Some Description Logic

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本体研究内容概述(原创)

3 本体应用研究（1）本体检索/浏览(Ontology Retrieval，Ontology 本体检索/浏览(Ontology Retrieval， Search， Search，Ontology Navigation) 语义网本体浏览(navigation, surfing)、语义网本体浏览(navigation, surfing)、检索 (search)六种模型： (search)六种模型：六种模型语义网搜索引擎(Semantic Web search engines) 语义网搜索引擎(Semantic 语义网浏览工具(navigation 语义网浏览工具(navigation tools) 语义网知识库(Semantic 语义网知识库(Semantic Web repositories) 收集器(specialized RDF 收集器(specialized RDF data collections) 本体标注检索模型(ontology 本体标注检索模型(ontology annotation) 领域本体检索模型
当本体库某一个部分变动的时候，其他部分如何随之自动变动（当本体库某一个部分变动的时候，其他部分如何随之自动变动（如澳门那个项目就可以用这个解决）还包括逻辑的不一致，澳门那个项目就可以用这个解决）, 还包括逻辑的不一致，或者逻辑冲突等问题（但是又不是通过本体推理方法解决）。突等问题（但是又不是通过本体推理方法解决）。
基于关系数据库数据的自动化/ ● 基于关系数据库数据的自动化/半自动化本体构建
（3）本体映射/整合(Ontology Mapping、Ontology 本体映射/整合(Ontology Mapping、 Alignment、 Merging、 Alignment、Ontology Merging、Semantic Integration and Interoperability)

新一代医学参考术语集标准

SNOMED RT-------新一代医学参考术语集标准*李包罗** 李恩生摘要标准医学参考术语SNOMED RT (Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine reference Terminology) 是为了满足医学信息处理的广泛要求，在原SNOMED3.5版的基础上加入新的设计理念，于2000年面世的新产品。

作者*有幸受美国病理学家学会（CAP）邀请参加了1999年11月在华盛顿召开的SNOMED用户和国际翻译者大会，与SNOMED RT的设计者和制作者直接接触，了解了该产品的许多细节。

本文介绍了美国CAP所属SNOMED编委会开发和推广SNOMED RT的背景与现状,，SNOMED RT的设计思想、基本构成、应用前景以及它与原SNOMED 3.5版、UMLS及其它医学术语标准的关系。

1. 引言SNOMED已经发展了超过20年，其3.5版包括了150,000余词条，分别组织在12个不同的轴和章节中，它包括解剖学、形态学、正常与非正常的功能、症状及疾病体症、化学制品、药品、酶及其它体蛋白、活有机体、物理因素、空间关系、职业、社会环境、疾病/诊断和操作。

SNOMED的每一个术语(词条)均有一个编码与之对应，在疾病/诊断轴内，很多疾病概念还提供了与其它术语的交叉参照关系。

近年来，随着医学信息电子化处理的飞速发展，愈来愈多的应用受制于术语问题(terminology problem)。

医院信息系统的开发供应商希望有一种统一的编码系统来满足临床电子病历发展的需要；行政管理部门及医疗质量的控制者/研究者缺乏一种可以理解和评价不同医院/诊断临床纪录的标准术语集；医疗保险部门也需要标准的术语编码实现与医院及住院病人之间临床医疗诊断及治疗信息的自动化处理。

"术语问题" 的研究和应用越深入，就越表现出它的复杂性。

这种多方面的需要不是简单的"通用编码数据字典"所能够解决的，客观上需要一种新的术语集，它既可以满足用户结构化智能化的录入临床数据的需要，又能够用于优化自然语言处理，还能帮助另外一些人完成医学信息的存储、提取与分析。

英语二作文案例

英语二作文案例1Oh, dear readers! Let's take a deep and exciting exploration into the diverse world of English II composition cases. When it comes to different types, the chart description ones stand out. In such cases, the presentation of data is crucial. For instance, a graph showing the changes in population over the years requires a clear and systematic interpretation. We need to observe the trends, compare different periods, and draw meaningful conclusions. Isn't it fascinating how a simple graph can tell us so much?Then there are the opinion-discussing cases. To express one's viewpoint clearly is of paramount importance. How can we do that? Well, we must start with a strong and definite statement. Then, we should provide solid evidence and logical reasoning to support our opinions. For example, if we are arguing for the importance of environmental protection, we could mention the negative impacts of pollution and the benefits of sustainable development. Don't you think having strong arguments makes our opinions more persuasive?In conclusion, understanding the structure and characteristics of these various English II composition cases helps us improve our writing skills and express ourselves more effectively. So, let's keep exploring and learning to become better writers!When it comes to excellent English composition examples for the second level, there are several key aspects that deserve our close attention! Firstly, avoiding grammar mistakes is of utmost importance. How can we achieve this? By having a solid grasp of grammar rules and constantly reviewing our writing. For instance, pay attention to verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and word order. Secondly, the proper use of connecting words is like a bridge that links different parts of the article smoothly. Words like "however", "moreover", "therefore" help to make the text coherent and logical. But how to choose the right ones? It depends on the context and the relationship between ideas.Another significant point is organizing the content based on the topic requirements precisely. We need to understand the question thoroughly and outline the main points before starting to write. For example, if the topic is about environmental protection, we should clearly state the problems, causes, and possible solutions.In conclusion, analyzing these excellent composition cases enables us to master essential writing skills and precautions. Isn't it amazing how much we can learn from them? Let's keep practicing and improving our writing ability!Oh my goodness! Have you ever wondered how amazing and inspiring some English Two composition cases can be? Let me show you a few that are truly remarkable.Imagine a composition that describes a daily life scene from a perspective you've never thought of before. Like a rainy day in the city, but instead of focusing on the inconvenience, the writer talks about how the raindrops dance on the windows and create beautiful patterns. Isn't that fascinating? The charm lies in the unexpected point of view that makes the ordinary extraordinary.Or consider a creative story composition. It tells of a magical adventure of a little mouse in a huge library, where books come alive at night and share their wisdom. How wonderful is that? The imagination and creativity in this story capture our hearts and minds.These examples show us that English writing can be so much fun and full of surprises. So, why not pick up your pen and start creating your own wonderful stories and descriptions? Don't you think it's an exciting journey to explore the world of English writing?4When it comes to the English II composition cases, it is truly essential for us to delve deep into them to understand the grading criteria and thekey points for achieving high scores. Take, for instance, a high-scoring composition. Its strength often lies in a clear and logical structure, with a precise thesis statement at the beginning that guides the entire text. The vocabulary used is rich and accurate, and the grammar is flawless. Sentences are diverse in length and structure, making the writing vivid and engaging. Moreover, it demonstrates a profound understanding of the topic and presents unique insights.On the contrary, a low-scoring composition typically has numerous flaws. Maybe the structure is chaotic, making it difficult for readers to follow the main idea. The words chosen might be simple and repetitive, lacking precision. Poor grammar mistakes could also abound, seriously affecting the readability.To score high in different types of questions, we need to pay close attention to the specific requirements. For argumentative essays, strong reasoning and sufficient evidence are crucial. In narrative ones, vivid descriptions and emotional expression are necessary. In descriptive essays, detailed and accurate depictions are highly demanded. How can we master these skills? It all depends on our continuous practice and reflection! Isn't it a challenging but rewarding journey?5When it comes to English composition for the second level, there are several common cases that we need to pay attention to. For the beginningof the composition, using a catchy question or a thought-provoking statement can really draw the examiner's attention! For instance, "Have you ever wondered why English learning is so important?" This kind of opening can arouse the reader's interest and make them eager to read on.When it comes to the ending, a powerful conclusion is essential. We could summarize the main points and express a hopeful or inspiring thought. Like, "Let's strive together to master English and embrace a brighter future!" How exciting and encouraging is that?In terms of paragraph arrangement, it's better to have clear logic. Usually, three to four paragraphs are appropriate. The first paragraph introduces the topic, the middle paragraphs elaborate on the main content, and the last paragraph concludes. Also, the length of each paragraph should be balanced. Don't make one paragraph too long while another too short.Overall, writing a good English composition requires careful planning and creative thinking. So, keep practicing and improving, and you'll surely succeed! Isn't that something we all should aim for?。

introduction to logic

Application ReportSLVA700–April 2015Introduction to LogicRyanLandABSTRACTLogic circuits are the building blocks of the digital puters and electronics use 1s and 0s (bits)to transfer data.In the physical world,the 1s and 0s are represented by voltages on a wire,on microscopic traces within an integrated circuit,or on a copper printed circuit board (PCB)puters perform calculations and store data by using combinational and sequential logic circuits.There are many different types of logic circuits that will be described in this report,including logic gates,registers,flip-flops,and more.These devices receive the 1s and 0s as voltages on their inputs,and they perform specific operations on those signals to produce an output.When used in the proper sequence,these devices can manipulate the signals in such a way that can result in anything from a simple adding circuit to a fully-functional supercomputer.TI makes microcontroller units,which contain millions of small logic circuits used to perform complex operations.However,TI also makes the individual building blocks as integrated circuits (ICs)that engineers can use to build smaller-scale digital logic into their own systems.These individual building blocks can also be used for voltage translation or signal conditioning.Contents1Combinational Logic Gates .................................................................................................12Sequential Logic .............................................................................................................33What are 1and 0in the Real World?.....................................................................................54Logic Families . (65)Additional Technical Reading ..............................................................................................7List of Figures1Combinational Logic Gates and their Functions .........................................................................22D-Type Flip-Flop .............................................................................................................33J-K Flip-Flop ..................................................................................................................44Common Switching Input and Output Levels . (5)5Typical V OH /I OH Relationship for Logic Circuits...........................................................................66Typical V OL /I OL Relationship for Logic Circuits ............................................................................6List of Tables1Combinational Logic GatesCombinational logic gates,or simply "logic gates",are the simplest type of logic circuits.They produce an output that is either 1(high)or 0(low)depending in the states of one or more of their inputs.In other words,they perform the basic functions of Boolean algebra.Logic gates are the building blocks for more complicated logic.Figure 1describes each type of logic gate.1SLVA700–April 2015Introduction to LogicSubmit Documentation FeedbackCopyright ©2015,Texas Instruments IncorporatedCombinational Logic Gates binational Logic Gates and their Functions1.Gate name and symbol:The name and standard symbol associated with the gate,including a standardequation used to describe the function it performs.2.Function description:A verbal description of what the gate does.3.Truth table:A table describing what happens to the output at every possible combination of the inputs.In general,inputs are designated"A,B,C,..."while the output is designated with"Y".In truth tables,sometimes there is an"X"instead of0or1listed as an input state.This"X"refers to"Don't Care",and means that particular input has no effect on the output.The OR,AND,NOR,NAND,XOR,and XNOR gates are not limited to2inputs.For example,a3-input AND gate,like the SN74LVC1G11,requires that inputs A,B,and C are all high before output Y will be high.2Introduction to Logic SLVA700–April2015Submit Documentation FeedbackCopyright©2015,Texas Instruments IncorporatedDQQQ Q 0110Q 0DQCLK QD CLK'0101X XQ 0Q 0Q 0'Symbol Truth Table Functional Block DiagramThe D-type flip-flop passes the value of D to the Q output, and the inverse of D to the Q 0 output, when a clock edge occurs. Most devices function on the positive clock edge. Sequential LogicMany TI devices contain multiple independent logic gates.For example,the SN74LVC2G08contains 2separate AND gates,and the SN74LVC32244contains 32buffers.2Sequential LogicOther logic circuits are designed for moving and storage of 1s and 0s.Often,but not always,these devices will have what is known as a "Clock"input.Most commonly,the clock input is a square-shaped waveform that runs at a constant frequency and controls when the device performs a certain action.For example,a device may be designed to output a specific value or move a bit of information when the rising edge of the clock input occurs.2.1Flip-FlopsFlip-flops are sequential logic circuits that can store one or more bits.While their data inputs can change constantly,their outputs will change only when a "clock edge"occurs.A clock edge is defined as a change in state of the "Clock"input pin on the ually,any device function will be triggered by the positive (0to 1)clock edge.There are several types of flip-flops,but the D-type and JK-type are the most common in TI's portfolio.2.1.1D-type Flip-FlopThe D-type flip-flop takes the D input and pushes its value to the Q output on the next clock edge.It also pushes the inverse of D to the Q output.D-type flip-flops can be used for temporary data storage;for example,8D-type flip-flops connected to the same clock line will be able to store one byte of data on each clock edge.The SN74AUC1G79is an example of a TI 1-bit D-type flip-flop.Figure 2.D-Type Flip-Flop3SLVA700–April 2015Introduction to LogicSubmit Documentation FeedbackCopyright ©2015,Texas Instruments IncorporatedJQQQ Q 101J QCLKQ K CLK901010Q 0Q 09Symbol Truth Table Functional Block DiagramThe Q output of the J-K flip-flop output takes the value of J if J and K are different. If J and K are both 0, the output stays the same. If J and K are both 1, the output toggles.K J 001199X Q 0Q 0X XQ 0Q 0X01Q 0Q 0Sequential Logic 2.1.2J-K Flip-FlopThe J-K flip-flop function is slightly more complicated than the D-type flip-flop.However,it can beconverted to a D flip-flop by placing an inverter in front of the K input and tying the input of that inverter to the J input.The SN74LVC112A is an example of a TI dual J-K flip-flop that is triggered on the negative edge of the clock pulse.Figure 3.J-K Flip-Flop2.2Shift RegistersShift registers are chains of flip-flops (usually D-type)that propagate data through the device after each valid clock edge.For example,for an 8-bit shift register,if the data input is a 1and the clock is pulsed 8times,then a 1will be stored in all registers.If the input is 1for 4clock pulses,then 0for another 4clock pulses,then the final 4bits of the shift register will be 1s and the first 4bits of the shift register will be 0.These devices can be used in many different applications,including driving a string of flashing LEDs or scanning a keyboard for key press activity.The SN74LV164A is an example of a TI shift register.2.3CountersCounters are devices that count in binary,starting with 0,1,10,11,100,and so on.Each time a clock edge occurs,the value stored inside increments by 1.There are also counters that start at the maximum value and decrement during each clock cycle.Some even have specific flags for when a count has been finished.Counters are generally used to divide the frequency of a clock signal.The SN74HC393is an example of a dual 4-bit binary counter from TI.4Introduction to LogicSLVA700–April 2015Submit Documentation FeedbackCopyright ©2015,Texas Instruments IncorporatedV CCV CCV CCV CCV CC V CC V OHV IHV TV IL V OL GND5V 4.44 V0.7V CC 0.5V CC 0.3V CC 0.5 V 0 VV IH V IL GNDV OH V IH V T V ILV ILV OL GND5 V2.4 V 2 V1.5 V0.8 V0.4 V 0 VV OH V IH V T V OL GND3.3 V2.4 V 2 V 1.5 V 0.8 V0.4 V 0 V 2.5 V 2.0 V 1.7 V0.7 V0.4 V0 V V OH V IH V IL V OL GND1.8 V V CC-0.45V0.65V CC 0.35V CC 0.45V0 VV OHV IH V IL V OL GND1.2 V 0.65V CC0.35V CC0 V V CC 1.5 V 0.65VCC 0.35V CC0 VV IH V ILGND5V CMOS 5V TTL 3.3V LVTTL 2.5V CMOS 1.8V CMOS 1.5V CMOS 1.2V CMOS What are 1and 0in the Real World?3What are 1and 0in the Real World?So far in this document,we have discussed inputs and outputs of logic circuits as being "high"(1)or "low"(0).But what does this mean exactly?In reality,different families of discrete logic ICs treat "high"and "low"differently.For example,somedevices will register 0.7V at the input as a "high",while on other devices,0.7V is not enough to reach the switching threshold and is still considered a "low".The application report Understanding and Interpreting Standard-Logic Data Sheets has lots of useful information on every specification in logic datasheets,but we will discuss the relevant specifications for input and output voltage levels here.The most common input/output level standards are CMOS and TTL,which can have different voltage levels and are described by the levels in Figure 4.Figure mon Switching Input and Output Levels•V CC :The supply voltage of the device•V OH :The minimum allowed "high"output voltage for a device using that particular logic level standard.For example,a 5-V CMOS device only has a valid output "high"if that output is at least 4.44V.•V IH :The minimum allowed input voltage for an input to be considered "high"•V T :The actual point where the switching occurs from low to high.This is typically not specified in TI datasheets.In reality,there is some variance here,and therefore TI specifies V IH and V IL as maximum and minimum margins for this switching threshold to occur.•VIL:The maximum allowed input voltage for an input to be considered "low"•VOL:The maximum allowed "low"output voltage for a device using that particular logic level standard.For example,a 5-V CMOS device only has a valid output "low"if the output is 0.5V or less.Therefore,when designing a system,it is critical that the designer should choose parts whose outputs are compatible with the receiver's inputs.For example,5-V CMOS outputs are compatible with 5-V TTL inputs because the V IL for 5-V CMOS is 4.44V,which is greater than the 2-V V IH required for a 5-V TTL input to be considered "high".In addition,the 0.5-V V OL for 5-V CMOS is less than the minimum 0.8-V V IL of the 5-V TTL standard.However,a 5-V TTL output should not go into a 5-V CMOS input because the 5-V TTL V OL is allowed to be as low as 2.4V,which is not high enough to guarantee a "high"on the CMOS device;the V IH for 5-V CMOS is 0.7×5V =3.5V.3.1Output Current,V OH ,and V OLMost logic circuits can be thought of as having the same types of output characteristics.That is,for any logic circuit,the output section of the device (regarding its performance with voltage,current,and speed)behaves similarly to a buffer in the same logic family.5SLVA700–April 2015Introduction to LogicSubmit Documentation FeedbackCopyright ©2015,Texas Instruments IncorporatedINOLV OL = 0V RAILV CCIN+²V OHOHV OH = V CCLogic Families TI datasheets usually specify VOHand VOLat different values of VCCand different input/output currentvalues.When a logic circuit outputs a"high",current is flowing out(IOH)of the device into a load.That load can be a resistor,LED,other logic circuit,or any other type of circuit element.However,the more current that flows out of the device,the lower its output voltage will be.This is due to voltage drops within theoutput stage of the device itself.TI datasheets recommend a safe operating current that does not drop theVOHbelow the standard that the device falls under(5-V TTL,1.8-V CMOS,and so forth).At extremelysmall output current values,most logic circuits will output a voltage equal to or very close to VCC.See Figure5.Figure5.Typical VOH/IOHRelationship for Logic CircuitsSimilarly,when the device outputs a"low",current flows into the device.In this case,more current flowinginto the device can increase the VOL,which should ideally be0V at low currents.Figure6.Typical VOL/IOLRelationship for Logic CircuitsMost logic circuits have"push-pull"outputs,meaning that they can provide current and sink current.Some logic circuits have"open-collector"or"open-drain"outputs,which means that they can only sink current and rely on an external pullup resistor to provide the"high"logic level.For an"open-collector"or"open-drain"device,there are no VOHor IOHspecifications.4Logic FamiliesYou may notice different nomenclature in TI part numbers.For example,TI produces many different types of single-bit buffers,including the SN74AUC1G34and SN74LVC1G34.We classify these devices asbeing from two different"families".While they perform the same function,their specifications may bedifferent.For example,the AUC device is characterized to operate at0.8-V VCC,but the LVC device is not.Additionally,the LVC device is characterized to provide up to24mA of output current while retaining its valid CMOS output levels,while the AUC device cannot provide as much current.Family selection isimportant when considering which logic circuit you pick for your design.A list of families and a shortdescription of each can be found in Understanding and Interpreting Standard-Logic Data Sheets.6Introduction to Logic SLVA700–April2015Submit Documentation FeedbackCopyright©2015,Texas Instruments Incorporated Additional Technical Reading 5Additional Technical ReadingThis document is intended to give a brief overview of TI logic and introduce the reader to specific devices and documentation.TI has a wide variety of application reports targeted at different applications andissues engineers may encounter.The following is a brief list of application reports.The full list of logicdocuments is found here.•Understanding and Interpreting Standard-Logic Data Sheets is the most comprehensive overview of datasheet parameters and specifications for TI logic circuits.•Voltage-Level Translation with the LSF Family explains how to use TI's LSF0x0x family of devices to translate between different voltage levels in applications where different logic signaling standards areused.•Power-Up Behavior of Clocked Devices describes dangers of assuming certain output states when using flip-flops and registers-and what to do about it.•Use of the CMOS Unbuffered Inverter in Oscillator Circuits describes a low-cost way to generate a clock signal.•Power-up3-State Circuits in TI Standard Logic Devices describes levels of isolation in TI logic circuits.This is especially useful in systems where not all devices are powered on at the same time.•Implications of Slow or Floating CMOS Inputs describes the unwanted effects of leaving a logic input floating(unconnected)and elaborates on the"Input Transition Rise or Fall Rate"specification required of many devices.•Implications of Slow or Floating CMOS Inputs describes the equations used to calculate the typical power consumption of a logic circuit in your design.•Design Considerations for Logic Products contains a collection of application reports targeted at TI's legacy logic,including proper PCB layout,characterization information,and application-specific design circuits.•How to Select Little Logic describes selection and design guidelines for TI's Little Logic circuits.Little Logic includes TI's smallest-package,1-to-3gate parts.7 SLVA700–April2015Introduction to Logic Submit Documentation FeedbackCopyright©2015,Texas Instruments IncorporatedIMPORTANT NOTICETexas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries(TI)reserve the right to make corrections,enhancements,improvements and other changes to its semiconductor products and services per JESD46,latest issue,and to discontinue any product or service per JESD48,latest issue.Buyers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete.All semiconductor products(also referred to herein as“components”)are sold subject to TI’s terms and conditions of sale supplied at the 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描述逻辑~

3 描述逻辑的研究进展
◆ 描述逻辑的基础研究
研究描述逻辑的构造算子、表示和推理的基本问题，如可满足性、包含检测、一致性、可判定性等。一般都在最基本的ALC的基础上在扩展一些构造算子，如数量约束、逆关系、特征函数、关系的复合等。 TBox和Abox上的推理问题、包含检测算法等。 Schmidt-Schaub 和 Smolka首先建立了基于描述逻辑 ALC的Tableau算法，该算法能在多项式时间内判断描述逻辑ALC概念的可满足性问题。
computer equipment
包含与可满足性的关系
C D iff C D是不可满足的。 C T D iff C D关于T是不可满足的。 C 关于T是一致的 iff C T A A D
高级人工智能
第二章人工智能逻辑
第二部分
史忠植
中国科学院计算技术研究所
描述逻辑
Description Logics
主要内容
什么是描述逻辑？什么是描述逻辑？ ◆ 为什么用描述逻辑？为什么用描述逻辑？ ◆ 描述逻辑的研究进展 ◆ 描述逻辑的体系结构 ◆ 描述逻辑的构造算子 ◆ 描述逻辑的推理问题 ◆ 我们的工作
◆ C关于关于Tbox T是协调的吗？是协调的吗？关于是协调的吗
即检测是否有T的模型 I 使得 C ≠ ？
◆知识库知识库<T, A>是协调的吗？是协调的吗？是协调的吗
即检测是否有<T, A>的模型 (解释) I ？
概念可满足性( 2) 概念可满足性(Satisfiablity) )
另外，有两个类似于FOL中的全集(true)和空集(false)的算子
top Bottom T ⊥ △I Male Male Man Man

1 Logics for Knowledge Representation

Logics for Knowledge RepresentationBernhard NebelAlbert-Ludwigs-Universit¨a t Freiburg,Germany1IntroductionKnowledge representation and reasoning plays a central role in Artiﬁcial Intelli-gence.Research in Artiﬁcial Intelligence(henceforth AI)started off by trying to identify the general mechanisms responsible for intelligent behavior.However,it quickly became obvious that general and powerful methods are not enough to get the desired result,namely,intelligent behavior.Almost all tasks a human can per-form which are considered to require intelligence are also based on a huge amount of knowledge.For instance,understanding and producing natural language heavily relies on knowledge about the language,about the structure of the world,about social relationships etc.One way to address the problem of representing knowledge and reasoning about it is to use some form of logic.While this seems to be a natural choice,it took a while before this“logical point of view”became the prevalent approach in the area of knowledge representation.Below,we will give a brief sketch of how theﬁeld of knowledge representation evolved and what kind logical methods have been used. Int.Encyc.Social and Behavioral Sciences27February2001In particular,we will argue that the important point about using formal logic is the logical method.2Logic-Based Knowledge Representation:A Historical AccountMcCarthy(1968)stated very early on that mathematical,formal logic appears to be a promising tool for achieving human-level intelligence on computers.In fact, this is still McCarthy’s(2000)vision,which he shares with many researchers in AI.However,in the early days of AI,there were also a number of researchers with a completely different opinion.Minsky(1975),for example,argued that knowl-edge representation formalisms should beﬂexible and informal.Moreover,he ar-gued that the logical notions of correctness and completeness are inappropriate in a knowledge representation context.While in those days heated arguments of the suitability of logic were exchanged,by the end of the eighties,the logical perspective seem to have gained the upper hand (Brachman1990).During the nineties almost all research in the area of knowledge representation and reasoning was based on formal,logical methods as demonstrated by the papers published in the bi-annual international conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning,which started in1989.It should be noted,however,that two perspectives on logic are possible.Theﬁrst perspective,taken by McCarthy(1968),is that logic should be used to represent knowledge.That is,we use logic as the representational and reasoning tool insidethe computer.Newell(1982)on the other hand proposed in his seminal paper on the knowledge level to use logic as a formal tool to analyze knowledge.Of course, these two views are not incompatible.Furthermore,once we accept that formal logic should be used as a tool for analyzing knowledge,it is a natural consequence to use logic for representing knowledge and for reasoning about it as well.3Knowledge Representation Formalisms and Their SemanticsSaying that logic is used as the main formal tool does not say which kind of logic is used.In fact,a large variety of logics(Gabbay,Hogger and Robinson1995)have been employed or developed in order to solve knowledge representation and rea-soning problems.Often,one started with a vaguely speciﬁed problem,developed some kind knowledge representation formalism without a formal semantics,and only later started to provide a formal ing this semantics,one could then analyze the complexity of the reasoning problems and develop sound and complete reasoning algorithms.I will call this the logical method,which proved to be very fruitful in the past and has a lot of potential for the future.3.1Description LogicsOne good example for the evolution of knowledge representation formalisms is the development of description logics,which have their roots in so-called struc-tured inheritance networks formalisms such as KL-ONE(Brachman1979).These networks were originally developed in order represent word meanings.A conceptnode connects to other concept nodes using roles.Moreover,the roles could be structured as well.These networks permits for,e.g.,the deﬁnition of the concept of a bachelor.Later on,these structured inheritance networks were formalized as so-called con-cept languages,terminological logics,or description logics.Concepts were inter-preted as unary predicates,roles as binary relations,and the connections between nodes as so-called value restrictions.This leads for most such description logics to a particular fragment ofﬁrst-order predicate logic,namely,the fragment.In this fragment only two different variable symbols are used.As it turns out,this is a decidable fragment ofﬁrst-order logic.However,some of the more involved description logics go beyond.They con-tain,e.g.,relational composition or transitive closure.As it turns out,such descrip-tion logics can be understood as variants of multi-modal logics(Schild1991),and decidability and complexity results from these multi-modal logics carry over to the description logics.Furthermore,description logics are very close to feature log-ics as they are used in uniﬁcation-based grammars.In fact,description logics and feature logics can be viewed as members of the same family of representation for-malisms(Nebel and Smolka1990).All these insights,i.e.,determination of decidability and complexity as well as the design of decision algorithms(e.g.Donini,Lenzerini,Nardi and Nutt1991),are based on the rigorous formalization of the initial ideas.In particular,it is not justone logic that it is used to derive these results,but it is the logical method that led to the success.One starts with a speciﬁcation of how expressions of the language or formalism have to be interpreted in formal terms.Based on that one can specify when a set of formulae logically implies a formula.Then one can start toﬁnd similar formalisms(e.g.modal logics)and prove equivalences and/or one can specify a method to derive logically entailed sentences and prove them to be correct and complete.3.2Nonmonotonic LogicsAnother interesting area where the logical method has been applied is the devel-opment of the so-called non-monotonic logics.These are based on the intuition that sometimes a logical consequence should be retracted if new evidence becomes known.For example,we may assume that our car will not be moved by somebody else after we have parked it.However,if new information becomes known,such as the fact that the car is not at the place where we have parked it,we are ready to drop the assumption that our car has not been moved.This general reasoning pattern was used quite regularly in early AI systems,but it took a while before it was analyzed from a logical point of view.In1980,a special issue of the Artiﬁcial Intelligence journal appeared,presenting different ap-proaches to non-monotonic reasoning,in particular Reiter’s(1980)default logic and McCarthy’s(1980)circumscription approach.A disappointing fact about nonmonotonic logics appears to be that it is very difﬁcult to formalize a domain such that one gets the intended conclusions.In particular,in the area of reasoning about actions,McDermott(1987)has demonstrated that the straightforward formalization of an easy temporal projection problem(the“Yale shooting problem”)does not lead to the desired consequences.However,it is pos-sible to get around this problem.Once all underlying assumptions are spelled out, this and other problem can be solved(Sandewall1994).It took more than a decade before people started to analyze the computational com-plexity(of the propositional versions)of these logics.As it turned out,these log-ics are usually somewhat more difﬁcult than ordinary propositional logic(Gottlob 1992).This,however,seems tolerable since we get much more conclusions than in standard propositional logic.Right at the same time,the tight connection between nonmonotonic logic and belief revision(G¨a rdenfors1988)was noticed.Belief revision–modeling the evolution of beliefs over time–is just one way to describe how the set of nonmonotonic consequences evolve over time,which leads to a very tight connection on the formal level for these two forms of nonmonotonicity(Nebel1991).Again,all these results and insights are mainly based on the logical method to knowledge representation.4OutlookThe above description of the use of logics for knowledge representation is nec-essarily incomplete.For instance,we left out the area of qualitative temporal and spatial reasoning completely.Nevertheless,one should have got an idea of how log-ics are used in the area of knowledge representation.As mentioned,it is the idea of providing knowledge representation formalisms with formal(logical)semantics that enables us to communicate their meaning,to analyze their formal properties, to determine their computational complexity,and to devise reasoning algorithms.While the research area of knowledge representation is dominated by the logical approach,this does not mean that all approaches to knowledge representation must be based on logic.Probabilistic(Pearl1988)and decision theoretic approaches, for instance,have become very popular lately.Nowadays a number of approaches aim at unifying decision theoretic and logical accounts by introducing a qualita-tive version of decision theoretic concepts(Benferhat,Dubois,Fargier,Prade and Sabbadin2000).Other approaches(Boutilier,Reiter,Soutchanski and Thrun2000) aim at tightly integrating decision theoretic concepts such as Markov decision pro-cesses with logical approaches,for instance.Although this is not pure logic,the two latter approaches demonstrate the generality of the logical method:specify the formal meaning and analyze!BibliographyAllen,J. A.,Fikes,R.and Sandewall, E.(eds):1991,Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning:Proceedings of the2nd International Conference(KR-91),Morgan Kaufmann,Cambridge,MA.Benferhat,S.,Dubois,D.,Fargier,H.,Prade,H.and Sabbadin,R.:2000,Decision, nonmonotonic reasoning and possibilistic logic,in Minker(2000),pp.333–360. Boutilier,C.,Reiter,R.,Soutchanski,M.and Thrun,S.:2000,Decision-theoretic,high-level agent programming in the situation calculus,Proceedings of the17th National Conference of the American Association for Artiﬁcial Intelligence(AAAI-2000),MIT Press,Austin,TX.Brachman,R.J.:1979,On the epistemological status of semantic networks,in N.V.Findler (ed.),Associative Networks:Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers, Academic Press,New York,NY,pp.3–50.Brachman,R.J.:1990,The future of knowledge representation,Proceedings of the8th National Conference of the American Association for Artiﬁcial Intelligence(AAAI-90),MIT Press,Boston,MA,pp.1082–1092.Donini,F.M.,Lenzerini,M.,Nardi,D.and Nutt,W.:1991,The complexity of concept languages,in Allen,Fikes and Sandewall(1991),pp.151–162.Gabbay,D.M.,Hogger,C.J.and Robinson,J.A.(eds):1995,Handbook of Logic in Artiﬁcial Intelligence and Logic Programming–Vol.1–5,Oxford University Press, Oxford,UK.G¨a rdenfors,P.:1988,Knowledge in Flux—Modeling the Dynamics of Epistemic States, MIT Press,Cambridge,MA.Gottlob,G.:1992,Complexity results for nonmonotonic logics,Journal for Logic and Computation2(3),397–425.McCarthy,J.:1968,Programs with common sense,in M.Minsky(ed.),Semantic Information Processing,MIT Press,Cambridge,MA,pp.403–418.McCarthy,J.:1980,Circumscription—a form of non-monotonic reasoning,Artiﬁcial Intelligence13(1–2),27–39.McCarthy,J.:2000,Concepts of logical AI,in Minker(2000),pp.37–58. McDermott,D.V.:1987,A critique of pure reason,Computational Intelligence3(3),151–160.Minker,J.(ed.):2000,Logic-Based Artiﬁcial Intelligence,Kluwer,Dordrecht,Holland. Minsky,M.:1975,A framework for representing knowledge,in P.Winston(ed.),The Psychology of Computer Vision,McGraw-Hill,New York,NY,pp.211–277. Nebel,B.:1991,Belief revision and default reasoning:Syntax-based approaches,in Allen et al.(1991),pp.417–428.Nebel,B.and Smolka,G.:1990,Representation and reasoning with attributive descriptions, in K.-H.Bl¨a sius,U.Hedtst¨u ck and C.-R.Rollinger(eds),Sorts and Types in Artiﬁcial Intelligence,V ol.418of Lecture Notes in Artiﬁcial Intelligence,Springer-Verlag, Berlin,Heidelberg,New York,pp.112–139.Newell,A.:1982,The knowledge level,Artiﬁcial Intelligence18(1),87–127.Pearl,J.:1988,Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems:Networks of Plausible Inference,Morgan Kaufmann,San Francisco,CA.Reiter,R.:1980,A logic for default reasoning,Artiﬁcial Intelligence13(1),81–132. Sandewall,E.:1994,Features and Fluents,Oxford University Press,Oxford,UK. Schild,K.:1991,A correspondence theory for terminological logics:Preliminary report, Proceedings of the12th International Joint Conference on Artiﬁcial Intelligence (IJCAI-91),Morgan Kaufmann,Sydney,Australia,pp.466–471.。

与计算机相关的英语词汇汇总

与计算机相关的英语词汇汇总计算机基础知识computer n.电脑，电子计算机arithmetic logic unit 算术逻辑部件manipulate vt.操纵，操作keyboard n.键盘information n.消息，知识printer n.打印机hand-hold a.使携，手拿的skitter n.磁盘calculator n.计算器statistical a统计的system n.系统，体系joystick n.游戏棒，操纵杆scientific a.科学的，系统的software n.软件electronic a.电子的category n.种类machinery a.机器，机关，simulate n.模拟，模仿equipment n.装备，设备handle vt.控制dull a.单调的，呆滞的interpret vt.解释network n.网络feedback n.反馈circuit n.电路，一圈，巡回instrument n.工具switch n.开关，电闸manufacture vt.制造level n.水平，标准CAD 计算机辅助设计status n.状态engineer n.工程师binary a.二进位的draft n.草稿store vt.储存，储藏graphics n.图形process n.程序，过程video n.影像character n.字符robotic a./n机器人学sound n.声音automation n.自动化image n.影像，图像word processing 字处理programme n.程序，计划text n.文衣logic inference 逻辑推理communication n.通讯aid vt.帮助，援助electronic-mail 电子邮件instruction n.指令teleconferencing 电话会议convert vt.转变telccommunicating 远程通讯originality n.创造力database n.数据库operate vt.操作，运转CAI 计算机辅助教学ENIAC 电子数值积分计算机transistor n.晶体管vacuum 真空DOS 磁盘操作系统resistor n.电阻器RAM 随机存取存储器capacitor n.电容器mouse n.鼠标interference n.干预intense妙n.强烈，紧张technology n.技术floppy a.松软的internal a.内部的fix a.牢固的symbolic n.代号write-protect 写保护language n.语言drive n.驱动器span vt.跨越mechanics n.机械学reliable a.可靠的access vt.访问efficient a一有效率的byte n.比特magnetic a.一有磁性的、mega n.兆Auxiliary a./n.附加的，辅助物decimal n.十进制media n.媒体octal n.八进制storage n.存储器headecimal n.十六进制punched card tape n.磁带weight n.权memory n.记忆，存储code n.代码silicon n.硅，硅元素ASCII 美国信息交换标准代chip n.芯片extended a.扩充的，长期的terminal n.终端机，终点，总站voltage n.伏特，device n.设备integer n.整数innovation n.改革，创新negative a.负的external a.外部的absence a.缺席feature n.特征convenience n.便利component n.元件，组件waveform n.波形combination n.联合，合并zone n.区microprocessor n.微处理器vendor n.厂商，自动售货机packed a.包装的implement n.工具，器具package n.包裹，套装软件quantity n.数量digital a.数字的rigid n.硬的analog a.模拟的fragile a.易脆的hybrid a.混合的susceptible a.易受影响的discrete a.离散的medium n.媒体Vital a.重要的，关键的shutter n.快门monitor n.显示器general-purpose 通用overwhelm v.制服theory proving定理证明application n.应用information retrieval 信息检索wire n.电线，电报persona computer 个人计算机model n.模型time-consuming a.费时的Versatility n.多种变化，变通routine task 日常工作lump vt.使成块logical decision 逻辑判断hardware n.硬件programmable a.可编程的stream n.流rewire vt.重新接线resource n.资源generation n.代desktop n.桌面unreliable a.不可靠的cabinet n.文件柜auxiliary storge 辅助存储器supercomputer n.超级计算机minicomputer n.小型计算机I/0 device 输入／输出设备system unit系统部件cell n.单元floppy disk软盘consecutively a.连续的，连贯的fix disk 硬盘CPU 中央处理器transmission n.传送，传输操作系统和DOS操作基础storage space 存储空间Timer n.计时器subdirectory n.子目录Available a.可用的structure n.结构characteristic n.特征,特性hierarchical a.分层的Sophistication n.复杂性issue vt.发行，放出Standard n.标准backslash n.反斜杠Online n.联机the root directory 根目录Job Management 作业管理perform vt.执行Sequence n.次序conjunction n.联合Assess vt.评估procedure n.过程Resource Management资源管理tree n.目录树Oversee vt.监督term n.术语Control of I/0 Operation I/0 操作控制startup vi.启动Allocation n. 分配TSRs 内存驻留程序Undergo vt.经历，经受locate vt.定位Error Recovery错误恢复sector n.扇区Memory Management存储器管理partition n.分区interface n.界面booting n.自举streamlined a.流线型的cluster n.簇unleash vt.释放CMOS 互补金属氧化物体unhamperer vt.解脱emergency disk 应急磁盘spreadsheet n.电子表格partition table 分区表Accessory n.附件FAT 文件分配表Notepad n.记事薄GUI 图形用户接口Macro Recorder n.宏记录器command line 命令行Write n.书写器icon n.图标Paint-brush n.画笔manual n.手册modem n.调制解调器dialog boxes 对话框Solitaire n.接龙mechanism n.机构，机械，结丰Reverse n.挖地雷clipboard n.剪贴板module n.模块DDE 动态数据交换acronym n.缩写字clumsy a.笨拙的version n.版本hot linked 映射的update vt.洲一级，更新real-mode n.实模式internal command 内部命令standard mode 标准模式external command外部命令directory n.目录Pentium n.俗称586，奔腾芯片sign-on a.提示framework n.框架，结构extension name 扩展名precedence n.优先document n.文档uppercase letter大写字母workspace n.工作lowercase letter小写字母File Manager 文件管理volume label卷标menu n.菜单prompt n.提示符Program Manager 程序管理器default n.缺省值，默认值folder n.卷宗symbol n.符号divider n.分配者cursor n.光标subdivide n.子分配者built-in a.内置的tutorial n.教程应用软件指南maintenance n.维护，维修Quit Batch 退出批处理install vt.安装．安置adapter n.适配器advanced a.高等的,在前的MDA 单显适配器copyright n.版权，著作权CGA 彩色图形适配器duplication n.副本，复制EGA 增强型图形适配器key letter 关键字VGA 视频图形阵列delete vt.删除destructive a.破坏的，毁灭性的character string 字符串insert vt.寸击入，镶补verify vt.查证，证实bland a.温和的，乏味的readable a.可读的capacity n.容量，能力attribute n.属性，标志seek vt.搜寻，试图list n.目录，名单，明细serial port 串行口sort vt.排序，分类，挑选loopback 回送alternate a.交互的，轮流的specify vt.叙述，指定format n.格式plug n.插日argument n.争论，引数，要旨ommunicate vt.沟通，传达match vt.使相配，使比赛peripheral a.周边的，外设的path n.路径，小路，轨道aspect n.外观，方面pathname n.路径名transfer n.迁移，转移，传递head n.头cache program 高速缓存程序relocation n.再布置，变换布置subsystem n.子系统，次要系统add vt.增加overall a.全部的．全体的prune/graft 修剪／移植throughput n.生产量．处延艳力resident n.常驻程序numeric coprocessor 数学处理器compression n. 缩，缩小identify vt.识别，认明，鉴定reduce vt.减少，分解bargraph n.长条图，直方图comment n.批评，注解report n.报告，报道extract vt.摘录，析取virus 病毒query n.查询anti-virus反病毒integrity n.完整immunize vt.使免疫，赋予免疫性convert vt.使改变infection n.传染，影响self-extractor 自抽出器original a.最初的，原始的batch n.批，成批result n.结果，成绩，答案filename n.文件名consider vt. Vi.考虑，思考，认为freshen .（使）显得新鲜extra n.额外的事物check n.支票，检查restart v.重新启动join Vt.连接，结合detect vt.发现，察觉verbose a.冗长，累赘的define vt.定义，详细说明edit vt.编辑编校suspicious a.可疑的，疑惧的backup file 备份文件activity n.活动,动作switch n.开关转换warn n.警告，注意beep .嘟嘟响present a.现在的，出席的setting n设置exclusive a.独占的，唯一的set mode 设置模式configuration n.配置assume vi.假定，承担virus protection 防病毒density n.密度scan n.扫描细查inch n.英寸signature file 签一名文件compatible a.兼容的，能共处的editor n.编辑器exception n.例外，除外microcomputer n.微机support n.支持，支撑，援助retrieve v.恢复，检索executable a.可执行的，可运行的innovation n.改革，创新documentation n文件manipulate vt.操纵，利用hit n.打击，冲撞hardcopy n.硬拷贝parameter n.参数，媒介变数spell-checking 拼写检查evaluate vt.评估，评价thesaurus n.辞典，同义词occur vi.发生，想到，存在merge vt.使合并，使消失valid a.有效的，正当的function key 功能键buffer n.缓冲区，缓冲familiarize vt.使熟悉，使熟知destination disk 目标盘wrap n. /vt.包装，限制，包裹source disk 源盘blink n.闪亮，闪烁overwrite vt.改写block vt.阻塞，封锁test n.检验restore 恢复由backup制作的盘performance n.绩效，表现，演出the space bar 空格键interrupt n.中断accessory n附件，同谋group n.团体，团retain vt.保持，留住，保有floppy drive 软盘驱动器locking n.锁定hard drive 硬盘驱动器monitor n.显示器parallel ports 并行口appropriate a.适当的arrow n.箭，箭头记号button n．按钮highlight n.加亮区，精彩场面optimize Vt.使完善，优化horizontal n.水平线，水平面indicator n.指示器程序设计Program Design 程序设计creep vi.爬，潜行writing program 编写程序standardize vt.使标准化coding the program 编程simplify vt.单一化，简单化programming 程序revision n.校订，修正programmer n.程序员occupy vt.占领，住进logic n.逻辑，逻辑学BASIC 初学者通用符号指令代码machine code 机器代码teaching language 教学语言debug 命令，调试simplicity n.单纯，简朴compactness a.紧凑的，紧密的timesharing system 分时系统description n.描述，说明interactive language 交互式语言break n.中断manufacturer n.制造业者structure chart 结构图dialect n.方言，语调the program flow 程序流expense n.费用，代价manager module 管理模块uniformity n.同样，划一worder module 工作模块archaic a.己废的，古老的mainmodule 主模块sufficient a.充分的，足够的submodule 子模块data processing 数据处理modify v.修正，修改business application 商业应用outline n.轮廓，概要scientific application 科学应用compose分解lexical a.字典的，词汇的code 代码non-programmer n.非编程人员node vt改为密码notation n.记号法，表示法，注释pseudocode n.伪代码verbosity n.唠叨，冗长commas n.逗点逗号record n.记录documentation 文档subrecord n.子记录flowchart/flow 程表／流程data division 数据部visual a.视觉的procedure division 过程部represent vt.表现，表示，代表comprise vt.包含构成structured techniques结构化技术operator n.运算符，算子straightforward a.笔直的，率直的commercial package 商业软件包subroutine n.子程序generator n.产生器，生产者driver module 驱动模块mathematician n.专家line by line 逐行operator n.作符translate vt.翻译，解释forerunner n.先驱modular 摸块化ancestor n.祖宗cumbersome a.讨厌的，麻烦的teaching programming 编程教学lengthy a.冗长的，漫长的alter vi./vt.改变flaw n.缺点裂纹devclop vt.发达separate a.各别的recompile v.编译assist n.帮助cycle n.循环technician n.技师remove vt.移动，除去straight line 直线category n.种类，类项rectangle n.长方形,矩形P-code p代码virtrally ad.事实上symology n.象征学象征的使用register n.寄存器to summaries 总之，总而言之by convention 按照惯例cyptic n.含义模糊的，隐藏的diamond-shaped a,菱形的bracket n.括号decision n判断obviate 除去，排除terminal n. a终端机，终端的keyword n.关键字card reader 阅读器underline vt.下划线translator program 译程序monadic a. monad(单位)的Programming 程序设计dec/binary n.二进制source language 源语shift 变化，转移，移位machine language 机器overflow n.溢出machine instruction 机器指令arithmetic n.算术，算法computer language 计算机语composite symbol 复合型符号．assembly language 汇编语assignment n.赋值floating point number浮点数proliferation n.增服high-level language高级语pointer n.指针natural language 自然语言array n.数组矩阵，source text 源文本subscript n.下标intermediate language 中间语言type conversion 类型转换software development 软件开发address arithmetic 地址运算map vt.映射，计划denote vt.指示，表示maintenance cost 维护费用subprogram n.子程序legibility n.易读性，易识别separate compilation 分离式编泽amend vt.修正，改善alphabetic a.照字母次序的consumer n.消费者digit n.数字位数enormous a.巨大的，庞大的numeric expression 数值表达式reliability n.可信赖性，可信度tap n.轻打，轻敲，选择safety n.安全，安全设备print zone 打印区property n.财产，所有权column n.列correctness n.正确，functionality n.机能semicolon n.分号portable a.叮携带的，可搬运的survey n.概观．altoggle n.肘节开关task n.作，任务declaration n.宣告说明source program 源程序mufti-dimension array 多维数组object program 目标程序数据库transaction n.交易，办理，执行query n.查询license n.执照，许可证，特许subschemas n.子模式criminal a.犯了罪的，有罪的individual n.个体，个人conviction n.定罪，信服，坚信employee n.职员，受雇人员bureaus n.局，办公处integrity n.完整，正直insurance n.保险，保险业，保险费duplicate a.复制的，二重的retrieval n.取回，恢复，修补interactive n.交谈式security n.安全，安全性audit n.查帐，稽核integrity n.完整，正直，廉正trail n.痕迹，踪迹consume Vt.消耗multiuse n.多用户manually ad.用手full-fledged a.喂养tedious a.沉闷的，冗长乏味的compound document 复合文件DBMS 数据库管理系统recognizant a.认识的，意识的consensus n一致，交感user manual 用户手册semantics n.语义学bug n.缺陷，错误impediment n.妨碍，阻碍，阻止encrypt v.加密，译成密码intuitively a直觉的malicious a.环恶意的，恶毒的module n.模块，组件bottleneck n,瓶颈schema n.轮廓，概要，图解mainstream n主流proposal n建议spatial a.空间的，空间性的tailor Vi.定制，制作，缝制relevant a.有关联的，中肯的plausible a.似真实的，似合理的urgency n.紧急，催促virtually ad.事实上optimization n.最佳化impracticably ad.不能实validation n.确认flaw n.缺点，裂纹，瑕疵typically a.典型的，象征性的assumption n.假定，视为当然之事index n.索引Yi.做索引duration n.持续时间，为期component n.组件，成分intolerably ad.难耐的程度temporal n.当时的，现世的abort vi.流产，失败semantics n.语义学rigorous a.严厉的，严酷的，苛刻的interval n．时间间隔criterion n.标准，准据，轨范catalogue n.目录V.编入目录consistency n.一致性，坚固性，浓度cabinet n.橱柜，内阁adopt Vt.采用，收养illustration n.例证，插图serialization n.连载长篇efficient a有效率的，能干的log n.日志，记录clerical a.事务上的，抄写员的focus n.焦点，焦距access n.进入．进入twin n.双胞胎中人warehouse n.大商店．仓库protocol n.协议wholesale n.批发conflict n神突，矛盾chore n.零工，家务negotiate vi.商议，谈判，谈妥mode n.模式，模态drag vi.拖拉，拖累long-duration 长期architects n.建筑师short-duration 短期partition n.分割，隔离物ascend V.上升，追溯，登高．inherent a.固有的，与生俱来的descend vi.下降，传下necessitate Vt.迫使，使成为必需dimensional a.空间的versa a.反physical organization 物理组织operator n.操作员数字电路digital circuit 数字电路inclusive a.一包含的，包括的logic n.逻辑bit n.少量gate n逻辑门multibit 多位logical methodology 逻辑方法arithmetic operation 算术运算Boolean algebra 布尔代数bus 总线two-state 两态data bus 数据总线logical multiplication 逻辑乘simultaneously ad.同时地logical addition 逻辑加parallel register 并行寄存器logical complementation 逻辑非serial register 串行寄存器logical function 逻辑函数shift register 移位寄存器inverter n.反相器latch n．锁存器transistor n.晶体管electromechanical calculator 电动式计算器diode n.二极管logic symbol 逻辑符号resistor n电阻器electromagnet n.电磁铁logic circuit 逻辑电路energize Vt.使活跃，激励Flip-flop n.发器armature n.电枢counter n.计数器relay n.电器adder n.加法器mechanical latch 机械式,logic variable 逻辑变量set Vt.置位logic operation 逻辑运算reset Vt.复位characteristic n.特征，特性figure 图the SET output置位输出端conjunction(logical product) n.合取the RESET input复位输入端disjunction(logical sum) n.析取first-level n.一级active a.有效的negation(NOT) n. 反（非）inactive a.无效的AND gate与门construct vt．构造，设想truth table真值表resident program 常驻程序power n.功率，乘幂utility 公用程序，实用condition n.条件diskcopy n.磁盘拷贝命令verbalize V.以语言表现，唠叨exception n.例外vice Vera 反之亦然batch n.批，成批the AND function＂“与”函数specify Vt.指定，说明the OR function＂“或”函数discrepancy n.相差，差异，差别the NOT function＂“非”函数trigger n.触发器exemplify Vt.例证，例示representative n.代表，典型硬件基础microelectronics n.微电子学adaptively a.适合的，适应的actuator n.主动器compensate 偿还，补偿integrated a.集成的parasitic a.寄生的arithmetic n.算术,算法wobble n.摆动，不稳定crossroads n.交又路focal a.焦点的，在焦点上的ROM n.只读存储器eliminate Vt.排除，除去RAM n.随机存取存储器cornstalk n.串音permanently ad.永久的，不变的affinity n.密切关系，强烈的吸引Volatile a.可变的，不稳定的stem n．柄，堵塞物notepad n.记事本introspection n.内省，反省microprocessor n.微处理器mechanism n.机械，机理gateway n.门，通路portability n.一携带，轻便coprocessor n.协处理器configuration n.配置floating-point 浮点flexibility n.适应性，弹性upgrade V.使升级algorithms n.运算法则optional a.选择的，随意的channel n．通道，频道bi-directional a.双向性keystroke n.键击simultaneous a.同时发生的typematic a.重复击键的cache n.高速缓冲存储器comprise Vi.包含，构成percentage n.百分比,部分precommendation n.预补偿controller n.控制器track n.磁轨intercept n.截取，妨碍boot v.启动significantly ad.重要地，有效地benchmark n.基准，评效migration n.移往，移动merit n.优点，价值compact a.紧凑的，紧密的restriction n.限制，限定，约束digitally n.数位intrinsic a.本质的，原有的dip n.双排直插封装Boolean n.布尔逻辑，布尔值distortion n.扭曲，变形imperative a.命令式的playback n.重现，录音再生nontrivial a.不平常的robustness a.健康的，强健的circumvent v.绕行，陷害reliability n.可靠性，可信赖性decentralize vt.使分散，排除集中resolvability n.可移动性intelligent a.智能的，聪明的counterpart n.副本，配对物automatically a.自动地，机械地archival a.关于档案的innovation n.改革，创新magneto n.磁发电机synonym n.同义字cylinder n.柱面prototype n.原型photodetector n.光感测器paradigm n.范例，模范predefined n.预先确定microchip n.微处理器split a.分散的core n.争论的核心tradeoff n.交换，协定extended memory 扩充内存bootdevice 引导设备picture processing 图像处理reside vi.住，居留，属于sensor n.传感器optical disk 光盘WS1 晶片规模集成laser n.激光VLSI 超大规模集成storage densities 存储密度hiss n.嘶嘶声modulate vi.调整，调制unveil vt.揭开,揭幕multiassociative processing 多关联处理技术workload n.工作负荷网络与分布式系统network n.网络zap n.意志，活力coordinate a.同等的vt（使）协调hassle vi.争论minicomputer n.小型计算机legacy a.传统的facility n.设备,容易Macintosh大苹果机LAN n.局部区域网络workstation n.工作站irrespective a.不顾的，无关的catapulting n.发射机弹弓distributed network 分布式网络meteorological a.气象学的central machine 中央主机centralization n.集中appropriate a.适当的immune a.免疫的，免除的software packages 软件包immunity n免疫，免疫性meaningful a.意味深长的equatorial a.近赤道的，赤道的ring network 封闭网络discipline 训练，惩罚stress n重点，紧迫homogeneity n.同种，I司质open system 开放系统improvisation n.即兴而作，即席演奏backup v.做备份ultimately n终极，根本interconnection n互联historically a.历史的，史实的quotation n.引用语payroll n.工资单catalog n.目录，型录browser n. M浏览器bulletin n公告，neutral n.中立者，中立国approach n.接近，动手处理enhance vt.提高，加强endorse vt.支持，赞同crucial a.决定性的，重要的accelerate vt.加速mission n.任务，使命scaleable a.可攀登的，可剥掉的critical a.批评的，决定性的tightly ad.紧紧地，坚固地inventory n.存货清单longevity n.长命，长寿，寿命administrative a.行政的，管理的evaluating 评估strategy n.策略dispersed a.被分散的remote n.远程incremental a.增加的monitoring n.监听intervention n.插入，介入conventional program 常规程序host n.主机，主人supervisory a.管理的，监督的warrant n.凭证，正当理由peripherals（计算机）辅助设备collaborate n.合作realm n．王国，领域download n.下载analogize v.以类推来说明proliferate vi.增殖，激增quadrate n.求积，矩，弦website n. web地址amplitude n.广阔，充足，增幅OSI 开放系统互联network management 网络管理product development 产品开发operability n.相互操作性integrated network 集成网络object-oriented 面向对象file server 文件服务器object definition 对象定义mouse n.鼠标fault isolation 故障隔离click v.单击entry n.登录，入口database system 数据库系统DTE 数据终端设备centralized system 集中式系统paralleled-to-serial 并串decentralized system 分散式系统serial-to-paralleled 串并distributed system 分布式系统Universal Synchronous 通用同步workstation 工作站Asynchronous Receiver 异步接收coordinate n.坐标a同等的transmitter n．发送器multipoint data 多点数据data stream 数据流FEP 前端处理机modulator n.数传机signal level 信号电平计算机新学科与新技术Outgrowth n.自然的发展，副产物compute 计算Encompass vt.包含，包围diagnosis n.诊断Predictability a.可预言的prescription n.处方，命令，指示Object n.对象fuzzy a.模糊的，失真的Potential n.潜在性a.有潜力的voice-activated a.声音激活的Narrower n.较狭窄的部分accuracy n.精确，正确object-oriented 面向对象的assumption n.假定，视为当然之事guidelines n.指导方针heuristic n.启发式教育法encapsulation n.封装性interview n.面谈访问接见subtyping n.子类型，次类型procedures n.程序generic a.一般的service-oriented a.服务导向的prolong v.延长preliminary n．初步行动，准备mature a.成熟的，充分考虑的molecular a.分子的，由分子组成coexistence n.共存，两立，并立spectrograph n.光谱摄制仪，摄谱仪non-object-oriented 非面向对象的mainstream n.主流CASE 计算机辅助软件工程robot n.机械人，自动机械waterfall n.瀑布adaptable a.可修改的systematic a.有系统的，分类的broader a.宽广的，辽阔的detail n.细节，详情promote vt.促进升迁paradigm n.范例，模范transform vt.转换，改变undoubtedly ad.无疑地，确实地unpredictable a.不可预知的embed v.嵌入assembly n.集会，装配presumably ad.推测上，大概地shipping n.装运，航行explicitly a.外在的,清楚的multimedia n.多媒体patience n.耐性，忍耐designer n.设计者span n.跨距，径距,广度artificial a.人造的，武断的blunder n.大错，大失策approaches n.接近，门径disastrous a.损失惨重的，悲伤的document n.文件，公文vital a.重要的，生命的commercially a.商业的，商用的trillion n.百万的平方alignment n.结盟，队列yield n.生产量，投资收益domain n.领域，领土gain n.增益，获得bonding n.会接，搭接broaden vi.变宽motivate vt.给与动机，刺激audio a.成音频率的，声音的presumably ad.推测上，假定上automata n.自动操作，自动控制spectrograph n.质谱仪，摄谱仪abstract a.抽象的，深奥的virtual n．虚拟idealize vt.使理想化artificial intelligence 人工智能symbols n.符号administration n.行政管理strings n.字符串autoscan v.自动扫描non-negative a.非负的packaging n.包装partial a.部分的，偏爱的adhere vi.依附，粘着alphabet n.字母etiquette n.礼仪，礼节，成规subset n.子集fashion n.流行，风尚，时样unique a.独一无二的，独特的dizzy a.晕眩的眼花缭乱的denote vt.指示，表示mute vt.减弱的声音roughly ad.概略地，粗糙地broadcaster n.播送者halting a.跋的，蹒跚的shipping n.运输bin 文件。

[VIP专享]PADS导出BOM的坑,你遇到了吗？

我们先说说PADS Logic的原理图文件，PADS Logic支持一个元件可以有多个属性：比如：Value，Comment，Description…元件还支持多项可见性那么问题来了：也许我们在阅读原理图时，没有发现有什么问题，参数也是标示得非常正确的，但是导出BOM时，我们通常是以某一属性值提取元件信息的(通常为：Value)例如在设计中可见的值却不是关键属性(Value）以上元件可见的属性为Comment属性其是2.2K.以上元件可见的属性为Value属性其是150K.以上元件索性没有没有对应的属性，可见的参数值为元件类型(Part Type)那么我们不管是以Value或者是Comment属性参数来导出Bill of Materials，这样都是不全面的.对于这些不规范的原理图设计,我们应该尽可能去规范它,下图以Value属性为参考，标注了原理图中不规范的元件数据:C43:Comment为2.2K，可视状态Voltage 可视状态Value 为NC 不可视状态此时只要单击可视状态列可以自动关闭/开启可视状态在属性值列输入参数可以自动同步给所选择元件。

那么PADS Layout又会有什么情况呢？如上图，在PCB可以见到的是R65显示的是0R，状态栏左下角显示的却是1K,右键查看其属性，VAL 为0R；Value为1K接下来我们看看它的元器件特性：标签这里有VAL,Part Type,Ref.Des.PCB中可见的元件参数其实是由它的标签来决定的，而不是属性值。

这样一来，看查看PCB怎么看，元件参数都是正确的，但你以Value来导出BOM，却是错误的。

那里这又如何来快速检测呢？说明一下以上的情况：C4，标签显示的是Comment，值为100uf/16VValue属性没有(NULL)，所在标签也没有。

如果你以Value导出，那么显而易见值为空白。

D23，Value属性值为SS24/NC，但PCB上没有显示出来.R65,R66,这两个元件在PCB中标签显示的是VAL，值为0R,Value属性值为1K。

电力电子专业英语单词汇总

电力电子专业英语单词汇总电路的基本概念及定律电源 source电压源 voltage source电流源 current source理想电压源 ideal voltage source理想电流源 ideal current source伏安特性 volt-ampere characteristic电动势 electromotive force电压 voltage电流 current电位 potential电位差 potential difference欧姆 Ohm伏特 Volt安培 Ampere瓦特 Watt焦耳 Joule电路 circuit电路元件 circuit element电阻 resistance电阻器 resistor电感 inductance电感器 inductor电容 capacitance电容器 capacitor电路模型 circuit model参考方向 reference direction参考电位 reference potential欧姆定律Ohm’s law基尔霍夫定律Kirchhoff’s law基尔霍夫电压定律Kirchhoff’s voltage law（KVL）基尔霍夫电流定律Kirchhoff’s current law（KCL）结点 node支路 branch回路 loop网孔 mesh支路电流法 branch current analysis网孔电流法 mesh current analysis结点电位法 node voltage analysis电源变换 source transformations叠加原理 superposition theorem网络 network无源二端网络 passive two-terminal network有源二端网络 active two-terminal network戴维宁定理Thevenin’s theorem诺顿定理Norton’s theorem开路（断路）open circuit 短路 short circuit开路电压 open-circuit voltage短路电流 short-circuit current交流电路直流电路 direct current circuit (dc)交流电路 alternating current circuit (ac)正弦交流电路 sinusoidal a-c circuit平均值 average value有效值 effective value均方根值root-mean-squire value (rms)瞬时值 instantaneous value电抗 reactance感抗 inductive reactance容抗 capacitive reactance法拉 Farad亨利 Henry阻抗 impedance复数阻抗 complex impedance相位 phase初相位 initial phase相位差 phase difference相位领先 phase lead相位落后 phase lag倒相，反相 phase inversion频率 frequency角频率 angular frequency赫兹 Hertz相量 phasor相量图 phasor diagram有功功率 active power无功功率 reactive power视在功率 apparent power功率因数 power factor功率因数补偿 power-factor compensation串联谐振 series resonance并联谐振 parallel resonance谐振频率 resonance frequency频率特性 frequency characteristic幅频特性amplitude-frequency response characteristic相频特性 phase-frequency response characteristic 截止频率 cutoff frequency品质因数 quality factor通频带 pass-band带宽 bandwidth (BW)滤波器 filter一阶滤波器 first-order filter二阶滤波器 second-order filter低通滤波器 low-pass filter高通滤波器 high-pass filter带通滤波器 band-pass filter带阻滤波器 band-stop filter转移函数 transfer function波特图 Bode diagram傅立叶级数 Fourier series三相电路 three-phase circuit三相电源 three-phase source对称三相电源 symmetrical three-phase source对称三相负载 symmetrical three-phase load相电压 phase voltage相电流 phase current线电压 line voltage线电流 line current三相三线制 three-phase three-wire system三相四线制 three-phase four-wire system三相功率 three-phase power星形连接 star connection(Y-connection)三角形连接triangular connection(D- connection ,delta connection)中线 neutral line电路的暂态过程分析暂态 transient state稳态 steady state暂态过程，暂态响应 transient response换路定理 low of switch一阶电路 first-order circuit三要素法 three-factor method时间常数 time constant积分电路 integrating circuit微分电路 differentiating circuit磁路与变压器磁场magnetic field磁通 flux磁路 magnetic circuit磁感应强度 flux density磁通势 magnetomotive force磁阻 reluctance电动机直流电动机 dc motor交流电动机 ac motor异步电动机 asynchronous motor同步电动机 synchronous motor三相异步电动机 three-phase asynchronous motor 单相异步电动机 single-phase asynchronous motor 旋转磁场 rotating magnetic field定子 stator转子 rotor转差率 slip起动电流 starting current起动转矩 starting torque 额定电压 rated voltage额定电流 rated current额定功率 rated power机械特性 mechanical characteristic继电器-接触器操纵按钮 button熔断器 fuse开关 switch行程开关 travel switch继电器 relay接触器 contactor常开(动合)触点 normally open contact常闭(动断)触点 normally closed contact时间继电器 time relay热继电器 thermal overload relay中间继电器 intermediate relay可编程操纵器（PLC）可编程操纵器 programmable logic controller语句表 statement list梯形图 ladder diagram半导体器件本征半导体intrinsic semiconductor掺杂半导体doped semiconductorP型半导体 P-type semiconductorN型半导体 N--type semiconductor自由电子 free electron空穴 hole载流子 carriersPN结 PN junction扩散 diffusion漂移 drift二极管 diode硅二极管 silicon diode锗二极管 germanium diode阳极 anode阴极 cathode发光二极管 light-emitting diode (LED)光电二极管 photodiode稳压二极管 Zener diode晶体管（三极管） transistorPNP型晶体管 PNP transistorNPN型晶体管 NPN transistor发射极 emitter集电极 collector基极 base电流放大系数 current amplification coefficient 场效应管 field-effect transistor (FET)P沟道 p-channelN沟道 n-channel结型场效应管 junction FET（JFET）金属氧化物半导体 metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS)耗尽型MOS场效应管depletion mode MOSFET （D-MOSFET）增强型MOS场效应管enhancement mode MOSFET （E-MOSFET）源极 source栅极 grid漏极 drain跨导 transconductance夹断电压 pinch-off voltage热敏电阻 thermistor开路 open短路 shorted基本放大器放大器 amplifier正向偏置 forward bias反向偏置 backward bias静态工作点 quiescent point (Q-point)等效电路 equivalent circuit电压放大倍数 voltage gain总的电压放大倍数 overall voltage gain饱与 saturation截止 cut-off放大区 amplifier region饱与区 saturation region截止区 cut-off region失真 distortion饱与失真 saturation distortion截止失真 cut-off distortion零点漂移 zero drift正反馈 positive feedback负反馈 negative feedback串联负反馈 series negative feedback并联负反馈 parallel negative feedback共射极放大器 common-emitter amplifier射极跟随器 emitter-follower共源极放大器 common-source amplifier共漏极放大器 common-drain amplifier多级放大器 multistage amplifier阻容耦合放大器resistance-capacitance coupled amplifier直接耦合放大器 direct- coupled amplifier输入电阻 input resistance输出电阻 output resistance负载电阻 load resistance动态电阻 dynamic resistance负载电流 load current旁路电容 bypass capacitor耦合电容 coupled capacitor直流通路 direct current path交流通路 alternating current path 直流分量 direct current component交流分量 alternating current component变阻器（电位器）rheostat电阻（器）resistor电阻（值）resistance电容（器）capacitor电容（量）capacitance电感（器，线圈）inductor电感（量），感应系数inductance正弦电压 sinusoidal voltage集成运算放大器及应用差动放大器 differential amplifier运算放大器 operational amplifier(op-amp)失调电压 offset voltage失调电流 offset current共模信号 common-mode signal差模信号 different-mode signal共模抑制比 common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 积分电路 integrator（circuit）微分电路 differentiator（circuit）有源滤波器 active filter低通滤波器 low-pass filter高通滤波器 high-pass filter带通滤波器 band-pass filter带阻滤波器 band-stop filter波特沃斯滤波器 Butterworth filter切比雪夫滤波器 Chebyshev filter贝塞尔滤波器 Bessel filter截止频率 cut-off frequency上限截止频率 upper cut-off frequency下限截止频率 lower cut-off frequency中心频率 center frequency带宽 Bandwidth开环增益 open-loop gain闭环增益 closed-loop gain共模增益 common-mode gain输入阻抗 input impedance电压跟随器 voltage-follower电压源 voltage source电流源 current source单位增益带宽unity-gain bandwidth频率响应 frequency response频响特性（曲线）response characteristic波特图 the Bode plot稳固性stability补偿 compensation比较器 comparator迟滞比较器 hysteresis comparator阶跃输入电压step input voltage仪表放大器 instrumentation amplifier隔离放大器 isolation amplifier对数放大器 log amplifier反对数放大器antilog amplifier反馈通道 feedback path反向漏电流 reverse leakage current相位phase相移 phase shift锁相环 phase-locked loop(PLL)锁相环相位监测器 PLL phase detector与频 sum frequency差频 difference frequency波形发生电路振荡器 oscillatorRC振荡器 RC oscillatorLC振荡器 LC oscillator正弦波振荡器 sinusoidal oscillator三角波发生器 triangular wave generator方波发生器square wave generator幅度 magnitude电平level饱与输出电平（电压） saturated output level功率放大器 power amplifier交越失真 cross-over distortion甲类功率放大器 class A power amplifier乙类推挽功率放大器class B push-pull power amplifierOTL功率放大器output transformerless power amplifierOCL功率放大器output capacitorless power amplifier直流稳压电源半波整流 full-wave rectifier全波整流 half-wave rectifier电感滤波器 inductor filter电容滤波器 capacitor filter串联型稳压电源 series (voltage) regulator开关型稳压电源 switching (voltage) regulator集成稳压器 IC (voltage) regulator晶闸管及可控整流电路晶闸管 thyristor单结晶体管 unijunction transistor（UJT）可控整流 controlled rectifier可控硅 silicon-controlled rectifier峰点 peak point谷点 valley point操纵角 controlling angle导通角 turn-on angle门电路与逻辑代数二进制 binary二进制数 binary number十进制 decimal十六进制 hexadecimal 二-十进制 binary coded decimal （BCD）门电路 gate三态门tri-state gate与门 AND gate或者门 OR gate非门 NOT gate与非门 NAND gate或者非门 NOR gate异或者门 exclusive-OR gate反相器 inverter布尔代数 Boolean algebra真值表 truth table卡诺图 the Karnaugh map逻辑函数 logic function逻辑表达式 logic expression组合逻辑电路 combination logic circuit译码器 decoder编码器 coder比较器 comparator半加器 half-adder全加器 full-adder七段显示器 seven-segment display时序逻辑电路 sequential logic circuitR-S 触发器 R-S flip-flopD触发器 D flip-flopJ-K触发器 J-K flip-flop主从型触发器 master-slave flip-flop置位 set复位 reset直接置位端direct-set terminal直接复位端direct-reset terminal寄存器 register移位寄存器 shift register双向移位寄存器bidirectional shift register 计数器 counter同步计数器 synchronous counter异步计数器asynchronous counter加法计数器 adding counter减法计数器 subtracting counter定时器 timer清除（清0）clear载入 load时钟脉冲 clock pulse触发脉冲 trigger pulse上升沿 positive edge下降沿 negative edge时序图 timing diagram波形图 waveform单稳态触发器 monostable flip-flop双稳态触发器 bistable flip-flop无稳态振荡器 astable oscillator晶体 crystal 555定时器 555 timer模拟信号 analog signal数字信号 digital signalAD转换器analog -digital converter (ADC)DA转换器 digital-analog converter (DAC)半导体存储器只读存储器 read-only memory（ROM）随机存取存储器 random-access memory（RAM）可编程ROM programmable ROM（PROM）常见英文缩写解释（按字母顺序排列）：ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit. 专用ICCPLD: Complex Programmable Logic Device. 复杂可编程逻辑器件EDA: Electronic Design Automation. 电子设计自动化FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Array. 现场可编程门阵列GAL: Generic Array Logic. 通用阵列逻辑HDL: Hardware Description Language. 硬件描述语言IP: Intelligent Property. 智能模块PAL: Programmable Array Logic. 可编程阵列逻辑RTL: Register Transfer Level. 寄存器传输级描述）SOC: System On a Chip. 片上系统SLIC: System Level IC. 系统级ICVHDL: Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language. 超高速集成电路硬件描述语言。

中考图表类英语作文公开课学案

中考图表类英语作文公开课学案1Oh my goodness! Let's talk about the chart-based English composition in the middle school entrance examination! Charts are like a special language that tells us stories through numbers and images. Take a chart about students' extracurricular activity time for instance.Look at the data! You can see that some students spend a lot of time on sports, while others focus more on reading. Isn't that interesting? To describe the data accurately, we need to use precise numbers and proper expressions. For example, "The percentage of students who choose sports is 30%."Then, when analyzing the reasons, we have to think deeply. Maybe some students love sports because it helps them stay healthy and energetic. But why do others prefer reading? Could it be that they want to expand their knowledge and imagination?Finally, in drawing conclusions, we should summarize the main points clearly. We can say, "In general, students have diverse choices for their extracurricular activities, and it reflects their different interests and needs."So, dear friends, now you know the key points and tricks of writing a chart-based English composition for the middle school entrance examination. Let's practice and do well in the exam!2When it comes to dealing with chart-based compositions in the middle school entrance examination, it's essential to have a clear and effective approach. Let's take a chart reflecting the traffic congestion in a city as an example. First and foremost, we need to quickly identify the key information. Look carefully at the data presented, such as the peak hours of traffic, the main crowded areas, and the reasons for the congestion. Oh my goodness! This is crucial for understanding the overall situation.Then, it's time to organize our language for a precise description. We should start with an introduction, stating the main theme of the chart. For instance, "The chart shows the serious problem of traffic congestion in our city." How wonderful it is to have a clear beginning!During the description, use various sentence structures and connective words to make the text coherent. But be careful! Avoid common grammar mistakes. Don't mix tenses or use wrong verb forms. Remember to check and revise your work before submitting it.So, dear friends, with these tips in mind, are you confident to handle such compositions well? I believe you can!3When it comes to the chart-based composition in the High School Entrance Examination, it is essential to master the key points to score well.Let's take an example of a chart showing the air quality in different regions. To accurately express the content of this chart, we need a rich vocabulary. For instance, we can use words like "excellent", "poor", "moderate" to describe the air quality levels. And sentences like "The air quality in Region A is significantly better than that in Region B" make the description more precise.In addition, logical coherence is of great importance! How to achieve it? We can start with an overall introduction of the chart, followed by detailed comparisons and analyses of the data. For example, "It is obvious that Region C has suffered from severe air pollution, while Region D shows a gradual improvement in air quality over the past few years."Also, using proper transitional words and phrases can enhance the connection between paragraphs. Such as "Firstly", "Secondly", "Furthermore", "In conclusion".So, dear friends, by grasping these points and practicing more, you will surely do well in the chart-based composition of the High School Entrance Examination! How exciting it is to master these skills and get high scores!4Oh my goodness! Let's take a close look at the important points for the chart-based composition in the high school entrance examination. Imagine there's a chart about the consumption structure of a family. Firstly,we must pay great attention to the title and annotations of the chart. They are like keys that unlock the meaning behind the data! How crucial they are!When it comes to organizing the structure of our composition, a clear introduction is essential. We need to briefly introduce the topic and the source of the chart. Then, in the main body, describe the data and trends precisely. Don't forget to make comparisons and draw logical conclusions. Finally, in the conclusion, summarize the main points and express your own thoughts or suggestions.And here's the big challenge - how to finish the writing efficiently within the limited time? We should plan our time wisely. Spend a few minutes understanding the chart thoroughly before starting to write. Don't waste time on insignificant details. Keep your language simple and clear. Oh dear, it's not that easy, but with practice, we can do it! So, dear friends, let's work hard and master this type of composition to achieve excellent results in the exam!5Oh my goodness! When it comes to the chart-based composition in the middle school entrance examination, it's truly a challenging but exciting topic to explore! Let's take an example of a chart about the myopia rate among teenagers.Firstly, adding detailed descriptions is essential. For instance, insteadof simply saying "The myopia rate is high", we could describe it as "The astonishingly high myopia rate among teenagers has reached an alarming level, which is truly worrying!". This kind of detailed description can make the article more vivid and attractive.Secondly, the use of advanced sentence patterns is of great significance. We can employ complex sentence structures like "Not only is the myopia rate increasing rapidly, but also it has brought numerous negative effects to teenagers' lives and studies." This makes the writing more sophisticated and showcases our language proficiency.Last but not least, proper use of conjunctive words is crucial. Words like "moreover", "furthermore", "however" can make the logic of the article clearer and more coherent.In conclusion, by focusing on these aspects, we can surely enhance the quality of our chart-based compositions in the middle school entrance examination. So, let's put these strategies into practice and achieve excellent results!。

(完整版)四级核心词汇四词根记忆法

《与“感官机能”相关的词根》的笔记：audhear; 表示“听”tontone; 表示“语调”specsee; look; 表示“看”vis vidsee; 表示“看见”mono-along; single; sole; 表示“单一的”multi many; much; 表示“很多词根aud：表示“听”audience：听众观众aud（听）+ ience例：I was terribly embarrassed when some of the audience got up andleft in the middle of the performance.在表演过程中，当有观众站起来并且离场时，我感到非常难堪。

audio：声频的、音频的▶audio-visual method视听教学法obey：顺从，遵守主要是指“遵守法律法规”例：He is a good citizen who obeys the law.他是一个遵纪守法的好市民▶名词形式：obedience→形容词形式：obedient例：When your dog obeys a simple request of "come here, sit", it is showing obedience and respect for you.当你的狗遵从一个简单的命令，比如“过来，坐下”，它就是在向你表示服从和敬意。

词根ton：表示“语调”tone：腔调、语气、音调例：in an angry / an impatient / a sarcastic tone以生气的/ 不耐烦的/ 讽刺的语气monotone：mono-（单一的）+ tone（语调）→只有一种声音→单调，乏味multi-：多的▶multicultural：多文化的multimedia：多媒体accent：口音、重音例：speak English with a foreign accent讲英语的时候带有外国口音tune：调子、曲调例：He was humming a familiar tune.他正在哼一首非常熟悉的小曲。

（LAND）逻辑和logicOR（LOR）逻辑或logicanalyzer逻辑l..

本文档来自酷兔英语文档中心logic 逻辑logic AND (LAND) 逻辑和logic OR (LOR) 逻辑或logic analyzer 逻辑分析仪logic array block (LAB) 逻辑阵列区块logic cell array (LCA) 逻辑单元阵列logic description 逻辑描述logic design 逻辑设计logic emulation 逻辑仿真logic ground 逻辑地logic inhibit/enable 逻辑禁止/允许logic level 逻辑电平logic node 逻辑节点logic slice 逻辑片logic synthesis 逻辑合成logic, Boolean 布尔逻辑logic, backplane transceiver (BTL) 基架收发器逻辑logic, bipolar 双极逻辑logic, buried 隐敝式逻辑logic, clocked sequential 时钟式序列逻辑logic, combinational 混合式逻辑logic, complementary 互补逻辑logic, complementary transistor (CTL) 互补晶体管逻辑logic, control 控制逻辑logic, current mode (CML) 电流模式逻辑logic, diode-transistor (DTL) 二极管晶体管逻辑logic, direct-coupled transistor (DCTL) 直接耦合晶体管逻辑logic, discrete 胶合逻辑logic, emitter-coupled (ECL) 射极耦合逻辑logic, emitter-coupled transistor (ECTL) 射极耦合晶体管逻辑logic, fuzzy 模糊逻辑logic, generic array (GAL) 通用阵列逻辑logic, glue 胶合逻辑logic, hardwired 固定线路逻辑logic, hardwired control 固定线路控制逻辑logic, high threshold (HTL) 高临限逻辑logic, interrupt 中断逻辑logic, multiple array programmable (MAPL) 多重阵列可编程逻辑logic, negative 负逻辑logic, positive 正逻辑logic, positive emitter-coupled (PECL) 正射极耦合逻辑logic, programmable array (PAL) 可编程阵列逻辑logic, resistor-capacitor-transistor (RCTL) 电阻电容晶体管逻辑logic, resistor-transistor (RTL) 电阻晶体管逻辑logic, standard discrete 标准离散逻辑元件logic, state 状态逻辑logic, testing 测试逻辑logic, transistor-transistor (TTL) 晶体管晶体管逻辑logic, tristate 三态逻辑logic, unclocked sequential 非时钟式序列逻辑logic-level shifter 逻辑水平位移器logical architecture 逻辑架构logical block address (LBA) 逻辑区块地址logical channel 逻辑信道logical circuit 逻辑电路logical diagram 逻辑图logical interface 逻辑接口logical link control (LLC) 逻辑链路控制logical page 逻辑分页logical subnet 逻辑子网logical sum 逻辑和logical unit (LU) 逻辑单元，逻辑部件long haul 长程网络long-reach 长到达longitudinal balance 纵向平衡longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) 纵向冗余码检测longitudinal vibration 纵振动longitudinal wave 纵波look-ahead buffer 先行缓冲器look-ahead read 读取先行look-up table (LUT) 搜寻列表lookaside buffer 旁视缓冲器loop 环路loop antenna 环形天线loop back 回环loop compensation amplifier 环路补偿放大器loop gain 环路增益loop response 环路响应loop start signaling 环路启动信令loop, closed 闭合环路；闭环loop, digital adapter for subscriber (DASL) 用户环路数字配接器loop, digital phase-locked (DPLL) 数字锁相环路loop, electrical ground 电气接地环路loop, feedback 反馈环路loop, ground 接地环路loop, hysteresis 磁滞环路loop, input 输入环路loop, local 区域性环路loop, null 零位环路loop, open 开放环路；开环loop, output 输出环路loop, phase-locked (PLL) 锁相环路loop-back test 回环测试loop-compensation amplifier 环路补偿放大器loop-gain error 环路增益误差loos 损耗loos factor 损耗因数loos of lock (LOL) 失锁loos of power (LOP) 功率损失loos of signal 信号损耗loos of synchronization 失步,同步丢失loos, conduction 低传导损耗loos, crossover 交接损耗；交越损耗loos, dielectric 介电质损耗loos, hysteresis 磁滞损耗loos, insertion 插入损耗loos, power 功率损耗loos, return 回送损耗loos, shunt 分流损耗loos, switch 交换损耗loos, switch ing 开关损耗loose tube cable 松套电缆loosely coupled 松弛耦合lossless compression 非损耗式压缩lossless transmission 无损耗式传输lossy compression 损耗式压缩lossy medium 损耗式媒介lost call probability 呼损概率lost calls cleared 呼损[记录]清除lost calls held 呼损[记录]保持loudness 响度loudspeaker 扬声器low frequency (LF) 低频放大器low order 低值位low probability of intercept (LPI) 低拦截概率low switch ing transient 低转换瞬变low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) 低温烧结陶瓷，低温共烧陶瓷low-end 低档low-frequency amplifier 低频放大器low-frequency bypass 低频旁路low-jitter clock 低抖动时钟low-level format (LLF) 低阶格式化low-noise block converter (LNB) 低噪声块转换器low-pass filter 低通滤波器low-power television (LPTV) 低功耗电视，低功率电视low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) 低压化学汽相沉积low-voltage technology (LVT) 低电压技术lower bit 低位lower limit 下限lower-triangular matrix 下三角形矩阵lowpass 低通lowpass filter (LPF) 低通滤波器lubricant 润滑剂lug 套管lumen (lm) 流明luminaire 光源，发光体luminance 亮度luminance bandwidth 亮度频宽luminance sample 亮度取样luminance, cross 亮度互串luminescent, electro- (EL) 场致发光luminosity 光度luminous body 发光体luminous efficiency 发光效率luminous energy 光能luminous flux 光通量luminous intensity 光度lumped 总集的lumped capacitive load 总集电容负载lux (lx) 勒克司关键字:IT专业英语词典生词表:diagram [dai gr m] n.图解，图表四级词汇vibration [vai brei n] n.颤动；振动；摇动四级词汇antenna [n ten] n.触角；天线六级词汇subscriber [s b skraib] n.捐款人；预约者四级词汇transmission [tr nz mi n, tr ns-] n.传送；播送；发射六级词汇frequency [fri:kw nsi] n.频繁；周率六级词汇intercept [,int sept] vt.拦截；截获；窃听六级词汇transient [tr nzi nt, tr n nt] a.短暂的；无常的六级词汇filter [filt] n.滤器 v.过滤，渗入四级词汇酷兔英语服务列表酷兔背单词酷兔练听力酷兔动画英语酷兔英语游戏酷兔在线英语词典酷兔英语资料下载酷兔英语学习软件学习方案特色课程。

plc外文翻译

1 Bit Logic Instructions1.1 Overview of Bit Logic Instructions1.1.1 DescriptionBit logic instructions work with two digits, 1 and 0. These two digits form the base of a number system called the binary system. The two digits 1 and 0 are called binary digits or bits. In the world of contacts and coils, a 1 indicates activated or energized, and a 0 indicates not activated or not energized.The bit logic instructions interpret signal states of 1 and 0 and combine them according to Boolean logic. These combinations produce a result of 1 or 0 that is called the “result of logic operation” (RLO).The logic operations that are triggered by the bit logic instructions perform a variety of functions.There are bit logic instructions to perform the following functions:---| |--- Normally Open Contact (Address)---| / |--- Normally Closed Contact (Address)---(SAVE) Save RLO into BR MemoryXOR Bit Exclusive OR---( ) Output Coil---( # )--- Midline Output---|NOT|--- Invert Power FlowThe following instructions react to an RLO of 1:页脚内容1---( S ) Set Coil---( R ) Reset CoilSR Set-Reset Flip FlopRS Reset-Set Flip FlopOther instructions react to a positive or negative edge transition to perform the following functions: ---(N)--- Negative RLO Edge Detection---(P)--- Positive RLO Edge DetectionNEG Address Negative Edge DetectionPOS Address Positive Edge DetectionImmediate ReadImmediate Write1.2 ---| |--- Normally Open Contact (Address)1.2.1 Symbol<address>---| |---Parameter Data Type Memory Area Description页脚内容2<address>BOOL I, Q, M, L, D, T, C Checked bit 1.2.2 Description---| |---(Normally Open Contact) is closed when the bit value stored at the specified <address>is equal to "1". When the contact is closed, ladder rail power flows across the contact and the result of logic operation (RLO) = "1". Otherwise, if the signal state at the specified <address>is "0", the contact is open. When the contact is open, power does not flow across the contact and the result of logic operation (RLO) = "0".When used in series, ---| |--- is linked to the RLO bit by AND logic. When used in parallel, it is linked to the RLO by OR logic.1.2.3 Status wordBR CC1CC0OV OS OR STA RLO/FC writes:-----x x x11.2.4 Example页脚内容3Power flows if one of the following conditions exists:The signal state is "1" at inputs I0.0 and I0.1 Or the signal state is "1" at input I0.2.1.3 ---| / |--- Normally Closed Contact (Address)1.3.1 Symbol<address>---| / |---Parameter Data Type Memory Area Description<address>BOOL I, Q, M, L, D, T, C Checked bit1.3.2 Description---| / |--- (Normally Closed Contact) is closed when the bit value stored at the specified <address>is equal to "0". When the contact is closed, ladder rail power flows across the contact and the result of logic operation (RLO) = "1". Otherwise, if the signal state at the specified <address> is "1", the contact is opened. When the contact is opened, power does not flow across the contact and the result of logic operation (RLO) = "0".When used in series, ---| / |--- is linked to the RLO bit by AND logic. When used in parallel, it is linked to the RLO by OR logic.页脚内容41.3.3 Status wordBR CC1CC0OV OS OR STA RLO/FC writes:-----x x x11.3.4 ExamplePower flows if one of the following conditions exists:The signal state is "1" at inputs I0.0 and I0.1 Or the signal state is "1" at input I0.21.4 XOR Bit Exclusive ORFor the XOR function, a network of normally open and normally closed contacts must be created as shown below.1.4.1 Symbols页脚内容5Parameter Data Type Memory Area Description <address1>BOOL I, Q, M, L, D, T, C Scanned bit <address2>BOOL I, Q, M, L, D, T, C Scanned bit1.4.2 DescriptionXOR(Bit Exclusive OR) creates an RLO of "1" if the signal state of the two specified bits is different.1.4.3 ExampleThe output Q4.0 is "1" if (I0.0 = "0" AND I0.1 = "1") OR (I0.0 = "1" AND I0.1 = "0").1.5 --|NOT|-- Invert Power Flow1.5.1 Symbol---|NOT|---1.5.2 Description---|NOT|---(Invert Power Flow) negates the RLO bit.页脚内容61.5.3 Status wordBR CC1CC0OV OS OR STA RLO/FC writes:------1x-1.5.4 ExampleThe signal state of output Q4.0 is "0" if one of the following conditions exists:The signal state is "1" at input I0.0 Or the signal state is "1" at inputs I0.1 and I0.2.1.6 ---( ) Output Coil1.6.1 Symbol<address>---( )Parameter Data Type Memory Area Description<address>BOOL I, Q, M, L, D Assigned bit页脚内容71.6.2 Description---( ) (Output Coil) works like a coil in a relay logic diagram. If there is power flow to the coil (RLO = 1), the bit at location <address>is set to "1". If there is no power flow to the coil (RLO = 0), the bit at location <address>is set to "0". An output coil can only be placed at the right end of a ladder rung. Multiple output elements (max.16) are possible (see example). A negated output can be created by using the ---|NOT|--- (invert power flow) element.1.6.3 MCR (Master Control Relay) dependencyMCR dependency is activated only if an output coil is placed inside an active MCR zone. Within an activated MCR zone, if the MCR is on and there is power flow to an output coil , the addressed bit is set to the current status of power flow. If the MCR is off, a logic "0" is written to the specified address regardless of power flow status.1.6.4 Status wordBR CC1CC0OV OS OR STA RLO/FC writes:-----0x-01.6.5 Example页脚内容8The signal state of output Q4.0 is "1" if one of the following conditions exists:The signal state is "1" at inputs I0.0 AND I0.1 OR the signal state is "0" at input I0.2.The signal state of output Q4.1 is "1" if one of the following conditions exists:The signal state is "1" at inputs I0.0 AND I0.1 OR the signal state is "0" at input I0.2 AND "1" at input I0.3If the example rungs are within an activated MCR zone:When MCR is on, Q4.0 and Q4.1 are set according to power flow status as described above.When MCR is off (=0), Q4.0 and Q4.1 are reset to 0 regardless of power flow.1.7 ---( # )--- Midline Output1.7.1 Symbol<address>--( # )---Parameter Data Type Memory Area Description<address>BOOL I, Q, M, *L, D Assigned bit* An L area address can only be used if it is declared TEMP in the variable declaration table of a logic block (FC, FB, OB).1.7.2 Description页脚内容9---( # )--- (Midline Output) is an intermediate assigning element which saves the RLO bit (power flow status) to a specified <address>. The midline output element saves the logical result of the preceding branch elements. In series with other contacts, ---( # )--- is inserted like a contact. A ---( # )--- element may never be connected to the power rail or directly after a branch connection or at the end of a branch. A negated ---( # )--- can be created by using the ---|NOT|--- (invert power flow) element.1.7.3 MCR (Master Control Relay) dependencyMCR dependency is activated only if a midline output coil is placed inside an active MCR zone. Within an activated MCR zone, if the MCR is on and there is power flow to a midline output coil; the addressed bit is set to the current status of power flow. If the MCR is off, a logic "0" is written to the specified address regardless of power flow status.1.7.4 Status wordBR CC1CC0OV OS OR STA RLO/FC writes:-----0x-11.7.5 ExampleM 0.0 has the RLO:页脚内容10M 1.1 has the RLO:M 2.2 has the RLO of the entire bit logic combination.1.8 ---( R ) Reset Coil1.8.1 Symbol<address>---( R )Parameter Data Type Memory Area Description<address>BOOL I, Q, M, L, D, T, C Reset bit1.8.2 Description---( R )(Reset Coil) is executed only if the RLO of the preceding instructions is "1" (power flows to the coil). If power flows to the coil (RLO is "1"), the specified <address>of the element is reset to "0". A RLO of "0" (no power flow to the coil) has no effect and the state of the element's specified address remains unchanged. The <address>may also be a timer (T no.) whose timer value is reset to "0" or a counter (C no.) whose counter value is reset to "0".1.8.3 MCR (Master Control Relay) dependencyMCR dependency is activated only if a reset coil is placed inside an active MCR zone. Within an activated MCR zone, if页脚内容11the MCR is on and there is power flow to a reset coil; the addressed bit is reset to the "0" state. If the MCR is off, the current state of the element's specified address remains unchanged regardless of power flow status.1.8.4 Status wordBR CC1CC0OV OS OR STA RLO/FC writes:-----0x-01.8.5 ExampleNetwork 1Network 2Network 3The signal state of output Q4.0 is reset to "0" if one of the following conditions exists:The signal state is "1" at inputs I0.0 and I0.1 Or the signal state is "0" at input I0.2.页脚内容12If the RLO is "0", the signal state of output Q4.0 remains unchanged.The signal state of timer T1 is only reset if:the signal state is "1" at input I0.3.The signal state of counter C1 is only reset if:the signal state is "1" at input I0.4.If the example rungs are within an activated MCR zone:When MCR is on, Q4.0, T1, and C1 are reset as described above.When MCR is off, Q4.0, T1, and C1 are left unchanged regardless of RLO state (power flow status).1 位逻辑指令1.1 位逻辑指令概述1.1.1 描述位逻辑指令使用两个数字，1和0。

10服务计算基础

10服务(fúwù)计算基础
2021/11/7
第一页，共64页。
第九章语义Web效力(xiào lì)
第二页，共64页。
主要(zhǔyào)内容
概述(ɡài shù) 语义网语义Web效力
第三页，共64页。
第一节概述(ɡài shù)
第四页，共64页。
语义和语义网
语义是事物的观察者给事物自身赋予的含义，分歧共享的语义构成观察者对事物的知识(zhī shi)，是观察者之间相互交流的基础。
第十三页，共64页。
本体(běntǐ)(ontology)的定义
What is a concept?
Different communities have different notions on what a concept means:
formal concepts concept label
– Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, Ora Lassila, The Semantic Web, Scientific American, May 2001
第十页，共64页。
Semantic Web的架构(jià ɡòu)的相关规范
逻辑框架层
FOL、HOL、DL、
Horn-logic、OMDoc
语义网经过给万维网上的文档(如:HTML)添加可以被计算机了解的语义(Meta data)，从而使整个万维网中现存的信息展开成一个庞大的全球信息库、知识(zhī shi)库。
第五页，共64页。
语义Web效劳(xiào láo)
Web 效力运用规范的、规范的 XML中止描画，包括音讯格式、传输协议和位置，隐藏了完成效力的细节。

Volume 7—Logic Control, Operator Interface and Con

3General Purpose Plug-In RelaysD7 Series RelayContentsDescriptionPage D1PR/D1PF Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V7-T3-53D2PR/D2PF Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V7-T3-58D3PR/D3PF Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V7-T3-68D4 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V7-T3-78D5PR/D5PF Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V7-T3-82D7PR/D7PF SeriesCatalog Number Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V7-T3-92Product Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V7-T3-92Accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V7-T3-95Technical Data and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . .V7-T3-96Wiring Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V7-T3-98Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V7-T3-99D8 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V7-T3-106D9 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V7-T3-112Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .V7-T3-116D7PR/D7PF SeriesProduct DescriptionThe D7 Series is a cost-effective control relay with high dielectric strength and high current-carrying capacity.FeaturesD7PR ●Arc barrier equipped relay with high dielectric strength ●Panel and DIN rail mountingD7PF ●Flag indicator shows relay status in manual or powered condition ●Bipolar LED status lamp allows for reverse polarity applications ●Shows coil ON or OFF status ●Ideal in low light conditions ●Color-coded pushbutton identifies AC coils with red or DC coils with blue pushbuttons ●Allows for manualoperation of relay without the need for coil power ●Ideal for field service personnel to test control circuits ●Lock-down door, when activated, holdspushbutton and contacts in the operate position ●Excellent for analyzing circuit problems ●Finger-grip cover allows operator to remove relays from sockets more easily than conventional relays ●White plastic ID tag/write label used for identification of relays in multi-relay circuitsStandards and CertificationsFile # E37317, E65657File # LR217017, LR2170693Catalog Number SelectionD7 SeriesProduct SelectionD7 Relay/Socket Quick ReferenceD 7 P R11AContact Configuration1 = SPDT2 = DPDT3 = 3PDT4 = 4PDTOptionsBlank =Plain cover (D7PR only)A =LED test button, flag indicator,lock-down door, finger-grip cover,ID tag (D7PF only)1 =Indicating light (D7PR only)Family TypeD7PR = Standard relayD7PF = Full featured relayCoil VoltageA =120 VacA1 =110 VdcB =240 VacP =6VacP1 =6VdcR =12 VacR1 =12 VdcT =24 VacT1 =24 VdcW =48 VacW1 =48 VdcRelayType Socket/Adapter ClipModuleType ID Tag Jumper D7PR1, D7PR2,D7PF1, D7PF2D7PAA PQC-1342B——PQC-1349B——D7PA9PQC-1342None——PFC-D2D72—None——D7PR3, D7PF3D7PAB PQC-1783A——PMC-1783A——PFC-D73—None——D7PR4, D7PF4D7PAD PQC-1784A——PMC-1784A——PFC-D74—None——3General Purpose Plug-In RelaysD7 SeriesCoil Voltage ContactConfigurationCoil Resistance (Ohms)Catalog NumberFull Featured 120 Vac SPDT 4430D7PF1AA 6 Vac SPDT 9.6D7PF1AP 6 Vdc SPDT 40D7PF1AP112 Vac SPDT 46D7PF1AR 24 Vdc SPDT 650D7PF1AT148 Vac SPDT 788D7PF1AW 48 Vdc SPDT 2600D7PF1AW1120 Vac DPDT 4430D7PF2AA 110/125 Vdc DPDT 11,000D7PF2AA1220/240 Vac DPDT 15,720D7PF2AB 6 Vac DPDT 9.6D7PF2AP 6 Vdc DPDT 40D7PF2AP112 Vac DPDT 46D7PF2AR 12 Vdc DPDT 160D7PF2AR124 Vac DPDT 180D7PF2AT 24 Vdc DPDT 650D7PF2AT148 Vac DPDT 788D7PF2AW 48 Vdc DPDT 2600D7PF2AW1120 Vac 3PDT 2770D7PF3AA 6 Vac 3PDT 6D7PF3AP 6 Vdc 3PDT 25D7PF3AP112 Vac 3PDT 25.3D7PF3AR 24 Vac 3PDT 103D7PF3AT 24 Vdc 3PDT 400D7PF3AT148 Vac 3PDT 412D7PF3AW 48 Vdc 3PDT 1600D7PF3AW1120 Vac 4PDT 2220D7PF4AA 110/125 Vdc 4PDT 7340D7PF4AA1240 Vac 4PDT 9120D7PF4AB 6 Vac 4PDT 5.4D7PF4AP 6 Vdc 4PDT 24D7PF4AP112 Vac 4PDT 21.2D7PF4AR 12 Vdc 4PDT 96D7PF4AR124 Vac 4PDT 84.5D7PF4AT 24 Vdc 4PDT 388D7PF4AT148 Vdc 4PDT 1550D7PF4AW 48 Vac4PDT410D7PF4AW1D7 Series Relay3D7 Series, continuedCoilVoltageContactConfigurationCoil Resistance(Ohms)CatalogNumber Plain Cover with LED120 Vac SPDT4430D7PR11A110/125 Vdc SPDT11,000D7PR11A16 Vac SPDT9.6D7PR11P12 Vac SPDT46D7PR11R12 Vdc SPDT160D7PR11R124 Vac SPDT180D7PR11T24 Vdc SPDT650D7PR11T148 Vdc SPDT2600D7PR11W1120 Vac3PDT2770D7PR31A240 Vac 3PDT12100D7PR31B24 Vac 3PDT103D7PR31T24 Vdc3PDT400D7PR31T148 Vdc3PDT1600D7PR31W1120 Vac4PDT2220D7PR41A12 Vdc4PDT100D7PR41R124 Vdc4PDT388D7PR41T1Plain Cover120 Vac SPDT4430D7PR1A110/125 Vdc SPDT11000D7PR1A1220/240 Vac SPDT15720D7PR1B6 Vac SPDT9.6D7PR1P12 Vdc SPDT160D7PR1R124 Vac SPDT180D7PR1T24 Vdc SPDT650D7PR1T148 Vdc SPDT2600D7PR1W1120 Vac DPDT4430D7PR2A110/125 Vdc DPDT11000D7PR2A1220/240 Vac DPDT15720D7PR2B6 Vac DPDT9.6D7PR2P6 Vdc DPDT40D7PR2P112 Vac DPDT46D7PR2R12 Vdc DPDT160D7PR2R124 Vac DPDT180D7PR2T24 Vdc DPDT650D7PR2T1120 Vac 3PDT2770D7PR3A240 Vac 3PDT12100D7PR3B6 Vac 3PDT6D7PR3P12 Vac 3PDT25.3D7PR3R12 Vdc3PDT100D7PR3R124 Vac 3PDT103D7PR3T24 Vdc3PDT400D7PR3T148 Vdc3PDT1600D7PR3W1120 Vac 4PDT2220D7PR4A110/125 Vdc4PDT7340D7PR4A1240 Vac 4PDT9120D7PR4B6 Vac 4PDT 5.4D7PR4P24 Vac 4PDT84.5D7PR4T24 Vdc4PDT388D7PR4T148 Vdc4PDT1550D7PR4W1 D7 Series Relay3General Purpose Plug-In RelaysAccessoriesD7 Sockets and AccessoriesNote1Protection category (finger safe), EN 60529: IP20.Type Module Size Nominal Voltage (Max. for Sockets)NominalCurrent Mounting Style Wire SizeWireConnection Standard Pack Catalog Number SocketB 30016DIN rail/panel 12/14 (2) AWG, 4/2.5 (2) mm 2Screw clamping —D7PAA 1None 30010DIN rail/panel 12/14 (2) AWG, 4/2.5 (2) mm 2Screw clamping 1D7PA9A 30016DIN rail/panel 12/14 (2) AWG, 4/2.5 (2) mm 2Screw clamping —D7PAD 1A30016DIN rail/panel 12/14 (2) AWG, 4/2.5 (2) mm 2Screw clamping —D7PAB 1Flange mount adapter———Flange——25PFC-D2D72———Flange ——25PFC-D73———Flange ——25PFC-D74Metal spring clip ——————25PQC-1342Plastic ID clip ——————10PQC-1349Metal spring clip ——————25PQC-1784Plastic ID clip ——————10PMC-1784Hold-down spring ——————25PYC-B2Metal spring clip ——————10PQC-1783Plastic ID clip ——————10PMC-1783Protection diode A 6 to 250 Vdc ————20MOD-AD250LED indicatorA 24 Vac/Vdc ————20MOD-ALG24A120/240 Vac/Vdc ————20MOD-ALG240MOV suppressorA 120 Vac/Vdc ————20MOD-AMV120A 24 Vac/Vdc————20MOD-AMV24A240 Vac/Vdc————20MOD-AMV240R/C suppressorA 6 to 24 Vac/Vdc ————20MOD-RC24A110 to 240 Vac/Vdc ————20MOD-RC240Protection diode B 6 to 250 Vdc ————20MOD-BD250LED indicatorB 24 Vac/Vdc ————20MOD-BLG24B120/240 Vac/Vdc ————20MOD-BLG240MOV suppressorB 120 Vac/Vdc ————20MOD-BMV120B 24 Vac/Vdc————20MOD-BMV24B240 Vac/Vdc————20MOD-BMV240Plastic DIN rail end stop——————25PFP-P3Technical Data and SpecificationsD7PR RelayDescription D7PR (SPDT)D7PR (DPDT)D7PR (3PDT)D7PR (4PDT)Contact CharacteristicsContact rating20A15A15A15ATerminal style Plug-in Plug-in Plug-in Plug-inContact materials Silver alloy Silver alloy Silver alloy Silver alloyMaximum switching voltage300V300V300V300VSwitching current at voltage—resistive20A at 277 Vac 50/60 Hz15A at 120 Vac 50/60 Hz15A at 120 Vac 50/60 Hz15A at 120 Vac 50/60 Hz20A at 120 Vac 50/60 Hz12A at 277 Vac 50/60 Hz12A at 277 Vac 50/60 Hz12A at 277 Vac 50/60 Hz—10A at 277 Vac 50/60 Hz——20A at 28 Vdc12A at 28 Vdc12A at 28 Vdc12A at 28 VdcSwitching current at voltage1/2 hp at 120 Vac1/2 hp at 120 Vac1/2 hp at 120 Vac1/2 hp at 120 Vac1 hp at 250 Vac 1 hp at 250 Vac3/4 hp at 250 Vac3/4 hp at 250 VacPilot duty B300B300B300B300Minimum switching requirement100 mA at 5 Vdc (0.5W)100 mA at 5 Vdc (0.5W)100 mA at 5 Vdc (0.5W)100 mA at 5 Vdc (0.5W) Coil CharacteristicsOperating range% of nominal (AC)85 to 110%85 to 110%85 to 110%85 to 110%% of nominal (DC)80 to 110%80 to 110%80 to 110%80 to 110%Average consumption 1.2 VA 1.2 VA 1.5 VA 1.5 VA0.9W0.9W 1.4W 1.5WDropout voltage threshold15% (AC)15% (AC)15% (AC)15% (AC)10% (DC)10% (DC)10% (DC)10% (DC) PerformanceElectrical life (UL 508) operations at rated current100,000 operations100,000 operations200,000 operations200,000 operations Mechanical life operations unpowered10,000,000 operations10,000,000 operations10,000,000 operations10,000,000 operations Response time20 ms20 ms20 ms20 msDielectric strengthBetween coil and contact Vac (rms)2500V (rms)2500V (rms)2500V (rms)2500V (rms)Between poles Vac (rms)1500V (rms)1500V (rms)2500V (rms)2500V (rms) EnvironmentAmbient air temperature around the deviceOperation–40° to 131°F (–40° to 55°C)–40° to 131°F (–40° to 55°C)–40° to 131°F (–40° to 55°C)–40° to 131°F (–40° to 55°C) Storage–40° to 185°F (–40° to 85°C)–40° to 185°F (–40° to 85°C)–40° to 185°F (–40° to 85°C)–40° to 185°F (–40° to 85°C) Vibration resistance—operational 3 g-n at 10–55 Hz 3 g-n at 10–55 Hz 3 g-n at 10–55 Hz 3 g-n at 10–55 HzShock resistance10 g-n10 g-n10 g-n10 g-nDegree of protection IP40IP40IP40IP40FeaturesCover options Plain cover Plain cover Plain cover Plain coverFeatures Mechanical flag indicator(optional LED)Mechanical flag indicator(optional LED)Mechanical flag indicator(optional LED)Mechanical flag indicator(optional LED)Product certifications RoHS/UL/CE/CSA RoHS/UL/CE/CSA RoHS/UL/CE/CSA RoHS/UL/CE/CSA3General Purpose Plug-In RelaysD7PF RelayDescriptionD7PF (SPDT)D7PF (DPDT)D7PF (3PDT)D7PF (4PDT)Contact Characteristics Contact rating 20A 15A 15A 15A Terminal style Plug-in Plug-in Plug-in Plug-in Contact materials Silver alloy Silver alloy Silver alloy Silver alloy Maximum switching voltage300V300V300V300VSwitching current at voltage—resistive20A at 277 Vac 50/60 Hz 15A at 120 Vac 50/60 Hz 15A at 120 Vac 50/60 Hz 15A at 120 Vac 50/60 Hz 20A at 277 Vac 50/60 Hz 12A at 277 Vac 50/60 Hz 12A at 277 Vac 50/60 Hz 12A at 277 Vac 50/60 Hz —10A at 277 Vac 50/60 Hz ——20A at 28 Vdc12A at 28 VDC 12A at 28 Vdc 12A at 28 Vdc Switching current at voltage1/2 hp at 120 Vac 1/2 hp at 120 Vac 3/4 hp at 250 Vac 1/2 hp at 120 Vac 1 hp at 250 Vac1 hp at 250 Vac 1/2 hp at 120 Vac 3/4 hp at 250 Vac Pilot dutyB300B300B300B300Minimum switching requirement 100 mA at 5 Vdc (0.5W)100 mA at 5 Vdc (0.5W)100 mA at 5 Vdc (0.5W)100 mA at 5 Vdc (0.5W)Coil Characteristics Operating range % of nominal (AC)85 to 110%85 to 110%85 to 110%85 to 110%% of nominal (DC)80 to 110%80 to 110%80 to 110%80 to 110%Average consumption1.2 VA 1.2 VA 1.5 VA 1.5 VA 0.9W0.9W 1.4W 1.5W Dropout voltage threshold15% (AC)15% (AC)15% (AC)15% (AC)10% (DC)10% (DC)10% (DC)10% (DC)PerformanceElectrical life (UL 508) operations at rated current 100,000 operations 100,000 operations 200,000 operations 200,000 operations Mechanical life operations unpowered 10,000,000 operations 10,000,000 operations 10,000,000 operations 10,000,000 operations Response time 20 ms20 ms20 ms20 msDielectric strengthBetween coil and contact Vac (rms)2500V (rms)2500V (rms)2500V (rms)2500V (rms)Between poles Vac (rms)1500V (rms)1500V (rms)2500V (rms)2500V (rms)EnvironmentAmbient air temperature around the device Operation –40° to 131°F (–40° to 55°C)–40° to 131°F (–40° to 55°C)–40° to 131ºF (–40° to 55°C)–40° to 131°F (–40° to 55°C)Storage–40° to 185°F (–40° to 85°C)–40° to 185°F (–40° to 85°C)–40° to 185ºF (–40° to 85°C)–40° to 185°F (–40° to 85°C)Vibration resistance—operational 3 g-n at 10–55 Hz 3 g-n at 10–55 Hz 3 g-n at 10–55 Hz 3 g-n at 10–55 Hz Shock resistance 10 g-n 10 g-n 10 g-n 10 g-n Degree of protection IP40IP40IP40IP40Features Cover options Full featuredFull featuredFull featuredFull featuredFeaturesLocking pushbutton/Bipolar LED/Removable ID tag/Mechanical flag indicator Locking pushbutton/Bipolar LED/Removable ID tag/Mechanical flag indicator Locking pushbutton/Bipolar LED/Removable ID tag/Mechanical flag indicator Locking pushbutton/Bipolar LED/Removable ID tag/Mechanical flag indicator Product certificationsRoHS/UL/CE/CSARoHS/UL/CE/CSARoHS/UL/CE/CSARoHS/UL/CE/CSA3Wiring Diagrams D7PR1/D7PF1D7PR2/D7PF2D7PR3/D7PF3D7PR4/D7PF43General Purpose Plug-In RelaysDimensionsApproximate Dimensions in Inches (mm)D7PR1/D7PF1D7PR2/D7PF23Approximate Dimensions in Inches (mm) D7PR3/D7PF3D7PR4/D7PF43General Purpose Plug-In RelaysApproximate Dimensions in Inches (mm)D7PA3D7PA4Combination Slotted/Phillips Wiring Diagram (T op View)13Approximate Dimensions in Inches (mm) D7PA9 Standard Mount3General Purpose Plug-In RelaysApproximate Dimensions in Inches (mm)D7PAA3Approximate Dimensions in Inches (mm) D7PAB3General Purpose Plug-In RelaysApproximate Dimensions in Inches (mm)D7PAD。

高考英语作文摄影比赛

高考英语作文摄影比赛篇1A photography competition for the college entrance examination English composition is a wonderful opportunity for students to showcase their creativity and skills! Let me tell you about the rules and processes in detail.First of all, the theme of the entries is quite important. It should be related to the beauty of nature, the warmth of human interaction, or the charm of cultural heritage. How amazing and inspiring these themes are!Then, let's talk about the requirements for the size and format of the photos. The photos should be no smaller than 5 inches by 7 inches, and the preferred format is JPEG or PNG. Isn't that clear and specific?As for the submission deadline, it is set to be the end of this month. Make sure you don't miss it! Oh my goodness, time is precious.Participants need to attach a brief description of no more than 100 words for each photo, explaining the inspiration and meaning behind it. This helps judges better understand your thoughts and intentions.After all the entries are submitted, a panel of experienced judges will carefully review and evaluate each one. The criteria include creativity, technical skills, and the relevance to the theme. How exciting it is to wait for the results!This photography competition not only enriches your college entrance examination English composition but also allows you to express your unique perspective and perception of the world. So, dear friends, take out your cameras and start creating your wonderful works now!篇2Nowadays, the photography competition in the context of College Entrance Examination English composition has gained significant importance. Why do I say so? Let me explain.First and foremost, this kind of competition plays a crucial role in enhancing students' English learning. How? When students prepare for the competition, they have to describe the photos in accurate and vivid English. This forces them to think deeply about grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure. For instance, they might struggle to find the right words to express the beauty and meaning of a particular photo. But through this process, their English expression skills improve by leaps and bounds! Isn't it amazing?Secondly, it also contributes greatly to the cultivation of students' aesthetic sense. By observing and analyzing various photos, students can learn to appreciate the beauty of art from different perspectives. They start to notice the details, the colors, the composition of the photos. This not only enriches their inner world but also helps them develop a unique perspective on beauty. Don't you think it's a wonderful thing?In conclusion, the photography competition in College Entrance Examination English composition is of great significance. It helps students improve their English skills and nurtures their aesthetic abilities. So, we should attach more importance to such activities and encourage more students to participate in them. How valuable and meaningful it is!篇3I still remember the days when I participated in the photography competition for the college entrance examination English composition. It was an experience that was both challenging and exciting!The preparation process was not easy at all. I had to search for the perfect subjects, think about the most suitable angles, and capture the moments at the right time. There were moments when I felt completely lost, not knowing where to start or how to make my photos stand out. But I didn't give up! I kept trying and exploring.When the day of the competition arrived, my heart was pounding like a drum. Oh my goodness! I was so nervous that my hands were shaking. I kept asking myself, "Will I be able to do this well? Will my photos be good enough?" However, as I started taking the pictures, I gradually forgot about my nerves and focused on the task at hand.Looking back on this experience, I feel a sense of pride and achievement. It taught me the value of perseverance and the importance of believing in myself. What an unforgettable journey it was!篇4Oh, dear friends! Let me take you on a wonderful journey to explore the amazing world of the photography competition in the college entrance examination English composition.The outstanding works in this competition are truly remarkable! They have several distinctive features and highlights that make them stand out. Take one winning piece for example. In terms of English expression, the language is not only accurate but also vivid and flowing. The words are carefully chosen to convey the intended meaning precisely. The sentences are structured in a way that shows a clear logic and progression of thoughts. How wonderful it is! Moreover, the use of various sentence patterns adds rhythm and charm to the writing. Isn't it amazing?When it comes to the photography techniques, they are equally impressive. The composition and framing of the pictures are perfect. The light and shadow are handled masterfully, creating a strong visual impact. The colors are so harmonious that they seem to tell a story on their own. Just imagine how beautiful that is!Another excellent work catches our eyes with its unique perspective. The English description is full of creativity, making the readers feel as if they are right there in the scene. And the photography technique used in this piece is innovative, presenting a fresh and captivating view. Wow!In conclusion, these winning works in the photography competitionof the college entrance examination English composition are a combination of excellent English expression and superb photography skills. They inspire us and show us the power of creativity and art. How could we not be amazed and moved by them?篇5In recent years, the photography competition in the context of College Entrance Examination English composition has gained significant popularity. But where will it go in the future? How can it be innovated to better serve students' growth and development?With the rapid advancement of technology, we could integrate virtual reality and augmented reality into the competition. Imagine students being able to present their photos in a three-dimensional and interactive way. Wouldn't that be amazing? Also, new themes should be introduced. For instance, rather than just focusing on nature or people, why not explore themes like "The Future of Cities" or "The Impact of Technology on Daily Life"? This would not only broaden students' horizons but also inspire them to think deeply about the world around them.Moreover, we could encourage teamwork in the competition. How wonderful would it be if students could collaborate, sharing their unique perspectives and skills to create a more compelling photo story? This would foster their ability to communicate and cooperate.In conclusion, the photography competition in College EntranceExamination English composition has great potential for development and innovation. We should constantly explore and embrace new possibilities to make it more meaningful and influential for students. Don't you agree?。

FaCT

2 Description Logics and Modal Logics
Description Logics support the logical description of concepts and roles (relationships) and their combination, using a variety of operators, to form more complex descriptions. The ALC DL 18] allows descriptions to be foorrespondence between modal K m and ALC
( )
K m ALC K m ALC
True >
( )
C ^' C uD 8Ri :C i
:
False ?
i
(
)
:C _' C tD 9R :C
i
K4 m :
FaCT also supports KT(m) and S4(m) by embedding formulae in K(m) and i becomes ^ i and i becomes _ i . ( )
The FaCT System
Ian Horrocks
Medical Informatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
horrocks@ /~horrocks
Abstract. FaCT is a Description Logic classi er which has been imple-

ilogic命令用法(全)

iLogic 功能iLogic 使用户可以进行规则驱动的设计，以一种简单的方式捕获和重复使用自己的作品。

使用iLogic 可让设计成为标准化的、自动执行的过程，并可配置虚拟的产品。

iLogic 函数iLogic 将规则作为对象直接嵌入到零件、部件和工程图文档中。

规则可确定并驱动设计的参数和属性值。

通过控制这些值，您可以定义模型的属性、特征和零部件的行为。

知识内容可以直接保存在文档中，就像存储几何设计元素一样。

iLogic 规则可以利用 Autodesk Inventor 中当前可用的自定义参数类型，例如文本、真/假和多值列表。

您可以使用这些参数类型来编写规则，这些规则不仅仅涉及数字型输入值。

Autodesk Inventor“参数”对话框支持这些专用参数，通过高级过滤函数帮助定义、管理和编辑参数的输入值。

iLogic 中的 Automation 函数几乎没有或彻底没有编程经验的设计师和工程师都可以执行iLogic 自动化函数。

使用自动化函数可以执行以下操作：•根据在部件级规则中定义的条件语句，自动搜索iPart 或iAssembly 配置并进行更改。

•从使用条件参数的规则中，激活零件和部件特征或激活部件和装配约束。

•当孔尺寸或杆尺寸发生更改时，自动更新和驱动螺纹规格。

•读取、写入和响应设计文档的材料或外观、零件的质量或体积以及设计参数。

•当模型更改生成新配置后，更新BOM 表信息。

•限制或自动更正用户输入的值，以确保生成的配置是有效的且符合设计规格和标准。

•读取和写入Excel 电子表格文档。

用于消息和输入框的函数可以在规则运行时提供反馈、选项和信息。

使用 iLogic 规则创建的自定义界面使用iLogic 规则将自定义形式直接与零件或部件设计参数关联。

该功能提供了规则驱动设计模板的用户界面。

注：若要下载Visual Basic 2008 Express Edition，请访问Microsoft® 网站。

dl query语法

DL Query语法DL Query是一种用于描述和查询本体中概念和关系的语言。

它是基于描述逻辑（Description Logic）的一种查询语言，常用于本体推理系统中。

本文将介绍DL Query的语法、语义以及使用方法。

1. DL Query简介DL Query是一种基于描述逻辑（Description Logic）的查询语言，用于查询本体中的概念和关系。

描述逻辑是一种形式化的知识表示和推理方法，它可以用来定义概念、属性和关系，并进行推理和查询。

DL Query可以通过简单的表达式来查询本体中的概念和关系，例如”Person”表示一个人的概念，“hasChild”表示具有子女关系。

通过组合这些表达式，可以构建复杂的查询条件。

2. DL Query语法DL Query使用类似自然语言的表达方式来描述本体中的概念和关系。

它由两个主要部分组成：概念表达式（Concept Expression）和角色表达式（Role Expression）。

2.1 概念表达式概念表达式用于描述本体中的概念，可以使用以下运算符：•Top：表示所有实例•Bottom：表示没有实例•Not：取反运算符•And：交集运算符，表示两个概念的交集•Or：并集运算符，表示两个概念的并集•Some：存在运算符，表示某个角色有某种概念的实例•Only：全称运算符，表示某个角色只能有某种概念的实例•Min：最小基数限制，表示某个角色至少有n个实例•Max：最大基数限制，表示某个角色最多有n个实例例如，查询具有子女的人可以使用表达式Person and hasChild some Thing。

2.2 角色表达式角色表达式用于描述本体中的关系，可以使用以下运算符：•TopRole：表示所有角色•BottomRole：表示没有角色•NotRole：取反运算符•AndRole：交集运算符，表示两个角色的交集•OrRole：并集运算符，表示两个角色的并集•Inverse: 反转运算符例如，查询具有父母关系的人可以使用表达式Person and (hasParent some Thingor hasChild some Thing)。

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www.ict.csiro.au
Helicopter
CargoJet
FighterJet
UAV
OWL: Pairwise axioms between all disjoint classes ( 2 statements) OWL 1.1: Disjointness between all classes of a set (1 statement)
www.ict.csiro.au
OWL 1.1: Extensions to OWL-DL
OWL 1.1 Modelling
• Syntactic sugar – Disjointness axioms, value restrictions • Meta-modelling – Punning, semantic-free comments • Property constructs – Role composition, etc • Datatype expressiveness – Extended support
What is OWL?
Web Ontology Language
www.ict.csiro.au
Ontology vocabulary for the Semantic Web designed to be human and machine processable Ontology is a formal specification of a domain to be shared between large groups of stakeholders Supersets RDF/S providing more expressive power Divided into three ‘species’: OWL-Lite, OWL-DL, OWL-Full (layered according to expressiveness) Reasoning tasks in OWL-Lite, OWL-DL are decidable
www.ict.csiro.au
Role composition
Given: owns hasPart owns Car hasPart.Engine
CarOwner owns.Car Derive: CarOwner owns.Engine
OWL 1.1: Extended datatype support
OWL 1.1: New property (role) constructs
OWL-DL based on a description logic called SHOIN (D+)
www.ict.csiro.au
Description logic SROIQ (D+) allows for more expressivity while retaining decidability (basis for the logical extensions of OWL-DL as OWL 1.1)
Constraints relating individual values
A>B
OWL 1.1: Tractability
OWL: Lite, DL, Full
Increasing expressivity and complexity of reasoning
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High worst-case computational complexity in all cases; at least ExpTime (deterministic exponential time)
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Tractability
• Tractable logic fragments – Eg. EL++, DL-Lite
Current state Future
OWL 1.1: Syntactic sugar
Disjointness axioms
Military Aircraft
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Semantic-free comments
OWL: AnnotationProperty: Compiled as an RDF triple, thus has semantic import OWL 1.1: Comment: Not compiled as an RDF triple (no semantic import) Survives transmission or processing
OWL-Lite/DL based on Description Logics (DL)
Well founded, researched and supported Automated reasoners exist for various DLs
(Racer, Pellet, FaCTetc…)
Local role reflexivity: Self likes.Self Narcist
OWL 1.1: New property (role) constructs
Qualified cardinality restrictions
OWL: Cardinality restrictions on properties with no qualification of class OWL 1.1: Class of cardinality restricted property can be qualified Eg. OWL-DL: NormalHand hasFinger = 5 OWL 1.1: NormalHand hasFinger.Finger = 4 hasFinger.Thumb = 1
n
Value restrictions
OWL-DL: Value restriction hasValue on a property to contain a specific individual: Helicopter hasPropulsionSystem FighterJet hasPropulsionSystem Turboshaft
Disjoint roles sisterOf(X,Y) disjoint from brotherOf(X,Y) Reflexive and irreflexive roles Reflexive: knows(X, X) Irreflexive: motherOf(X,Y) Negated role assertions likes(John, Mary) Universal role U R owl:Thing C
OWL 1.1: Extends support (restrictions)
Arbitrary number of conjunctive finite datatype restrictions
• Length of a list • Pattern (regular expression) for a string • Ranges for numbers
OWL 1.1: Proposed extensions to OWL
Incremental extensions to OWL-DL, tractable logic fragments, future work
David Ratcliffe
Software Engineer CSIRO ICT Centre, Canberra Information Engineering Laboratory Web Services and Data Integration
EL++
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Geared towards ontologies with large numbers of concepts Primary focus on large life science ontologies:
• Gene Ontolgy (Genomics) • SNOMED (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine) • GALEN (Clinical terminology for medical concepts)
Overview
OWL (Web Ontology Language): Background
What is OWL Description Logic
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OWL 1.1
OWL: Experiences and Directions workshop (2005) Modelling – New features Tractability – Tractable logic fragments Current progress Beyond OWL 1.1
OWL 1.1
Describes several families of sub-languages, geared toward different applications Many sub-languages have known polynomial time algorithms for important reasoning tasks
• Scalable subsumption hierarchy computation (large TBoxes) • Scalable instance checking and query answering (large ABoxes)
OWL 1.1: Tractable fragment EL++
OWL-DL: Description logic SHOIN (D+) OWL-Lite: Description logic SHIF (D+)