研究生_谙熟阅读The_No-child_Family (英语译文)
研究生课程the no-child family详解注释
unit 4 The No-child Family: Going AgainstPara 1Cathy and Wayne N. are in their late 20’s, have been married five years, and are childless. The last time a member of Cathy’s family asked, “When are you going to start a family?” Her answer was “We’re a family!”Para 2Cathy and Wayne belong to a growing number of young married couples who are deciding not to have children. A recent survey showed that in the last five years the percentage of wives aged 25 to 29 who did not want children had almost doubled and among those 18 to 24 it had almost tripled. What lies behind是…的原因this decision which seems to fly in the face of悍然不顾biology生物学and society?Para 3Perhaps the most publicly公然的outspoken直言不讳的childless couple are Ellen Peck, author of The Baby Trap, and her husband, William, an advertising executive who is president of the National Organization for Non-Parents. The Pecks insist neither they nor the organization is against parenthood亲子关系, just against the social pressures that push people into parenthood whether it is what they really want and need or not.Para 4“It’s a life-style choice,” Ellen says. “We chose freedom and spontaneity自发, privacy and leisure. It’s also a question of where you want to give your efforts –within your own family or in the larger community. This generation faces serious questions about the continuity of life on earth as well as its quality. Our grandchildren may have to buy tickets to see the last redwoods红杉or line up排队to get their oxygen ration配给量. There are men who complain about being caught in a traffic jam for hours on their way home to their five kids but can’t make the association联想、协会between the children and the traffic jam. In a world seriously threatened by the consequences后果of overpopulation we’re concerned with making life without children acceptabl e and respectable值得尊敬的. Too many children are born as a result of cultural coercion强迫、压制. And the results show up in the statistics统计学on divorce and child-abuse虐待儿童.”Para 5Her husband adds, “Every friend, relative and business associate交往、同事is pressuring you to have kids ‘and find out what you’re missing.’ Too many people discover too late that what they were missing was something they were totally unsuited for.”Para 6And Ellen again: “From the first doll洋娃娃to soap operas肥皂剧to cocktail鸡尾酒parties, the pressure is always there to be parents. But let’s take a look at the rate of parental failure. Perhaps parenthood should be regarded as a specialized occupation like being a doctor. Some people are good at it and they should have children; others aren’t, and they should feel they have other alternatives.”Para 7Professional observers agree that many people have children for the wrong reason, sometimes for no reason at all. Men often drift漂流into fatherhood without ever making a deliberate深思熟虑的choice. For many women pregnancy can be a way to escape from unresolved未解决的conflicts矛盾、战斗, to achieve instant瞬间identity一致or strengthen a poor self image自我形象, to gratify使满足a need for the attention注意and affection感情、影响they feel they never had as children.Para 8I talked with a number of specialists in the field of human behavior about why many young married couples decide not to have children. Their reactions varied widely. A family therapist治疗师described the decision not to have children as “ a basic instinctual response to the world situation today,” implying意味、暗示that something like the herd成群instinct in animals was operating as a response to the dangers of overpopulation, crowding, pollution and nuclear war, causing women to feel a reluctance勉强、不情愿to reproduce繁殖and leading them to seek寻求new ways of realizing实现themselves outside of family life.Para 9More than one psychiatrist suggested that those who want to remain childless are narcissistic自恋的–making a virtue优点out of necessity by rationalizing合理化their inner conflicts矛盾about giving care vs. being taken care of. “These are people who can’t tolerate忍受the idea of caring for children, who have no margin利润of love to spare剩余them,” said one, adding, “You’re goingagainst something with 100,000 years of biology behind it.” A colleague of his chimed in插话, “Well, we all rationalize our deficits不足、赤字, and these people probably shouldn’t have children whatever their real motives are, for the same reason there ought to be liberal abortion堕胎、流产laws. There should only be enthusiastic热情的parents in this world.”Para 10Psychologist Donald M. Kaplan believes that while some people have always opted选择not to have children, the increased frequency we are seeing is in those children of the nineteen-forties and fifties who were raised by parents whose character style had shifted移动、转变from what sociologist David Riesman called “inner-directed” to “other-directed缺乏主见的” and that these other-directed parents had two relevant相关的effects on their children. One was to give them a greater feeling of “narcissistic entitlement权利” – what one expects from life. The other was the loss of a sense of certainty. They are more open to self-doubt, he says, more preoccupied全神贯注with their bodies, their life-styles, less able to maintain stable attachments to others. The decision to have a baby, he thinks, is the kind of decision such people might be most likely to postpone延迟. It can’t be modified, can’t be undone. Baby boom what is done cannot be undone.Para 11“Many of these young adults are ambivalent about relinquishing放弃the role of the one who is cared for and taking on that of the one who does the caring,” says Dr. K aplan.Para 12Dr. E. James Anthony is professor of child psychiatry at Washington University School of Medicine and co-author of “Parenthood, Its Psychology and Psychopathology.” In a recent conversation, Dr. Anthony said, “Many people I’ve talked to a re very concerned about their own future and the future of children in this rather troubled world. In the past there was always a feeling implicit in the culture that parenthood was something very significant, attractive, enriching, creative. Now it seems to be going by the board被遗忘. There seem to be so many other opportunities for women to express themselves creatively and family life requires them to give up so many things that the emphasis强调on family life as a good and creative thing, a way to contribute to the future of the world, doesn’t really ring a bell with many young people.Para 13“I think that part of what’s happening is that the ambivalence矛盾情绪of parents today is being passed on unconsciously无意识的to their children. Children are a great deal of trouble, and perhaps more so today than even before. They can be a pain in the neck. Their precocious development,adolescent acting-out, drug-taking, all loom隐约出现as problems. The young people feel, “If they don’t really want us, why should we want to have children? Then they rationalize this feeling in terms of the external questions like what the world has to offer. They ask questions like, “why add to the population explosion? Why create people who will have to face all the problems that are approaching in the next century?”Para 14“Despite their stated motives for not having children, the question arises whether young people really in fact lead richer lives today. I find that many college students today feel strangely empty. They live in a world full of stimuli of all sorts but lack a sense of inner satisfaction that may relate to these basic biologic things.” reproductionsPara 15Whatever else they disagree on, the experts al l seem to be saying that it’s not whether you have children or don’t that really matters, what matters is that you are comfortable about what you do. If you don’t have children and you have much inner conflict about it, you’ll be miserable in your childles sness; if you have children and regret it, you’ll be miserable and your children will be miserable too. The point seems to be to know yourself, to accept your deeper feelings and not to make such an important life decision because it’s the thing to do or t o satisfy unrealistic fantasies, or to give your parents what they want or to escape from other responsibilities.Para 16Some people are afraid to admit their own feelings of the kind many of the childless couples interviewed could accept about themselves –what they called being “selfish.” They are ashamed to admit they would rather travel than bring up children. But what if that is what would make them happiest? Deeply held feelings are not easily changed and if you do not recognize what yours really are, you will not make the choices that are right for you.Para 17For many, if not most people, the joys欢乐of parenthood as well as its problems are what life is all about. To see one’s children grow and develop into individuals, and to see ones elf continue on in them, can be the richest experience between one’s own birth and death. But there are also people for whom living a full life and realizing themselves take other routes路径. And we live in a time in which attitudes态度seem to be freeing upon a way which enables increasing numbers of men and women to question the way “everybody” lives if that is not the way that is right for them. The more people continue to ask themselves such questions as whether or not they really want to raisea family before they begin to do so, the fewer unhappy parents and troubled children there will be.。
研究生课程the nochild family详解注释
unit 4 The No-child Family: Going AgainstPara 1Cathy and Wayne N. are in their late 20’s, have been married five years, and are childless. The last time a member of Cathy’s family asked, “When are you going to start a family?” Her answer was “We’re a family!”Para 2Cathy and Wayne belong to a growing number of young married couples who are deciding not to have children. A recent survey showed that in the last five years the percentage of wives aged 25 to 29 who did not want children had almost doubled and among those 18 to 24 it had almost tripled. What lies behind是…的原因this decision which seems to fly in the face of悍然不顾biology生物学and society?Para 3Perhaps the most publicly公然的outspoken直言不讳的childless couple are Ellen Peck, author of The Baby Trap, and her husband, William, an advertising executive who is president of the National Organization for Non-Parents. The Pecks insist neither they nor the organization is against parenthood亲子关系, just against the social pressures that push people into parenthood whether it is what they really want and need or not.Para 4“It’s a life-style choice,” Ellen says. “We chose freedom and spontaneity自发, privacy and leisure. It’s also a question of where you want to give your efforts –within your own family or in the larger community. This generation faces serious questions about the continuity of life on earth as well as its quality. Our grandchildren may have to buy tickets to see the last redwoods红杉or line up排队to get their oxygen ration配给量. There are men who complain about being caught in a traffic jam for hours on their way home to their five kids but can’t make the association联想、协会between the children and the traffic jam. In a world seriously threatened by the consequences后果of overpopulation we’re concerned with making life without children acceptable and respectable值得尊敬的. Too many children are born as a result of cultural coercion强迫、压制. And the results show up in the statistics统计学on divorce and child-abuse虐待儿童.”Para 5Her husband adds, “Every friend, relative a nd business associate交往、同事is pressuring you to have kids ‘and find out what you’re missing.’ Too many people discover too late that what they were missing was something they were totally unsuited for.”Para 6And Ellen again: “From the first doll洋娃娃to soap operas肥皂剧to cocktail鸡尾酒parties, the pressure is always there to be parents. But let’s take a look at the rate of parental failure. Perhaps parenthood should be regarded as a specialized occupation like being a doctor. Some people are good at it and th ey should have children; others aren’t, and they should feel they have other alternatives.”Para 7Professional observers agree that many people have children for the wrong reason, sometimes for no reason at all. Men often drift漂流into fatherhood without ever making a deliberate深思熟虑的choice.For many women pregnancy can be a way to escape from unresolved未解决的conflicts矛盾、战斗, to achieve instant瞬间identity一致or strengthen a poor self image自我形象, to gratify使满足a need for the attention注意and affection感情、影响they feel they never had as children.Para 8I talked with a number of specialists in the field of human behavior about why many young married couples decide not to have children. Their reactions varied widely. A family therapist治疗师described the decision not to have children as “ a basic instinctual response to the world situation today,” implying意味、暗示that something like the herd成群instinct in animals was operating as a response to the dangers of overpopulation, crowding, pollution and nuclear war, causing women to feel a reluctance勉强、不情愿to reproduce繁殖and leading them to seek寻求new ways of realizing实现themselves outside of family life.Para 9More than one psychiatrist suggested that those who want to remain childless are narcissistic自恋的–making a virtue优点out of necessity by rationalizing合理化their inner conflicts矛盾about giving care vs. being taken care of. “These are people who can’t tolerate忍受the idea of caring for children, who have no margin利润of love to spare剩余them,” said one, adding, “You’re going aga inst something with 100,000 years of biology behind it.” A colleague of his chimed in插话, “Well, we all rationalize our deficits不足、赤字, and these people probably shouldn’t have children whatever their real motives are, for the same reason there ought to be liberal abortion堕胎、流产laws. There should only be enthusiastic热情的parents in this world.”Para 10Psychologist Donald M. Kaplan believes that while some people have always opted选择not to have children, the increased frequency we are seeing is in those children of the nineteen-forties and fifties who were raised by parents whose character style had shifted移动、转变from what sociologist David Riesman called “inner-directed” to “other-directed缺乏主见的” and that these other-directed parents had two relevant相关的effects on their children. One was to give them a greater feeling of “narcissistic entitlement权利” – what one expects from life. The other was the loss of a sense of certainty. They are more open to self-doubt, he says, more preoccupied全神贯注with their bodies, their life-styles, less able to maintain stable attachments to others. The decision to have a baby, he thinks, is the kind of decision such people might be most likely to postpone延迟. It can’t be modified, can’t be undone. Baby boom what is done cannot be undone.Para 11“Many of these young adults are ambivalent about relinquishing放弃the role of the one who is cared for and taking on that of the one who does the caring,” says Dr. Kaplan.Para 12Dr. E. James Anthony is professor of child psychiatry at Washington University School of Medicine and co-author of “Parenthood, Its Psychology and Psychopathology.” In a recent conversation, Dr. Anthony said, “Many people I’ve talked to are very concerned about their own future and the future of children in this rather troubled world. In the past there was always a feeling implicit in the culture that parenthood was something very significant, attractive, enriching, creative. Now it seems to be going by the board被遗忘. There seem to be so many other opportunities for women to express themselves creatively and family life requires them to give up so many things that the emphasis强调on family life as a good and creative thing, a way to contribute to the future of the world, doesn’t really ring a bell with many young people.Para 13“I think that part of what’s happening is that the ambivalence矛盾情绪of parents today is being passed on unconsciously无意识的to their children. Children are a great deal of trouble, and perhaps more so today than even before. They can be a pain in the neck. Their precocious development, adolescent acting-out, drug-taking, all loom隐约出现as problems. The young people feel, “If they don’t really want us, why should we want to have children? Then they rationalize this feeling in terms of the external questions like what the world has to offer. They ask questions like, “why add to the population explosion? Why create people who will have to face all the problems that are approaching in the next century?”Para 14“Despite their stated motives for not having childr en, the question arises whether young people really in fact lead richer lives today. I find that many college students today feel strangely empty. They live in a world full of stimuli of all sorts but lack a sense of inner satisfaction that may relate to t hese basic biologic things.” reproductionsPara 15Whatever else they disagree on, the experts all seem to be saying that it’s not whether you have children or don’t that really matters, what matters is that you are comfortable about what you do. If you d on’t have children and you have much inner conflict about it, you’ll be miserable in your childlessness; if you have children and regret it, you’ll be miserable and your children will be miserable too. The point seems to be to know yourself, to accept your deeper feelings and not to make such an important life decision because it’s the thing to do or to satisfy unrealistic fantasies, or to give your parents what they want or to escape from other responsibilities.Para 16Some people are afraid to admit their own feelings of the kind many of the childless couples interviewed could accept about themselves –what they called being “selfish.” They are ashamed to admit they would rather travel than bring up children. But what if that is what would make them happiest? Deeply held feelings are not easily changed and if you do not recognize what yours really are, you will not make the choices that are right for you.Para 17For many, if not most people, the joys欢乐of parenthood as well as its problems are what life is all about. To see one’s children grow and develop into individuals, and to see oneself continue on in them, can be the richest experience between one’s own birth and death. But there are also people for whom living a full life and realizing themselves take other routes路径. And we live in a time in which attitudes态度seem to be freeing upon a way which enables increasing numbers of men and women to question the way “everybody” lives if that is not the way that is right for them. The more people continue to ask themselves such questions as whether or not they really want to raise a family before they begin to do so, the fewer unhappy parents and troubled children there will be.。
研究生新阶英语阅读教程_课文翻译(1-8 textA)
Unit 1Text A 如何变“末流”为“一流”：哈佛对捐赠大户的回报1 初春的一个夜晚，暖意融融。
一群公司执行官、律师、石油巨子、理财经纪人、身价不菲的咨询师以及巨额财产继承人，悄然走出查尔斯宾馆和哈佛饭店的套房。
这些商界显要，男的个个头发花白，身着灰色西装──有的拄着手杖，有的则由于长期在哈佛运动队或网球队锻炼，一副运动员身材，充满活力、脸色红润；女的戴着丝巾，身穿苗条的黑色长裤，但其中几乎没有一张黑人和拉美人的面孔，他们穿过一道普通的门，走进安尼博格餐厅。
此次聚会，校内没有通报，媒体也不得报道。
２平常简朴的新生餐厅今天用连翘花和郁金香装点一新，客人们品尝着鸡尾酒、葡萄酒和牛柳、蟹黄蛋糕、芦笋尖等开胃小菜，享受着时任哈佛校长劳伦斯·撒莫斯的殷勤。
有几位客人谈论着海斯特布丁俱乐部最近的那场演出，这个俱乐部是一个学生戏剧协会，每年春天都要上演一场音乐滑稽戏，由哈佛的男生男扮女装参加表演。
３过了一会儿，布置在二楼阳台的哈佛乐队开始演奏“万名哈佛人”，客人们各自入席，烛光晚宴开始。
酒足饭饱之后，客人们兴高采烈，对撒莫斯校长的餐后致词报以阵阵掌声。
唯一例外的是，撒莫斯校长简要介绍学校计划扩大低收入家庭子女的招生，为年收入低于四万美元家庭的子女上哈佛提供免费教育，此时，校长似乎在等待在场贵宾们赞许的掌声，但竟然没有掌声。
我分析，这种令人尴尬的沉默传递了一个信号，甚至可称为威胁：你要是扩大招收低收入家庭的子女而将我们这些人的孩子拒之门外，我们就会停止数以百万计的捐款。
４4月8日的这顿晚宴，拉开了哈佛大学学校资源委员会（COUR）2005年年会的序幕。
该委员会或许是高等学校里一个最具财力的顾问团，但鲜为人知，媒体亦少有提及。
实际上COUR不是一般意义上的委员会──它并不正式制定学校政策或发表正式意见──但撒莫斯同其他任何一任哈佛校长一样，离不开COUR的支持。
该委员会成员均为哈佛最大的捐赠人，他们捐赠的资金构成哈佛2005财政年度255亿捐款的主要部分，使得哈佛成为美国高校中收到捐款最多的学校，比位居第二的耶鲁大学高出100亿美元。
unit2研究生多维英语课文对照翻译
1 America is in the midst of one of the greatest wealth transfers in the history of mankind.Over the next 20 years,an estimated $15 trillion in assets will be transferred from one generation to the next.美国正处在人类历史上最大的一个财富交接的过程中。
在今后20年里，估计有150亿美元的资产将会转移到下一代的手中。
2 Much of this wealth transfer will be in the form of family-owned businesses.But the viability of many these transfers is questionable.The fact is most will fail.Typically, only one out of three businesses is successfully transferred to the second generation.Survival of a family business into the third generation is a rare occurrence.大多数的财富交接会以家庭企业的方式进行。
但是很多情况下，财富交接的成功与否令人怀疑。
事实上，大多数的交接工作将会失败。
一般来说，只有1/3的企业才能成功地移交到下一代手中。
一个家庭企业能生存到第三代是寥寥无几的。
3 Thousands of family businesses,some of the household names,will disappear over the next decade.The sad part is that many of them could survive with proper planning.For many,however,it may already be too late. The proper time to start planning the succession of a family business is not one,but three, not even five years ahead.Indeed,a comprehensive succession plan,which includes sophisticated estate planning strategies,generally requires at least a 10-year horizon to be properly structured.在下一个十年里，数以千计的家庭企业，其中有些是家喻户晓的企业将会消失。
研究生英语阅读教程课文参考译文(L10)
第十课 A我和松鼠妈妈谈条件玛尔格特戴弗林（1）我和我的丈夫最近从郊区搬到了城里。
（2）两周前我正在书房读书的时候，听到了一阵骚乱声。
为了保护我们新婚的家不受入侵者的骚扰，我拿起了致命的防卫武器——一把扫帚，小心地下了楼。
（3）我走到外面想看看入侵者是从什么地方来的。
正当我四处寻找的时候，看见了这个坏家伙从门廊的屋顶上出现了。
根据它弄出的声音我原以为是一只 50 磅重的浣熊，但是我错了，它只是一只半磅重的灰色的毛茸茸的松鼠。
我拿起扫把嘘声将它赶走，但是第二天我听见它又来了。
（4）我上网搜索了有关松鼠的信息，我发现因为松鼠是啮齿类动物，它们的牙齿会不断地长长，因此它们就必须经常啃食东西来把牙齿磨短。
我了解到它们经常会啃电线，这样房子就有失火的危险。
这倒是挺烦人的。
因此我让我们家的副总裁——也就是我的丈夫——打电话给野生动物管理人员。
星期六的时候，他给第一家公司打电话，他们安排下星期四来处理。
然后他又给另一家公司打电话，他们说可以在星期一上午派人来看看。
（5）星期一上午来了两个抽烟的人。
他们抽完了烟，就大摇大摆地走进了前门廊。
“喂，小夫人！”他们其中的一位摆着一付约翰威恩式样子问到：“捣蛋鬼在什么地方？”（6）我很不自然地指了指门廊的顶部，现在那儿放了一小块写着“欢迎来访”的脚垫。
我看见了洞里的育儿室，而这两个家伙把小松鼠掏出来扔到了雪地上。
我再一次强调让他们不要伤害她。
（7）他们怒气冲冲地说：“我们是慈善学会推荐的”，但是我注意到了他们把电棍放回了卡车，取而代之，拿出了一种有春天香味的除臭剂，在松鼠的窝里喷了几下。
他们告诉我松鼠不喜欢这种味道，因此会逃走。
对此我有点怀疑，因为这种味道挺好闻的。
（8）没有看到松鼠妈妈，所以他们就把洞给堵上了，然后跟我要了一张 250美元的支票，一溜烟地跑了。
他们还给了我一张保修卡。
我是比较容易受骗的那种人，因此我想跟我打交道的这家公司还算是挺有诚信的。
（9）他们走了不一会儿松鼠妈妈大老远的购物回来了。
研究生英语综合教程下1-2-6单元课文原文和翻译
研究生英语综合教程下1-2-6单元课文原文和翻译The Hidden Side of Happiness1、Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, white-water rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better. Their refrain might go something like this: "I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it."飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
”2、We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There is a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive reactions to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest. In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives have in some ways improved.我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。
研究生英语阅读教程课文翻译
第一课A 世界英语：是福是祸？汤姆·麦克阿瑟[1] 2000 年，语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔·普赖斯，在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点：因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语，导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。
在那些岛屿的部分地区，还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。
但是，现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人―或者说几乎人人―都懂英语。
英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语，……所以必须意识到，从长远来看，这三种语言的未来……十分危险。
（第141 页）在此几年前，1992 年，英国学者罗伯特·菲利普森（他如今在丹麦工作）在牛津大学出版了一本书，名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。
在书中，他指出，主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业，尤其是英国文化委员会，实施的是语言扩张政策。
他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”（这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”）联系在一起。
在菲利普森看来，以“白人”为主的英语世界中，起主导作用的机构和个人，或故意或无意，鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张，他们当然不反对英语的扩张。
英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。
[2]菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。
和他一样，还有一些母语为英语的学者，也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。
在过去儿十年里，人们从三个群体的角度，就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。
第一个群体是ENL 国家，英语是母语（这个群体也叫“内部圈”) ；第二个群体是ESL 国家，英语是第二语言（“外部圈”) ; 第三个群体是EFL 国家，英语是外语（“扩展圈”）。
20 世纪80 年代，这些词语开始流行。
从那时起，这第三圈实际上己扩展到全球范围。
[3］从来没有像英语这样的语言，这既有利也有弊。
曾经有许多“世界语言”, 例如：阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语和梵语。
总的来说，我们现在认为这些语言比较好，经常以赞美、感激的语气谈论与它们相关的文化以及它们给世界带来的变化。
研究生_谙熟阅读The_No-child_Family
The No-child Family: Going Against 100,000 Years of Biology
Rita Kramer
Text Organization
1. Part 1( Paragraph 1-2) ：Introduction 2. Part 2( Paragraph 3-6) ：Ideas of a
Conclusion of paragraphs 3-6
Whether to have children or not is a life-style
choice: freedom; efforts to community; concern with population. Some people are good at it and they should have children; others aren‟t, and they should feel they have other alternatives.
Paraphrase
Perhaps the most publicly outspoken childless couple are Ellen Peck … and her husband William (lines 1-2, para. 3) • Perhaps Ellen Peck and her husband William, a childless couple, express their opinions more openly and honestly in public than other childless couple.
Part 2
Words and Expressions
英语专升本范文父母与孩子的关系
英语专升本范文父母与孩子的关系全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Parent-child relationship is one of the most important bonds that exist in a person's life. This relationship forms the foundation for a child's growth and development, and shapes their identity and self-esteem. The way parents interact with their children can have a lasting impact on their emotional and psychological well-being. In this essay, we will explore the dynamics of the parent-child relationship, and the importance of nurturing a healthy and supportive bond between parents and their children.Parents play a crucial role in shaping their children's personality and behavior. They are the primary caregivers and role models for their children, and their actions and words have a profound influence on their child's development. From a young age, children look up to their parents for guidance, support, and love. Parents are the ones who provide for their children's physical, emotional, and social needs, and who teach them right from wrong. The bond between parents and children is built on trust, respect, and mutual understanding.Communication is key in maintaining a strong and healthy parent-child relationship. Parents need to listen to their children, validate their feelings, and provide emotional support. It is important for parents to create a safe and nurturing environment where their children feel comfortable expressing themselves and sharing their thoughts and feelings. By actively listening to their children and showing empathy and understanding, parents can strengthen their bond and build a deeper connection with them.Another important aspect of the parent-child relationship is discipline. Parents play a vital role in shaping their children's behavior and teaching them values and morals. It is important for parents to set clear boundaries and expectations for their children, and to enforce consequences when those boundaries are crossed. However, discipline should be done in a loving and respectful manner, and not through fear or intimidation. By providing consistent and fair discipline, parents can help their children develop a sense of responsibility and self-control.It is also important for parents to be involved in their children's lives and show interest in their activities and hobbies. By spending quality time together, parents and children can strengthen their bond and create lasting memories. Parents should show support and encouragement for their children'sinterests and talents, and help them pursue their passions. By being present and engaged in their children's lives, parents can build a strong and trusting relationship with them.In conclusion, the parent-child relationship is a crucial bond that shapes a child's growth and development. Parents play a vital role in guiding, supporting, and nurturing their children, and in providing them with the love and care they need to thrive. By fostering open communication, setting clear boundaries, and showing support and involvement in their children's lives, parents can build a healthy and positive relationship with their children. This bond is essential for a child's emotional and psychological well-being, and lays the foundation for their future success and happiness. Parenting is a challenging and rewarding journey, but with patience, love, and understanding, parents can create a strong and lasting bond with their children that will last a lifetime.篇2Parent-child relationship is one of the most important relationships in the world. It shapes the way individuals perceive themselves and others. The bond between parents and children is a unique and special connection that starts from the moment a child is born.Parents play a crucial role in shaping a child's values, beliefs, and behaviors. The way parents interact with their children can have a lasting impact on their development and well-being. A strong and healthy parent-child relationship is built on trust, communication, respect, and love.Communication is the key to a successful parent-child relationship. When parents and children communicate openly and honestly with each other, they can better understand each other's feelings and needs. This can lead to a stronger bond and a deeper connection between them.Respect is also an important factor in a parent-child relationship. Parents should respect their children's thoughts, opinions, and feelings, even if they don't always agree with them. By showing respect to their children, parents can help them develop self-confidence and self-esteem.Love is the foundation of a parent-child relationship. When parents show love and affection to their children, it creates a sense of security and belonging. Children who feel loved are more likely to grow up to be happy, confident, and well-adjusted adults.However, like any relationship, the parent-child relationship requires effort and commitment from both parties. Parents needto be patient, understanding, and supportive of their children, while children need to show respect, obedience, and gratitude towards their parents.In conclusion, the parent-child relationship is a special and unique bond that shapes the way individuals perceive themselves and others. By fostering trust, communication, respect, and love, parents and children can build a strong and healthy relationship that will last a lifetime.篇3The Relationship between Parents and ChildrenFamily is the most important institution in a person's life, and parents play a crucial role in shaping their children's future. The relationship between parents and children is complex and multi-faceted, encompassing love, support, discipline, and guidance. In the context of English majors preparing for their specialized entrance exams, this relationship is particularly important as parents can have a significant impact on their children's academic success.Parents are often the first teachers in a child's life, providing them with the foundation for learning and development. From a young age, parents instill values such as hard work,determination, and perseverance in their children, which are essential qualities for success in any academic or professional endeavor. Parents also play a key role in fostering a love for learning and encouraging their children to pursue their passions and interests.In the context of preparing for the English major entrance exam, parents can provide valuable support and guidance to their children. They can help create a conducive study environment at home, free from distractions and conducive to concentration. They can also assist their children with their study schedule, helping them set goals and deadlines to stay on track with their preparation. Additionally, parents can offer emotional support and encouragement, boosting their children's confidence and motivation.However, the relationship between parents and children can also be fraught with challenges. As children grow older and become more independent, conflicts may arise as they seek to assert their own identity and make their own decisions. In the context of English majors preparing for their exams, parents may have high expectations for their children, which can lead to stress and pressure. It is important for parents to communicate openlywith their children, listen to their concerns, and respect their opinions and choices.Overall, the relationship between parents and children is a dynamic and ever-evolving one, characterized by love, support, discipline, and mutual respect. In the context of preparing for the English major entrance exam, parents can play a crucial role in their children's academic success by providing support, guidance, and encouragement. By fostering a positive and nurturing relationship with their children, parents can help them achieve their goals and realize their full potential.。
20XX考研英语精选作文必备范文格式及译文：都在关心下一代
20XX考研英语精选作文必备范文格式及译文：都在关心下一代Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should:1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) state your point of view.范文：As can be seen from the picture, the department in a store which sells nutritive products for children is surrounded by crowds of parents, making the salespeople extremely busy. In contrast, the neighboring department that sells similar products for the elderly seems rather deserted by customers. Its saleswoman feels so bored that she can not resist falling asleep.The picture mirrors a common social phenomenon from a unique angle—people tend to care more for the next generation than the previous one. On the one hand, young couples dote on children, most of whom are the “only children”. Parents endeavor to prepare their kids for a bright future by raising them healthily. On the other hand, young couples fail to spendtime with their old parents, and some of them are even too mean to provide the old with at least a decent living environment.I think such a trend is quite abnormal and distressing. Filial duty used to be the most highly prized virtue among the Chinese for over two thousand years. Busy as people are, the duty should not be easily shirked. Supplying our old parents with material and emotional supports is not only a repayment to them, but can also set a good example to educate the youth.译文：从图中我们可以看到，一家商店中的儿童营养品专柜前挤满了父母们，以至于售货员几乎要忙不过来了。
研究生课程theno-childfamily详解注释
研究生课程theno-childfamily详解注释unit 4 The No-child Family: Going AgainstPara 1Cathy and Wayne N. are in their late 20?s, have been married five years, and are childless. The last time a member of Cathy?s family asked, “When are you going to start a family?” Her answer was “We?re a family!”Para 2Cathy and Wayne belong to a growing number of young married couples who are deciding not to have children. A recent survey showed that in the last five years the percentage of wives aged 25 to 29 who did not want children had almost doubled and among those 18 to 24 it had almost tripled. What lies behind 是…的原因this decision which seems to fly in the face of悍然不顾biology生物学and society?Para 3Perhaps the most publicly公然的outspoken直言不讳的childless couple are Ellen Peck, author of The Baby Trap, and her husband, William, an advertising executive who is president of the National Organization for Non-Parents. The Pecks insist neither they nor the organization is against parenthood亲子关系, just against the social pressures that push people into parenthood whether it is what they really want and need or not.Para 4“It?s a life-style choice,” Ellen says. “We chose freedom and spontaneity自发, privacy and leisure. It?s also a question of where you want to give your efforts –within your own family or in the larger community. This generation faces serious questions about the continuity of life on earth as well as its quality. Ourgrandchildren may have to buy tickets to see the last redwoods 红杉or line up排队to get their oxygen ration配给量. There are men who complain about being caught in a traffic jam for hours on their way home to their five kids but can?t make the association联想、协会between the children and the traffic jam. In a world seriously threatened by the consequences后果of overpopulation we?re concerned with making life without children acceptabl e and respectable值得尊敬的. Too many children are born as a result of cultural coercion强迫、压制. And the results show up in the statistics统计学on divorce and child-abuse虐待儿童.”Para 5Her husband adds, “Every friend, relative and business associate交往、同事is pressuring you to have kids …and find out what you?re missing.? T oo many people discover too late that what they were missing was something they were totally unsuited for.”Para 6And Ellen again: “From the first doll洋娃娃to soap operas 肥皂剧to cocktail鸡尾酒parties, the pressure is always there to be parents. But let?s take a look at the rate of parental failure. Perhaps parenthood should be regarded as a specialized occupation like being a doctor. Some people are good at it and they should have children; others aren?t, and they should feel they have other alternatives.”Para 7Professional observers agree that many people have children for the wrong reason, sometimes for no reason at all. Men often drift漂流into fatherhood without ever making a deliberate深思熟虑的choice. For many women pregnancy can be a way toescape from unresolved未解决的conflicts矛盾、战斗, to achieve instant瞬间identity一致or strengthen a poor self image自我形象, to gratify使满足a need for the attention注意and affection感情、影响they feel they never had as children.Para 8I talked with a number of specialists in the field of human behavior about why many young married couples decide not to have children. Their reactions varied widely. A family therapist治疗师described the decision not to have children as “ a basic instinctual response to the world situation today,” implying意味、暗示that something like the herd成群instinct in animals was operating as a response to the dangers of overpopulation, crowding, pollution and nuclear war, causing women to feel a reluctance勉强、不情愿to reproduce繁殖and leading them to seek寻求new ways of realizing实现themselves outside of family life.Para 9More than one psychiatrist suggested that those who want to remain childless are narcissistic自恋的–making a virtue优点out of necessity by rationalizing合理化their inner conflicts矛盾about giving care vs. being taken care of. “These are people who can?t tolerate忍受the idea of caring for children, who have no margin利润of love to spare剩余them,” said one, adding, “You?re goingagainst something with 100,000 years of biology behind it.”A colleague of his chimed in插话, “Well, we all rationalize our deficits不足、赤字, and these people probably shouldn?t have children whatever their real motives are, for the same reason there ought to be liberal abortion堕胎、流产laws. There should only be enthusiastic热情的parents in this world.”Para 10Psychologist Donald M. Kaplan believes that while some people have always opted选择not to have children, the increased frequency we are seeing is in those children of the nineteen-forties and fifties who were raised by parents whose character style had shifted移动、转变from what sociologist David Riesman called “inner-directed” to “other-directed缺乏主见的” and that these other-directed parents had two relevant相关的effects on their children. One was to give them a greater feeling of “narcissistic entitlement权利” – what one expects from life. The other was the loss of a sense of certainty. They are more open to self-doubt, he says, more preoccupied全神贯注with their bodies, their life-styles, less able to maintain stable attachments to others. The decision to have a baby, he thinks, is the kind of decision such people might be most likely to postpone延迟. It can?t be modified, can?t be undone. Baby boom what is done cannot be undone.Para 11“Many of these young adults are ambivalent about relinquishing放弃the role of the one who is cared for and taking on that of the one who does the caring,” says Dr. Kaplan.Para 12Dr. E. James Anthony is professor of child psychiatry at Washington University School of Medicine and co-author of “Parenthood, Its Psychology and Psychopathology.” In a recent conversation, Dr. Anthony said, “Many people I?ve talked to are very concerned about their own future and the future of children in this rather troubled world. In the past there was always a feeling implicit in the culture that parenthood was something very significant, attractive, enriching, creative. Now it seems to begoing by the board被遗忘. There seem to be so many other opportunities for women to express themselves creatively and family life requires them to give up so many things that the emphasis强调on family life as a good and creative thing, a way to contribute to the future of the world, doesn?t really ring a bell with many young people.Para 13“I think that part of what?s happening is that the ambivalence矛盾情绪of parents today is being passed on unconsciously无意识的to their children. Children are a great deal of trouble, and perhaps more so today than even before. They can be a pain in the neck. Their precocious development, adolescent acting-out, drug-taking, all loom隐约出现as problems. The young people feel, “If they don?t really want us, why should we want to have children? Then they rationalize this feeling in terms of the external questions like what the world has to offer. They ask questions like, “why add to the population explosion? Why create people who will have to face all the problems that are approaching in the next century?”Para 14“Despite their stated motives for not having children, the question arises whether young people really in fact lead richer lives today. I find that many college students today feel strangely empty. They live in a world full of stimuli of all sorts but lack a sense of inner satisfaction that may relate to these basic biologic things.” reproductionsPara 15Whatever else they disagree on, the experts all seem to be saying that it?s not whether you have children or don?t that really m atters, what matters is that you are comfortable about whatyou do. If you don?t have children and you have much inner conflict about it, you?ll be miserable in your childlessness; if you have children and regret it, you?ll be miserable and your children w ill be miserable too. The point seems to be to know yourself, to accept your deeper feelings and not to make such an important life decision because it?s the thing to do or to satisfy unrealistic fantasies, or to give your parents what they want or to escape from other responsibilities.Para 16Some people are afraid to admit their own feelings of the kind many of the childless couples interviewed could accept about themselves –what they called being “selfish.” They are ashamed to admit they would rather travel than bring up children. But what if that is what would make them happiest? Deeply held feelings are not easily changed and if you do not recognize what yours really are, you will not make the choices that are right for you.Para 17For many, if not most people, the joys欢乐of parenthood as well as its problems are what life is all about. To see one?s children grow and develop into individuals, and to see oneself continue on in them, can be the richest experience between one?s own birth and deat h. But there are also people for whom living a full life and realizing themselves take other routes路径. And we live in a time in which attitudes态度seem to be freeing upon a way which enables increasing numbers of men and women to question the way “everybody” lives if that is not the way that is right for them. The more people continue to ask themselves such questions as whether or not they really want to raisea family before they begin to do so, the fewer unhappy parents and troubled children there will be.。
新视野研究生英语1课文翻译及课后翻译
新视野研究⽣英语1课⽂翻译及课后翻译（第⼀册）⼀、A Working Community5、None of us, mind you, was born into these communities. Nor did we move into them, U-Hauling our possessions along with us. None has papers to prove we are card-carrying members of one such group or another. Yet it seems that more and more of us are identified by work these days, rather than by street.值得⼀提的是，我们没有谁⼀出⽣就属于这些社区，也不是后来我们搬了进来。
这些⾝份是我们随⾝携带的，没有⼈可以拿出⽂件证明我们是这个或那个群体的会员卡持有者。
然⽽，不知不觉中⼈们的⾝份更倾向于各⾃所从事的⼯作，⽽不是像以往⼀样由家庭住址来界定。
6、In the past, most Americans live in neighborhoods. We were members of precincts or parishes or school districts. My dictionary still defines communtiy, first of all in geographic terms, as ―a body of people who live in one place.‖过去⼤多数彼邻⽽居的美国⼈彼此是同⼀个街区、教区、校区的成员。
今天的词典依然⾸先从地理的⾓度来定义社区，称之为“⼀个由居住在同⼀地⽅的⼈组成的群体”。
7、But today fewer of us do our living in that one place; more of us just use it for sleeping. Now we call our towns ―bedroom suburbs,‖ and many of us, without small children as icebreakers, would have trouble naming all the people on our street.然⽽，如今的情况是居住和⼯作都在同⼀个地⽅的⼈极少，对更多的⼈来说家成了⼀个仅仅⽤来睡觉的地⽅。
研究生英语阅读大观部分文章稿17.FamilyValues-138
研究生英语阅读大观部分文章稿17.FamilyValues-13817.Family ValuesChild Raising⑴Acculturation, which begins at birth, is the process of teaching new generations of children the customs and values of the parents’ culture. How people treat newborns, for example, can be indicative of cultural values. In the United States it is not uncommon for parents to put a newborn in a separate room that belongs only to the child. This helps to preserve parents privacy and allows the child to get used to having his or her own room, which is seen as a first step toward personal independence. Americans traditionally have held independence and a closely related value, individualism, in high esteem. Parents try to instill these prevailing values in their children. American English express these values preferences: children should “cut the (umbilical) cord” and are encouraged not to be “tied to their mothers’apron strings.” In the process of socialization children learn to “look out for number one” and to “stand on their own two feet.”⑵ Many children are taught at a very early age to make decision and be responsible for their actions. Often children work for money outside the home as a first step to establishing autonomy. Nine-or ten-year-old children may deliver newspapers in their neighborhoods and save or spend their earn ings. Teenagers (13 to 18 years) may babysit at neighbors’ homes in order to earn a few dollars a week. Receiving a weekly allowance at an early age teaches children to budget their money, preparing them for future financial independence. Many parents believe that managing money helps children learn responsibility as wellas appreciate the value of money.Young Adulthood⑶Upon reaching an appropriate age (usually between 18and21 years) children are encouraged, but not forced, to “leave the nest” and begin an independent life. After children leave home they often find relationships and financial support outside the family. Parents do not arrange marriages for their children, nor do children usually ask permission of their parents to get married. Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in the United States; young adults meet their future spouses through other friends, at school, at jobs, and in organizations and religious institution. Although children choose their own spouses, they still hope their parents will approve of their choices.⑷In many families, parents feel that children should make major life decision by themselves. A parent may try to influence a child to follow a particular profession but the child is free to choose another career. Sometimes children do precisely the opposite of what their parents wish in order to assert their independence. A son may deliberately decide not to go into his father’s business because of a fear that he will lose his autonomy in his father’s workplace. This independence from parents is not an indication that parents and children do not love each other. Strong love between parents and children is universal and this is no exception in the American family. Coexisting with such love in the American family are cultural values of self-reliance and independence.The Elderly⑸Societal and familial treatment of the elderly also reflects this independence and individualism. Their financial support is often provided by social security or welfare systems whichdecrease dependence on their families. Additionally, older people may seek their friends rather than become too emotionally depend on their children. Senior citizens centers provide a means for peer-group association within one’s own age group. There are problems, however, with growing old in the United States. Glorification of youth and indifference to the aged have left many older people alienated and alone.⑹Some families send their older relatives to nursing homes rather than integrate them into the homes of the children or grandchildren. This separation of the elderly from the young has contributed to the isolation of an increasingly large segment of society. On the other hand, there are many older people who choose to live in retirement communities where they have the companionship of other older people and the convenience of many recreational and socialactivities close to home.The Nuclear and the Extended Family⑺the treatment of the elderly can be further understand by distinguishing between nuclear and extended family structures. In the United States the nuclear family, which consists of the father, the mother, and the children, is considered “the family”. The e xtended family, common in other cultures, includes grandfather, aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews, nieces, and in-laws. The distinction between the nuclear and the extended family is important because it suggests the extent of family ties and obligations. In extended families the children and parents have strong ties and obligation to relatives. It is common in these families to support older family members, to have intensive contact with relatives, and to establish communal housing.⑻The American nuclea r family usually has its own separateresidence and is economically independent of other family members. Relatives are still considered “family” but are often outside the basic obligations that people have to immediate families. When c ouples merry, they are expected to live independently of their parents and become “heads of households” when they have children. It is not usually in times of financial need for nuclear members to borrow money from a bank than from relatives. Grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, then, are not directly in the same way as they would be in an extended family structure.Family Roles⑼In both nuclear and extended family, the culture imposes set roles upon parents. Traditionally the male has been responsible for financial support of the home and family housekeeping. However, among some people in parts of the United States, these functions are no longer fixed. The prescribed role of the man as “bread winner” and the woman as housewife is changing. These changes include working mothers, “househusbands”, and an increasing number of daycare centers for children. Yet, traditional roles may be preserved even in the households where the wife is working.⑽ Some mothers work because of a financial need and not because of a desire to change their role from housewife to breadwinner. Others choose to work because they feel that financial support of the family should be shared by the husband and the wife. Still others are motivated to work because of professional interests and a desire to contribute to society. More than 50 percent of Americans women are part of the labor force.Stability Change in the Family⑾It is almost impossible to describe a “typical Americanfamily” because the United States is such a heterogeneous country. Although members of ethnic, racial, or economic groups may assimilate into the educational and employment system of the establishment, they often maintain their cultural heritage within the home. Many families have strong religious or ethnic backgrounds which continue to contribute to the preservation of the close-knit extended family. At one time, traditional roles and religion had a much stronger influence on the nuclear family. Now economic conditions, societal attitudes, and job mobility in the United States compete with traditional influence.⑿Changes in the American family structure are evidence by increased rates of separation and divorce. In certain areas of the country these trends have resulted in a growing number of “single-parent” families, remarried pare nts, and communal lifestyles. This does not indicate, however, that the institution of marriage is crumbling. It is established that four out of five divorce couples eventually remarry other people. These shifts in family relationships may be interpreted as a breakdown or, alternatively, as an adaptation of the American family to changing roles, attitudes, and values. The changes, according to the more traditional viewpoint, represent a breakdown in the family structure, a disintegration of values, and a decline of morality. Others, who believe it is necessary to adapt a rapidly changing society, believe these shifts in family structure are inevitable and positive.。
2022考研英语双语阅读：寒门贵子
2022考研英语双语阅读：寒门贵子Impoverished family, rich sons; Rich because of their struggles寒门贵子：没有有钱的爹，如何富?These years, the phrase impoverished families can hardly nurture rich sons has been frequently used in public opinions. In reports, for example, reporting the proportion of rural young people in the top universities is decreasing and the recruitment market is increasingly favoring urban youth seems to be common. However, while China s population quality and education level has greatly improved, the gaps of material conditions and life experience are still large obstacles for impoverished youth to get ahead. Whether the situation is yet to be verified, the social anxiety of Impoverished families can hardly nurture rich sons is a reality.近年来，人们常说寒门难出贵子。
例如，报告显示，名牌大学农村年轻人的比例正在下降，招聘市场越来越偏爱城市年轻人，这似乎司空见惯。
然而，尽管中国的人口素质和教育水平已经大大提高，但物质条件和生活经验上的差距仍然是贫困青年前进的巨大障碍。
当代研究生英语下册第六单元课文翻译
那些中产阶级、受过教育，并在广播、电视、报纸等媒体方面占据主要位置的美国人是 美国生活方式的典型代表。在他们中间，对待求婚与结婚的态度变化很大。求婚原来曾是美 国人生活中的正常现象，恋爱的过程也很长，有的长达数年，而且带有考验性质。在这一过 程中男女双方都可以改变原来的态度，拒绝对方的爱。当然有许多人之间的关系可能越来越 专一，也逐渐地为社会所认可。人们一般是先恋爱后订婚，但也有先订婚后恋爱的。不过， 订了婚再后悔是很糟糕的事，这会把一个姑娘推向痛苦的深渊而永远无法解脱。
举行婚礼的这一天是一个姑娘一生中最美好的时刻：这一天婚前她一直盼望着，而婚后 她也将值得她永远回忆。婚礼的场面一般都蔚为壮观。华丽高贵的结婚礼服及面纱，切蛋糕 的场面，离开时祝福的人们撒来的米粒和五彩纸屑，交织在一起为新娘谱写了一曲新婚颂歌， 使她一乍都难以忘却。直到今天，五十来岁的人还以这样的方式为自己的女儿举行婚礼，并 把婚礼照片放在最显眼的位置。如今不少婚礼指南上描述的礼仪习俗还与 50 年前一样。还 专门制定有判别婚礼那天所送礼品的规则：如那些礼品得体，那些不得体，应该在新娘内衣 绣上她少女时所用全名的首字母缩写，等等。对于新郎来说，婚礼则意味着他自由的单身生 活的结束。婚礼前夜新郎吃的那顿单身汉晚餐就标志着这种自由的终结。一个单身女人即使 说自己曾经的情人在战场上死去了，或说自己有能力、有魅力、还有金钱，她在社会上的地 位仍然很低下。而对一个合适的未婚男子来说，求婚的人会络绎不绝。
研究生英语课文翻译Unit-12
ThanksgivingSoon they will be together again, all the people who travel between their own lives and each other’s . The package tour of the season will lure them this week to the family table.很快所有那些在我们和他人生活中穿梭的人们都会再次聚集到一起。
这个团体旅游季会引诱他们这个星期回到家庭的餐桌上。
By Thursday, feast day, family day, Thanksgiving day, Americans who value individualism like no other people will collect around a million tables in a ritual of belonging.到周四，盛宴之日，家庭的节日，感恩节，比任何人都重视个人主义的美国人会为了一个归属感的仪式聚集在百万张桌子周围。
They will assemble their families the way they assemble dinner: each other bearing a personality as different as cranberry sauce and pumpkin pie. For one dinner they will cook for each other, fuss for each other, feed each other and argue with each other.他们会像在一起吃晚餐一样把家人聚在一起，每个人都有不同的的个性，就像他们做的蔓越橘沙司和难过馅饼一样。
这顿晚餐他们会互相为对方下厨，为对方忙乱，给对方喂吃的，互相争辩。
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Unit4 无子女家庭：亘古生息的反叛
Para1：二十好几的凯茜、韦恩夫妇结婚已有五年之久，膝下犹虚。
上次凯茜娘家有一个人问：“你们打算什么时候要孩子?”她答道：“我们就是孩子!”
Para2：凯茜与韦恩属于一代人数日益增长、决定不要孩子的年轻已婚夫妇群体。
最近一项调查显示在过去的五年中，年龄在25至29岁之间妇女不愿生养的百分比几乎翻了一番，在18至24岁的已婚妇女中几乎增至三倍。
在这个似乎大胆反抗生物性和社会性的决定后面隐藏着什么原因呢?
Para3：或许最能公开坦陈心曲的无子女夫妇是《婴儿陷阱》一书的作者：埃伦，派克，其夫威廉，一位广告总经理兼全国不生养夫妇协会主席。
派克夫妇认为他们和协会均无意反对生儿育女，不过是反对迫使人们传宗接代的社会压力，它无视人们是否殷切盼望和真的需要孩子或者根本不好此道。
Para4：“这是一种生活方式的选择，”埃伦说，“我们选择自由和自愿，清净和闲暇。
这也是一个朝哪个方向付出努力的问题——在你自己的小家庭之内或在一个大的社团之中。
这一代人面临有关地球生命延续的严重问题以及生命质量的问题。
我们的孙男孙女也许将购票去观赏最后一批红松林或排队去获取氧气配给。
有人抱怨在回家见五个孩子的途中被交通堵塞困住好几个小时，但是他们不能将孩子与交通堵塞联系起来。
在一个受到人口过剩一系列后果威胁的世界上，我们正在参与一项事业使膝下无子的生活模式为社会所接受并受世人尊重。
太多的孩子作为一种文化强制的后果而呱呱坠地，离婚和虐待儿童的相关统计充分揭露了这一结果。
”
Para5：埃伦的丈夫补充说：“每位朋友、亲戚、同事不停地给你施加压力，劝你要孩子，说什么‘发现你生活中失去的东西’。
好多好多人很晚才发现，所谓他们失去的东西其实是他们完全不适合做的事情。
”
Para6：埃伦还说：“从抱第一个洋娃娃开始，大到欣赏电视肥皂剧，成年后参加鸡尾酒会，无形之中，总有一种压力要你为人父母。
但是让我们来看看养育失败的比率吧，或许天下父母应该视为像当医生一样的专门职业。
有些人擅长此道，他们应当生养孩子；有些人一窍不通，他们应该认为他们还有其他的选择。
”
Para7：专业观察家同意这一看法：很多人生养孩子没有正当的理由，有时候则完全没有理由。
男人常常稀里糊涂就当上了父亲，根本就没有作出审慎的选择；对许多妇女来说，怀孕能够成为逃脱不可消解)中突的一种方式，譬如，迅速获得身份，或者为卑贱的自我形象增添砝码，满足关注和垂爱的需要，她们觉得在孩提时代从来就没有感受到这份亲情。
Para8：我与许多人类行为领域的专家交谈，探讨为什么那么多年轻夫妇决定不要孩子，他们的看法也是众说纷纭。
一位家庭治疗专家把不要孩子的决定描写为“对当今世界形势基本的本能反应”，暗示像动物群集本能那样的东西正在起作用，作为对人口过剩、城市拥挤、环境污染与核战争危险的一种反应。
群集本能促使妇女感到繁殖人口有违心愿，并指引她们去寻找在家庭生活之外实现自我价值的新方式。
Para9：不止一位精神病医生暗示，凡是不愿生育的人有自恋癖——在关于照顾别人与受人照顾这个互相对立的内心)中突中索性来个痛痛快快自圆其说。
“这些人不能容忍照顾孩子的想法，他们没有多余的爱分享给孩子，”有人说，并补充道，“你这是对亘古以来人类繁衍生生不息的离经叛道。
”另一位精神病医生插话说：“情有可原嘛，我们谁不想消弭赤字，让生活合理化?“且不论他们的真正动机如何，或许这帮人本来就不该生孩子，-同样的道理，我们应该有自由堕胎法。
在这个世界上只能让古道热肠的人当父母。
Para10：心理学家唐纳德·M·卡普兰认为虽然一些人总是选择不生育，但是我们现在看到的不断上扬的出现率是发生在这些。
1940-1950年出生的孩子们身上，他们由性格类型被社会心理学家大卫·黎斯曼称之为“不随俗的”转变成“随俗的”父母抚养成人，另外这
些“没有自己主张的”父母对子女产生两个相关的影响：一是给他们一种强烈的“自恋权利感”——巴望从生活里面得到的东西；二是失去了确信感。
他说，他们更容易自我怀疑，更加迷恋自己的身体，生活方式，不可能与他人保持稳定的依恋关系。
生孩子的决定，他认为，是一种这类人十之八九要束之高阁的决定。
这种决定岂能更改，泼水难收啊。
Para11：“许多这些年轻的成年人对放弃受人照顾的角色和承担照顾人的角色显示出矛盾心态，”卡普兰博士说。
Para12：E·詹姆斯·安东尼博士是华盛顿大学医学院儿童精神病学的教授，《父母心理学和精神病理学》一书的合著者。
在最近的一次谈话中，安东尼博士说，很多和我交谈的人非常担心在这个并不太平的世界上自己的未来和孩子的未来。
过去在我们的文化中总有一种不言而喻的观念：生儿育女意义非凡、令人神往、丰富阅历、创造人生，如今这一理念似乎被人遗弃。
现在妇女似乎有许多其他的机会可以富有创意地表白自己，家庭生活要求她们放弃如此多的东西，以至于把家庭生活的重点：作为一项美好和有创造性的事情，一种对未来世界的奉献，反而根本无法唤起许多年轻人的回应。
Para13：“我认为形成时代风气的部分原因是现代父母的矛盾心理正在潜移默化地传递给他们的子女。
孩子是没完没了的负担，也许现在麻烦比以前更多。
孩子就是你的冤家债主。
他们发育早熟，青春期情绪发泄，吸毒，这些问题都会幽然浮现。
年轻人觉得，‘如果他们真的不需要我们，我们何必要去生孩子?’然后他们根据像什么是世界的前景这样的客观问题来合理解释这种想法。
他们提出诸如此类的问题：“为什么要给人口爆炸增添人口?为什么要制造人口，让他们面对下世纪即将来临的全部危机呢?”
Para14：“尽管他们公开宣布不要孩子的动机，这个问题还是摆出来了：实际上今天的年轻人是否真的过上了更加滋润的生活。
我发现当今许多大学生感到意想不到的空虚。
他们生活在一个充满各种刺激的世界上，但是缺乏可能与这些基本生物性相关的内心满足感。
”
Para15：专家们的看法会不尽相同，但是他们似乎都在说同一个观点：你要孩子还是不要孩子都不是真正的关键所在，重要的是你对所作所为感到心安理得。
如果你不要孩子，而且你为此事产生很多内心冲突，你将会因膝下无子而满目凄凉；如果你要了孩子又为之后悔，你就会苦不堪言，你的孩子也生不投缘，自叹命苦。
问题的要领似乎是你要了解你自己，承认你内心深处的情感，不要因为男大当婚女大当嫁，或者是满足不现实的幻想，或者是奉父母之命，或者是逃避其他责任而做出如此重大的人生决策。
有些人害怕承认他们自己的这种感觉，类似许多接受采访的无子女夫妇那样能够承受自己的骂名——他们所谓的“自私自利”。
他们耻于承认他们宁愿外出旅游也不愿抚养儿女。
但是，如果那就是使他们最快乐的事情，那又怎么样呢?深藏在心底的情感是不容易改变的，如果你没有认识到你的真实情感，你就做不出适合你的决定。
如果不是绝大多数，起码也是很多的人，生儿育女的天伦之乐以及随之而来的苦恼麻烦就是生活的全部含义。
看到孩子不断发育并长大成人，看到自己的生命在他们身上延续，堪称一个人在阳世间最富有的人生体验。
但是也有一些人过着丰富多彩的一生，他们实现了另外的人生之路。
所幸我们生活在一个时代，其生活态度的自由化高达这样一个程度，使得越来越多的男男女女去质疑“结婚是个当，人人都得上”的生活方式，看看这个固定的模式是不是不适合自己。
如果越来越多的人在开始怀孕前就不断地扪心自问是否真的想要抚养儿女，世界上不幸的父母和苦命的孩子就会越来越少。