CAP 139N PUBLIC HEALTH (ANIMALS AND BIRDS) (CHEMICAL RESIDUES) REGULATION十四
300多个词根
300多个词根1. acid, acri, acrid, acu=sour, sharp, 尖，酸，锐利2. act=to do, to drive, 行动，做3. aer, aero, aeri=air, 空气，充气4. ag=do, act, 做，代理做5. agri, agro, agr=field, land, 田地，农业6．alter, altern,ali=other, to change, 其他的，改变状态7．am, amor, amat=love, 爱，情爱8．ambul=walk, 行走，走路9．anim=life, spirit, 生命，精神10. ann, enn=year, 年，一年11. anthrop=man, human, 人，人类12．apt, ept=fit, ability, 适应，能力13．aqu=water, 水14．arch, archy=ruler, rule, chief, 统治者，统治，主要的15．art=skill, joint, trick, 技巧，关节，诡计16．astro, aster=star, 星星17．audi, audit=hear, 听18．av, avar, avi=desire, bird, 渴望，鸟19．ball, bol=throw, dance, ball, 抛，舞，球20．bas, base=low, foundation, 低下，基础21．bell, bel=war, fight, 战争，打斗22．bio, bi=life, 生命，生物23．brev, bridg=short, 短，缩短24．cad, cas, cid=fall, 落下，降临25．cand=white, glow, 白，发光26．cant, cent=sing, song, 唱歌27．cap, capt, cept, ceive, cip, cup=take, hold, seize, 拿，抓，握住28．cap, cipit=head, 头29．card, cord=heart, 心脏，一致30．carn=flesh, 肉，肉欲31．ced, ceed, cess=go, 行走，前进32．celer=quick, speed, 快，速33．cent=hundred, 一百34．centr=center, 中心35．cern, cert, cret=sure, separate, 搞清，区别36．chron=time, 时间37．cid, cis=cut, kill, 切开，杀38．circ, cycl=ring, circle, 圆，环39．cit=quote, call, 引用，唤起40．claim, clam=cry out, shout, 呼喊，叫喊41．clear, clar,clair=clear, bright, 清楚，明白42．clin, cliv=lean, slope, 倾斜，斜坡43．clos, clud, clus=close, 关闭44．corp, corpor=body, 身体，团体45．cracy=rule, 统治或政体，crat=ruler, 统治者46．creed, cred=believe, trust, 相信，信任47．cre, creas=grow, make, 增长，产生48．cruc, crus, crux=cross, 十字形，交叉49．crypt=secret, hidden, 秘密，隐藏50．cub, cumb=lie down, 躺；cumber=barrier, 躺的东西，障碍51．cult=till, 耕种，培养52．cur=care, 关心53．cur(r), curs, cour, cours=run, 跑，发生54．dem(o)=people, 人民，人们55．dent=tooth, 牙齿56．derm, dermat=skin, 皮肤57．dict, dic=say, assert, 说话，断言58．dign=worthy, noble, 值得，高贵59．doc, doct=to teach, 教60．don, dit=give, 给予61．du, dub, doub=two, 二，双62．duc, duct=lead, bring, 引导，带来63．dur=last, hard, 持久，坚硬64．dyn, dynam=power, 力量65．em, empt, ampl=take, procure, 拿，获得66．equ, equi=equal, even, 相等，平均67．erg, ert=energy, work, 能量，活动68．err=wander, mistake, 漫游，犯错误69．ev=age, 年龄，时代70．fabl, fabul=speak, 讲，说71．fac, fic=face, 脸，面72．fac, fact, fect, fic, fig=make, do, 做，制作73．fall, fail, fault=err, deceive, 犯错误，欺骗74．fer=bring, carry, 带来，拿来75．ferv=boil, 沸，热76．fid=trust, faith, 相信，信念77．fin=end, boundary, 结束，范围78．flam, flagr=blaze, 火焰79．flect, flex=bend, 弯曲80．flict=strike, 打击81．flor, flour=flower, 花82．flu=flow, 流动83．forc, fort=strong, 强大，力量84．form=shape, 形状85．fract, frag=break, 打碎86．frig, friger=cold, 冷87．fug=flee, 逃，离开88．fus=pour, 流，泻89．gen, gener, genit=birth, produce, 出生，产生90．geo=earth, 地，地球91．gest, gister=carry, bring, 带来，产生92．gnos(t), gnor=know, 知道93．gon=angle, 角94．grad=step, grade, 步，级95．graph, gram=write, 写，图96．grat, gree=pleasing, 感激，高兴97．grav, griev=heavy, 重98．greg=group, 群体99．gress=go, walk, 行走100．gyn, gynec=woman, 妇女101．habit=dwell, 居住102．hap=chance, 机会103．her,hes=stick, 粘附104．hibit=hold, 拿住105．hum=earth, 土，地106．hydr, hydro=water, 水107．idea, ideo=idea, 思想，观点108．idio=peculiar, private, 特殊的，个人的109．it=go, 行走110．ject=throw, cast, 投掷，扔111．junct, join=join, 结合，连接112．judg, judic=judge, 判断113．jur, juris=swear, law, 发誓，法律114．juven=young, 年轻115．labor=labor, 劳动116．laps=slip, 滑，滑走117．lat=bring out, 拿出，带出118．lav, luv, lut=wash, 洗，冲洗119．lect, lig=choose, gather, 选择，收集120．lect, leg=speak, read, 讲，读121．leg, legis=law, 法律122．lev, live=raise, lighten, 举起，变轻123．liber=free, 自由124．limin, lim=threshold, 门槛，限制125．line=line, 直线，线条126．lingu=language, 语言，原意为舌头127．liter=letter, 文字，字母128．lith=stone, 石头129．loc=place, 地方130．log,logu=speak, 说话131．logy, ology=science, 科学，学科132．long=leng, 长133．loqu, locu=speak, 说话134．luc, lust=light, shine, 光，照亮135．lumin=light, 光136．lud, lus=play, 玩，戏剧137．magn=big, 大138．man, manu=hand, 手139．mari=sea, 海洋140．mark=sign, 记号，符号141．matern, matr=mother, 母性，母亲142．med, medi=middle, 中间143．memor=memory, 记忆144．ment=mind, 思考，神志145．merg, mers=sink, 沉，没146．meter, metr, mens, meas=measure, 计量，测量147．migr=remove, 迁移148．min=project, 伸出，突出149．mini, min=small, 小150．mir=wonder, look, 惊奇，看151．misc=mix, 混淆152．miss, mit=send, cast, 送，放出153．mob=move, 动154．mod=mode, manner, 方式，模式，风度155．mon, monit=warn, 警告156．morgp=form, shape, 形状157．mort=death, 死158．mot=move, 运动159．mount=ascend, 登上160．muni, mun=public, 公共的161．mut=change, 改变162．nat=born, 出生的163．nav, maus, naut=ship, 船，naut引申为海员164．nect, nex=bind, 连结165．neg=deny, 否认166．negr, nigr=black, 黑167．noc, nox=hurt, poison, 伤害，毒168．nom(y)=a field of knowledge, 某一领域的知识169．nomin=name, 名称，名字170．norm=rule, norm, 规则，规范171．not=know, 知道，注意172．nounce, nunci=speak, 讲话，说出173．nov=new, 新的174．numer=number, 数目175．onym=nam, 名字176．oper=work, 工作177．opt=choose, 选择178．opt, opto=sight, 视力179．ora, orat=mouth, 嘴，说180．ori, orig=rise, begin, 升起，开始181．ordin=order, 命令，顺序182．orn=embellish, 装饰183．par=equal, 平等184．part, port=part, divide, 部分，分开185．pass=pass through, 通过186．pass=feeling, 感情187．path=feeling, suffering, illness, 感情，痛苦，病188．patr(i)=father, 父亲189．ped=foot, 脚190．ped=child, education, 儿童，教育191．pel, puls=drive, push, 驱动，推192．pen, pun=penalty, 惩罚193．pend, pens=hang, 悬挂194．pend, pens, pond=weight, expend, 称重量/银子，引申为花费195．peri=try, 尝试196．pet=seek, 追求，寻求197．petr(o)=stone, 石头198．phag=eat, 吃199．phil, philo=love, 爱200．phob, phobia=dislike, 厌恶201．phon=sound, 声音202．pict=paint, 描画203．plac=calm, 平静204．plat=flat, 平坦205．plant=plant, 种植206．ple, plen, pet, pli=full, fill, 满，填满207．plex=fold, 重叠208．plic, ply=fold, 重叠209．plor=cry, weep, 喊，哭210．point, punct=point, make sharp, 点，变尖211．polic, polis, polit=state, city, 国家，城市212．pon, pound=put, 放置213．popul, publ=people, 人民214．port=carry, 拿，运215．pos, posit=put, 放216．prais, preci=value, 价值217．prehens, prehend=catch, 抓住218．press=press, 挤压219．prim=first, chief, 第一，主要的220．pris=take, 拿住，抓住221．priv=single, alone, 单个222．prob, prov=test, 测试，证明223．proper, propri=one’s own, 拥有，引申为“恰当的” 224．pugn=fight, 打斗225．pur, purg=pure, 纯洁226．put=think, 认为，思考227．quest, quir, quis, quer=seek, search, 寻求，228．quiet, qui=still, 静229．quit=free, 自由230．radic=root, 根231．range=rank, 排列，顺序232．rap, rapt, rav=snatch, 捕，夺233．ras, rad=scrape, 刮擦234．rect=straight, right, 正，直235．rid,ris=laugh, 笑236．rod, ros=bite, 咬237．rog=ask, 要求，问238．rot=wheel, 轮子，转239．rud=rude, 原始，粗野240．rupt=break, 断裂241．sal=salt, 盐242．san, sanit=healthy, 健康的243．sanguin=blood, 血244．sati, satis, satur=enough, full of food, 足够，饱足245．scend, scens, scent=climb, 爬，攀246．sci=know, 知道247．scrib, script=write, 写248．secut, sequ=follow, 跟随249．sect, seg=cut, divide, 切，割250．sens, sent=feel, 感觉251．sen=old, 老252．sert=join, insert, 加入，插入253．serv=serve, keep, 服务，保持254．sid=sit, 坐255．sign=mark, 记号256．simil, simul, sembl=alike, same, 相类似，一样257．sinu=bend, 弯曲258．sist=stand, 站立259．soci=companion, 同伴，社会260．sol=alone, 单独261．sol=sun, 太阳262．solv, solu, solut=loosen, 松开263．somn=sleep, 睡眠264．son=sound, 声音265．soph=wise, 智慧，聪明266．speci=look, kind, 外观，种类267．spect, spic=look, see, 看268．sper=hope, 希望269．spers=scatter, 散开270．spir=breathe, 呼吸271．spond, spons=promise, 承诺272．st, sta, stat, stan, stant, stin=stand, 站，立273．stell=star, 星星274．still=small drop, 小水滴275．stitut, stit=set up, place, 建立，放276．sting, stinct, stimul=prick, 刺，刺激277．strain, strict, string=tighten, 拉紧278．struct=build, 建立279．sum, sum=add up, 总，加280．sume, sumpt=take, 拿，取281．sur=sure, 肯定282．tact, tag, tig, ting=touch, 接触283．tain, ten, tin, tinu=hold, 拿住284．tect=cover, 盖上285．tele=far, 远，引申为电286．temper, tempor=time, 事件或时间引起的现象287．tempt=try, 尝试288．tend, tent, tens=stretch, 伸展289．tenu=thin, 细，薄290．termin=limit, 界限291．terr=earth, 土地292．test=test, witness, 测试，证据293．text=weave, 编织294．thesis, thet=setting, 放置295．the(o)=god, 神296．therm=heat, 热297．tim=fear, 害怕298．tir=draw, 拉299．tom, tomy=cut, 切割300．tort=twist, 扭曲301．tour, torn=turn, 转302．tox=poison, 毒303．tract=draw, 拉，拖304．trem=quiver, 颤抖305．tribut=give, 给予306．treat=handle, 处理307．trud, trus=push, 推308．turb=stir, 搅动309．twine=twine, 编织310．umbr=shadow, 影子311．un, uni=one, 单一，一个312．und=wave, 波动313．urb=city, 城市314．up=up,over, 向上315．us, util=use, 用316．vac, vacu, van, void=empty, 空317．vad, vas=go, 走318．vag, vagr=wander, 漫游319．vail, val=strong, 强壮320．val,valu=value, 价值321．vari, vary=change, 变化322．ven, vent=come, 来323．venge=punish, 惩罚，引申为报仇324．ver=true, 真实325．verb=word, 词语326．vers, vert=turn, 转327．vest=clothes, 衣服328．vi, via, vey, voy=way, 道路329．vict, vinc=conquer, overcome, 征服，克服330．vid, vis=see, 看331．viv, vit, vig=life, 生命332．voc, vok=call, voice, 叫喊，声音333．vol, volunt=wish, will, 意志，意愿334．volv, volu, volt=roll, turn, 卷，转335．vor=eat, 吃336．vulg=people 人群337．vuls, vult=pluck, tear, 收缩，撕开338．zoo=animal, 动物339．plut 财富340．olig 几个，少数，缺乏。
社区获得肺炎PPT课件
混合感染 儿童CAP混合感染率为8%~40%， 年龄越小，混合感染的几率越高 。Korppi对7个儿 科医学中心CAP有关病毒和细菌血清病原学研究结 果显示:双病毒或双细菌感染各占0~14%，细菌和 病毒混合感染占3%~30%。 20%~60%CAP病例无法作出病原学诊断 。
不同年龄组CAP病原情况
社区获得性肺炎
内
容
CAP定义 病原学概述 临床特征 放射学评估 实验室检查 严重度评估 治疗 常用抗生素剂量和用法
CAP定义
CAP 定义 社区获得性肺炎（community acquired pneumonia， CAP）是指原本健康的儿童在医院 外获得的感染性肺炎，包括感染了具有明确潜伏 期的病原体而在入院后潜伏期内发病的肺炎。该 定义强调：
临床特征
临床特征
CAP患儿可有发热、咳嗽、喘憋、呼吸增快、 呼吸困难、胸壁吸气性凹陷、屏气、胸痛、头痛或 腹痛等症状。
一、征象诊断价值
1.发热 发热是小儿CAP的重要症状，高热（腋
温≥38. 50C）伴胸壁吸气性凹陷和呼吸增快 （除外因哭吵、发热等所致者）应视为病情严重。
2.吸气性凹陷和（或）呼吸频率（RR）增快 WHO 对<5岁的儿童呼吸增快的判定标准 ； ★ <2个月RR>60次/ min ；2~12个月RR >50
，也可以并发或继发其他病原肺炎，尚有部分病 例系痉咳后的吸入性肺炎。
２.病毒性下呼吸道感染特征
★
★
多见于婴幼儿；
次/min； >12个月RR >40次/min。 ★ 在所有临床征象中，呼吸增快对放射学已诊
断肺炎的患儿有最高的敏感性(74%)与特异性 (67% )；
★ 对1岁以下肺炎患儿RR还有助于提 示肺炎严重度:RR>70次/min与低氧血症的相 关敏感性63%、特异性89% 。 ★ 对于3岁以上的小儿，呼吸增快及胸
小学英语词汇带英标
小学英语词汇总结学习用品（school things）pen[pen］钢笔pencil[ˈpensəl］铅笔pencil—case[keis］铅笔盒ruler［ˈru:lə］尺子book[buk］书bag［bæɡ]包comic book [ˈkɔmik］漫画书post card[pəust］明信片newspaper［ˈnju：sˌpeipə］报纸schoolbag[ˈsku:lˌbæg］书包eraser[ɪˈreɪsə]橡皮crayon[ˈkre iən］蜡笔sharpener卷笔刀story—book［ˈstɔ：ri］故事书notebook[ˈnəutbuk]笔记本Chinese book［tʃaɪˈni：z］语文书English book[ˈɪŋglɪʃ］英语书math book［mæθ］数学书magazine［ˌmæɡəˈzi：n］杂志dictionary［ˈdikʃənəri］词典二、人体(body［ˈbɔdi]）foot[fut］脚head［hed］头face［feis］脸hair[hɛə］头发nose ［nəuz]鼻子mouth[mauθ］嘴eye[ai］眼睛ear［iə]耳朵arm ［ɑ：m］手臂hand [hænd]手finger［ˈfiŋɡə]手指leg［leɡ］腿tail[teil］尾巴三、颜色（colours[ˈkʌləz］）red[red］红blue [blu:]蓝yellow[ˈjeləu]黄green［ɡri：n]绿white［hwait]白black［blæk]黑pink[piŋk］粉红purple［ˈpə：pl］紫orange［ˈɔrindʒ]橙brown [braun］棕四、动物（animals［ˈæniməlz］）cat［kæt］猫dog[dɔɡ]狗pig［piɡ］猪duck［dʌk］鸭rabbit ［ˈræbit］兔horse[hɔ:s］马elephant[ˈelifənt］大象ant[ænt］蚂蚁fish[fiʃ］鱼bird［bə：d］鸟eagle［ˈi：ɡl］鹰beaver ［ˈbi:və］海狸snake[sneik］蛇mouse[maus］老鼠squirrel ［ˈskwirəl］松鼠kangaroo［ˌkæŋgəˈru：]袋鼠monkey[ˈmʌŋki]猴panda［ˈpændə］熊猫bear［bɛə］熊lion[ˈlaiən］狮子tiger [ˈtaiɡə]老虎fox[fɔks］狐狸zebra［ˈzi：brə］斑马deer［diə]鹿giraffe［dʒəˈræf,dʒəˈrɑːf]长颈鹿goose[ɡu：s］鹅hen[hen］母鸡turkey[ˈtə：ki]火鸡lamb［læm]小羊sheep[ʃi：p]绵羊goat[ɡəut］山羊cow[kau］奶牛squid［skwɪd］鱿鱼lobster[ˈlɔbstə］龙虾shark［ʃɑ：k］鲨鱼sea[si：l]l海豹五、人物（people［ˈpi：pl］)friend［frend］朋友boy[bɔi］男孩girl［ɡə：l］女孩mother ［ˈmʌðə］母亲father［ˈfɑ：ðə］父亲sister［ˈsistə］姐妹brother ［ˈbrʌðə]兄弟uncle[ˈʌŋkl]叔叔；man［mæn］男人woman［ˈwumən]女人Mr。
同传 关于动物保护相关单词
主席：关键词：贪婪愚昧greed and ignorance食物链food chain恶性循环vicious circle中国政府：（张丽秋）关键词：野生动物保护法Wildlife Protection Act伴侣动物Companion Animals娱乐动物Entertainment Animal尸体Corpse日本政府：（史晓雪）头衔：日本科学理事会会长The president of Science Council of Japan 关键词：《爱护及管理动物相关法律》Welfare and Management of Animals Act执行enforcement日元yen爬行动物reptiles一年有期徒刑one year's imprisonment with labor牲畜domestic animals动物福利协会Animal Welfare Society斗鸡cockfighting斗犬dog fighting食品公害food hazards药品毒性medicine toxicity生物科学biological science《动物的人道待遇和管理》Humane Treatment and Management of Animals3R原则替代(replacement);减少(reduction);优化(refinement)法国政府：（贾礼智）头衔：The French animal protection organization 法国动物保护组织关键词：Grammont Law 葛拉蒙法律decree 法令authorization 授权书许可证status 地位sentient 有感知的provision 规定European Directive 欧洲指令vertebrate 脊椎动物surgical procedure 手术过程transgenic animal 转基因动物detention 囚禁tenacity 顽强sanctuary 庇护所Phonenix Animal Rescue 凤凰动物救助社Poor Paws 可怜的小爪Association for the Protection of Abandoned Animals 流浪动物保护协会reproduce 繁殖pound (走失猫狗)待领场rehome 重新收养中国动物保护会社会机构：（孙相友）头衔：the capital animal protection organization sponsor首都动物保护组织发起人关键词：技术壁垒technical barrier狭隘narrow《实验动物管理条例》Regulation for the Administration of Affairs ConcerningExperimental Animals莫犬Samoyed猎狐犬Foxhound意大利政府：（殷传晟）德国政府：（石晓然）词语Bundesrat 联邦参议院Vertebrate 脊椎动物Animal Welfare Act 动物福利法Ordinance 条例Husbandry 畜牧业Abnormality 畸形laboratory animals 实验动物prohibit 禁止behavioral 行为的health hazards 健康危害ammunition 弹药，军火The Federal Ministry 联邦政府European Community 欧洲共同体Breeder 饲养员Microchip 微型集成电路芯片英国政府：（钟雪）日本动物保护会社会机构：（柴婉晗）头衔：日本动物保护组织Japanese Animal Protection Organization关键词：实验动物科学laboratory animal science LAS实验动物研究会Laboratory Animal Research伦理审查委员会Ethics Review Committee ERC实验动物管理与使用委员会The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee IACUCs揭开人类生命的奥秘decade the secret of human life延长人类的寿命extend the life of human beings产业公害industrial pollution食品公害food pollution毒性药品toxic drug生命科学life science美国政府：（汪晓晨）关键词：U.S Animal Protection Society 美国动物保护协会APHIS--Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 动植物健康检查服务USDA--the United States Department of Agriculture 美国农业部AWA --Animal Welfare Act 动物福利法Lacey Act 雷斯法案plant taken 工厂采取interstate 州际公路stray animals 流浪动物primates 灵长类动物guinea pigs 豚鼠hamsters 仓鼠revoked 撤销promulgate 颁布ventilation 通风veterinary care 兽医服务foregoing 上述construed 解释intentional torture 故意虐待Peter Singer 皮特·辛格HSUS-- Humane Society of the United States of America 美国慈善协会112th Congress 第112次代表大会humane handling 人性化处理in session 在会议P.S. 红字体不太重要，只需了解美国动物保护会社会机构：（寇婉姝）头衔：People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals善待动物组织关键词：Slaughter 屠宰Centerpiece 放在餐桌中央的装饰Severely 严重的Neglect 忽视Laboratory 实验室Random 随机的Violate 违反Mistreat 虐待Rampant 猖狂Deprive 剥夺Adequate 充足的curl up 蜷缩。
英语字根
77、claim, clam = cry out, shout 呼喊，叫喊
78、clear, clar, clair = clear, bright 清楚，明白
79、clin, cliv = lean, slope 侵斜，斜坡
80、clos,clud, clus = close 关闭
（共568个）
1、(a)esthet = feeling 感觉
2、abl, abili = able 能力
3、acid, acri, acrid, acu = sour, sharp 尖，酸，锐，利
4、acro = top 顶点，高点
5、act = to do, to drive 行动，做
69、chor = dance, sing 歌，舞
70、chrom = color 颜色
71、chron = time 时间
72、cid, cis = cut, kill 切开，杀
73、cil(i) = call 召集
74、circ, cycl = ring, circle 圆，环
75、cit = quote, call 引用，唤起
25、arbit(r) = judge 判断
26、arc(h) = bow 弓
27、arch, archy = ruler, rule, chief 统治者，统治，主要的
28、arm = weapon 武器
29、art = skill, joint, trick 技巧，关节，诡计
30、astro, aster = star 星星
63、ced, ceed, cess = go 行走，前进
公共卫生英文词汇
体检：medical/physical examination; health checkup普及卫生知识：to popularize hygiene knowledge疗程：course of treatment免费医疗：free medical care/treatment发病率：incidence传染病（空气传播）：infectious disease传染病（接触）：contagious disease保健：health care个人卫生：personal hygiene公告卫生：public health身体对疾病的抵抗力：the body’s resistance to diseases 讲卫生：to pay attention to hygiene卫生条件：sanitary condition/facilities体形：body build体质：general physical condition免疫的：immune复原，康复：rehabilitation/recovery急性病：acute disease慢性病：chronic disease先天性病：congenital disease先天性缺陷：birth defects潜伏期：incubation复发症：relapse并发症：complication抗生素：antibiotics昏迷：stupor扭伤：sprain擦伤：graze外伤：trauma淤伤：bruise骨折：fracture脱臼：dislocation截肢：amputation输血：blood transfusion移植：transplant安乐死：euthanasia疲劳：fatigue炎症：inflammation恶心：nausea呕吐：vomit流行病：epidemic disease地方病：endemic disease症状：symptom防治：prevention and treatment疑似病例：suspected case确诊病例：confirmed case发现：detection报告：reporting 隔离：quarantine中暑：heat stroke过敏症：allergy健忘症：amnesia自闭症：autism整形手术：cosmetics surgery肺炎：pneumonia支气管炎：bronchitis癌症：cancer哮喘：asthma流感：flu高血压：high blood pressure/hypertension 疟疾：malaria伤寒：typhoid霍乱：cholera疫苗：vaccine; 打疫苗：vaccinate天花：variola/smallpox腹泻：diarrhea偏头痛：migraine贫血：anemia, anaemia阑尾炎：appendicitis便秘：constipation关节炎：arthritis水痘：chicken pox, varicella糖尿病：diabetes湿疹：eczema癫痫：epilepsy痛风：gout偏瘫, 半身不遂：hemiplegy, hemiplegia 老人痴呆症：Alzheimer智力迟钝：mental retardation帕金森氏综合症：Parkinsonism脑中风：stroke窒息：suffocation终期病患：terminal illness消化不良：indigestion营养不良：malnutrition营养过度：hypernutrition白血病：leukemia麻疹：measles流行性腮腺炎：mumps麻痹：paralysis狂犬病：rabies风湿病：rheumatism佝偻病：rickets梅毒：syphilis瘤：tumour,tumor百日咳：whooping cough。
小学1-6年级单词英汉对照
201
202 sandals /＇sændl/
202
203 boots /bu:ts/
203
204 hat /hæt/
204
205 cap /kæp/
205
206 tie /tai/
206
青豆
西红柿 土豆
黄瓜
洋葱 豌豆 胡萝卜 卷心菜 南瓜
红薯
衣服 夹克衫 衬衫 恤衫 短裙子 连衣裙 牛仔裤
裤子
袜子 鞋子 毛衣 外套 雨衣 短裤 凉鞋 靴子 有边帽 无边帽 领带
1 1、（school things）
1
2 pen /pen/
2
3 pencil /＇pensl/
3
pencil-case /＇
4 penslkeis /
4
5 ruler /＇ru:lə/
5
6 book /buk/
6
7 bag /bæg/
7
8 post card /pəust kɑ:d/ 8
newspaper /＇
187 ＇teitəu /
187
188 7、（clothes）
188
189 jacket /＇dʒækit/
189
190 shirt /ʃə:t/
190
191 T-shirt T
191
192 skirt /skə:t/
192
193 dress /dres/
193
194 jeans /dʒi:nz/
194
157 water /＇wɔ:tə/
157
158 ice-cream /ais kri:m/ 158
159 cola /＇kəulə/
cap认证 检测项目
cap认证 检测项目
CAP认证，即美国临床实验室改进法案（Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments）的认证，是针对临床实验室的质量和能力的一种认证。
CAP认证的检测项目主要包括以下几个方面：
1. 生物学检测：包括细菌、病毒、真菌等微生物检测，以及免疫学、分子生物学等生物分子检测。
2. 化学检测：涉及毒品、药物、毒物、污染物等化学物质的检测，包括无机离子、有机化合物、蛋白质等。
3. 血液学检测：包括血型、凝血功能、贫血等相关检测。
4. 免疫学检测：涉及抗体、细胞因子、肿瘤标志物等相关检测。
5. 分子生物学检测：包括基因、蛋白质、代谢物等分子水平的检测。
6. 病理学检测：包括组织学、细胞学、病理生理学等相关检测。
7. 遗传学检测：涉及基因突变、染色体异常等遗传病的检测。
8. 环境卫生学检测：包括空气质量、水质、土壤、噪声等方面的监测。
9. 食品检测：涉及食品安全、营养成分、添加剂、污染物等方面的检测。
10. 传染病检测：包括病毒、细菌、寄生虫等传染病的检测。
此外，CAP认证还包括一系列质量控制项目，如实验室管理、人员培训、设备校准、室内质量控制、外部质量评估等，以确保检测结果的可靠性和准确性。
总之，CAP认证检测项目会随着科学技术的发展和市场需求而不断调整和更新。
因此，实验室在进行CAP认证时，需要关注最新的认证要求和技术动态。
社区获得性肺炎指南
胞菌感染年
喹诺酮类；(3)具有抗假单胞菌活性的B一内酰胺类联合有抗假
龄≥65岁)
单胞菌活性的喹诺酮类或氨基糖苷类；(4)具有抗假单胞菌活性
的B-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类性、喹诺酮类三药联合
抗感染治疗疗程
• 一般可于热退2—3 d且主要呼吸道症状明显改善后停药， 但疗程应视病情严重程度、缓解速度、并发症以及不同病 原体而异，不必以肺部阴影吸收程度作为停用抗菌药物的 指征。通常轻、中度CAP患者疗程5～7 d，重症以及伴有 肺外并发症患者可适当延长抗感染疗程。非典型病原体治 疗反应较慢者疗程延长至10～14 d。金黄色葡萄球菌、铜 绿假单胞菌、克雷伯菌属或厌氧菌等容易导致肺组织坏死 ，抗菌药物疗程可延长至14～21天
第二部分CAP病情严重程度评价、住院标准 及重症CAP诊断标准
• 一、CAP病情严重程度评估
• CAP严重程度的评分系统可作为辅助评价工具，为临床诊 治提供帮助，但医生应结合临床经验作出判断，动态观察 病情变化;CURB-65、CRB-65(C：意识障碍，u：尿素氮 ，R：呼吸频率，B：血压，65：年龄)和肺炎严重指数 (Pneumonia Severity Index，PSI)评分低估流感病毒肺炎 的死亡风险和严重程度，而氧合指数结合外周血淋巴细胞 绝对值减低预测流感病毒肺炎死亡风险优于CURB_65和 PSI
岁)
体、流感病毒、RSV病
毒、卡他莫拉菌
需人院治疗、肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血 青壮年组(1)青霉素G、氨基青霉素、青霉素类／酶抑制剂复合
但不必收住 杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、金 物；(2)二代、三代头孢菌素、头霉素类、氧头孢烯类；(3)上
ICU 分 青 壮 黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎支 述药物联合多西环素、米诺环素或大环内酯类；(4)呼吸喹诺酮
人教版(2024)英语七年级上册期中素养知识梳理卷
人教版（2024）英语七年级上册期中素养知识梳理卷重点单词与短语。
1. n.单元________2. v.招呼；问候________3. adj.& pron.每个；各自________4. pron.另外的人（或物）adj.另外的；其他的________5. v.开始；着手________6. n.谈话；交谈________7. v.用字母拼；拼写________8. n.铃（声）；钟（声）________9. 互相；彼此________10. The child is shy and doesn’t like to g_______ people.11. In the UK, classes often s_______ at nine o’clock.12. —Can you s_______ your name, please?—Yes. R-O-B-I-N, Robin.13. English people often talk about the weather to start a c_______.14. 我可以知道你的姓名吗？________ I ________ your name?15. 您的名字怎样拼写？________ do you ________ your name?16. 你可以叫我轩轩。
You can ________ ________ Xuanxuan.17. 见到你很高兴，菲菲。
________ to ________ you, Feifei.18. 铃响了。
该上课了。
That’s the ________. It’s time for ________.重点单词与短语。
19. n.瓶子________20. n.橡皮________21. n.钥匙；关键________22. n.东西；事情________23. v. & n.需要________24. 别客气；不用谢。
三基考试-医技三基-基础理论-微生物与免疫学(第4部分)
4名词解释题1.VacA答案：( 即空泡毒素，是幽门螺杆菌分泌的一种蛋白毒素，可导致黏膜细胞发生空泡样变，是幽门螺杆菌主要致病物质之一。
)名词解释题2.Prion答案：( 朊粒(prion)是一种由正常宿主细胞自身基因编码的错构蛋白质，不含核酸，具有自我增殖能力和传染性，引起人和动物的传染性海绵状脑病(TSE) 。
)名词解释题3.亚单位疫苗(subunit vaccine)答案：( 是去除病原体中与激发保护性免疫无关或有害的成分，但保留能有效诱发机体产生免疫应答的细菌免疫原成分而制备的疫苗，称为亚单位疫苗。
)名词解释题4.地方流行性真菌答案：( 地方流行性真菌均属双相型真菌，引起的感染具有地方流行特点，包括荚膜组织胞质菌、粗球孢子菌、皮炎芽生菌、巴西副球孢子菌及马尔尼菲青霉菌。
)名词解释题5.赫氏反应答案：( 部分钩端螺旋体病病人注射青霉素后出现寒战、高热、低血压，有的甚至出现抽搐、休克、呼吸和心跳暂停，称之赫氏反应，该反应可能与钩端螺旋体被青霉素杀灭后所释放的大量毒性物质有关。
)简答题6.什么是免疫球蛋白?什么是抗体?答案：( (1)免疫球蛋白：具有抗体活性或化学结构上与抗体相似的球蛋白统称为免疫球蛋白(Ig) ，所以免疫球蛋白是一个结构化学的概念。
(2)抗体：抗体(Ab)是功能与生物学概念，它是在抗原刺激下由浆细胞产生的具有与相应抗原特异性结合的免疫球蛋白。
虽然抗体都是免疫球蛋白，但并非所有的免疫球蛋白都是抗体。
)简答题7.简述新生隐球菌所致疾病。
答案：( 新生隐球菌为机会致病菌，多数引起外源性感染，也可引起内源性感染。
该菌由呼吸道吸入，初始感染灶多为肺部。
肺部感染一般预后良好。
但该菌可从肺部播散至全身，引起皮肤、黏膜、淋巴结、骨、内脏等各部位感染，最易侵犯中枢神经系统，引起慢性脑膜炎。
)简答题8.什么是干扰素?有何作用?答案：( 干扰素是病毒或其他干扰素诱生剂刺激人或动物细胞所产生的一种糖蛋白，它具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤和免疫调节等多种生物学活性。
卫生学名词解释
Chp 1 人类和环境生态平衡:在一定的时间内，生态系统中的生产者、消费者和分解者之间，生物群落与非生物环境之间，物质、能量的输出和输入，生物学种群和数量，以及各数量之间的比例，始终保持着一种动态平衡关系，称之为生态平衡。
生态系统健康(ecosystem health):具有活力、自调节能力和结构稳定的生态系统称为健康的生态系统。
生态系统健康是人类生存和发展的物质基础，也是人类健康的基础。
生物放大作用(biomagnification)：环境中某些污染物含量在生物体之间沿着食物链逐级增高，使生物体内浓度超过环境中浓度环境污染（environmental pollution）由于各种人为的或自然的原因，使环境的构成发生大变化，造成环境质量恶化，破坏了生态平衡，对人类健康造成直接的、间接的或潜在的有害影响。
环境污染物:进入环境并能引起环境污染的物质：自然污染和人为污染，后者为主。
公害（public nuisance）严重的环境污染叫公害。
特点：区域性，多为人为，连续污染，受害人数多，动植物同时受害。
靶器官：多数情况下污染物贮存的部位就是毒物直接作用部位，称为靶部位（靶组织或靶器官）贮存库：化学物含量高，但不显示明显毒作用的部位;血浆蛋白(白蛋白为主)是暂时贮存库; 肝、肾、脂肪组织是多数污染物的贮存库.eg硫蛋白(metallothionein)物质蓄积：进入机体的污染物或其代谢产物，不能完全排出而逐渐蓄积于体内功能蓄积：毒物进入体内后，用现代检测技术不能发现其在体内有明显贮留，但由该物质引起的功能改变却逐渐累积，导致机体对该毒物的反应性增强生物转化：进入机体的环境化学物，在体液或组织内参与机体固有的复杂生化过程，使其本身的化学结构发生一系列变化。
生物监测指标(生物标记物)：血液、尿液、呼出气、毛发及脂肪组织等生物样品中某些化学物或其代谢产物的含量，可作为评价体内该化学物量的生物检测指标，即生物标记物致突变作用：引起生物体细胞遗传物质发生可遗传改变的作用致突变性：化学物或其他环境因素引起遗传物质发生突变的能力环境内分泌干扰物：能够改变内分泌系统功能，从而对整个机体或其后代，或其（亚）群体引起健康效应的外源性物质或混合物剂量-效应关系：表示化学物的摄入量（剂量）与生物个体或群体中发生某种量效应强度之间的关系; 主要反映环境因素与个体之间的关系剂量-反应关系：表示化学物的剂量与某一生物群体中出现某种强度生物效应的发生率之间的关系;某一特定生物效应发生在群体的频率之间关系Chp2生活环境和健康一次污染物（primary pollutant）：直接来源于污染源的污染物，如SO2、H2S、CO、CO2等。
英文缩写_全称
abbreviate from(来源)
Advanced Business Application Programming 高级商务应用程序 Activities Based Costing 基于成本的活动 Automatic insertion 自动 插入 Automated Inspection Technology 自动检查技 术 Accelerated life test 加速老化试 验 Approved Manufacturer Lists 批准的制 造商列表 Approved Manufacturers Parts Lists 批准的制造 商元件列表 Analysis of Variance 方差分析法 Automatic Optical Inspection 自动光学 检查 American Production and Inventory Control Society 美国产品和投资控制协会 Advanced Product Quality Planning and Control Plan 产品质量先期策划和控制计划 Advanced Planning System 高级计划 系统 As soon as possible Available to Promise Approved Vendor List 应商列表 Ball Grid Array 格阵列 Bill Of Materials 单 Bill of Material 单 Boards per hour 生产板数 Business Process Procedure 程 Bottom Side Quality Control Board System Test 统测试 Business Unit Co-ordinator 员 Business Unit Director Business Unit Manager Corrective Action Committee 委员会 Computer Aided Design 助设计 Computer Aided Engineering 助工程 Computer Aided Manufacture 助制造 Corrective action plan Corrective Action Report 报告 尽快 批准的供 球形栅 物料清 物料清 每小时 商务处理流 板子系 商务协调 商务总监 商务经理 纠正行动 计算机辅 计算机辅 计算机辅 矫正计划 纠正动作
社区获得性肺炎
实验室和辅助检查
1.
2.
周围血象 WBC高达20-30×109/L，N% ＞90%，核明显左移，常有中毒颗粒。 微生物学培养 最好在使用抗生素之前进行， 有助于排除结核。 血培养 痰涂片、痰培养（需氧、厌氧）+药敏 CT或超声引导下经皮肺穿：只有在治疗无效 时，有出血、气胸、胸膜种植感染的危险。
鉴别诊断
需除外结核杆菌感染、HIV患者的肺 孢子菌肺炎等。
病情评估
肺炎严重指数（PSI） 特征 人口统计学因素 年龄≥50岁 男性 女性 疗养院居住者 伴随疾病 肿瘤 肝脏疾病
评分
年龄 年龄-10 +10 +30 +20
病情评估
充血性心力衰竭 脑血管疾病 肾脏疾病 COPD 糖尿病 AIDS 1年内曾因CAP住院 脾切除术后 器官移植术后 +10 +10 +10 +10 +10 +10 +10 +10 +10
分类
根据病因和感染途径
1.
吸入性肺脓肿 最常见，60%，病原体经口腔、上呼吸 道吸入，误吸是常见病因。 睡眠时、鼻胃插管、气管切开、全身麻 醉、酗酒、癫痫发作、使用镇静剂过量 等。 右主支气管较左侧粗、陡直，吸入物易 进右肺。
分类
2.
继发性肺脓肿 多继发肺部疾病，如细菌性肺炎或支扩、 肺癌。 肺部邻近器官化脓性病变，如膈下脓肿、 肾周围脓肿、脊柱旁脓肿和食管穿孔感 染等，穿破至肺形成肺脓肿；阿米巴肝 脓肿易穿破膈至右下肺，形成阿米巴肺 脓肿。
辅助检查
胸部X线 新出现或进展性肺部浸润病变，表现为 片状、斑片状炎性浸润阴影，也可出现 肺间质性改变，伴有或不伴有胸腔积液。 病变累及1个肺叶以上、出现空洞、病 情迅速扩散或出现胸腔积液提示病情严 重。
医学专业英语短语
短语1.to excrete toxins--- 排出毒素2.health maintenance --- 健康保持3.a building block --- 基本构件4.waning of immunity --- 免疫力减弱5.recurrent jaundice --- 反复发作的黄疸6.exacerbate pathophysiology --- 加重病理生理状况7.aggressive treatment--- 积极治疗8.medical budget --- 医疗预算9.a clinical trial --- 临床试验10.widespread metastases --- 广泛转移11.anti-tumor agents--- 抗肿瘤的药剂12.medical literature --- 医学文献13. a health crisis --- 健康危机14.the Red Cross --- 红十字会15.anxiety and confusion--- 焦虑与困惑16. a malaria case --- 一个疟疾病例17.bilirubin metabolism --- 胆红素代谢18.blood pressure control --- 血压控制19.aggressive treatment--- 积极治疗20. a nursing station --- 护士站21.brain perfusion --- 大脑血灌注22. a 10-year follow-up study --- 10年的跟踪研究23.cardiovascular reactions--- 心血管反应24. a medical ward --- 内科病房25.casualty of war --- 战争中的人员伤亡26.blood pressure control --- 血压控制27. a typical office visit --- 典型的诊所就诊28.certification evaluations--- 证书评估29.bottled water--- 瓶装水30.agents of bioterrorism --- 生物恐怖活动病原31.childproof cap--- 防孩子打开的盖子32.an animal model --- 动物模型33.an internal medicine residency --- 内科实习期34.aggressive treatment--- 积极治疗plications or concomitant conditions--- 并发症与合并症36.an unknown pathogen --- 一种未知的病原体37.continuing medical education credits --- 继续医学教育学分38.an international humanitarian group --- 一个国际人道主义组织39.control group--- 对照组40.chronic illness--- 慢性病41.antibiotics and vaccine --- 抗生素和疫苗42.coordination of emotions --- 情绪协调43.Aorto-coronary arterial bypass --- 主动脉冠状动脉旁路44.dairy category--- 乳制品类45.be completely from sth immune --- 对某事完全免疫46.decaying teeth--- 蛀牙47.becoming bedridden --- 卧床不起48.diagnostic errors --- 诊断错误49.bedside manner --- 医生对患者的态度,临床举止50.diastolic blood pressure--- 舒张压51.bilateral infiltrates --- 双侧浸润52.dietary habits --- 饮食习惯53.brain function --- 脑功能54.emergency decisions--- 紧急状况下做的决定55.bubonic plague --- 腺鼠疫56.emergency relief efforts--- 紧急援助工作57.emergent disease --- 新现疾病58.caloric intake --- 热量摄入59.exclusive purview--- 专属领域60.childhood obesity --- 儿童肥胖症61.exposure to carriers of disease --- 接触带病者62.Chronic gastric ulcer --- 慢性胃溃疡63.foodborne infections--- 通过食物传播的传染病64.classic manifestations --- 典型临床表现65.fragile health--- 脆弱的健康66.exclusive purview--- 专属领域67.clinical course --- 临床病程68.genetic shift--- 基因改变69.exposure to carriers of disease --- 接触带病者70.genuine feelings and emotions --- 真情实感71.clinical ideal --- 临床理念72.in vivo pharmacology--- 体内药理学73.clinical investigation --- 临床调查74.incidence of relapse--- 复发率75.clinical maladies --- 临床疾患76.infectious disease--- 传染病77.genuine feelings and emotions --- 真情实感fort measures --- 舒适护理措施rmed treatment decision --- 知情治疗决定puterized tomography --- CT, 计算机断层描81.interferon gamma tests--- Y干扰素测试82.DEXA scan --- DEXA扫描83.intractable infectious diseases --- 难治的传染病84.dose regimen --- 剂量方案85.intravenous morphine--- 静脉注射吗啡86.drug resistance --- 抗药性bored breathing--- 呼吸困难88.drug toxicity --- 药物毒性tent tuberculosis --- 潜伏结核病90.electronic record --- 电子病历91.lean protein--- 精益蛋白质92.emotional solace --- 情感慰藉93.life-support machines--- 生命维持系统94.mammogram report --- 乳房X线检查报告95.energy and vitality --- 能量和活力96.neurological complications--- 神经性并发症97.ethical principles --- 伦理准则rmed treatment decision --- 知情治疗决定99.neuromuscular electrical stimulation --- 神经肌肉电刺激。
社区获得性肺炎与医院获得性肺炎指南
P 125/min 血尿素氮 11mmol/L; 钠 <130 mmol/L
血糖 250 mg/dL; 红细胞压积 < 30%
胸腔积液 pO2 < 60 mmHg,SaO2
Ph<7.30
10 30
年 (女性减10分)
30 20 10 20
15 10
20
10
10
现在是10页\一共有58页\编F辑in于e星M期三J, et al. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:243-250.
– 最近90天在急性护理医院住过2-3d – 居住在护理之家或长期护理机构
– 在最近30天接受过静脉抗生素、化疗药或伤口处理
– 在医院或门诊部接受透析治疗
现在是3页\一共有58页\编辑于星期三
第一部分 社区获得性肺炎（CAP）
现在是4页\一共有58页\编辑于星期三
CAP如何诊断？
现在是5页\一共有58页\编辑于星期三
现在是23页\一共有58页\编辑于星期三
病原学检查
痰检查 (尽快<2h)
✓ 痰涂片：简便、快捷
WBC>25/LF，鳞状上皮<10/LF—下呼吸道 根据Gram染色和形态判断细菌种类 特殊染色发现特殊病原
存在多种菌判断优势菌
✓ 痰培养：
• 合格痰，培养优势菌中度以上生长（≧+++）
• 合格痰，标本细菌少量，但与涂片镜检结果一致，3d内多次培养
现在是18页\一共有58页\编辑于星期三
某些特殊情况的常见致病菌
酗酒
肺链、口腔厌氧菌、肺克、不动杆菌、结核菌
COPD/吸烟 流感嗜血杆菌、绿脓、军团、肺链
leptospira interrogans ss. icterohaemorrhagiae-感染的
LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS SSP.Aetiology Epidemiology Diagnosis Prevention and ControlPotential Impacts of Disease Agent Beyond Clinical Illness References AETIOLOGYClassification of the causative agentLeptospira interrogans, the causative agent of leptospirosis, consists of numerable serotypes capable of causing a variety of disease manifestations in a wide range of hosts. This motile and flagellated spirochete bacterium is recognizable via microscopy and earned its name from a characteristic hooked appearance that resembles a question mark. The taxonomic classifications within the Leptospira genus have been reorganized many times in accordance with new antigenic, genomic, and pathologic data. What was once over 250 serovars grouped into two Leptospira species is now 21 genomospecies of Leptospira with reclassified serovars. While the new taxonomic names are typically used in the scientific literature, historical names still circulate on product labels and in common use.Not all serovars of Leptospira are pathogenic, and many are associated with a reservoir species in which little disease is apparent. Many serovars are highly prevalent within maintenance host populations and persist in the kidneys or genital tract. Small antibody responses and low tissue burdens are typical in these animals. Incidental hosts, however, typically develop serious disease with high tissue burdens and robust antibody responses. These classifications are not always entirely distinct and some overlap between presentations can exist.Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease but is typically associated with at-risk occupations (veterinarian, livestock owners, dairy workers, etc.) and exposure to contaminated water.Resistance to physical and chemical actionTemperature: Generally fails to persist at <10°C or >34°C;pasteurization and moist heat at 121°C/15 minutes are effective methodsof killing leptospirespH: Prefers neutral to slightly alkaline conditionsChemicals/Disinfectants: Inactivated by 1% sodium hypochlorite, 70%ethanol, formaldehyde, detergents, quaternary ammonium compounds,iodine based compounds, glutaraldehyde, and hydrogen peroxideSurvival: Warm, moist conditions greatly enhance survival; maypersist up to 6 weeks under favorable conditions; freezing, dehydration,and UV radiation inactivate leptospiresEPIDEMIOLOGYHosts●Virtually all mammals are vulnerable to pathogenic Leptospira serovars to varying degrees○Many serovars have specific maintenance hosts while others are more promiscuous●Leptospira serovars known to cause disease in mammals have been isolated from amphibians○Some serovars have also been isolated from invertebrates, reptiles, and birdsProminent host-serovar associations●Armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus, Euphractus sexcinctus) - Autumnalis, Cynopteri, Hebdomadis,Pomona●Bandicoots (Isoodon macrourus, Perameles spp.) - numerous serovars have been associated withthese species●Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris) - Pomona●Canids (Canis latrans, C. familiaris, C. lupus) - Bratislava, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo,Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona●Cattle (Bos taurus, Syncerus caffer) - Hardjo and others●Cervids - Bratislava, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona●European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)●Felids (Felis silvestris silvestris, F. silvestris catus, Lynx spp.)●Flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) - a multitude of Leptospira serovars have been identified in variousspecies of bat●Foxes (Vulpes lagopus, V. vulpes, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Lycalopex griseus) - Bratislava,Canicola, Grippotyphosa●Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) - Djasiman●Horses (Equus ferus) - Bratislava●Lagomorphs (Lepus europaeus, L. timidus, Oryctolagus cuniculus) - Grippotyphosa●Marine mammals (Eubalaena australis,Trichechus manatus ) - Australis, Manaua○Sea lions (Zalophus californianus, Z. wollebaeki) and seals (Callorhinus ursinus, Phoca vitulina, Mirounga angustirostris, Arctocephalus forsteri) - Canicola, Hardjo, Pomona ○There have been multiple mass-mortality events attributed to leptospirosis in California sea lions●Marsupials - Australis, Autumnalis, Ballum, Bataviae, Celledoni, Cynopteri, Djasiman,Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Mini, Panama, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Sejroe, Tarassov, Topaz●Mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus, Mungos mungo, Paracynictis selousi) - Bratislava, Hardjo●Mustelids (Meles meles, Martes fiona, M. martes, Mustela putorius, M. nivalis, M. ermine, Lutra lutra)●Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) - Autumnalis, Hardjo, Grippotyphosa●Raccoons (Procyon itor) and skunks (Mephitis mephitis) - Bratislava, Canicola, Grippotyphosa,Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona●Rodents and insectivores - Arborea, Australis, Ballum, Bindjei, Broomi, Canicola, Celledoni,Gryppotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Mini, Pomona, Pyrogenes, Sejroe, Tarrasovi, Zanoni○Rats are well-appreciated hosts for serotype Icterohaemorrhagiae●Swine (Sus scrofa and other spp.) - Bratislava, Hardjo, Pomona●Vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) - Australis, Grippotyphosa, Javanica●Multiple snake, turtle, toad, and frog species have also been identified as PCR and/or serologicallypositiveTransmission●Ingestion●Contact with mucous membranes or wet, abraded skin●Some serovars can be transmitted venerally or transplacentallySources●Urine●Contaminated soil and water●Placental fluids●Genital secretions●Milk●BloodOccurrenceMany wildlife species are reservoirs for Leptospira and subsequently maintain host-bacterium interactions that do not negatively impact the animal. Over time, selection pressures on the leptospires many change and drive reservoir species relationships to shift accordingly. Therefore, it is important to assess the epidemiology of leptospirosis on a more local level to understand transmission risks and disease impacts.Leptospira is globally enzootic, but disease is more frequently seen in warm and moist environments. This may be seasonal (temperate zones) or more constant (tropical regions). Rainfall encourages persistence of the organism in the environment. Additionally, some serotypes are much more geographically dispersed and others are found in more limited regions.For more recent, detailed information on the occurrence of this disease worldwide, see the OIE World Animal Health Information System - Wild (WAHIS-Wild) Interface [http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahidwild.php/Index].DIAGNOSISAfter invasion of mucous membranes or damaged skin, there is a 4-20 day incubation period followed by a 7-10 day period of circulation in the bloodstream. Clinical signs of acute leptospirosis depend on the tissues colonized during this period of bacteraemia, the host species, and infecting serovar. A robust antibody response follows and is associated with a declining bacteraemia. Tissues may recover slowly or not at all depending on the degree of damage. Death is possible in severe cases.Incidental hosts maintain the bacterium in renal tubules for days to weeks and shed the organism in urine. Maintenance hosts, however, maintain the bacterium in the renal tubules, genital tract, and/or eyes and shed it in urine or genital secretions for months to years after infection.Clinical diagnosisLeptospirosis is a highly variable, systemic infection and the presentation depends on the infecting serovar, the host species, and the host’s general health and immune status. Maintenance hosts typically do not develop significant clinical disease. Incidental hosts typically experience severe, acute disease secondary to bacterial toxins and inflammatory responses generated by the immune system. Initially, animals may be febrile and anorectic. They may quickly develop signs of haemorrhage and haemolytic anaemia secondary to endothelial damage such as mucosal petechiation, icterus, haemoglobinuria/haematuria, dehydration, vomiting, and colic. Acute renal injury develops rapidly and is a significant contributor to mortality. Pneumonia, meningitis, uveitis, corneal opacification, photosensitization, myalgia, and pancreatitis are also possible.Reproductive disease is often characterised by abortion/stillbirth, mummified fetuses, infertility, blood in milk, or a cessation of milk production. If not aborted, neonates infected transplacentally are typically weak. Maintenance hosts do not develop reproductive disease acutely like incidental hosts, but instead remain subclinical for weeks to months.Lesions●Renal tubular necrosis and suppurative nephritis○Pale, oedematous parenchyma +/- pitting of the serosal surface and capsular adhesions○Subcapsular haemorrhage○Inflammation initially characterised by neutrophils but becomes lymphoplasmacytic○Mixed inflammatory processes are associated with higher mortality rates●Hepatomegaly +/- necrotizing hepatitis○The liver is often friable and discolored in a lobular pattern●Pulmonary haemorrhage●Petechiae and ecchymoses on mucous membranes and internal organs●Horses may develop uveitis with conjunctivitis, corneal oedema, synechia, or cataractsDifferential diagnoses●Ocular disease○Equine recurrent uveitis○Traumatic uveitis/reflex uveitis○Infectious conjunctivitis●Kidney disease○Toxin exposure (e.g., ethylene glycol)○Infectious nephritis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis○Renal tubular acidosis○Nematodes (Stephanurus dentatus, Dioctophyma renale)●Reproductive failure or compromise○Brucellosis○Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)○Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)○Q-Fever (Coxiella burnetii)○Neospora spp.○Tritrichomonas foetus○Mastitis, metritis●Liver disease, icterus, and haemolytic anaemia○Viral hepatitis○Toxin exposure (e.g., heavy metals, anticoagulant rodenticides)○Rickettsial infection○Clostridium haemolyticum, C. perfringens A○Neonatal isoerythrolysis●Bacterial septicaemiaLaboratory diagnosisSamplesFor isolation of agent●Kidney●Blood●Urine●Other grossly affected tissue such as liverSerological tests●Serum●Whole bloodProceduresIdentification of the agent●Silver-stained histopathology slides allow for direct visualization of the organism in renal tubules●Immunohistochemistry (IHC)●Bacterial culture○Because the organism is low-growing, this may take 12-26 weeks○Best available method to determine infecting serovar●Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)○Widely variable protocols○Does not provide serovar-specific resultsSerological tests●Microscopic agglutination test (MAT)○Uses live, regionally common serovars of Leptospira○Requires diagnostic laboratory to maintain live cultures of serovars○Provides quantitative titre level●Antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)○Currently used for domestic canines; detects antibodies to LipL32 protein○Results are qualitative (positive/negative) and may yield false positives in the event of prior vaccination●Immunofluorescence assay (IFA)●There is not yet a consensus on what a diagnostic titre for Leptospira should be, therefore pairedacute and convalescent sera are recommended for testing●Caution should be taken when interpreting serology data; antibody titre does not always correspondwith disease stateFor more detailed information regarding laboratory diagnostic methodologies, please refer to Chapter 3.1.12 Leptospirosis in the latest edition of the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals.PREVENTION AND CONTROLSanitary prophylaxis●Extra precautions should be taken when cleaning areas frequented by potential Leptospira hosts.Wear gowns, shoe covers, and gloves to prevent contamination of personal clothing. Face shields are recommended to protect mucous membranes from aerosols.Medical prophylaxis●There are a variety of Leptospira vaccines available for domestic animals, including livestock○Vaccine intent may vary from prevention of infection to reduction of renal colonization and urine shedding○Read vaccine labels to determine which serovars are targeted, as immunity is believed to be serovar-specificPOTENTIAL IMPACTS OF DISEASE AGENT BEYOND CLINICAL ILLNESS Risks to public health●Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease. Because clinical signs can be vague and maintenance hostscan be asymptomatic carriers, basic protective measures are suggested for at-risk populations (veterinarians, livestock owners, dairy workers, etc.): protect eyes with safety glasses, wear gloves especially if there are openings in the skin, thoroughly wash hands after interacting with animals of unknown status and before consuming food or water, etc.○Pregnant individuals within at-risk populations are particularly advised to utilise protective measures.●Many domestic animal species, including dogs, horses, and livestock, are susceptible to leptospirosisand could potentially transmit it to humans. Individuals should speak with local veterinarians to determine risk and appropriate prevention strategies, including animal vaccines.Risks to agriculture●If livestock or working animals (horses, dogs) develop clinical disease due to Leptospira, decreasedthrift and reproductive compromise can significantly impact production. Working animals may not beable to do their jobs as efficiently, and livestock may demand increased resources for treatment while producing less.REFERENCES AND OTHER INFORMATION●Atherstone, C., Picozzi, K., & Kalema-Zikusoka, G. (2014). Seroprevalence of Leptospira hardjo incattle and African buffalos in southwestern Uganda. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90(2), 288–290.●Ayral, F., Djelouadji, Z., Raton, V., Zilber, A. L., Gasqui, P., et al. (2016). Hedgehogs and mustelidspecies: major carriers of pathogenic Leptospira, a survey in 28 animal species in France (20122015). PloS One, 11(9), e0162549.●Biscola, N. P., Fornazari, F., Saad, E., Richini-Pereira, V. B., Campagner, M. V., et al. (2011).Serological investigation and PCR in detection of pathogenic leptospires in snakes. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 31(9), 806-811.●Buhnerkempe, M. G., Pragger, K. C., Strelloff, C. C., Greig, D. J., Laake, J. L., et al. (2017). Detectingsignals of chronic shedding to explain pathogen persistence: Leptospira interrogans in California sea lions. Journal of Animal Ecology, 86(3), 460-472.●Denkinger, J., Guevara, N., Ayala, S., Murillo, J. C., Hirschfeld, M., et al. (2017). Pup mortality andevidence for pathogen exposure in Galapagos sea lions (Zalophus wollebaeki) on San Cristobal Island, Galapagos, Ecuador. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 53(3), 491-498.●Gravekamp, C., Korver, H., Montgomery, J., Everard, C. O. R., Carrington, D., et al. (1991).Leptospires isolated from toads and frogs on the island of Barbados. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, 275(3), 403-411.●Jobbins, S. E., Sanderson, S. E., & Alexander, K. A. (2014). Leptospira interrogans at the human-wildlife interface in northern Botswana: a newly identified public health threat. Zoonoses and Public Health, 61, 113-123.●Karesh, W. B., Hart, J. A., Hart, T. B., House, C., Torres, A., et al. (1995). Health evaluation of fivesympatric duiker species (Cephalophus spp). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 26(4), 485-502.●Leighton, F. A. & Kuiken, T. (2001). Leptospirosis. In E. S. Williams and I. K. Barker (Eds.), InfectiousDiseases of Wild Mammals (3rd ed., pp. 498-502). Iowa State Press.●Loffler, G. S., Rago, V., Martinez, M., Uhart, M., Florin-Christensen, M., et al. (2015). Isolation of aseawater tolerant Leptospira spp. from a southern right whale (Eubalaena australis). PLoS One, 10(12), e0144974.●Lunn, K. F. (2018). Overview of leptospirosis. Merck Veterinary Manual.Accessed 2020:https:///generalized-conditions/leptospirosis/overview-of-leptospirosis?query=leptospira●Pedersen, K., Anderson, T. D., Maison, R. M., Wiscomb, G. W., Pipas, M. J., et al. (2018). Leptospiraantibodies detected in wildlife in the USA and the US Virgin Islands. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 54(3), 450-459.●Spickler, A. R. & Leedom, L. K. R. (2013). Leptospirosis. Accessed 2020:/Factsheets/pdfs/leptospirosis.pdf●The World Organisation for Animal Health (2018). Leptospirosis. Accessed 2020:https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.01.12_LEPTO.pdf●Vieira, A. S., Pinto, P. S, & Lillenbaum, W. (2018). A systematic review of leptospirosis on wildanimals in Latin America. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 50(2), 229-238.●Wildlife Health Australia (2018). Leptospira infection in Australian mammals. Accessed 2020:https://.au/FactSheets.aspx●Wildlife Health Australia (2011). Leptospira infection in Australian seals. Accessed 2020:https://.au/FactSheets.aspx** *。
2023年中国农科院历年考博试题汇总
中国农科院历年考博基因工程概论试题2023年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、简答题1、聚丙烯酰胺、琼脂糖在dna电泳中的区别是什么？2、举出动物转基因的两种方法，并说明其原理。
3、双脱氧法测序的原理。
4、以拟南芥或玉米为例，说明转座子标签法进行基因转移的原理。
5、southern印迹的原理及应用。
三、试论述植物基因工程研究进展以及在农业生产上的意义。
2023年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、名词解释1、限制性内切酶2、同裂酶3、核酶4、2μ环5、hat选择6、ti质粒7、t-dna8、同功trna9、反义trna 10、有义链11、α互补12、基因文库13、cdna 14、染色体步查二．简答题01、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。
2、southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用。
3、噬菌体与cos作载体有何区别？4、aflp的原理及其应用5、普通pcr与rapd有何区别，何谓普通pcr？6、何谓双元载体，简述其组装过程及其作用机理？三、判断题1、无论用哪种转化方法均可用pbr322作载体2、进入细菌的外来dna之所以被降解，是由于细菌只修饰自身dna，不修饰外来dna3、只有粘粒端才可以被连接起来4、用自身作引物合成的cdna链，往往cdna并不完整1998年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、什么是基因工程，基因工程在农业生产上有何意义？二、简答：1、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和琼脂糖凝胶电泳应用有何特点？2、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。
3、双脱氧法测序的原理4、转座子标签法克隆植物基因的原理5、southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用？6、在dna复制过程中会形成一种复制体（replisome）的结构，它是由哪几部分组成的？7、sanger测序法的基本原理是什么？1999年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一．名词解释：1．cdna 2 ti质粒3. 2u环4. hat选择5 a互补6 yac 7 转导8 基因文库9 限制性内切酶10 染色体步查二．问答题：1 举例说明两种植物转基因的方法。