristics shown in the catalogue are given with respect to a defined environment (worst case conditions).The technical requirements will not always reach these extreme limits, and it is possible, following confirmation by us, to propose higher maximum electrical or thermal values to those published, thanks to a knowledge and detailed analysis of the sensor operating environment.A technical relationship between the client and ABB will allow the proposal of the best selection of sensors, equally from the viewpoint of performance and economy.Two principal areas are considered in the selection of a sensor:–the electrical aspect–the thermal aspectThe sensor performance is based on a combination of electrical and thermal conditions; any values other than those indicated in this catalogue cannot be guaranteed unless validated by us. The information below is only valid for sensors using closed loop Hall effect technology.Contact your local supplier for other technologies.Profile missionDue to the design of converters with integrate more power with less volume, sensors are very constraint; leading to reduce their life time. As a matter of fact, even though the application main conditions are well within the sensors characteristics, these conditions have an impact on the sensor life time.The main general characteristics that involves the sensors life time are the following:–the ambient temperature above 40 °C. It is usually said that every additional 10 °C, the life time is reduced by a factor of 2. Of course, this value is a theoretical value and has to be defined in line with the concerned project.–the ambient temperature variations also impact the sensor life time. Even small variations (like 10 °C) can change the life time of the sensor especially on the electronic part.–the way the sensors are used also impact its duration (numbers of ON/OFF per day, average current or voltage value, powersupply value, load resistor value, vibrations levels…)The above general impacting conditions are well defined in standards like IEC 62380, UTE C 80-810 and must be consider during any new converter design.ABB can provide theoretical reliability calculation based on specific profile mission of your projects.Electrical characteristicsThe electrical characteristics values mentioned in this catalogue are given for a particular sensor operating point. These values may vary, according to the specific technical requirement, in the following way:–The primary thermal current (voltage) (I PN or U PN) may be increased if:-t he maximum operating temperature is lower than thevalue shown in the technical data sheet-the sensor supply voltage (V A) is reduced-the load resistance value (R M) is increased–The maximum current (voltage) measurable by the sensor may be increased if:-the maximum operating temperature is lower than thevalue shown in the technical data sheet-the sensor supply voltage (V A) is increased-the secondary winding resistance value (R S) is reduced(e.g. by using a lower transformation ratio)-the load resistance value (R M) is reducedThermal characteristicsThe operating temperature values mentioned in this catalogue are given for a particular sensor operating point. These values may vary, according to the specific technical requirement, in the following way:–The maximum operating temperature may be increased if: -the primary thermal current (voltage) (I PN or U PN) is reduced -the sensor supply voltage (V A) is reduced-the load resistance value (R M) is increasedPS: The minimum operating temperature cannot be lower than that shown in the technical data sheet as this is fixed by the lower temperature limit of the components used in the sensor.74S21Application1. Application :–Variable speed drive ................................................................ –UPS ....................................................................................... –Wind generator ....................................................................... –Active harmonic filter ............................................................... –Welding machines ................................................................... –Solar ...................................................................................... –Other (description) ......................................................................2. Quantity per year: ...........................................................................Mechanical characteristics1. Sensor fixing:–By soldering to the PCB .......................................................... –By the enclosure ..................................................................... –By the primary conductor ........................................................ 2. Primary conductor:–Cable diameter ................................................................... (mm) –Cable connection size ......................................................... (mm) –Bar size .............................................................................. (mm)3. Secondary connection:–By connector .......................................................................... –By cable without connector ..................................................... –Other ......................................................................................Sensor environmental conditions1. Minimum operating temperature ................................................ (°C)2. Maximum operating temperature ............................................... (°C)3. Presence of strong electromagnetic fields ....................................4. Max. continuous primary conductor voltage ................................ (V)5. Main reference standards ................................................................Electrical characteristics1. Nominal current (I PN ) ......................................................... (A r.m.s.)2. Current type (if possible, show current profile on graph):–Direct ..................................................................................... –Alternating .............................................................................. 3. Bandwidth to be measured ...................................................... (Hz)4. Current measuring range:–Minimum current .................................................................... (A) –Maximum current ................................................................... (A) –Duration (of max. current) .................................................... (sec) –Repetition (of max. current) ......................................................... –Measuring voltage (on R M ) at max current .............................. (V)5. Overload current (not measurable):–Not measurable overload current ........................................... (A) –Duration.............................................................................. (sec) –Repetition ...................................................................................6. Sensor supply voltage:–Bipolar supply voltage .......................................................... (±V) –Unipolar supply voltage .......................................... (0 +V or 0 -V)7. Output current–Secondary current at nominal current I PN ............................. (mA) 8. Current output (NCS range only)–Secondary current at maximum current I PMAX ....................... (mA)9. Voltage output–Secondary voltage at nominal current I PN ............................... (V)10. Voltage output (NCS range only)–Secondary voltage at maximum current I PMAX (V)Company:Address:Tel:Name:Fax:Email:Other requirements (description)74S 0201Company:Address:Tel:Name:Fax:Email:Other requirements (description)Application1. Project name ...................................................................................2. Application:Rolling stock:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ................................................................... –Other ......................................................................................Short or long distance train:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Metro or tramway:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ................................................................... Fixed installation (e.g. substation)..................................................... 3. Quantity per year: ............................................................................4. Total quantity for the project.............................................................Mechanical characteristics1. Sensor fixing:–By the enclosure ..................................................................... –By the primary conductor ........................................................ 2. Primary conductor:–Cable diameter ................................................................... (mm) –Bar size .............................................................................. (mm) 3. Secondary connection:–Screw or Faston...................................................................... –By connector .......................................................................... –By shielded cable .................................................................... –Other ...................................................................................... Electrical characteristics1. Nominal current (I PN ) .......................................................... (A r.m.s.)2. C urrent type (if possible, show current profile on graph):–Direct ..................................................................................... –Alternating .............................................................................. 3. Bandwidth to be measured ....................................................... (Hz)4. Current measuring range:–Minimum current .................................................................... (A) –Maximum current ................................................................... (A) –Duration (of max. current) .................................................... (sec) –Repetition (of max. current) ......................................................... –Measuring voltage (on R M ) at max current .............................. (V)5. Overload current (not measurable):–Not measurable overload current ............................................(A) –Duration.............................................................................. (sec) –Repetition ...................................................................................6. Sensor supply voltage:–Bipolar supply voltage .......................................................... (±V) –Unipolar supply voltage .......................................... (0 +V or 0 -V)7. Output current–Secondary current at nominal current I PN ............................. (mA) 8. Current output (NCS125 & NCS165 only for fixed installations)–Secondary current at maximum current I PMAX ....................... (mA)9. Voltage output (NCS125 & NCS165 only for fixed installations)–Secondary voltage at nominal current I PN ............................... (V)10. Voltage output (NCS125 & NCS165 only for fixed installations)–Secondary voltage at maximum current I PMAX (V)Sensor environmental conditions1. Minimum operating temperature ................................................ (°C)2. Maximum operating temperature ............................................... (°C)3. Average nominal operating temperature ......................................(°C)4. Maximum continuous primary conductor voltage ..........................(V)5. Main reference standards ................................................................74S 0201Company:Address:Tel:Name:Fax:Email:Other requirements (description)Application1. Project name ...................................................................................2. Application:Short or long distance train:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Metro or tramway:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Fixed installation (e.g. substation) ................................................ 3. Quantity per year: ............................................................................4. Total quantity for the project.............................................................Mechanical characteristics1. Primary connection:–By screw ................................................................................ –Other ...................................................................................... 2. Secondary connection:–Screw or Faston...................................................................... –By connector .......................................................................... –Other ...................................................................................... Electrical characteristics1. Nominal voltage (U PN ) ........................................................ (V r.m.s.)2. Voltage type (if possible, show voltage profile on graph):–Direct ..................................................................................... –Alternating .............................................................................. 3. Bandwidth to be measured ...................................................... (Hz)4. Voltage measuring range:–Minimum voltage .................................................................... (V) –Maximum voltage ................................................................... (V) –Duration (at max. voltage) .................................................... (sec) –Repetition (at max. voltage) ......................................................... –Measuring voltage (on R M ) at max voltage ............................... (V)5. Overload voltage (not measurable):–Not measurable overload voltage ............................................ (V) –Duration.............................................................................. (sec) –Repetition ................................................................................... –Category (from OV1 to OV3) ........................................................6. Sensor supply voltage:–Bipolar supply voltage .......................................................... (±V) –Unipolar supply voltage .......................................... (0 +V or 0 -V)7. Output current–Secondary current at nominal voltage U PN ............................ (mA)Sensor environmental conditions1. Minimum operating temperature ................................................ (°C)2. Maximum operating temperature ............................................... (°C)3. Average nominal operating temperature .....................................(°C)4. Main reference standards ................................................................74S 0201Company:Address:Tel:Name:Fax:Email:Other requirements (description)Application1. Project name ...................................................................................2. Application:Short or long distance train:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Metro or tramway:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Fixed equipment (e.g. substation) ................................................ 3. Quantity per year: ...........................................................................4. Total quantity for the project.............................................................Electrical characteristics1. Nominal voltage (U PN ) ............................................................ (V DC)2. Maximum voltage long duration: 5 min (U MAX2) ........................ (V DC)3. Maximum voltage overload: 20 ms (U MAX3) .............................. (V DC)4. Minimum voltage to be detected . (V)Sensor environmental conditions1. Minimum operating temperature ................................................ (°C)2. Maximum operating temperature ............................................... (°C)3. Average nominal operating temperature ..................................... (°C)4. Pollution degree ..............................................................................5. Over voltage category (from OV1 to OV3) .........................................6. Maximum ambient light level ......................................................(lux)7. Main reference standards ................................................................74S 0201。
国开(中央电大)专科《管理英语1》网上形考(单元自测1至8)试题及答案
国开(中央电大)专科《管理英语1》网上形考(单元自测1至8)试题及答案国开(中央电大)专科《管理英语1》网上形考(单元自测1至8)试题及答案说明：课程编号：04017。
适用专业及层次：城市轨道交通运营管理、工商管理(工商企业管理方向)、工商管理(市场营销方向)、旅游(酒店管理方向)、旅游(旅游管理方向)和行政管理专科。
考试平台：http：//。
单元自测1 试题及答案题目为随机，用查找功能(Ctrl＋F)搜索题目 [题目]—____________________________. — Please call me Mary. That＇s my first name. [答案]How shall I address you？ [题目]— Excuse me, —Yes, it＇s 8633-2788.If you have any other questions, don＇t hesitate to ask. [答案]could you please tell me what＇s the telephone number on my desk？ [题目]—Hello, I＇m David Chen. Nice to meet you. —______________. [答案]Nice to meet you too. [题目]—Hi, I＇m Melinda Smith, the new secretary. Nice to meet you here. — Hi, I＇m Mike Brown from theTraining Center. [答案]I hope you＇ll be happy working here. [题目]— Sally,__________, Mary Brown. — Nice to meet you. I＇m Sally Johnson, the Sales Manager. [答案]this is our new secretary [题目]Isn＇t it impolite to call people by their first names？ The underlined word is of the same word class as________. [答案]interesting [题目]Don＇t be afraid________ ask a lot of questions. [答案]to [题目]Hello, everyone. I＇d like to ________ to you our new secretary, Melinda Smith. [答案]introduce [题目]I like the working atmosphere here. It＇s very________ . [答案]friendly [题目]I think________ is impolite to call people by their first names. [答案]it [题目]I＇m looking forward to ________ together with you. [答案]working [题目]If you have any questions here, please tell us. We＇llall be ________ to help you. [答案]ready [题目]Keeping eye contact makes the other person ________ welcome and comfortable. [答案]feel [题目]People hereusually________ each other by their first names instead of family names. [答案]call [题目]Smile a lot and be ________ friendly as possible to everyone youmeet. [答案]as 二、翻译：从以下A、B、C三个选项中选出与英文最适合的中文翻译。
人教版高中英语必修三《Morals and Virtues》
凭借，由于
The local government was caught in a dilemma over whether to blockade (封锁) the city.
3. dilemma n. 困境；进退两难；
complain vi. 投诉；发牢骚；诉说
vt. 抱怨；控诉
They have never complained to anyone about their work.
Students can attend online classes without tuition fees.
13. 辨析：fee/ admission/ charge / fare/ tip (1) The bank will charge their clients a small _fe_e__for the service. (2) Mary and I took a taxi to go home from the party
A majority of the staff in that mask factory are willing to work overtime to make masks without any complaint.
10. majority n. 大部分；大多数
a/ the majority +of +n The majority of my work has to be done at home.
20. elect vt.选举；推选；选择 elect sb to do … elect sb (to be/as)...
高温限电 英语
高温限电英语High-Temperature Limit ElectricityHigh-temperature limit electricity (HTLE) is a strategy designed to manage the electricity demand on hot summer days and reduce the stress on the power grid. It serves two main purposes: to reduce electricity consumption when temperatures are high and to allow the power grid to operate safely and reliably without an excessive strain on its resources.To implement high-temperature limit electricity, electricity prices are raised for consumers in certain geographic areas when the temperature exceeds a certain limit. HTLE is used to incentivize electricity customers to use less electricity during peak times since electricity is more expensive when the temperature is higher. By reducing the demand from electric utilities during these peak times, the power grid is able to operate more efficiently and the risk of a power outage is reduced.In addition to incentivizing customers to use less electricity during peak times, HTLE also encourages customers to use more energy-efficient technologies and appliances that are better suited for high-temperature environments. By using energy-efficient appliances and technologies, customers canreduce their electricity bills and contribute to a more sustainable environment.HTLE has been implemented in several countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and Japan. The effectiveness of HTLE depends on how well it is implemented and the ability of the electricity customers to make changes to their electricity consumption habits.Although HTLE has had some success in reducing peak electricity demand, its effectiveness could be improved by educating customers about its importance and the savings they can achieve by using energy-efficient technologies and appliances. Additionally, more research is needed to understand how HTLE affects electricity prices and customer behavior in different geographic areas.。
高一英语单元测试卷(题型 Unit8)
于对市爱美阳光实验学校2007—2021高中一年级英语单元测试卷Unit 8 Sports第一听力〔共二节,总分值30分〕第一节 (共 5 小题; 每题分,总分值分)听下面 5 段对话,每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最正确选项,并标在试卷的相位置。
听完每段对话后,你都有 10 秒钟的时间来答复有关小题和阅读下一小题。
1.What does the man mean?A.She should take more exercise.B.She 'd better have a few days rest.C.She is badly ill.2.On which day will Mr. White NOT be busy?A.This Saturday.B. Next Friday.C. Next Sunday.3.Where does the conversation most probably take place?A.At a bookstore.B. At a post office.C. At a supermarket.4. How many people are mentioned in the dialogue?A. At least four.B. Only three.C. More than five.5.At which price may the man buy the chair in the end？A.$15 .B. $25 .C.$20.第二节〔共15小题; 每题分, 总分值2分〕听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题, 从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最正确选项, 并标在试卷的相位置。
听每段对话或独白之前, 你将有时间阅读各个小题, 每题5秒钟; 听完后, 各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料, 答复第6～8题。
Day12：翻译天天背
翻译天天背（12）D-E31.要克服一个坏习惯并不是一件容易事。
(easy job)It is no easy job to overcome a bad habit.get into the habit of...养成......的习惯break/get rid of /overcome/get out of the habit of戒掉坏习惯32.这是一场教育公众吸烟有害的运动。
(educate)It is a campaign to educate the public on the dangers of smoking.educate sb. in/on sth. 在某事上教育某人well-educated受到良好教育的west-educated / Harvard-educatedlaunch a campaign for / against发起支持/反对......的运动33.惩罚对他没有什么效果。
(effect)Punishment had very little effect on him.have much/great/little effect on/upon sb./sth.come into effect=come into force生效the effect of sth on sb./sth.effect (n.)——affect (vt.)34.提高记忆的一种有效方法是反复地说要记住的东西。
(effective)An effective way to improve one's memory is to repeat what one wants to remember.take effective measures采取有效措施35.医生们虽然尽了努力，但手术以后病人仍没有存活下来。
(effort)In spite of the doctor’s great efforts, the patient failed to survive the operation.make every effort to do sth. 不遗余力做某事= spare no effort to do sth.make an effort to do sth. = try hard to do sth.36.政府是由这个国家的人民选出的人员组成的。
与e有关的单词
与e有关的单词e的单词有哪些：effect、elect、electric、electrical、effort、egg、elder、eggplant、either、electricity。
effectn. 影响；效果；作用vt. 产生；达到目的例句：The earthquake had a huge effect on the local people.这次地震给当地人民带来了巨大的影响。
electv. 选举；选择，决定（做某事）；（上帝）挑选（某人）（使其灵魂永远得救）adj. 卓越的；蒙上帝挑选（而得救）的；当选（而尚未就职的）例句：The man was elected to the National People's Congress in this election.这个人在这次选举中当选为全国人民代表大会成员。
electricadj. 电的；电动的；发电的；导电的；令人震惊的n. 电；电气车辆；带电体例句：Electrics are faster and more environmentally friendly.电动车辆速度更快，且更加环保。
electricaladj. 有关电的；电气科学的例句：The electrical failure caused a power outage in the whole area.电气故障导致整个地区停电。
effortn. 努力；成就例句：After everyone's joint efforts, the company has developed very well.经过大家的共同努力，公司发展得很好。
eggn. 蛋；卵子；家伙；鸡蛋vt. 煽动；怂恿例句：She cracked an egg into the pan.她往锅里打了一个鸡蛋。
elderadj. 年龄较大的；（用于人名前或后，指同名者中）年龄较大的一个；资格老的n. 长辈，年长者；比……年长的人；（基督教会中的）长老；（部落等群体的）头人，族长；接骨木例句：He is her elder by several years.他比她年长几岁。
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THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ELECTRICAL OUTPUT OF ASEDIMENT BATTERYDylan Kaye and Micah Botkin-LevyOnyx Team, Grade 8Amherst Regional Middle SchoolScience Teacher: Jennifer WelbornTABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT (3)INTRODUCTIONQuestion (3)ResearchBackground Research……………………………………… ……….3-4CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTHypothesis (5)Experimental Design Diagram (5)Materials (5)Procedure……………………………………………………6-7 Results (7)…Tables…………………………………..Data (8)Graphs……………………………ConclusionPurpose (9)Findings (9)MajorHypothesis (9)forSupportDiscussion/explanation (9)Sources of Error (9)Improvements (9)ExperimentalIdeas (9)ResearchFutureReal-World Application (10)BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................... (11)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (12)ABSTRACTThe purpose of this experiment was to see the effect of temperature on the electrical output of a sediment battery. A sediment battery was constructed using two graphite electrodes, conducting wire, a 500 ohm resistor, conductive and non-conductive epoxy, a clear plastic container and mud and seawater from Nantucket which contains Geobacter metallireducens. The sediment battery was put in three different temperatures (6°C, 20°C, 27°C) under controlled conditions and the electrical output was recorded. The sediment battery had a higher electrical output in an environment of 27°C, which was the highest temperature that the sediment battery was tested in. The lowest electrical output was at the lowest temperature, 6°C. Since the electrical output increased at a higher temperature this helps to understand ideal conditions for a sediment battery made with Geobacter. This research may help make sediment batteries (microbial fuel cells) more effective than they have been in the past.INTRODUCTIONRESEARCH QUESTIONHow does temperature affect the electrical output of a sediment battery? BACKGROUND RESEARCH:Microbial Fuel Cells: Fuel cells are a way to convert chemical energy to electrical energy. For example, a hydrogen fuel cell converts the energy stored in hydrogen into electrical energy. Microbial fuels are special because they use microorganisms to generate electricity. The way microorganisms generate electricity is by breaking down organic matter (acetate for example) and taking in water. As a by-product of their metabolisms, they release hydrogen, carbon dioxide and electrons.C2H4O2 + 2H2O 2CO2 + 8H+ + 8e-Acetate + Water Carbon + Hydrogen + electronsDioxideIn their natural environment, they would release electrons onto Iron III which reduces it to Iron II. In a microbial fuel cell, the Iron III is replaced with a graphite electrode which serves as the anode (electron acceptor). The electrons deposited on the graphite electrode, create an electrical potential (voltage). This causes the electrons to flow through the wire to another graphite electrode (the cathode). If the electrodes were made of different conductors, an electrical potential would be created because some conductors give electrons more freely than others. Because the electrodes are made of the same material, we know the flow of electrons is due to the presence of the bacteria.Geobacter metallireducens (Geobacter):Geobacter is one species of bacteria cultured to beused in a Microbial Fuel Cell. It was discovered inthe Potomac River 1987. Geobacter favor living inplaces where there is a lot of iron and no oxygen(anaerobic). They can be found virtually anywherethat meets their needs of living. Geobacter are 1-2microns wide and are shaped like a crescent. Theyhave 2 kinds of extremities, pili and flagella. Flagellaare long nanowires that help the Geobacter travel andfind iron in their environment. Their pili are protein filaments smaller than flagella used to move electrons to iron or other metals. They are capable of reducing uranium in soil and taking gold out of sea water. In the case of Microbial Fuel Cells, they use their pili to transfer electrons to the graphite electrodes. They form a slime like matrix called a biofilm on top of the anode, by using their pili to connect to each other to make a sort of chain towards the graphite electrode. They pass the electrons through each other in order to deposit them onto the anode. The biofilm can grow to 30-100 microns thick of the anode. Genetically engineered Geobacter without pili cannot form the biofilm necessary to transfer electrons onto the graphite electrode, thus proving that the pili are essential for electrical transfer.Sediment Battery: A Sediment battery is a type ofMicrobial Fuel Cell. Sediment batteries are usuallybigger, bulkier, and less efficient than other kinds ofMicrobial Fuel Cells. They contain mud (sediment)around the anode which is where the bacteria arelocated. Above the mud there is water surrounding thecathode. The anode and the cathode are both made upof graphite electrodes. The wire connected to the anodeloops out of the sediment battery container and isjoined by a resistor to the wire from the cathode. Thejunction where the two wires are met by the resistor isthe place where it is possible to measure the electricalcurrent/voltage of the battery.Electricity: The formula for measuring electricity is called Ohm’s Law- V= I x R. V stands for voltage which is the pressure of electricity in the circuit. I stands for the current at which the electricity is flowing (measured in amps). Lastly, R stands for the resistance to the flow of electricity (measured in ohms). Electricity flows through conductors which have low resistance allowing easy electrical flow. Insulators don’t allow electrical flow to pass through them. Static electricity is when electrons build up in one place, while current electricity is when electrons flow through a conductor. To measure electricity, a multimeter/voltmeter is used and it can measure resistance, amps, and volts.Experiment #1: The Effect of Temperatureon the Electrical Output of a SedimentBatteryHypothesis:An increase in temperature will speed up the movement of the bacteria found in the mud, thus increasing the electrical output of the bacteria.Experimental Design:Independent Variable- TemperatureTemperature 6°C 20°C 27°C3 3 3Number ofDaysMeasuredDependent Variable: Electrical Output from Sediment Battery (mV)Constants: Graphite electrodes set up, Amount of Water (500 mL), Amount of Mud (1 kg), Sediment Battery Container, resistor (500 ohm), multimeter, conducting wireMaterials:1.Graphite electrodes (Grade G-10, 8.9cm diameter x 1.3cm thick) (x2)2.Insulated Wire (16 Gauge Ancor Marine Wire)3.Electrically Conductive epoxy (H20E Silver)4.Non-Electrically Conductive epoxy5.Resistor (500 Ohm)6.Voltmeter7.Wire Cuter8.Wire Strippers9.Clear Plastic Bucket10.Mud from Nantucket11.Water from NantucketProcedure:Electrode Assembly1) Cut insulated wire to desired length and strip about 4 mm of insulation from thewire using wire strippers or a razor blade.2) Drill a small hole in each electrode. This hole may be in the top or side, dependingon where the wire will be connected.This hole SHOULD NOT go through thegraphite. It should be only deep enough to coverthe exposed part of the newly exposed wire and afew millimeters of the insulation itself (~ 8 mm).The diameter of the hole should be large enoughthat the insulated wire may fit.3) Drip enough electrically conductive epoxy in thebottom of the hole to cover the exposed wire. Insert the wire so that the exposedwire is in the epoxy and allow it to dry. After the epoxy has dried, test theelectrode to make sure that a good connection exists between the graphite and thefree end of the wire. This can be done with a multimeter.4) After the conductive epoxy has dried, fill the remainder of the hole, generouslywith non-conductive epoxy. This will protect the electrical connection as well asgive some mechanical stability to it. Allow epoxy to dry.5) When you are finished, the electrode should look similar to the one shown above.6) Repeat the above steps to make the second electrode.7) Before assembling the sediment battery, test each electrode for good electricalconnections between the graphite and the free end of the wire using a multimeteror other method.Sediment Battery AssemblyNotes: For best results, mud should be collected from the sediment at the bottom of a body of water, rather than made from a mixture of dry soil and water (although this will work also). The sediment battery should be made in a plastic bucket or glassbeaker; metal should not be used.1) Fill the bucket with a few centimeters of mud (~ 10 cm).2) Place one of the graphite electrodes on the mud. This will be the “anode” of thesediment battery. Make sure to keep the free end of the wire dry and out of themud.3) Add a few more centimeters of mud (~ 5-7 cm) over the anode. The anodeshould be completely covered with at least a couple centimeters of mud.4) Carefully pour water (preferably water from the same body of water that themud was collected) over the mud and anode. Be sure not to uncover the anode ordisturb the mud very much. Add water to at least 10 cm deep over the mud. Allow the particles to settle over night.5) The next day, place or suspend the other electrode in the overlying water abovethe anode. This electrode is now called the cathode. As with the anode, keep thewires dry.6) Connect the anode and cathode wires together with the resistor in between.** 7) The first trial is done in room temperature 20°C measuring a total of 3 timesevery three days. Using the multimeter or volt meter, measure the voltage. Placethe red wire from the multimeter on the cathode side of the resistor and the blackwire on the anode side.**8) Record on data table.**9) Repeat steps 1-8 but changing the temperature to 27°C and then again to 6°Cafter the second trial. (Note: The mud should be changed after every new trial).(Procedures above came directly from Professor Derek Lovely’s Sediment BatteryPreparation website:/research/microbial/Sediment%20Battery%20Preparation%20copy.pdf )** These parts of the procedure were added for our specific experimentData TablesDV: mVIV: Temperature (°C) 1millivolts2 3 Mean20 65 11 112 4127 251 12 65 109.36 60 6.5 2 22.8GraphsConclusionPurpose:The purpose of the experiment was to make a sediment battery more electrically efficient, by finding out what temperature best suits the bacteria in their environment. By finding their ideal temperature, it would increase their electrical output.Major Findings:After completing the experiment we found that the bacteria had a higher mean electrical output at a temperature of 27 degrees Celsius, compared to the other temperatures we tested which were 20 and 6 degrees Celsius. The mean electrical output for 27 degrees Celsius was 109.3 mV. This was 68.3 mV higher than the mean electrical output for 20 degrees Celsius which was 41 mV. It was also 86.5 mV higher then the mean electrical output of 6 degrees Celsius which was 22.8 mV.Support for Hypothesis:Our hypothesis was supported in the experiment. The greater the temperature the sediment battery was kept in, the greater the mean electrical output was.Discussion/Explanation:The reason that the bacteria could have generated more electricity in 27 degrees Celsius is because the heat energy in the bacteria’s environment made them more active and able to release more electrons onto the electrode. Since metabolism is a chemical reaction, chemical reactions generally happen faster in an environment with more heat energy. Sources of Error:There were some sources of error in the experiment. One of them was the amount of light the sediment batteries were exposed to during the different trials. Also the same pond water was used in each trial which could have affected the data in the experiment. Another source of error was that the mud used in the trials aged while it was in storage to be used. Also the measurement couldn’t always be exact. Lastly we used a different way of suspending the anode in water during each trial.Experimental Improvements:To improve the experiment for future research we would need to reduce or fix all the sources of error encountered in the experiment.Ideas for Future Research:There are also questions for further study which could be experiment on in future experiments. One question is, if we increase the surface area on the anode would that increase the output of electricity? Also, if sugar/acetate was added to the organic matter would the output of electricity increase? Lastly, it would be good to test whether different organic matter would have an impact of the electrical output of the bacteria?Real-World Application:Microbial Fuel Cells soon will be coming into our lives. They can be used to power cars, which would eliminate a lot of pollution caused by bad emissions from the cars we have today. Also, they can be used in remote environments, like space and underwater. In fact, NASA is currently interested in Microbial Fuel Cells to be used aboard their spacecrafts. Since MFC’s can clean waste, sewage treatment plants are looking into the idea of having MFC’s power and clean in their treatment plants. Soon all our electronic devices could be powered by MFC’s, making the earth cleaner.Bibliography:“Fuel cell works.” 6 June. 2006. Fuel Cell Works. (25 December 2006)/Supppage5360.html .Hewitt, Paul G. Conceptual Physics . Menlo Park, California. Scott Foresman-Addison Wesley,1999“Innovations-Report” 14 November. 2003. Innovations . (16 January 2007) http://www.innovations-report.de/html/reports/energy_engineering/report-23366.html . “ITOTD.” 5 April. 2005. Interesting Thing of the Day. (2 January 2007)/articles/510/microbial-fuel-cells/ .Lecture by Professor Derek Lovley. 24 January. 2007. Geobacter PowerPoint.“Live Science.” 26 April. 2005. Live Science. (19 December 2006)/technology/050426_hydrogen_waste.html .“Live Science.” 3 November. 2004. Live Science. (19 December2006)/technology/041103_convert_garbage.html .“Living Batteries.” 1 July. 2006. The scientist. (19 December 2006) /2006/7/1/42/1 .“Microbial Fuel Cells.” 12 April. 2006. Microbial Fuel Cells. (16 January 2007) .“Renewable Energy Access.” 28 April 2005. Renewable Energy Access. (21 January 2007) /rea/news/story?id=27789 .“Science Daily.” 24 April. 2005. Science Daily. (31 December 2006)/releases/2005/04/050422165917.htm .“Science News for Kids.” 17 March. 2004. Science Service. (18 December 2006)/articles/20040317/Note2.asp .“Science @ NASA.” 18 May. 2004. NASA. (11 January 2007)/headlines/y2004/18/may_wastenot.htm .“Scientist Revs up Power of Microbial Fuel Cells in Unexpected Ways.” May, 2006. Physorg. (16 January 2007) /printnew.php?newsid=6656138“Sediment Battery Preparation.” 2006. Geobacter project Umass/Amherst Environmental Biotechnology Center. (20 December 2006)/research/microbial/Sediment%20Battery%20Preparation%20copy. pdf .The pictures in the background research are from the Geobacter Project homepage:/index.htmlAcknowledgements:There were many people who helped us complete our project, and we are very grateful to all of them. We’d like to thank our parents for supporting us and helping out along the way. Also we want to thank Professor Derek Lovely of UMass who expanded our knowledge of MFC’s and who gave us the basic procedure in our construction of a sediment battery. During the construction of the sediment battery we needed access to a lot of supplies; we’d like to thank all of the companies who enthusiastically supplied us with what we needed. Lastly we would like to thank, our science teacher/mentorMs.Welborn. Without her guidance and support we wouldn’t have much of a project. She always took time out of her schedule to help us complete our project.。