Contributions to a Strategy 2.0 in Higher Education
新策略3原文加翻译
大学英语新策略原文加翻译第一单元A career is the sum total of all of your work-related contributions to society in a lifetime. This includes time and effort spent to provide goods, services, or benefit to others. A career includes paid, un-paid, volunteer, part-time, andfull-time positions. Your career includes many life roles you may not think of: student, homemaker, babysitter, office worker, doctor, lawyer, etc. A career encompasses all the roles you play and duties you perform. You may have many jobs or positions that make up your career, but you only have one overall career. There are various career options in the modern world of work: Self-Employed, Organization Employed, or Project-Employed.By definition, career development is the interaction of psychological, sociological, economic, physical and chance factors that shape the sequence of jobs, occupations, or positions a person may engage in throughout his or her lifetime. Career development is an ongoing process that includes the aspects of planning and strategizing your career based on information about your self, the world of work, thematch between them, and the action you will take to create your life’s work. Formal career development occurs in high schools, colleges and universities, adult education programs, business and industry, military, community and government agencies, trade and technical schools. Consider all the places you have developed your career with either academic or work experience. Where can you go next and what can you do to further develop your career?You have the power to create what you want, whether you wish to be self-employed, change career fields entirely, hold a certain kind of position, or volunteer your time. Smart career development requires you to be self-reflective, resourceful, motivated, flexible, and able to keep your skills and competencies up-to-date.Contemporary Career ConceptsStatistics say that we will experience many job transitions throughout our life. For example: the U.S. Department of Labor says that the average person will have 3.5 different careers in his lifetime and work for ten employers, keeping each job for 3.5 years.From the 1995 National Association of Colleges and Employers Journal of Career Planning, ―The average American beginning his or her career in the 1990s will probably work in ten or more jobs for five or more employers before retiring.‖In the mid 1990s, Richard Knowdell said, ―Career planning in the 1950s and 1960s was like riding on a train. The train remained on the track and one could quite possibly stay on that track until retirement day. In the 1970s and 1980s career planning was like getting on a bus. One could change buses and it was a little closer to driving than on a train. For the 1990s and beyond, career planning is more like an all-terrain vehicle. The worker gets to drive, has to read the map, and has to be attuned to the terrain, which could change from moment to moment.‖When I attended a recent California Career Development Conference, I heard several other metaphors to describe the career development process. One person said, ―The old career was a marriage. The new career is a date.‖ And someone else mentioned, ―A career is like going to an amusement park, where you go from one ride to the next.‖Obviously, the concept of climbing the career ladder is antiquated. Rather than ―moving up‖ in one organization, you will find yourself moving up, down, and even off the ladder. It could, in fact, seem more like a maze, with many twists and turns, stops and starts.My own concept of career is like a wardrobe, where you ―try on‖ different outfits throughout your lifetime, and continue to check the mirror to see if it still fits and matches your current style and taste. In the modern world of work, you will need to find work that is ―suited‖ to you. Think of your life’s work as your wardrobe. It is ever-changing as you move through life, changing as your styles and interests change. Throughout the process, you will be tailoring yourself to fit different roles, and to meet changing work styles and expectations.Thus, today, the way in which we go about planning and strategizing our work life is constantly changing. We are taking a more proactive—therefore more exciting and challenging approach— to managing which way our career takes us. People are daring to walk their unique paths, and ignoring traditional routes. In fact, tomorrow’s jobs are relatively unknown to us at this time, as there will be new titlesand new career fields that will develop. If a modern career is like a wardrobe, you will wear many kinds of outfits throughout a lifetime, sometimes mixing and matching ensembles, but always checking to see that it still reflects your current style and remains a good fit. It has been said that clothes make the man–what you are displaying to the world through your choice of clothing is how you express yourself. Similarly, how you express yourself and what you value is reflected in the work you choose to perform.As Mark Twain said, ―There is no security in life, only opportunity.‖ Given today’s cha nging times, we cannot hold onto one idea for very long—there is so much good work that must be done to help us evolve to our fullest potential. We are multi-talented, multi-faceted beings with many gifts to share. We cannot lock ourselves into any one job or job path. We must walk our path, but remain flexible and open to new experiences. We also need to learn our lessons along the way. Each job, no matter how small, is meaningful and is part ofour career plan in that we are always building onto our careers. Today’s work will prepare us for tomorrow’s opportunities.何为事业呢?A career is the sum total of all of your work-related contributions to society in a lifetime. 一个人的事业是之总和,你所有的工作对社会的贡献在一生。
商务英语高级试题及答案
商务英语高级试题及答案一、词汇题（每题1分，共10分）1. The company is looking for a _______ to expand its market share.A) strategyB) tacticC) policyD) procedure2. The _______ of the new product launch was a success.A) initiationB) inceptionC) commencementD) implementation3. The _______ of the project was delayed due to unforeseen circumstances.A) completionB) executionC) initiationD) termination4. The _______ of the company's financial report is scheduled for next week.A) releaseB) publicationC) issuanceD) distribution5. The _______ of the company's profits has been a concern for the shareholders.A) fluctuationB) stabilityC) consistencyD) stagnation6. The _______ of the company's assets is a crucial part of the audit process.A) valuationB) assessmentC) evaluationD) estimation7. The _______ of the merger was approved by the board of directors.A) proposalB) suggestionC) recommendationD) initiative8. The _______ of the contract is expected to be completed within a month.A) negotiationB) discussionC) deliberationD) consultation9. The _______ of the market has led to a decrease in sales.A) saturationB) expansionC) contractionD) diversification10. The _______ of the company's products has been a keyfactor in its success.A) innovationB) imitationC) replicationD) standardization答案：1-5 A B A A A6-10 A C A A A二、阅读理解（每题2分，共20分）阅读以下商务文章，回答下列问题。
英语阅读理解题20套(带答案)及解析
英语阅读理解题20套（带答案）及解析一、阅读理解题及答案1. 阅读材料：问题：Why do Tom's parents worry about him?答案：A. They think he spends too much time on sports.2. 阅读材料：Lucy is a primary school teacher. She is very patient and always encourages her students to be confident. Many students like her because she makes learning fun.问题：What is Lucy's occupation?答案：B. Teacher二、解析1. 第一题解析：本题考查学生对文章细节的理解。
从阅读材料中可以看出，Tom的父母担心他因为过于沉迷篮球而忽视学业。
因此，正确答案为A。
2. 第二题解析：本题考查学生对文章主要人物职业的把握。
文章明确提到Lucy是一名小学老师，因此正确答案为B。
三、提高阅读理解能力的技巧1. 先读题目，再读文章。
这样可以在阅读时更有针对性地寻找答案。
2. 注意文章的和副，它们往往揭示了文章的主旨。
3. 留意文章中的关键词和主题句，这些往往是理解文章大意的关键。
4. 学会略读和扫读，快速获取文章大意，然后再进行细读寻找具体信息。
5. 遇到生词时，不要慌张，可以根据上下文推测词义。
四、实例解析阅读材料：问题：What is the purpose of the "Greening Greenfield" project?答案：C. To make the town more environmentally friendly and improve the quality of life.解析：本题考查学生对文章主旨的理解。
单方宣示主权英语作文
单方宣示主权英语作文Declaration of Sovereignty。
The Declaration of Sovereignty is a document that asserts a nation's independence and self-governance. It isa powerful statement that establishes a country's right to determine its own political, economic, and social systems without interference from external forces. This essay will explore the significance of the Declaration of Sovereignty and its impact on the nation-state.The Declaration of Sovereignty serves as a foundationfor a nation's identity and self-determination. It represents the collective will of the people to govern themselves and shape their own destiny. This declaration is a crucial step in the process of nation-building, as it establishes the legitimacy and authority of the governmentin the eyes of its citizens and the international community.One of the key aspects of the Declaration ofSovereignty is the recognition of a nation's territorial integrity and the right to control its own borders. This ensures that a country can protect its citizens, resources, and cultural heritage from external threats. It also allows for the establishment of a legal framework that governs the relationship between the state and its citizens.Furthermore, the Declaration of Sovereignty asserts a nation's right to determine its own political system and form of government. It guarantees the freedom to choose between different political ideologies and structures, such as democracy, socialism, or monarchy. This ensures that the government reflects the will of the people and promotes their interests and values.Moreover, the Declaration of Sovereignty plays acrucial role in promoting economic independence and self-sufficiency. It allows a nation to develop its own economic policies, trade agreements, and regulations without external interference. This enables the country to protect its domestic industries, promote economic growth, and improve the standard of living for its citizens.Additionally, the Declaration of Sovereignty is a powerful tool for promoting human rights and social justice. It guarantees the right to freedom of speech, religion, and assembly, as well as the right to equal treatment under the law. This ensures that all citizens are treated withdignity and respect, regardless of their race, gender, or social status.In conclusion, the Declaration of Sovereignty is a crucial document that asserts a nation's independence and self-governance. It establishes the legitimacy andauthority of the government, ensures territorial integrity, and promotes economic independence and social justice. Itis a powerful statement that allows a nation to shape its own destiny and determine its own political, economic, and social systems. The Declaration of Sovereignty is not justa piece of paper, but a symbol of a nation's identity and aspirations for a better future.。
Unit 2 Lesson 3 Reading 教学设计高中英语北师大版(2019)选择性必修第一册
Unit 2 Success Lesson 3 Reading课例教学内容：Getting to the top & Reading Club 1 Contribution and sacrifice 话题目标：成功需要奉献和牺牲，也是不同的人生选择主课文Getting to the top文本分析:主题意义：该文为一篇博客，主要内容是一位奥运冠军介绍自己的成功之路和人生选择，展现了她对体育事业的热爱和不畏他人言论力争奥运冠军的人生态度，属于“人与自我”主题。
其主题意义在于引发学生对成功的理性思考，客观地认识他人获得的成功，批判性地审视作者的人生选择。
主要内容：该文从一位奥运冠军的视角介绍她的成功之路和人生选择。
作者通过介绍自己从小到大的亲身经历，阐述了为什么挑战自己的能力极限并一路走向奥运冠军领奖台。
作者先是讲述了由于长期专注于训练而失去和错过的生活，同时也引入了朋友的顾虑，担心她会失去生活只剩一块奥运金牌独自分享。
作者接着分析了自己做出这样选择的原因，并进一步表明要想战胜对手，就要多付出那么一点点，而正是多付出的这一点使她能够达到顶峰。
文体结构：该文是一篇英文博客。
主要由三部分构成：第一部分讲述了外界对作者的质疑，让读者体会到她运动生涯面临着极大地压力，吸引读者了解她选择这种生活方式的原因。
第二部分讲述作者自己内心的纠结，扪心自问，为了追求奥运冠军所做出的放弃是否值得。
第三部分阐述了作者走向成功的原因，即为了奥运冠军做出牺牲的真正原因，证明了自己的人生选择。
语言修辞：作者采用了对比的手法表现面临外界压力时的内心纠结和经过反思后对自己人生选择的肯定。
作者通过几个问句表达了自己内心的痛苦，如：Don’t they know how hard it is to be at the top in sport? Don’t they know what it takes to get there? who am I doing this for? How much is too much? Why am I doing this? How can I be so selfish? What are the sacrifices for? 此外，作者通过自问自答的方式清楚地表达了对人生选择的肯定。
联合国控制温室气体排放的协议
联合国控制温室气体排放的协议篇一：英文资讯：联合国赞扬中美温室气体排放协议U.N. Chief Ban Ki-Moon is praising the new pledge made by China and the United States to limit greenhouse gases.联合国秘书长潘基文对中美达成限制温室气体排放的保证表示赞扬。
At the same time, Ban Ki-Moon is calling on the rest of the world to follow suit.He's made the statement on the sidelines of an ASEAN summit in Myanmar.The decision on their position to increase their level of commitment to reducing CO2 emissions1 is an important contribution to the new climate change agreement to be agreed to in Paris next year. I urge all countries, especially all major economies to follow China and the United States and announce ambitious post 2020 targets as soon as possible but no later than the first quarter of 2015.At the same time, the chair of the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change is also commending the Sino-US agreement as a big step forward and a very encouraging development.However, Rajendra Pachauri says the new goals of the US and China are just a beginning, saying extensive cuts in emissions are needed if global warming is to be limited to 2 degrees Celsius2.词汇解析：1 emissions排放物( emission的名词复数)；散发物（尤指气体）参考例句：Most scientists accept that climate change is linked to carbon emissions. 大多数科学家都相信气候变化与排放的含碳气体有关。
Declaration on the Contribution of the World Trade Organization to Achieving Greater Coherence in Gl
Page 1 DECLARATION ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF THEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION TO ACHIEVING GREATERCOHERENCE IN GLOBAL ECONOMIC POLICYMAKING1.Ministers recognize that the globalization of the world economy has led to ever-growing interactions between the economic policies pursued by individual countries, including interactions between the structural, macroeconomic, trade, financial and development aspects of economic policymaking. The task of achieving harmony between these policies falls primarily on governments at the national level, but their coherence internationally is an important and valuable element in increasing the effectiveness of these policies at national level. The Agreements reached in the Uruguay Round show that all the participating governments recognize the contribution that liberal trading policies can make to the healthy growth and development of their own economies and of the world economy as a whole.2. Successful cooperation in each area of economic policy contributes to progress in other areas. Greater exchange rate stability, based on more orderly underlying economic and financial conditions, should contribute towards the expansion of trade, sustainable growth and development, and the correction of external imbalances. There is also a need for an adequate and timely flow of concessional and non-concessional financial and real investment resources to developing countries and for further efforts to address debt problems, to help ensure economic growth and development. Trade liberalization forms an increasingly important component in the success of the adjustment programmes that many countries are undertaking, often involving significant transitional social costs. In this connection, Ministers note the role of the World Bank and the IMF in supporting adjustment to trade liberalization, including support to net food-importing developing countries facing short-term costs arising from agricultural trade reforms.3. The positive outcome of the Uruguay Round is a major contribution towards more coherent and complementary international economic policies. The results of the Uruguay Round ensure an expansion of market access to the benefit of all countries, as well as a framework of strengthened multilateral disciplines for trade. They also guarantee that trade policy will be conducted in a more transparent manner and with greater awareness of the benefits for domestic competitiveness of an open trading environment. The strengthened multilateral trading system emerging from the Uruguay Round has the capacity to provide an improved forum for liberalization, to contribute to more effective surveillance, and to ensure strict observance of multilaterally agreed rules and disciplines. These improvements mean that trade policy can in the future play a more substantial role in ensuring the coherence of global economic policymaking.4.Ministers recognize, however, that difficulties the origins of which lie outside the trade field cannot be redressed through measures taken in the trade field alone. This underscores the importance of efforts to improve other elements of global economic policymaking to complement the effective implementation of the results achieved in the Uruguay Round.5. The interlinkages between the different aspects of economic policy require that the international institutions with responsibilities in each of these areas follow consistent and mutually supportive policies. The World Trade Organization should therefore pursue and develop cooperation with the international organizations responsible for monetary and financial matters, while respecting the mandate, the confidentiality requirements and the necessary autonomy in decision-making procedures of each institution, and avoiding the imposition on governments of cross-conditionality or additional conditions. Ministers further invite the Director-General of the WTO to review with the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund and the President of the World Bank, the implications ofPage 2the WTO's responsibilities for its cooperation with the Bretton Woods institutions, as well as the forms such cooperation might take, with a view to achieving greater coherence in global economic policymaking.。
英语作文大学预算
When it comes to managing a university budget,there are several key factors to consider.Heres a detailed look at how to effectively allocate resources and ensure a sustainable financial plan for a university.1.Revenue Sources:The first step in budgeting is to identify all potential sources of income.This includes tuition fees,government grants,research funding,endowments, and donations.Its important to forecast these revenues accurately to avoid budget shortfalls.2.Fixed Costs:Universities have several fixed costs that must be accounted for in the budget.These include salaries for faculty and staff,utility bills,maintenance of facilities, and debt service.These costs are generally nonnegotiable and must be covered.3.Variable Costs:Unlike fixed costs,variable costs can fluctuate based on the number of students or the universitys activities.Examples include supplies for labs,library acquisitions,and student services.Its crucial to estimate these costs based on enrollment numbers and program offerings.4.Capital Projects:Universities often have longterm capital projects,such as building new facilities or upgrading existing ones.These projects require significant funding and should be planned for in the budget over several years.5.Research and Development:Research is a critical component of many universities. Allocating funds for research and development not only supports the academic mission but can also lead to additional funding through grants and partnerships.6.Student Financial Aid:Providing financial aid to students is essential for maintaining accessibility and diversity within the student body.This includes scholarships,grants,and loans that must be budgeted for.7.Contingency Funds:Its wise to set aside a portion of the budget for unexpected expenses or emergencies.This can include anything from natural disasters to sudden drops in enrollment.8.Technology and Infrastructure:As education becomes increasingly digital,investing in technology and infrastructure is vital.This includes funding for computer labs,online learning platforms,and cybersecurity measures.9.Faculty Development:Supporting the professional development of faculty is crucial for maintaining a highquality education.This can include funding for conferences,research,and sabbaticals.10.Student Services and Amenities:Universities must also budget for services and amenities that support student life,such as counseling,health services,recreational facilities,and student activities.11.Marketing and Recruitment:Attracting a diverse and talented student body is essential for a universitys success.This requires a budget for marketing,recruitment events,and admissions services.12.Transparency and Accountability:Finally,its important to ensure that the budgeting process is transparent and that there is accountability for how funds are spent.This can involve regular financial reports and audits.By carefully considering these factors and creating a comprehensive budget,universities can ensure they are making the most of their resources while supporting their academic, research,and community goals.。
Economic Contributions to Strategic Management
• Reaction of competitors
– ‘first mover’ advantages versus ‘fast second’?
RESOURCE BASED VIEW OF THE FIRM
• Competitive advantage based on resources and capabilities of firm – human, financial, tangible and intangible.
• Resources are basis of competitive advantage only if:
Why ? (i) Exploit economies of scale - technological know-how - organisational know-how - brand names
(ii) Increase market power
RELATED VS UNRELATED DIVERSIFICATION
STRATEGIC PLANNING IN A MULTI-BUSINESS FIRM
Strategy is the adoption of coherent, coordinated action by an organisation, based on a good diagnosis of its situation and environment and a guiding policy for its further development (Rumelt (2011)
• Can coordination of the actions of unrelated business units yield any benefits?
2024年研究生考试考研英语(二204)试题与参考答案
2024年研究生考试考研英语(二204)复习试题与参考答案一、完型填空（10分）Section A: Reading Comprehension (Part A: Multiple Choice Questions)In this section, there is a passage with 20 blanks. For each blank in the passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.The world of fashion is an ever-changing landscape, where trends come and go with the speed of light. The following passage explores the dynamics of this dynamic industry.Fashion designers often work under immense pressure to keep up with the latest trends. The competition to create unique and eye-catching designs is fierce. (1)________, they are expected to produce new collections every few months, which can be quite a challenge.1.A. Despite this high demandB. Because of this high demandC. However, this high demandD. In order to meet this high demandFashion weeks, held in major cities around the world, are where new trendsare showcased to the public. (2)________, these events are a mix of glamour and chaos, attracting thousands of fashion enthusiasts and industry professionals.2.A. ConsequentlyB. MoreoverC. HoweverD. NeverthelessDesigners must be aware of the cultural and social contexts of their audiences to create designs that resonate. (3)________, understanding consumer behavior is crucial in the fashion industry.3.A. FurthermoreB. In contrastC. MoreoverD. NonethelessThe process of creating a new collection is both creative and logistical. First, designers brainstorm ideas and sketch their concepts. (4)________, they need to source fabrics, materials, and accessories.4.A. NextB. ThereforeC. HoweverD. Moreover(5)________, designers must also consider the sustainability and ethical aspects of their work.B. ConsequentlyC. HoweverD. MoreoverOnce the collection is complete, it is presented to buyers, who decide whether to purchase the designs for their stores. (6)________, this stage is critical to a designer’s success.6.A. As a resultB. MoreoverC. HoweverD. ConsequentlyFashion is not just about clothing; it is a reflection of personal style and identity. (7)________, it can also be a powerful statement about social issues and causes.7.A. AlthoughB. HoweverC. MoreoverD. FurthermoreThe impact of social media on the fashion industry cannot be overstated. Platforms like Instagram and TikTok have given designers a global audience and a direct line to consumers. (8)________, this has transformed the way fashion trends are discovered and followed.B. ConsequentlyC. HoweverD. MoreoverFashion is a global industry, but it is also deeply rooted in local cultures.(9)________, designers must balance the desire to be innovative with the need to respect and incorporate traditional elements.9.A. ConsequentlyB. MoreoverC. HoweverD. NeverthelessThe economic aspect of the fashion industry is significant, with billions of dollars spent on clothing and accessories each year. (10)________, the industry faces challenges such as overproduction and waste.10.A. AdditionallyB. ConsequentlyC. HoweverD. MoreoverAnswers:1.A2.B3.A4.A5.A6.A7.C8.A9.B10.C二、传统阅读理解（本部分有4大题，每大题10分，共40分）第一题Reading PassageIn the wake of the global financial crisis, there has been a growing interest in the role of corporate governance in shaping a company’s financial performance. Corporate governance refers to the system by which businesses are directed and controlled. It in cludes the relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders, and other stakeholders. The effectiveness of corporate governance has become a key issue for investors and regulators alike.The crisis exposed several weaknesses in the traditional models of corporate governance, particularly those that rely heavily on external oversight. Critics argue that such models are prone to conflicts of interest, lack transparency, and can be influenced by short-term financial pressures. In contrast, somescholars advocate for a more inclusive approach that involves a stronger role for shareholders and a focus on long-term value creation.The following passage discusses the impact of corporate governance on a company’s financial performance.PassageThe impact of corporate governance on a company’s financial performance is a topic of considerable debate. Studies have shown that well-governed companies tend to outperform their poorly governed counterparts. This is attributed to several factors. Firstly, effective governance structures ensure that decisions are made with the best interests of shareholders in mind. Secondly, strong corporate governance promotes accountability and transparency, which can enhance investor confidence. Lastly, good governance practices often lead to better risk management and strategic planning.However, the relationship between corporate governance and financial performance is complex and multifaceted. It is not always the case that better governance leads to better financial results. For instance, excessive shareholder activism can disrupt management and hinder the company’s ability to execute its business strategy. Moreover, the quality of governance can vary significantly across different industries and regions.1、What is the main focus of the passage?A. The causes of the global financial crisisB. The effectiveness of traditional corporate governance modelsC. The role of shareholders in corporate governanceD. The relationship between corporate governance and financial performance2、According to the passage, what is one factor that contributes towell-governed companies outperforming others?A. Lack of shareholder activismB. Strong corporate governance structuresC. Short-term financial pressuresD. Excessive oversight by external bodies3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to better financial performance?A. AccountabilityB. TransparencyC. Strategic planningD. Long-term financial planning4、What does the passage suggest about the relationship between corporate governance and financial performance?A. It is always a positive correlation.B. It is complex and multifaceted.C. It is influenced by shareholder activism.D. It is only relevant in well-governed companies.5、The author’s attitude towards the effectiveness of traditional corporate governance models can be best described as:A. SkepticalB. SupportiveC. IndifferentD. CriticalAnswers1、D2、B3、D4、B5、D第二题Passage:The digital age has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. With the advent of the internet and social media, the traditional newspaper industry has faced significant challenges. One such challenge is the declining circulation of print newspapers. This essay explores the reasons behind the decline and discusses the impact it has on journalism and society.In the past, newspapers were the primary source of news and information for most people. They provided comprehensive coverage of local, national, and international events. However, the rise of the internet has changed the landscape. People now have access to news and information at their fingertips, often from sources that are not as reliable as traditional newspapers. This shifthas led to a decrease in print newspaper circulation.Several factors contribute to the decline of print newspapers. Firstly, the internet offers convenience and speed. People can get news updates in real-time, without the need to wait for the morning newspaper to arrive. Secondly, the cost of purchasing a newspaper is a significant factor. Many people find it more cost-effective to access news online for free. Lastly, the traditional newspaper format is often considered outdated by younger generations, who are more accustomed to digital media.The decline of print newspapers has had a profound impact on journalism. With reduced circulation, newspapers are facing financial difficulties, which can lead to cutbacks in staff and resources. This, in turn, can result in a loss of quality and diversity in news reporting. Additionally, the decline of print newspapers has implications for the democratic process. Informed citizens are essential for a healthy democracy, and the availability of diverse news sources is crucial for fostering an informed electorate.Despite the challenges, there is hope for the future of journalism. Many newspapers have adapted by embracing digital technologies. They are investing in online platforms and mobile applications to reach a wider audience. Some have even started experimenting with virtual reality to provide immersive news experiences. These innovations may help newspapers survive and thrive in the digital age.Questions:1、What is the main topic of the passage?A. The benefits of digital media over print mediaB. The challenges faced by the traditional newspaper industryC. The impact of the internet on news consumption habitsD. The future of journalism in the digital age2、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a contributing factor to the decline of print newspapers?A. The convenience and speed of the internetB. The cost of purchasing a newspaperC. The preference for digital media among younger generationsD. The quality of news reporting in print newspapers3、According to the passage, what is the potential consequence of the decline in newspaper circulation?A. An increase in the number of reliable news sources onlineB. A loss of quality and diversity in news reportingC. A more informed and engaged citizenryD. A decrease in the number of journalists4、How are newspapers adapting to the digital age according to the passage?A. By reducing their staff and resourcesB. By embracing digital technologies and online platformsC. By focusing on local news and community engagementD. By charging for access to their online content5、What is the author’s overall tone regarding the future of journalism?A. PessimisticB. OptimisticC. IndifferentD. ConfusedAnswers:1、B2、D3、B4、B5、B第三题The following is a passage from a recent article on the impact of technology on education. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.Technology has revolutionized the way we live, work, and learn. In the realm of education, the integration of technology has brought about significant changes. One of the most notable advancements is the use of online learning platforms, which have become increasingly popular among students and educators alike. These platforms offer flexibility, convenience, and access to a vast array of resources. However, despite these benefits, there are concerns about the effectiveness of online learning and its impact on traditional educational methods.Online learning platforms provide students with the opportunity to study at their own pace and from the comfort of their homes. This flexibility is particularly appealing to working professionals who wish to further their education without interrupting their careers. Moreover, these platforms often feature interactive elements such as videos, quizzes, and forums, which enhance the learning experience. Educators also benefit from these tools, as they can reach a wider audience and provide personalized feedback to students.Despite the advantages, some argue that the lack of face-to-face interaction in online learning can hinder the development of crucial skills such as critical thinking and communication. Traditional classroom settings offer a dynamic environment where students can engage in discussions, ask questions, and learn from each other. Furthermore, the social aspects of education, such as teamwork and networking, are often diminished in online environments.1、What is one significant advantage of online learning platforms mentioned in the passage?2、How do online learning platforms benefit educators?3、What is a concern expressed about online learning in terms of student development?4、According to the passage, what is often diminished in online environments?5、What is the author’s overall stance on the impact of technology on education?1、The opportunity to study at one’s own pace and from the comfort of their homes.2、The ability to reach a wider audience and provide personalized feedback to students.3、The lack of face-to-face interaction can hinder the development of crucial skills such as critical thinking and communication.4）The social aspects of education, such as teamwork and networking.5）The author acknowledges the benefits of technology in education but also expresses concerns about its impact on traditional methods and student development.第四题Passage:The rise of the internet has had a profound impact on the way people communicate, access information, and conduct business. One of the most significant changes brought about by the internet is the shift from traditional, print-based media to digital, online media. This shift has been particularly noticeable in the realm of news reporting and consumption. While traditional media outlets like newspapers and magazines have been slow to adapt, the rise of online news platforms has transformed the industry.1、The first paragraph primarily discusses:A. The negative effects of the internet on traditional media.B. The impact of the internet on various aspects of human life.C. The transformation of the news industry due to the internet.D. The slow adaptation of traditional media outlets to the internet.2、The word “profound” in the first sentence is closest in meaning to:A. Temporary.B. Shallow.C. Deep.D. Irrelevant.3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a change brought about by the internet in the first paragraph?A. The way people communicate.B. The way people access information.C. The way people consume media.D. The way people write letters.4、The phrase “slow to adapt” in the second paragraph suggests that:A. Traditional media outlets have quickly embraced the internet.B. Traditional media outlets have been resistant to change.C. Traditional media outlets are the fastest-growing segment of the industry.D. Traditional media outlets have been more successful than online platforms.5、The author’s tone throughout the passage can best be described as:A. Critical.B. Objective.C. Supportive.D. Enthusiastic.Answers:1、C2、C3、D4、B5、B三、阅读理解新题型（10分）Passage:Astronomy, the study of the universe, has always been a popular field of research. With the advancement of technology, we have been able to explore the cosmos and uncover many fascinating facts about our universe. One of the most intriguing discoveries is the existence of exoplanets, or planets outside our solar system. These planets have different characteristics and environments compared to those in our solar system, which makes them a subject of great interest for scientists.Exoplanets come in various sizes and orbit their stars at different distances. Some of them are located in the habitable zone, where conditions mightallow for the existence of liquid water on their surfaces. This has sparked a hope that we might find signs of life on these distant worlds. However, the search for life on exoplanets is not an easy task, as the conditions on these planets can be extremely harsh.To study exoplanets, scientists use a variety of techniques, including the transit method, the radial velocity method, and the direct imaging method. The transit method involves observing the brightness of a star as an exoplanet passes in front of it, which can reveal the size and orbit of the planet. The radial velocity method measures the tiny wobbles of a star caused by the gravitational pull of an orbiting exoplanet, allowing scientists to estimate its mass. The direct imaging method is the most challenging but provides detailed information about the planet’s surface, atmosphere, and orbit.Despite the progress made in exoplanet research, there are still many challenges ahead. One of the challenges is the difficulty in observing exoplanets due to their immense distance from Earth. Another challenge is the limited information we have about these planets, as most of the data comes from indirect observations. However, as technology continues to improve, scientists are optimistic that we will be able to overcome these challenges and learn more about the mysterious exoplanets.Questions:1.What is the main topic of the passage?a) The history of astronomyb) The existence of exoplanetsc) The challenges of studying exoplanetsd) The different methods used to study exoplanets2.Why are exoplanets of great interest to scientists?a) They are easier to study than planets in our solar systemb) They might contain signs of lifec) They have unique characteristics and environmentsd) They are located in the habitable zone3.According to the passage, what is the transit method used for?a) Measuring the mass of an exoplanetb) Observing the surface of an exoplanetc) Estimating the size and orbit of an exoplanetd) Measuring the wobbles of a star4.What is one of the challenges in studying exoplanets?a) The difficulty in observing them due to their distance from Earthb) The limited information we have about these planetsc) The harsh conditions on exoplanetsd) The limited technology available for studying exoplanets5.What can be concluded about the future of exoplanet research from the passage?a) It will be abandoned due to the challenges involvedb) It will be limited to indirect observations onlyc) It will continue to progress as technology improvesd) It will be focused on studying only the planets in our solar systemAnswers:1.b2.b3.c4.a5.c四、翻译（本大题有5小题，每小题3分，共15分）第一题Translate the following Chinese passage into English.中文段落：随着互联网技术的飞速发展，人们的生活方式发生了翻天覆地的变化。
四级英语模拟试题及答案
四级英语模拟试题及答案一、听力理解（共30分）1. A) 根据题目所给的对话或短文，选择正确答案。
A) 选项AB) 选项BC) 选项CD) 选项D[答案] C2. B) 根据题目所给的对话或短文，完成句子。
- 问题：What is the woman going to do this evening? - 答案：She is going to the library.二、阅读理解（共40分）1. 阅读以下短文，选择最佳答案。
短文内容略...A) 选项AB) 选项BC) 选项CD) 选项D[答案] A2. 阅读以下短文，回答下列问题。
短文内容略...- 问题1：What is the main idea of the passage?答案：The main idea is...- 问题2：Why does the author mention X in the text?答案：The author mentions X to illustrate...三、词汇与结构（共15分）1. 从下列选项中选择最佳答案填入空白处。
- 空白处：The project was _______ last month.A) completedB) completingC) to completeD) was completed[答案] A2. 用所给词的适当形式填空。
- 句子：She _______ (study) abroad for two years before she got her master's degree.答案：studied四、翻译（共15分）1. 将下列句子从中文翻译成英文。
- 中文：这个项目的成功取决于团队的合作。
- 英文：The success of this project depends on the team's cooperation.2. 将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。
国开开放大学本科非英语专业学士学位英语统一考试2021春季学位英语真题
国开开放大学本科非英语专业学士学位英语统一考试2021春季一、交际用语(10分, 每题1分)根据情景补全对话, 从A.B.C.D四个选项中选出最佳选项, 填入空白处。
1--Excuse me, would you please show me the way to the hospital?___________(A) Go forward, please.（正确答案）(B) Just go on and on.(C) Where shall we go?(D) I know it.2-Sir, how do you like your steak cooked?________(A) Wonderful.(B) Medium, please.（正确答案）(C) It’s delicious.(D) Three please.3--Er, can you show me the schedule? __________________(A) Sure, I’ll give you a hand.(B) Yes, a tight schedule as usual.（正确答案）(C) Don’t mention it.(D) Hum, not too bad.4-- Cheer up and things will be much better.__________________(A) My pleasure.(B) I won’t believe your words.(C) It’s OK.(D) Thank you very much.（正确答案）5--Sorry to interrupt your phone call.This is a library, and you are talking too loudly.__________________(A) I’m sorry.（正确答案）(B) Am I talking quietly?(C) That’s OK.(D) You are welcome.6--Would you like to walk around with me? ___________________(A) It’s good for you.(B) That’s all right.(C) So do I.(D) That’s a good idea.（正确答案）7--What do you do on the Internet?________(A) I like Internet.(B) Yes, I will buy clothes on the Internet.(C) I don’t like Internet.(D) I often buy something I need.（正确答案）8-- How do you calculate the fee of moving?Well, _________________(A) we are professional movers.(B) the cost depends on the floor you are moving to.（正确答案）(C) the cost has been cut by 30 to 50 percent.(D) the cost is still too high.9--May I have some more chicken? It’s really delicious.__________________(A) Of course.Help yourself.（正确答案）(B) More food, please.(C) Absolutely not.(D) It’s yummy.10--Though everyone played well, we lost the game.__________________(A) That’s what I expected.(B) Congratulations!(C) What a pity! （正确答案）(D) I’m sorry.二、词语用法与语法结构(30分, 每题2分）阅读下面的句子, 从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出能最佳选项, 填入空白处。
acca F4 背诵讲义
Chapter 1 Structure of the legal system1. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEMLaw•Law is a formal control mechanism.•It provides a structure for dealing with and resolving disputes.•It also provides some deterrent to those wishing to disrupt social order.Common law•Common law developed in England during the period following the Norman Conquest.•It was made by judges who travelled around the country to keep the King’s peace and made law by merging local customary laws into one ‘law of the land’.•Today, the concept of PRECEDENT continues to be the key feature of commom law, and distinguishes it from other legal systems.•Remedies under common law are monetary, and are known as damages.Equity•Common law does not provide justice to the wronged person if monetary compensation is not suitable.•Equity developed two or three hundred years after common law as a system to resolve disputes where damages are not a suitable remedy and therefore introduced fairnessinto the legal system.•For example, where a person needs to stop another person’s behaviour or to force them to act as they agreed to, equity provides remedies to achieve this.Civil law•Civil law exists to resolve disputes over the rights and obligations of persons dealing with each other and seeks to compensate wronged parties.•It is a form of private law (between individuals) and covers areas such as tort, contract and employment law.•In civil proceedings, the case must be proved on the balance of probability, the object is to convince the court that it is probable that a person’s assertions are ture.•There is no concept of punishment in the civil law and compensation is paid to the wronged person.•If they wish, both parties may choose to settle the dispute out of court.Criminal law• A crime is conduct that is prohibited by the law.•Criminal law is a form of public law (betweent the State and individuals).•In criminal proceedings, the State is the procecutor because it is the community as a whole which suffers as a result of the law being broken.•The burden of proof to convict the accused(认定被告有罪) rests with the procecution, which must prove its case beyond reasonble doubt.•In the UK, the police take the initial decision to prosecute, this is then reviewed by the Crown Prosecution Service. However, some prosecutions are started by the Director of Public Prosecutions, who is the head of the Crown Prosecution Service.•Persons guilty of crime may be punished by fines payable to the State, imprisonment, ora community-based punishment.The distinction between civil law and criminal lawThis is not an act or event which creates the distinction between civil and criminal law, but the legal consequences. A single event might give rise to both civil and criminal proceedings.2. JURISDICTION OF CIVIL COURTS•The nature of the case and the size of the claim will determine which court hears a civil case.•The County courts hear small cases ( claims under £5,000) or those which are deemed to be ‘FAST TRACK’ cases. The case is heard by a Circuit Judg e assisted by DistrictJudges.•Complicated cases or those which are deemed to be ‘MULTI TRACK’ cases are heard at the High Court.•The Queen’s Bench Division hears cases concerning contract and tort issues.•The Family Division hears cases concerning children and matrimonial issues.•The Chancery Division hears cases concerning trusts, bankruptcy and corporate issures.•Appeals are to the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal and are heard by three judges who will decide the outcome by a majority.• A further appeal to the Supreme Court for the United Kingdom may be permitted if it involves an issue of public interests.3. JURISDICTION OF CRIMINAL COURTS•All criminal cases begin in magistrates’ courts where the case is introduced into the system.•Certain types of offences are known as indictable offences, these are serious offences and can only be heard in Crown Court. Other less serious summary offences are heard summarily in the magistrates’court.•Where an offence falls in between the two, it can be ‘triable either way’, the defendant will have the choice to be tried at the magistrates’ court or at the Crown Court.•Where the decision in a criminal case is appealled against, a court further up the hierarchy will hear it.•Appeals from magistrates’ courts are either to the Crown Court or the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court.•Case stated appeals from the Crown Court are made to QBD. ‘Case stated’ is a legal function to review a magistrates’ court decision on a point of law , it means the law w as misinterpreted by the magistrate.•Appeals from the Crown Court are made to the Court of Appeal and this may be appealled to the Supreme Court for the United Kingdom if it involves an issue of publicinterests.4. THE MAIN CIVIL COURTS IN THE ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEMMagistrates’ court•The magistrates’ court is mainly a criminal court, but it also has original jurisdiction in many civil cases, such as liscensing and family issues.•It will also hear claims for recovery of unpaid local authority charges and council tax(英国家庭税).County CourtCounty courts have civil jurisdiction only, it deal with almost every kind of civil case within its serve areas. The main limits to its jurisdiction are financial. It is involved in the following matters: •Contact and tort•Equity matters•Probate matters•Disputes concerning land•Undefended matrimonial cases•Some bankruptcy, company winding-up and admiralty cases（海事裁判）.High CourtThe High Court are divided into three divisions.•The Queen’s Bench Divison hears cases concerning contract and tort issues. It also hasa Commercial Court and an Admiralty Court. A divisionl court of the QBD has anappellate jurisdiction on appeals from magistrates’ court and tribunals.•The Family Division hears cases concerning children and matrimonial issues. The Family Division also has a limited appellate jurisdiction on some appeals from theMagistrates’ Court.•The Chancery Division hears cases concerning trusts, mortgage, bankruptcy, taxation, probate and corporate issures. It also has a Patents Court and a Company Court, which deals with liquidations and other company proceedings.Appeal courtsThe civil court which have an exclusively appellate jurisdiction are the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court for the United Kingdom.Court of Appeal•The Court of Appeal hears appeals from the County Court, High Court and several sepcial tribunals.•It reviews the evidence and the legal opinions and makes its decisions based on them.•Cases are heard by three judges ( known as Lord Justices of Appeal) who will decide the outcome by a majority..Supreme Court for the United Kingdom•The Supreme Court for the United Kingdom is the highest appeal court in the English legal system. Cases are heard by Justices of the Supreme Court.•The court hears appeals from the Court of Appeal and also appeals from the High Court, under the ‘leapfrog procedure’ .5. THREE TRACK SYSTEM FOR THE ALLOCATION OF CIVIL CASESThe Civil Procedure Rules (CPR 民事程序规定) introduced a three track system for the allocation of civil cases. Generally speaking, county courts hear small track cases and fast track cases and the High Court hears multi-track cases.•In the small claims track, claims of no more than £5,000 will be heard. These are cases to be dealt with quickly and informallly, often without the need for legal represetation or a full hearing. Parties can consent to use the small claims track if the value of the claimexceeds the limits, but this has to be subject to the court's approval.•In the fast claims track, claims under £25,000 may be heard. There is a strictly limited procedure designed to enable cases to be heard within a short but reasonable timescale.Costs are fixed and hearings are no longer than one day.•The multi-track is intended to provide a new and more flexible regime for the more complex claims, which has a value of more than £15,000. An initial ‘case managementconference’ will be held to encourage the parties to resolve the dispute or to consider the alternative dispute resolution. The trial judge sets a budget and a final timetable for thetrial.•Claimants of cases between £15,000 and £25,000 have the choice of using the fast or multi track, although judges may insist complex cases are heard under the multi track.Chapter 2 Sources of English lawSOURCESCase law Statute CustomCommon Equity Primary SecondarylawSources of English law•There are three main sources of English law, namely case law, legislation (statute) and custom.•Broadly speaking, case law is made and developed in the courts and legislation is made by the legislature（立法机关，立法团体） in Parliament.•Since both of these sources create law today, they can be considered as contemporary.•However, local customs, which developed historically and have existed for a very long time, are not considered as contemporary.1. CASE LAW AS A SOURCE OF LAW•Case law is is made in the courts according to the common law and equity.•Both common law and equity are the product of decisions in the courts made by judges who interpret and apply previous cases based on the doctrine of binding precedent.•This doctrine provides that once a principle of law has been decided, it becomes a precedent which binds the lower courts in cases with materially the same facts.•If the facts of the case are not materially the same as those of the relevant precedent, the precedent may be ‘distinguished’ and not be followed.•Only statements of law made by judges can form precedent.•These statements can be divided into ratio decidendi and obiter dicta.•Only the ratio decidendi forms the basis of precedent as it is this reasoning which is vital to his decision.•Obiter dicta are statements of general law (or hypothetical situations) which are not necessary for the decision and hence are not binding.•Whether the doctrine applies will depend on the status of the court dealing with the case.There is a hierarchy of courts with the lower courts being bound to follow thedecisions of the higher courts.•For example, magistrates’ courts and county courts are bound by the decision of the High Court, the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court for the United Kingdom.2. DOCTRINE OF PRECEDENTThe doctrine of binding precedent•The doctrine of binding precedent, or stare decisis, is essential to the English legal system.•This doctrine provides that once a principle of law has been decided in court, it becomes a precedent which binds the lower courts in cases with materially the samefacts.•The purpose of the doctrine is to provide consistency, coherency and therefore predictablity and fairness in the development of the case law.Judgements• A judgement in a case will start with a description of the facts and probably a review of earlier precedents.•Then the judge will make statements of law applicable to the legal problems raised by the material facts.•These statements can be divided into ratio decidendi and obiter dicta.Ratio dicidendi•Only a proposition(论点，主张) of law, rather than a statement of fact, will be binding.•Ratio dicidendi can be difined as ‘any rule of law, express or implied, treated by a judge as a necessary step in reaching his conclusion, having regard to the line of reasoning adopted by him, or a necessary part of his direction to the jury. ‘ (Cross)Obiter dicta•Obiter dicta are statements of general law (or hypothetical situations) which are not necessary for the decision in the case.•The obiter dicta are of persusive authority only and do not bind lower court. They may be taken into account but need not be followed.Difference between them•The ratio decidendi forms the basis of precedent as it is this reasoning which is vital to judge’s decision.•It is not always easy to distinguish between the ratio decidendi and the obiter dicta.Judges do not always make clear in their comments whether a particular statement orconclusion is ratio or obiter. Indeed, in a case heard by more than one judge, each judge may provide a different ratio decidendi in support of a common decision.The hierarchy of the courts in relation to the operation of precedent(a) the Supreme Court for the United Kindom – binds all lower courts but itself(exceptional cases)(b) Court of Appeal–binds all lower courts and itself(c) High CourtJudge sitting alone – binds all lower courts not divisional courtsJudges sitting together – binds all lower courts and divisional courts(d) CrownMagistrates–bind no-one at allCountyMagistrates’, County and Crown Courts•Decisions of the Magistrates’ Courts and County Courts do not consititute precedent and thereofore not bind on any court, but each of them is bound by decisions of the High Court, Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court for the United Kingdom.•The Crown Court is also bound by the superior courts and its decisions are of persuasive authority only.High court• A decision of the High Court made by an individual judge binds all lower courts, but not another High Court judge. However, it is of persuasive authority and tends to befollowed in practice.• A decison of Divisional Court usually binds another divisional court.Court of Appeal•Decisions of the Court of Appeal binds all English courts except the Supreme Court for the United Kingdom.•The court is normally bound by its own previous majority and unanimous (意见一致的) decisions, and by those of the Supreme Court for the United Kingdom.The Supreme Court for the United Kingdom•The Supreme Court for the United Kingdom stands at the apex of the English judicial system. Its decisions binds all other English courts.•Itself is bound by its own previous decisions, but it reserves the rights to depart from its own precedents in exceptional cases, although this is rarely exercised.Reversing, overruling and distinguishingPrecedent• A precedent is a previous court decision which another court is bound to follow by deciding a subsequent case in the same way.•In certain circumstances, a judge may not wish to follow an previous decision and it may be open to them to reverse, overrule or distinguish the precedent.Reverse•When the decision of a lower court is appealled to a higher one, the higher court may reverse the decision if they feel the lower court has wrongly interpreted the law. Theoriginal decision cannot form a precedent.•For example, if the Court of Appeal reverse the decision of the High Court, the first decision cannot be a precedent but the reversed decision can.•When a decision is reversed, the higher court is usually also overruling the lower court’s statement of the law.Overrule•Higher courts may overrule the decisions of lower courts, depriving (剥夺) their precedent status, if they di sagree with the lower court’s statement of law.•Overruling involves an earlier case, rather than a case which is the subject of an appeal.•When a decision is overruled, the law is changed with retrospective effect. Judges are usually cautious before overruling a long-standing precedent, but this is sometimesnecessary, for example where what is acceptable within a particular society changes. Distinguishing•For a precedent to be followed, the facts of the previous case and the case under consideration must be materially the same.•If not, the precedent may be ‘distinguished’ and not followed.3. THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE DOCTRINEAdvantagesCertainty•Law is decided fairly and predictably.•The need for costly and time-consuming litigation can be avoided.•The doctrine also gives guidance to the judges and leads to consistency in decisions from different judges in different courts and in different parts of the country.Clarity•The doctrine gives rise to a healthy source of statements of legal principle that can helpfully and clearly be applied to new cases generally.•This leads to a saving of time for all concerned, it don’t need to be put before the courts and argued again.Flexibility•The doctrine allows the law to grow and be developed in accordance with changing needs and circumstances of society.•It also allows a much more flexible judge-made law than Parliament-enacted legislation. PracticalityFaineasDisvantages•Bulk.•Restricts judicial discretion.•reactive system.•Lack of democratic accountability.4. LEGISLATION AS A SOURCE OF LAW AND ITS ADVANTAGES•Statute law is made by Parliament.•Parliament may make law as it sees fit – it may repeal(撤销) earlier statutes, overrule case law or make law in new areas previously unregulated.•The validity of an Act of Parliament cannot be questioned. ( Cheney v Conn 1968).•However, this principle of Parliamentary sovereignty[ˈsɔvərɪnti:](最高统治权、君权) has been reduced somewhat by the UK’s membership of the European Union which requires its law to be brought into line with the EU’s treaties and directives.•Additionally, the Human Rights Act 1998 requires new laws to be compatible with the European Convention on Human Right.•Statute law may be fresh legislation or may be a consolidation of existing statutes and their amendment, for example the Company Act 2006.•It may also be a codification (法律汇编) of existing statute and case law, for example the Sale of Goods Act 1979.•The courts are bound to apply relevant statute law and cannot disregard or rewrite it.•Whatever the nature of the legislation, the role of judges to interpret and apply it is the same.•Judicial interpretation (司法解释) might be needed because of ambiguity in drafting or uncertainty as to whether a particular set of facts are within the scope of a statute, orwhere unforeseeable developments have occurred since the statute was passed.•The complexity of modern legislation makes a great deal of details which cannot be easily included in an Act.•Therefore, powers may be given to a minister or a public body to make laws for specified purpose in the form of statutory instruments, bye-law and Rules of Court.•Such delegated legislation has the same effect as the empowering act itself. Advantages•They can in theory deal with any problem•They are carefully constructed codes of law•New problems in society or unwelcome development can be dealt with quickly•Reponsive to public opinion as parliament is elected at least every five years5. DELEGATED LEGISLATION•The complexity of modern legislation makes a great deal of details which cannot be easily included in an Act.•Therefore, powers may be given to a minister or public body to make laws for specified purpose in the form of statutory instruments, bye-law and Rules of Court.•The legislation sets out the broad objective and purpose of the Act, leaving the detail to be delegated to individuals or bodies outside Parliament.•Such delegated legislation has the same effect as the empowering act itself.There are various forms of delegated legislation•Statutory instruments: these are made by government minister who has delegated the relevant powers.•Bye-laws: these are made by local authorities and apply within a specific locality•Rules of court: these may be made by the judiciary (法官) to control court procedure.•Orders in council: these are often made by the Privy Council (枢密院).•Professional rules: Parliament also gives powers to various professional bodies to regulate the conduct of its members.The control over the delegated legislationAs delegated legislation is often created by unelected individuals and bodies, there are controls over it.•It may have to be approved by an affirmative resolution of Parliament and/or be laid before Parliament for 40 days before it takes effect.•It may be challeged in the courts. Firstly, on the ground that Parliament exceeded its authority to delegate and has acted ultra vires, or secondly, the lagislation has beenmade without the correct procedure.•There are standing (永久的，常设的) Scrutiny Committees (检查委员会) of both Houses whose duty is to examine delegated legislation from a technical point of view and theymay raise objections if necessary. However, they have no authority to its nature orcontent.•The Human Rights Act 1998 gives courts power to strike out any delegated lagislation that runs contrary to the HRA.Advantages•Volume of work. Delegated lagislation enables Parliament to concentrate on the broader principles of the legislative framework, rather than getting bogged down indetails.•Speed. Delegated legislation enables new laws to be passed much more quickly, especially advantageous in times of emergency.•Flexibility. Delegated legislation enables great flexibility, because regulations can be altered later without the need to revert to (回到) Parliament.•Expertise. The subject of new legislation is often highly detailed, technical and complex. It therefore makes sense for the exact content, and the wording（措辞） isarrived at by consultation with professional, commercial or industrial groups outsideParliament who have the relevant expertise.•Tider primary legislation. The primary legislation is more concise (精炼) because the details are left to other delegated legislation documentation(程序说明书). Disadvantages:•Volume. The volume of delegated legislation means that it can become difficult for Parliment ( and others) to keep track of the effect of the legislation.•Unconstitutional.（违反宪法的) Although Parliament is ultimately responsible for the legislation, it is likely that much of the detail has actually been drafted and finalised by individual ministers or by civil servants. Since civil servants are unelected, the degree to which law-making powers should be delegated to them is a matter for some debate. 6. STATUTORY INTERPRETATIONLegislation must be interpreted correctly before judges can apply it fairly. In order to determine the meaning of such legislation, the court will apply a number of well-established rules and principles to interpret the statute.•Literal rule: The literal rule requires the words to be given their literal and grammatical meaning rather than what the judges think they mean.•Golden rule: The golden rule expands the literal rule. It requires the words to be given their plain, ordinary and literal meaning unless this would give rise to manifest (明显的) absurdity(谬论) or inconsistency with the rest of the statute.•Mischief rule: Under the mischief rule, a judges considers what mischief (损害) the Act .Where a statute is designed to remedy a weakness in the law, the correct interpretation is the one that achieves it.•Purposive approach : It requires the words to be given not only their ordinary, literal and grammatical meaning, but also with reference to the context and purpose of thelegislation.•Ejusdem generis (同类) : Where general words follow specific words, the general words must be interpreted by reference to(参考) the specific words used.7. HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998The Articles of the European Convention on Human Rights have now been enshrined(铭记) into English law as the Human Right Act 1998, enacted in 2000. The main provisions are: •The right to life•The right to property•The right to education•The right to marry•The right to a fair trial•The right to liberty and security•The right to free elections.•The right to respect for privacy, family life•Freedom of thought, conscience and religion•Freedom of expression, assembly and association•No punishment without law•No discrimination in rightsThe Act binds the pubilc authorities•The Act binds the pubilc authorities, which can be defined as bodies undertaking functions of a public nature, including government departments, local authorities, courts and schools.Non-government individuals or bodies can rely on the actImpact on UK law•The main impact of the HRA1998 on UK law is that UK courts are now required to interpret UK law in a way that is compatible with the Convention. It means that a courtmust take into account the previous decisions of the European Court of Human Rights.•If a court feels that a provision of primary legislation ( ie an Act of Parliament) is incompatible with the Convention, it can make a declaration of incompatibility. It is thenup to the Government to take action to remedy the incompatibility.Chapter 3 Offer and AcceptanceNature of a contractFORMATION & NATURE OF A CONTRACTAgreement Intention ConsiderationThe first essential element in the formation of a binding contract is agreement. This is ususlly evidenced by offer and acceptance.1. OFFER•In the law of contract , an offer is a definite promise to another to be bound on specific terms. It is capable of (能够) acceptance so as to form a binding contract.•An offer cannot be in vague terms, for example a promise to buy a horse if it is ‘lucky’ (Gunthing v Lynn 1831).•An offer can be made to an induvidual, a class of persons or to the world at large and it can be accepted by the conduct of the offeree ( Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co 1893).•Once an offer has been accepted, a binding contract is created. Either party may legally enforce the promise of the other.•Ture offers must be distinguished from a mere supply of information and statement of intention.Supply of information• A mere supply of information is not an offer, because there is no intention to be bound.•For example, stating the minimum price that one would consider if a sale were to be agreed does not make an offer ( Harvey v Facey 1893).Statement of intention•Similarly, a mere statement of intention is not an offer neither.•For example, advertising that an event such as an auction will take place does not make an offer. (Harris v Nickerson 1873).•Only the offer made with the intention that it shall become binding when accepted may form a binding contract.2. INVITATION TO TREAT•An invitation to treat is an indication that someone is prepared to receive offers with the intention to form a binding contract.•There is no binding contract until this offer is made and, in turn , accepted.Case law has established a number of accepted principles to determine whether a statement is an offer or merely an invitation to treat.Advertisements•An advertisement of goods for sale is usually an attempt to induce offers (Partridge v Crittenden 1968)•However, in limited circumstances, words of an advertisement can be an offer made to the whole world (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. 1893)Display of goods in a shop window•In Fisher v Bell 1961, a shopkeeper was prosecuted for offering for sale an offensive weapon by exhibiting a flick knife in the shop window.•It was held that this was not an offer for sale, but an invitation to treatExhibitions of goods in a self –service shop•In Pharmaceutical Society of G.B. v Boots Cash Chemists 1952, the chemists exhibited various goods on self-service shelves.•It was held that this was not an offer for sale, but an invitation to treat. Customers took up the invitation by taking the goods to the cash point, thereby making an offer to buy which was accepted by the shopkeeper.Auction sales（拍卖）•An auctioneer’s request for bid is not an offer to sell to the highest bidder, but an invitation to treat.•The bid itself is an offer, which the auctioneer is then free to accept or reject ( Payne v Cave 1789).Invitations for tenders (竞标)•An invitation to tender is not an offer to contract with the party offering the lowest price, but an invitation to treat.•The tender itself is an offer, which the person who issued the invitation is then free to accept or reject.3. ACCEPTANCE OF AN OFFERACCEPTANCE•Valid acceptance of a valid offer is one of the essencials of a contract•An acceptance must be an unqualified (无条件的) agreement to the terms of the offer.•Acceptance is generally not effective until communicated to the offeror, except where the ‘postal rule’ applies.• A purported acceptance which introduces any new terms is a counter-offer, which has the effect of terminating the original offer ( Hyde v Wrench 1840).Request for information• A response to an offer which is actually a request for further information will not form an acceptance.Acceptance ‘ subject to contract’•Acceptance ‘ subject to contract’ means tha t the offeree is agreeable to the terms of the offer but proposes that the parties should negotiate a formal contract.•Neither party is bound until the formal contract is signed.Letters of intent (LOI 合作意向书)• A letter of intent is a strong indication given by one party to another to say that he is likely to place a contract with him.Method of acceptance•The acceptance of an offer is made by a person authorised to do so, usually the offeree or his authorised agent.•The acceptance may be by express words or be inferred from conduct (Brogden v Metropolitan Rly Co 1877).•In some circumstance (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co 1893), performance of the act required by the offer or advertisement consititutes an acceptacne.•There must be some act on the part of the offeree since passive inaction or silence is not capable of acceptance ( Felthose v Bindley 1862).The communication of acceptance•Acceptance is generally not effective until communicated to the offeror, except where the ‘postal rule’ applies, or t he offeror waives the need for communication.•The offeror may specify the sole means of communication, in which case only compliance with their terms will suffice （满足……的需要）.•If the offeror specifies a means of communication but does not make it absolutely compulsory, then acceptance by another means which is equally expeditious and does。
globalization contributed to develop阅读理解
globalization contributed to develop阅读理解Globalization has played a crucial role in contributing to development across the world. The process of globalization, which involves the integration of economies, cultures, and societies through the exchange of goods, services, and ideas, has brought about numerous benefits that have greatly impacted the development of nations.One of the key ways in which globalization has contributed to development is through the expansion of international trade. Globalization has facilitated the movement of goods and services across borders, allowing countries to specialize in the production of certain goods and engage in mutually beneficial trade relationships. This has led to increased economic growth, job creation, and enhanced living standards in many countries. By accessing larger markets, businesses have been able to expand their operations, leading to increased productivity and efficiency. Moreover, the competition that arises from globalization has pushed businesses to innovate and improve their products, benefiting consumers and driving economic growth.In addition to trade, globalization has also facilitated the flow of capital and investment across borders. Foreigndirect investment (FDI) has been a significant driver of development in many countries. FDI brings in capital, knowledge, and technology, which can help to improve infrastructure, develop industries, and boost productivity. Developing countries that have been able to attract FDI have seen positive impacts on employment, income levels, and overall economic growth.Furthermore, globalization has led to the transfer of knowledge and technology, which has contributed to development in various sectors. As countries become more interconnected, there is an increased exchange of ideas, research, and innovation. Developing countries can benefit from the knowledge and expertise of more advanced economies, enabling them to adopt and adapt technologies, improve educational systems, and enhance their overall capacity for development. Globalization has also fostered cultural exchange and understanding, which has had a positive impact on social development. The exposure to different cultures, ideas, and perspectives has led to increased tolerance, diversity, and the sharing of best practices. This has been particularly beneficial in areas such as education, healthcare, and human rights, where countries can learn from each other's experiencesand implement policies and practices that promote social progress.However, it is important to acknowledge that globalization has also given rise to challenges and risks, such as increased inequality, environmental degradation, and cultural homogenization. It is crucial for policymakers to address these issues and ensure that the benefits of globalization are shared more equitably, and that sustainable development practices are promoted.In conclusion, globalization has greatly contributed to development by promoting international trade, attracting investment, facilitating knowledge transfer, and fostering cultural exchange. While it has its challenges, globalization has provided opportunities for countries to grow and develop, improving the lives of millions of people around the world.。
contribution 英文范文
Title: The Value of ContributionIn the tapestry of life, each individual is a thread, contributing in unique ways to the beauty and richness of the whole. Contribution, in its essence, is the act of offering something valuable to the world, whether it be through our actions, ideas, or passions.The concept of contribution is multifaceted, encompassing both the material and immaterial. On the material level, contribution manifests in the form of donations, aid, and resources that help to build and sustain communities. A company, for instance, may contribute computers to a local school, enabling students to access educational opportunities that they might not otherwise have. Such contributions have a direct and tangible impact on the lives of those who receive them.However, the true essence of contribution lies beyond the material realm. It is in the无形gifts that we offer to the world - our thoughts, ideas, and passions. An artist contributes to society through their creative expressions, offering a new perspective on the world and inspiring others to see beauty in unexpected places. A scientistcontributes through their research, pushing the boundaries of knowledge and leading to advancements that benefit us all.Contribution is not just about what we give, but also about how we give. It is about the spirit with which we offer our gifts, the intention behind our actions. A kind word spoken with sincerity can have a profound impact on someone's life, just as a generous donation can change the trajectory of a community.Moreover, the value of contribution lies not just in the impact it has on others, but also in the personal growth and fulfillment it brings to the contributor. The act of giving often leads to a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment, as we realize the power of our actions to make a difference.In conclusion, contribution is a powerful force that binds us together as a society. It is through our contributions, both large and small, that we shape the world and create a more beautiful, compassionate, and knowledgeable future. Let us all strive to contribute in whatever way we can, for the betterment of ourselves and the world we share.。
专升本21年英语真题试卷
专升本21年英语真题试卷Part I Listening Comprehension (听力理解)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear three short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. After each conversation and the question, there will be a pause. During the pause, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.1. What does the man want to do?a) Buy a new car.b) Sell his old car.c) Fix his old car.d) Borrow money from the bank.2. What is the woman's opinion about the new movie?a) It's boring.b) It's too long.c) It's worth watching.d) It's better than expected.3. Why is the man late?a) He got lost.b) He had a meeting.c) The bus was delayed.d) He forgot the time.Section BDirections: Listen to the passage. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.What is the main idea of the passage?a) The importance of time management.b) The benefits of a healthy lifestyle.c) The impact of technology on education.d) The challenges of modern communication.Part II Reading Comprehension (阅读理解)Passage 1The article discusses the impact of globalization on the job market. It highlights that while globalization has created new opportunities, it has also led to increased competition and the need for continuous learning and adaptation.Questions:4. What is the main topic of the article?5. According to the article, what has globalization done to the job market?6. What does the author suggest is necessary for individuals to succeed in the job market?Passage 2This passage explores the concept of sustainable development and its importance in addressing environmental issues. It emphasizes the need for a balance between economic growth and environmental protection.Questions:7. What does the term "sustainable development" refer to?8. Why is sustainable development important?9. What is the author's view on the relationship between economic growth and environmental protection?Part III Vocabulary and Grammar (词汇和语法)Section ADirections: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or phrase from the options given.10. Despite the heavy rain, the marathon runners continued to run, _______ their determination.a) showingb) to showc) shownd) show11. The company has _______ a new policy to reduce its carbon footprint.a) implementedb) impliedc) simplifiedd) multiplied12. She _______ the bookshelf to the wall to prevent it from falling over.a) attachedb) detachedc) fastenedd) loosenedSection BDirections: Identify the grammatical error in each sentence. Choose the one underlined part that must be corrected to make the sentence grammatically correct.13. If I would have known about the meeting, I would have attended it.14. The teacher asked the students to not talk during the exam.15. She is one of the most talented singer that I have ever heard.Part IV Cloze Test (完形填空)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context of the passage.In recent years, the popularity of online education has grown rapidly. Many people have taken advantage of this opportunity to learn new skills or to further their education. However,not everyone is convinced of its effectiveness.16. A) BecauseB) DespiteC) AlthoughD) Since17. A) opportunityB) challengeC) dilemmaD) advantage... (The rest of the passage is omitted for brevity.)Part V Writing (写作)Task 1: Summary Writing (摘要写作)Directions: Read the following passage and write a summary in about 100 words.The passage discusses the importance of a balanced diet for maintaining good health. It explains that a balanced diet includes a variety of foods from different food groups and provides the necessary nutrients for the body to function properly. It also mentions the risks associated with an unhealthy diet, such as obesity and heart disease.Task 2: Essay Writing (议论文写作)Directions: Write an essay of 150-200 words on the followingtopic:"The Role of Technology in Modern Education"In your essay, you should:- Discuss the impact of technology on the way education is delivered and received.- Consider the benefits and challenges of integrating technology into。
giving high priority to this issue英文
giving high priority to this issue英文Giving high priority to this issueAs a responsible and dedicated team member, I believe that giving high priority to this issue is crucial for the success of our project. By prioritizing this issue, we can ensure that it receives the attention and resources it needs to be resolved in a timely manner. This, in turn,will help us to maintain the overall progress and momentum of the project.There are several reasons why giving high priority to this issue is important. Firstly, it demonstrates our commitment to addressing and resolving challenges as they arise. By prioritizing this issue, we show that we are proactive and responsive to the needs of the project, which can help to build trust and confidence among our team members and stakeholders.Secondly, giving high priority to this issue can help to prevent it from escalating into a larger problem. By addressing it early and dedicating the necessary resourcesto its resolution, we can minimize the potential impact on the project as a whole. This proactive approach can ultimately save time, resources, and effort in the long run.Furthermore, by giving high priority to this issue, we can demonstrate our ability to effectively manage and prioritize tasks and challenges. This can help to showcase our team's capabilities and professionalism, bothinternally and externally. It can also set a positive example for others to follow, encouraging a culture of accountability and responsiveness within the team.In order to give high priority to this issue, it is important to clearly communicate its significance to all relevant team members and stakeholders. This can help to ensure that everyone understands the importance of addressing the issue promptly and effectively. It can also help to rally support and collaboration from others in working towards its resolution.Additionally, it may be necessary to reallocateresources or adjust timelines in order to prioritize this issue. This may require careful planning and coordinationto ensure that other tasks and responsibilities are notcompromised. However, by making the necessary adjustments, we can demonstrate our commitment to addressing the issue and maintaining the overall success of the project.In conclusion, giving high priority to this issue is essential for the success and integrity of our project. By doing so, we can demonstrate our commitment, proactiveness, and professionalism, while also minimizing potential risks and challenges. Through effective communication and resource allocation, we can work towards resolving the issue in a timely and efficient manner, ultimately contributing to the overall success of the project.高度重视此问题作为一个负责任和敬业的团队成员，我相信高度重视这个问题对于我们项目的成功至关重要。
贡献方案 英语
贡献方案英语Contribution PlanIntroduction:The Contribution Plan is a comprehensive strategy aimed at maximizing individual and collective efforts to achieve a common goal. It is an integral part of any successful project or initiative, as it ensures that every participant understands their role and responsibilities, fostering effective teamwork and synergy. In this article, we will discuss the key elements of a contribution plan and explore its significance in the context of achieving desired outcomes.Section 1: Objective DefinitionDefining clear and specific objectives is essential for the success of any contribution plan. Objectives provide direction and focus, enabling individuals to align their efforts towards a common purpose. They should be measurable, realistic, and time-bound, allowing for progress evaluation and adjustment if necessary. Objectives can range from achieving a sales target to improving customer satisfaction levels or increasing productivity within a team.Section 2: Roles and ResponsibilitiesAssigning roles and responsibilities is crucial to ensure that each team member understands their specific tasks and areas of focus. By clearly defining roles, individuals can work collaboratively, leveraging their unique strengths and skills. This section of the contribution plan outlines theresponsibilities of each team member, taking into account their expertise and contributions needed to achieve the objectives.Section 3: Communication and CollaborationEffective communication and collaboration are essential for a contribution plan to thrive. This section highlights the importance of regular communication channels, such as team meetings, project management tools, and email updates. It emphasizes the need for open and transparent communication, encouraging team members to share ideas, concerns, and progress updates. Collaboration is fostered through the establishment of a supportive and inclusive team environment, where knowledge sharing and cooperation are valued and encouraged.Section 4: Resources and SupportA successful contribution plan requires adequate resources and support to ensure that individuals can fulfill their assigned tasks effectively. This section addresses the allocation of resources, such as budget, equipment, and personnel, as well as the provision of necessary training and development opportunities. It emphasizes the importance of a supportive infrastructure that enables individuals to excel in their roles and contribute optimally to the overall project or initiative.Section 5: Monitoring and EvaluationRegular monitoring and evaluation are essential to track progress, identify areas for improvement, and celebrate achievements. This section discusses the implementation of performance indicators and reporting mechanisms that allow for the measurement of individual and collectivecontributions. It emphasizes the importance of feedback and recognition, motivating team members to continue their efforts and stay committed to the contribution plan.Conclusion:In conclusion, a contribution plan plays a vital role in fostering effective teamwork and maximizing individual and collective efforts towards a common goal. By defining clear objectives, assigning roles and responsibilities, promoting communication and collaboration, providing necessary resources and support, and implementing monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, organizations can ensure the success of their initiatives. A well-designed contribution plan empowers individuals, enhances productivity, and ultimately contributes to the overall success of the project.。