ERouting Chapter 10
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CCNA2 思科第二学期 v2.0 ERouting Chapter 7答案
请参见图示。
如果所有路由器都运行RIP 第2 版，为什么没有192.168.1.32/27 网络的路由？Rip 第2 版不会在更新中发送子网掩码。
路由器A 并未将RIP 设置为路由协议。
Rip 第2 版默认将自动总结路由。
路由器B 未设置为通告192.168.1.64/30 网络。
2 points for Option 3请参见图示。
下列哪个路由器上的哪条命令可让Router1 获知192.168.0.0/20 网络？Router1(config)# ip classlessRouter1(config-router)# no passive-interface serial 0/1/1Router2(config-router)# version 2Router2(config-router)# neighbor 10.0.0.22 points for Option 3哪两项是选择实施RIP 第 2 版而不是RIP 第 1 版的原因？（选择两项。
）RIP 第2 版支持VLSM。
RIP 第2 版支持16 台以上的路由器。
RIP 第2 版支持有类（而不是无类）路由RIP 第2 版支持路由更新验证。
RIP 第2 版支持多区域。
RIP 第2 版使用Dijkstra 算法而不是贝尔曼-福特算法。
Option 1 and Option 4 are correct.RIP v1 和RIP v2 的相似点有哪些？（选择三项。
）两者都使用跳数作为度量。
两者对无穷距离使用相同的度量值。
两者都向邻居广播其更新。
两者都在更新中发送子网掩码信息。
两者都对更新来源进行身份验证。
两者都使用水平分割来防止路由环路。
Option 1, Option 2, and Option 6 are correct.请参见图示。
路由器East 和West 被配置为使用RIPv1。
两台路由器都会发送有关其直连路由的更新。
East 路由器可以ping 通West 路由器的串行接口，West 可以ping 通East 的串行接口。
CCNA_ERouting_Chapter_2_答案
1图中的路由器使用如图所示的子网分配。
对Router3 而言，要将内部网络通告给网云，最有效的路由总结是什么？192.1.1.0/26 和192.1.1.64/27192.1.1.128/25192.1.1.0/23 和192.1.1.64/23192.1.1.0/24192.1.1.0/25192.1.1.0/24 和192.1.1.64/242请参见图示。
要使192.168.1.0 和10.0.0.0 网络之间连通并且无需递归查找，需要使用下列哪两条命令？（选择两项。
）A (config)# ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 s 0/1/0A(config)# ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.16.40.2A (config)# ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 s 0/0/0B(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 s 0/0/0B (config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.40.1B(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 s 0/1/03哪一个地址可以用来总结从172.16.0.0/24 到172.16.7.0/24 的所有网络？172.16.0.0/21172.16.1.0/22172.16.0.0 255.255.255.248172.16.0.0 255.255.252.04请参见图示。
在到达10.0.0.0 网络的路由中，/8 表示什么意思？它表示该路由器与10.0.0.0 网络之间有8 跳。
它表示发送到10.0.0.0 网络的ping 得到应答所需的时间（毫秒）。
它表示路由器可将数据包转发到带有8 个子网的目的网络。
它表示在数据包目的IP 地址中，从左开始有多少个连续比特位必须与10.0.0.0 匹配才能使用这条路由。
CCNA_ERouting_Chapter_3
1When multiple routing protocols have a route to the same destination network, what determines route is installed in the routing table?best metriclowest hop countgreatest available bandwidthlowest administrative distancelowest cost2A growing medium-sized manufacturing company recently began to have routing instability issue company uses static routes and has a mixture of over 30 Cisco and non-Cisco routers. The netw administrator has decided to convert the network to dynamic routing. What characteristics of pro should be considered in this selection process?Distance vector routing protocols, such as RIP, converge more quickly than do link-state rou protocols.EIGRP can be used on all of the routers in the company.OSPF can be used between the routers.An exterior routing protocol, such as BGP, is recommended for growing companies.3An engineer creates a static route by entering the Router(config)# ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.25 192.168.1.2 command. What can be concluded about this route?The administrative distance of this route is 1.192.168.1.2 is the address of an interface on this router.This route will display as a directly connected network in the routing table.Packets with a destination IP address of 192.168.1.2 will be forwarded to the 10.0.0.0/24 ne 4W hat is the purpose of a routing protocol?It is used to build and maintain ARP tables.It provides a method for segmenting and reassembling data packets.It allows an administrator to devise an addressing scheme for the network.It allows a router to share information about known networks with other routers.It provides a procedure for encoding and decoding data into bits for packet forwarding.5Which two conditions would create a setting where the use of a distance-vector routing protocol efficient? (Choose two.)the network requires a special hierarchical designfast convergence of the network is crucialthe network is using a hub and spoke topologythe network is using a flat designthere are more than 15 hops between the most distant routers6Which command would the network administrator issue to determine if load balancing is in effect on a router?show ip protocolsshow ip routeshow ip interface briefshow ip interface7W hich of the following best describes the operation of distance vector routing protocols?They use hop count as their only metric.They only send out updates when a new network is added.They send their routing tables to directly connected neighbors.They flood the entire network with routing updates.8Which two statements correctly describe the concepts of administrative distance and metric? (Choose two.)Administrative distance refers to the trustworthiness of a particular route.A router first installs routes with higher administrative distances.The value of the administrative distance can not be altered by the network administrator.Routes with the smallest metric to a destination indicate the best path.The metric is always determined based on hop count.The metric varies depending which Layer 3 protocol is being routed, such as IP or IPX.9T he following line of code is present in the routing table:O 10.16.1.0/27 [110/129] via 192.168.1.5, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/1What does the number 129 indicate in this output?The cost for this link has a value of 129.The clock rate on this serial interface is set to 129,000.The next-hop router is 129 hops away from this router.This route has been updated 129 times in this routing table.10Which of the following conditions must be met in order for a network to have converged?The routers in the network are operating with dynamic routing protocols.The routers in the network are operating with compatible versions of IOS.The routers in the network are operating with the same routing tables.The routers in the network are operating with consistent routing knowledge.11Refer to the exhibit. Router1 and Router2 are running EIGRP. All interfaces are operational and packets can be forwarde networks. What information will be found in the routing table for Router1?Router1 will have 6 directly connected networks.The administrative distance of the route to network 172.16.0.0 will be 90.The metric for routes to 172.16.0.0 will be 1.The interface that is used to forward packets to 172.16.0.0 will always be the S0/1 interface.12W hich two statements are true regarding the advantages of the use of static routes? (Choose two).increased securityreduced effort in configuring routesthe administrator maintains control over routingeasier to implement in a growing networkreduces the chance of routing errorsincreased router resource usage13The following line of code is displayed in a routing table:R 209.165.201.0/24 [120/2] via 192.168.252.2, 00:00:16, S0/0/0What can be concluded from this output?A packet destined for host 192.168.252.2 will be forwarded out the interface connected to network 209.165.201.0/24The value, 120, is used to determine the best path when a router has more than one routing protocol configured for t destination network.This route was manually configured using the ip route command.192.168.252.2 is an interface on the router that produced this output.14W hat will be the result of the following commands?ORL(config)# interface fastethernet 0/0ORL(config-if)# ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0ORL(config-if)# no shutdownThe 172.16.3.0 network will be routed by any dynamic routing protocol automatically.A routing table entry is made to the 172.16.3.0 network with a code of "C".A static route is required to route traffic to the 172.16.3.0 network.The commands will be saved to the startup-configuration automatically.15Which two statements are true regarding classless routing protocols? (Choose two.)sends subnet mask information in routing updatessends complete routing table update to all neighborsis supported by RIP version 1allows for use of both 192.168.1.0/30 and 192.168.1.16/28 subnets in the same topologyreduces the amount of address space available in an organization16Which two statements are true regarding metrics? (Choose two.)RIP uses bandwidth as a metric.OSPF uses delay as a metric.EIGRP uses bandwidth as a metric.OSPF uses cost based on bandwidth as a metric.RIP uses delay as a metric.EIGRP uses hop count only as a metric.17W hy is fast convergence desirable in networks that use dynamic routing protocols?Routers will not allow packets to be forwarded until the network has converged.Hosts are unable to access their gateway until the network has converged.Routers may make incorrect forwarding decisions until the network has converged.Routers will not allow configuration changes to be made until the network has converged.18Refer to the exhibit. Which statement correctly describes how R1 will determine the best path to R2?R1 will install a RIP route using network A in its routing table because the administrative distance of RIP is higher thaR1 will install a RIP route using network A in its routing table because the path cost from RIP is lower than EIGRP.R1 will install an EIGRP route using network B in its routing table because the administrative distance of EIGRP is loR1 will install an EIGRP route using network B in its routing table because the path cost from EIGRP is lower than RR1 will install an EIGRP route and a RIP route in its routing table and load balance between them.19Refer to the exhibit. If RIP is the routing protocol, what is the value of the metric from router A to network 192.168.5.0/24?345662472420 A router learns two paths with equal metrics to a destination network via the RIP routing protocol. How will the router handlthe destination network?The router will install the first route it learned into the routing table.The router will install both routes in the routing table and load balance between the two.The router will put the first route in the routing table, and denote the second route as a backup route.The router will pick the path with the higher bandwidth and will place it in the routing table.。
routing
To prevent clear packets being accepted, firewall rules must be put in
place. This has nothing to do with KLIPS, but is nonetheless in
important part of security. It isn't clear what firewalling makes
- HOLD: (automatically created by KLIPS when a TRAP fires) block
the packet, but retain it. If there is already a retained
packet, drop the old one and retain the new. When the HOLD
It also describes KLIPS 1 erouting, including details not otherwise
documented. KLIPS 1 documentation would be better included in KLIPS.
Routing and erouting are complicated enough that the Pluto code needs
RT_ROUTED_TUNNEL /* routed, and erouted to an IPSEC SA group */
then installing the HOLD would actually delete the TRAP.
- PASS: let the packet through in the clear
链路状态路由协议
FormB ERouting v4.0 Chapter 101请参见图示。
当使用链路状态路由协议的路由器D 添加到网络中后，在它了解网络拓扑结构的过程中，其所做的第一件事是什么？A.它向路由器B 和C 发送LSP 数据包。
B.它向网络中的所有路由器发送LSP 数据包。
C.它向网络中的所有路由器发送Hello 数据包。
D.它向路由器A 和E 发送有关其直连邻居的信息。
E.它向网络中的所有路由器发送有关其直连邻居的信息。
F.当其接口处于up 状态时，它便能获知自己的直连网络。
2 哪两种事件将会导致链路状态路由器向所有邻居发送LSP？（选择两项。
）A.30 秒计时器超时B.网络拓扑结构发生变化时C.运行贝尔曼-福特算法之后立即发送D.DUAL FSM 建立拓扑数据库之后立即发送E.路由器或路由协议初次启动时3 链路状态路由过程的最后一步是什么？A.将后继路由加入路由表中B.SPF 计算到达每个目的网络的最佳路径C.向所有邻居发送LSP 以收敛网络D.运行DUAL 算法以找出到达目的网络的最佳路径4 哪两项陈述正确描述了链路状态路由过程？（选择两项。
）A.区域中的所有路由器都有链路状态数据库B.区域中的每个路由器都将向所有邻居发送LSPC.LSP 使用保留的组播地址224.0.0.10 来访问邻居D.通过运行扩散更新算法(DUAL) 来防止路由环路E.可靠传输协议(RTP) 是用于发送和接收LSP 的协议5请参见图示。
在从路由器JAX 发送到路由器ATL 的LSP 中，可以看到哪种类型的信息？A.跳数B.路由的正常运行时间C.链路的开销D.正在使用的所有路由协议的列表6 现代链路状态协议通过哪些功能来尽可能降低处理器和内存要求？A.将路由拓扑结构分割成更小的区域B.为路由计算分配较低的处理优先级C.使用更新计时器限制路由更新D.严格执行水平分割规则以减少路由表条目7 为使网络达到收敛，每台链路状态路由器会执行哪三个步骤？（选择三项。
ERouting Chapter 7
1Refer to the exhibit. Which command will allow Router2 to learn about the192.168.16.0/28 network?Router1(config)# ip classlessRouter1(config-router)# network 192.168.16.0Router1(config-router)# no passive-interface serial 0/1/1Router2(config-router)# version 2Router2(config-router)# neighbor 10.0.0.22Refer to the exhibit. Which command on which router will allow Router1 to learn about the 192.168.0.0/20 network?Router1(config)# ip classlessRouter1(config-router)# no passive-interface serial 0/1/1Router2(config-router)# version 2Router2(config-router)# neighbor 10.0.0.23Refer to the exhibit. What effect will the commands that are shown have on RIP updates for Router1?Only version 2 updates are sent to 255.255.255.255.Only version 2 updates are sent to 224.0.0.9.Both version 1 and version 2 updates are sent to 224.0.0.9.Both version 1 and version 2 updates are sent to 255.255.255.255.4H ow are RIP v1 and RIP v2 similar to one another? (Choose three.) They both use hop count as a metric.They both have the same metric value for infinite distance.They both broadcast their updates to their neighbors.They both send subnet mask information in their updates.They both provide for authentication of update sources.They both use split horizon to prevent routing loops.5Refer to the exhibit. Routers East and West are configured using RIPv1. Both routers are sending updates about their directly connected routes. The East router can ping the West router serial interface and West can ping the serial interface of East. However, neither router has dynamically learned routes from the other. What is most likely the problem?A gateway of last resort is required.Subnetting is not supported by RIPv1.VLSM is not supported by RIPv1.One of the routers needs a clock rate on the serial interface.6Refer to the exhibit. If all routers are running RIP version 2, why is there no route for the 192.168.1.32/27 network?Rip version 2 does not send subnet masks in its updates.Router A is not setup with RIP as a routing protocol.Rip version 2 will auto summarize routes by default.Router B is not setup to advertise the 192.168.1.64/30 network.7Refer to the exhibit. All routers are running RIP version 2. JAX is configured tojust advertise the 10.0.0.0/24 network. CHI is configured to advertise the172.16.0.0/16 network. A network administrator enters the commands shownin the exhibit. What changes will occur in this network?The JAX router will ignore updates for the 172.16.0.0/16 network due to split horizon iss The CHI router will install a route to the 192.168.0.0/16 netwo rk in itsrouting table.The routing table for CHI will have the 192.168.0.0/16 route but it willhave an S next to the route.The ORL router will apply a 255.255.0.0 subnet mask to all networks in therouting updates it forwards.8Refer to the exhibit. A technician needs to add a new loopback interface to testrouting functionality and network design. The technician enters the following setof commands on the router:Sanford(config)# interface loopback1Sanford(config-if)# ip address 192.168.6.62 255.255.255.252Why does the router respond with an error?The router does not allow loopback interface configurations.This mask can not be used with this class of addresses.Classless routing must be configured before this address can be added.The network address for Loopback1 overlaps w ith an already configured interface ad The router is over the limit for the maximum paths that can be provided in the routing tab9What is the maximum network diameter permitted by the default metric of RIPv2?15 hops16 hops100 hops120 hops255 hops10A network administrator has been told that the company IP address infrastructure must adhere to RFC 1918. What three IP address ranges from RFC 1918 couldthe administrator use on the network? (Choose three.)10.0.0.0/8127.0.0.0/8169.254.0.0/16172.16.0.0/12192.168.0.0/16209.165.201.0/2711Refer to the exhibit. All routers are running RIPv1. What changes will occurin the routing table of router B if a loopback interface with an address of10.16.1.129/27 is configured on router B?Routes to the 10.16.1.0/27, 10.16.1.64/27, and 10.16.1.128/27 networks are added.A connected route to the 10.16.1.128/27 network is added.A third route to the 10.0.0.0/8 network with RIPv1 as the source is added.The 10.0.0.0/8 route is dropped immediately from the routing table after router B is con 12W hat are two functions of the network command used when configuring routingprotocols? (Choose two.)identifies which networks will be included in the routing updatesidentifies the hosts addresses that can be summarized in the networkused to list all addresses for remote and local networksdetermines which subnet mask to apply to routing updatesdetermines which interfaces can send and receive routing updates13Refer to the exhibit. What can be concluded from the output shown in the exhibit?The routing table is limited to 2 routes.The LAN interfaces are participating in the routing process.One update has been sent out of each serial interface and 2 have been received.The no auto-summary has not been configured on this router.14A network administrator installed four new routers that are running RIPv2.Router1 is a boundary router in the RIPv2 network and has a default routeconfigured. Once the network has converged, the network administrator entersRouter1(config-router)# default-information originate on Router1.How will this affect the network?prevents Router1 from forwarding updates about networks that are not directly conneccauses all routers in the network to synchronize routing updates with Router1forces Router1 to become the primary or designated router (DR) for updatespropagates the default route to all routers in the network15Refer to the exhibit. The exhibited network contains a mixture of Cisco andnon-Cisco routers. The command debug ip rip was entered on the JAXrouter. All routers are running the same version of RIP. Router CHI andRouter ORL are not able to reach the 192.168.1.16/28 network. What is apossible solution to this problem?Enable split horizon in the network.Configure RIPv2 on routers.Add network 192.168.1.0 to the RIP configuration on the JAX router.Configure JAX Fa0/0 as a passive interface.Enable the Serial0/0/0 interface on the JAX router.Change the IP address on the Fa0/0 interface of the JAX router to 192.168.1.1/24. 16What field was added to the RIP message header by RFC 1723 to add supportfor VLSM and CIDR?subnet maskdestination port numberaddress family identifiersource and destination IP addresses17W hat are two reasons to implement RIP version 2 rather than RIP version 1?(Choose two.)RIP version 2 supports VLSM.RIP version 2 supports more than 16 routers.RIP version 2 supports classful (and not classless) routingRIP version 2 supports routing update authentication.RIP version 2 supports multi-areas.RIP version 2 uses the Dijkstra algorithm rather than the Bellman-Ford algorithm.18Refer to the exhibit. RIPv1 is configured as the routing protocol for the network that is shown. The following commands are used on each router:router ripnetwork 10.0.0.0network 172.16.0.0When this configuration is complete, users on the LAN of each router are unableto access the remote LANs. Why?The network statements are configured incorrectly.A routing loop has been created.RIPv1 is unable to route to discontiguous subnets of a major network.RIPv1 is unable to route networks with a /24 subnet mask.19R IPv2 is the configured routing protocol on the routers in a network. The command Router(config-router)# no version 2 is entered on the routers. What effect does entering this command have on routing updates?Subnet masks will be added to the routing updates.Routing updates will be sent out using multicast address 224.0.0.9.Version 1 and 2 updates will be received and the version 2 updates will not be sent.The RIP routing process will be removed from the router and routing updateswill not be forwarded.。
HCM 2010 - Chapter 10 - Freeway Facilities
NCHRP Project 3-92Production of the 2010 Highway Capacity ManualTRB Delivery Draft Chapter 10Freeway FacilitiesPrepared for:National Cooperative Highway Research ProgramTransportation Research BoardNational Research CouncilTransportation Research BoardNAS‐NRCLIMITED USE DOCUMENTThis draft material, not released for publication, is furnished only for review tomembers of, or participants in the work of, the National Cooperative HighwayResearch Program and the Transportation Research Board. It is to be regarded asfully privileged, and dissemination of the information included herein must beapproved by the NCHRP.This is an uncorrected draft as submitted by the research agency. The opinionsand conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency. They arenot necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the NationalAcademies, or the program sponsors. The information, data, and procedurescontained herein have not been incorporated into the published HighwayCapacity Manual and are not recommended for the analysis of transportationfacilities.February 8, 2010Kittelson & Associates, Inc.Polytechnic Institute of NYUTexas Transportation InstituteUniversity of Florida2010 Highway Capacity Manual CHAPTER 10FREEWAY FACILITIESCONTENTS1.INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................10‐1Segments and Influence Areas..........................................................................10‐2Free‐Flow Speed.................................................................................................10‐3Capacity of Freeway Facilities..........................................................................10‐4Level of Service: Component Segments and the Freeway Facility..............10‐8Service Flow Rates, Service Volumes, and Daily Service Volumes for aFreeway Facility.........................................................................................10‐10Generalized Daily Service Volumes for Freeway Facilities........................10‐11Active Traffic Management and Other Measures to ImprovePerformance...............................................................................................10‐142.METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................10‐16Scope of the Methodology...............................................................................10‐16Limitations of the Methodology.....................................................................10‐17Computational Steps........................................................................................10‐183.APPLICATIONS..................................................................................................10‐40Operational Analysis........................................................................................10‐40Traffic Management Strategies.......................................................................10‐41Use of Alternative Tools..................................................................................10‐424.EXAMPLE PROBLEMS.......................................................................................10‐48Example Problem 1: Evaluation of an Undersaturated Facility.................10‐48Example Problem 2: Evaluation of an Oversaturated Facility...................10‐54Example Problem 3: Capacity Improvements to an OversaturatedFacility.........................................................................................................10‐585.REFERENCES.......................................................................................................10‐62Chapter 10/Freeway Facilities Page 10-i Contents DRAFT February 20102010 Highway Capacity ManualLIST OF EXHIBITSExhibit 10‐1 Influence Areas of Merge, Diverge, and Weaving Segments........10‐2Exhibit 10‐2 Basic Freeway Segments on an Urban Freeway..............................10‐3Exhibit 10‐3 Ramp Density Determination.............................................................10‐4Exhibit 10‐4 Example of the Effect of Segment Capacity on a FreewayFacility..................................................................................................................10‐5Exhibit 10‐5 Free‐Flow Speed vs. Base Capacity for Freeways............................10‐6Exhibit 10‐6 Base Capacity vs. Total Ramp Density..............................................10‐7Exhibit 10‐7 Level‐of‐Service Criteria for Freeway Facilities...............................10‐9Exhibit 10‐8 Generalized Daily Service Volumes for Urban Freeway Facilities(1,000 veh/day)..................................................................................................10‐13Exhibit 10‐9 Generalized Daily Service Volumes for Rural Freeway Facilities(1,000 veh/day)..................................................................................................10‐14Exhibit 10‐10 Freeway Facility Methodology.......................................................10‐18Exhibit 10‐11 Example Time‐Space Domain for Freeway Facility Analysis....10‐20Exhibit 10‐12 Defining Analysis Segments for a Ramp Configuration............10‐22Exhibit 10‐13 Defining Analysis Segments for a Weaving Configuration.......10‐23Exhibit 10‐14 Capacity of Long‐Term Construction Zones................................10‐28Exhibit 10‐15 Capacity Reductions Due to Weather and EnvironmentalConditions in Iowa...........................................................................................10‐29Exhibit 10‐16 Capacities on German Autobahns Under Varying Conditions(veh/h/ln)...........................................................................................................10‐29Exhibit 10‐17 Proportion of Freeway Segment Capacity Available Under IncidentConditions.........................................................................................................10‐30Exhibit 10‐18 Illustration of Speed‐Flow Curves for Different WeatherConditions.........................................................................................................10‐31Exhibit 10‐19 Illustration of Adjusted Speed‐Flow Curves for IndicatedCapacity Reductions........................................................................................10‐32Exhibit 10‐20 Node‐Segment Representation of a Freeway Facility.................10‐35Exhibit 10‐21 Mainline and Segment Flow at On‐ and Off‐Ramps...................10‐35Exhibit 10‐22 Required Input Data for Freeway Facility Analysis....................10‐40Exhibit 10‐23 Limitations of the HCM Freeway Facilities AnalysisProcedure..........................................................................................................10‐43Exhibit 10‐24 List of Example Problems...............................................................10‐48Exhibit 10‐25 Freeway Facility in Example Problem 1........................................10‐48Exhibit 10‐26 Geometry of Directional Freeway Facility for ExampleProblem 1...........................................................................................................10‐48Exhibit 10‐27 Demand Inputs for Example Problem 1.......................................10‐50Exhibit 10‐28 Segment Capacities for Example Problem 1.................................10‐50Contents Page 10-ii Chapter 10/Freeway FacilitiesDRAFT February 20102010 Highway Capacity ManualExhibit 10‐29 Segment Demand‐to‐Capacity Ratios for Example Problem 1..10‐51Exhibit 10‐30 Volume‐Served Matrix for Example Problem 1...........................10‐51Exhibit 10‐31 Speed Matrix for Example Problem 1...........................................10‐52Exhibit 10‐32 Density Matrix for Example Problem 1........................................10‐52Exhibit 10‐33 LOS Matrix for Example Problem 1..............................................10‐52Exhibit 10‐34 Facility Performance Measure Summary for ExampleProblem 1...........................................................................................................10‐53Exhibit 10‐35 Demand Inputs for Example Problem 2.......................................10‐55Exhibit 10‐36 Segment Capacities for Example Problem 2................................10‐55Exhibit 10‐37 Segment Demand‐to‐Capacity Ratios for Example Problem 2..10‐56Exhibit 10‐38 Volume‐Served Matrix for Example Problem 2...........................10‐57Exhibit 10‐39 Speed Matrix for Example Problem 2...........................................10‐57Exhibit 10‐40 Density Matrix for Example Problem 2........................................10‐57Exhibit 10‐41 Expanded LOS Matrix for Example Problem 2...........................10‐57Exhibit 10‐42 Facility Performance Measure Summary for ExampleProblem 2...........................................................................................................10‐58Exhibit 10‐43 Freeway Facility in Example Problem 3.......................................10‐58Exhibit 10‐44 Geometry of Directional Freeway Facility in ExampleProblem 3...........................................................................................................10‐58Exhibit 10‐45 Segment Capacities for Example Problem 3................................10‐60Exhibit 10‐46 Segment Demand‐to‐Capacity Ratios for Example Problem 3..10‐60Exhibit 10‐47 Speed Matrix for Example Problem 3...........................................10‐61Exhibit 10‐48 Density Matrix for Example Problem 3........................................10‐61Exhibit 10‐49 LOS Matrix for Example Problem 3..............................................10‐61Exhibit 10‐50 Facility Performance Measure Summary for ExampleProblem 3...........................................................................................................10‐61Chapter 10/Freeway Facilities Page 10-iii Contents DRAFT February 20102010 Highway Capacity ManualThis page intentionally left blank.Contents Page 10-iv Chapter 10/Freeway FacilitiesDRAFT February 20102010 Highway Capacity Manual1. INTRODUCTIONVOLUME 2: UNINTERRUPTED FLOW 10. Freeway Facilities 11. Basic Freeway Segments 12. Freeway Weaving Segments 13. Freeway Merge and Diverge Segments 14. Multilane Highways 15. Two-Lane HighwaysA freeway is a separated highway with full control of access and two or more lanes in each direction dedicated to the exclusive use of traffic. Freeways are comprised of various uniform segments that may be analyzed to determine capacity and level of service. There are three types of segments found on freeways:• Freeway Merge and Diverge Segments: Segments where two or more traffic streams combine to form a single traffic stream (merge), or where a single traffic stream divides to form two or more separate traffic streams(diverge).• Freeway Weaving Segments: S egments in which two or more traffic streams traveling in the same general direction cross paths along a significantlength of freeway without the aid of traffic control devices (except forguide signs). Weaving segments are formed when a diverge segmentclosely follows a merge segment, or when a one ‐lane off ‐ramp closelyfollows a one ‐lane on ‐ramp and the two are connected by a continuous auxiliary lane.• Basic Freeway Segments: All segments that are not merge, diverge, or weaving segments.Analysis methodologies are detailed for basic freeway segments in Chapter 11, for weaving segments in Chapter 12, and for merge and diverge segments in Chapter 13.Chapter 10, Freeway Facilities, provides a methodology for analyzingextended lengths of freeway comprised of continuously connected basic freeway, weaving, merge, and diverge segments. Such extended lengths are referred to as a freeway facility. Note that in this terminology, the term facility does not refer to an entire freeway from beginning to end; instead, it refers to a specific set of connected segments that have been identified for analysis. In addition, the term does not refer to a freeway system consisting of several interconnected freeways.The methodologies of Chapters 11, 12, and 13 all focus on a single time period of interest, generally the peak 15 min within a peak hour. This chapter’s methodology allows for the analysis of multiple and continuous 15‐min time periods, and is capable of identifying breakdowns and the impact of such breakdowns over space and time.The methodology is integral with the FREEVAL 2010 model, whichimplements the complex computations involved. This chapter discusses the basic principles of the methodology and its application. Chapter 25, Freeway Facilities: Supplemental, contains a complete and detailed description of all of the algorithms that define the methodology. The Technical Reference Library in Volume 4 contains a user’s guide to FREEVAL 2010, and an executable spreadsheet that implements the methodology. Chapter 10/Freeway Facilities Page 10-1 IntroductionDRAFT February 20102010 Highway Capacity ManualSEGMENTS AND INFLUENCE AREASIt is important that the definition of freeway segments and their influenceareas is clearly understood. The influence areas of merge, diverge, and weavingsegments are as follows:•Weaving Segment: The base length of the weaving segment itself plus 500 ftupstream of the entry point to the weaving segment and 500 ftdownstream of the exit point from the weaving segment; entry and exitpoints are defined as the points where the appropriate edges of themerging or diverging lanes meet.•Merge Segment: From the point at which the edges of the travel lanes of themerging roadways meet to a point 1,500 ft downstream of that point;•Diverge Segment: From the point at which the edges of the travel lanes ofthe merging roadways meet to a point 1,500 ft upstream of that point.Points at which the “edges of travel lanes” meet are most often defined bypavement markings.The influence areas of merge, diverge, and weaving segments are illustratedin Exhibit 10‐1.Exhibit 10-1Influence Areas of Merge,Diverge, and WeavingSegments(a) Merge Influence Area (b) Diverge Influence Area(c) Weaving Influence AreaBasic freeway segments are any other segments along the freeway that arenot within these defined influence areas. This is not to say that basic freewaysegments are not affected by the presence of adjacent and nearby merge, diverge,and weaving segments. Particularly when a segment breaks down, its effects willpropagate to both upstream and downstream segments, regardless of type.Furthermore, there is the general impact of the frequency of merge, diverge, andweaving segments on the general operation of all segments, which is taken intoaccount by the free‐flow speed (FFS) of the facility.Basic freeway segments, therefore, do exist even on urban freeways wheremerge and diverge points (most often ramps) are closely spaced. Exhibit 10‐2illustrates this point. It shows a 9,100‐ft (1.7‐mi) length of freeway with fourramp terminals, two of which form a weaving segment. Even with an averageramp spacing less than 0.5 mi, this length of freeway contains three basic freewaysegments. The lengths of these segments are relatively short, but in terms ofIntroduction Page 10-2 Chapter 10/Freeway FacilitiesDRAFT February 20102010 Highway Capacity Manualanalysis methodologies, these must be treated as basic freeway segments. Thus, while it is true that many urban freeways will be dominated by frequent merge, diverge, and weaving segments, there will still be segments classified and analyzed as basic freeway segments.Exhibit 10-2Basic Freeway Segments on an Urban Freeway1,500 ft 1,600 ft 2,000 ft 2,500 ft 1,500 ft1,000 ft Basic 2,600 ft Weaving 1,500 ft Basic 1,500 ft Merge 1,000 ft Basic 1,500 ftMergeFREE-FLOW SPEEDFree ‐flow speed is strictly defined as the theoretical speed when the density and flow rate on the study segment are both zero. Chapter 11, Basic Freeway Segments, presents speed ‐flow curves that indicate that the free ‐flow speed on freeways is expected to prevail at flow rates between 0 and 1,000 pc/h/ln. In this broad range of flows, speed is insensitive to flow rates. This characteristic simplifies and permits the measurement of free ‐flow speeds in the field.Chapter 11 also presents a methodology for estimating the free ‐flow speed of a basic freeway segment in cases in which it cannot be directly measured. Itindicates that the free ‐flow speed of a basic freeway segment is sensitive to three variables:• Lane widths,• Lateral clearances, and• Total ramp density.Of these, the most critical is total ramp density. Total ramp density is defined as the average number of on ‐ramp, off ‐ramp, major merge, and major diverge junctions per mile. It applies to a 6‐mi segment of freeway facility, 3 mi upstream and 3 mi downstream of the midpoint of the study segment.While the methodology for determining free ‐flow speed is provided in Chapter 11, Basic Freeway Segments, it is also applied in Chapter 12, Freeway Weaving Segments and Chapter 13, Freeway Merge and Diverge Segments. Thus, the free ‐flow speed affects the operation of all basic, weaving, merge, and diverge segments on a freeway facility.Chapter 10/Freeway Facilities Page 10-3 IntroductionDRAFT February 20102010 Highway Capacity ManualThe free‐flow speed is an important characteristic, as the capacity c, serviceflow rates SF, service volumes SV, and daily service volumes DSV all dependupon the free‐flow speed.Exhibit 10‐3 illustrates the determination of total ramp density on a 6‐milength of freeway facility.Exhibit 10-3Ramp Density DeterminationAs illustrated in Exhibit 10‐3, there are four ramp terminals and one majordiverge point in the 6‐mi segment illustrated. The total ramp density is,therefore, 5 / 6 = 0.83 ramps/mi.CAPACITY OF FREEWAY FACILITIESCapacity has been traditionally defined for segments of uniform roadway,traffic, and control conditions. When facilities consisting of a series of connectedsegments are considered, the concept of capacity is more complicated.The methodologies of Chapters 11, 12, and 13, allow the capacity of eachbasic freeway, freeway weaving, freeway merge, or freeway diverge segment tobe estimated. It is highly unlikely that every segment of a facility will have thesame roadway, traffic, and control conditions, and even less likely that they willhave the same capacity.Conceptual Approach to the Capacity of a Freeway FacilityConsider the example shown in Exhibit 10‐4. It illustrates five consecutivesegments that are to be analyzed as one “freeway facility.” Demand flow rates v d,capacities c, and actual flow rates v a are shown, as are the resulting v d /c and v a /cratios. A lane is added in segment 3 (even though this segment begins with anoff‐ramp), providing higher capacities for segments 3, 4, and 5 than in segments1 and 2. The example analyzes three scenarios.In Scenario 1, none of the demand flow rates exceed the capacities of thesegments comprising the facility. Thus, no breakdowns occur, and the actualflow rates are the same as the demand flow rates (i.e., v d = v a for this scenario).None of the v d /c or v a /c ratios exceed 1.00, although the highest ratios (0.978)occur in segment 5.Scenario 2 adds 200 veh/h of demand to each segment (essentially another200 veh/h of through freeway vehicles). In this case, segment 5 will experience abreakdown, i.e., the demand flow rate will exceed the capacity. In this segment,demand flow rate v d is different from the actual flow rate v a, as the actual flowrate v a can never exceed the capacity c.In Scenario 3, all demand flow rates are increased by 10%. This, in effect,keeps the relative values of the segment demand flow rates constant. In this case,Introduction Page 10-4 Chapter 10/Freeway FacilitiesDRAFT February 20102010 Highway Capacity Manualdemand flow rate will exceed capacity in both segments 4 and 5. Again, the demand flow rates and actual flow rates will be different in these segments.Exhibit 10-4 Example of the Effect of Segment Capacity on a Freeway Facility 12345 Freeway Segment ScenarioPerformance Measures 1 2 3 4 5 Scenario 1(Stable Flow) Demand v d , veh/h Capacity c , veh/h Volume v a , veh/h v d /c ratio v a /c ratio3,400 4,000 3,400 0.850 0.850 3,500 4,000 3,500 0.875 0.875 3,400 4,500 3,400 0.756 0.756 4,200 4,500 4,200 0.933 0.933 4,400 4,500 4,400 0.978 0.978 Scenario 2 (Add 200 veh/h to each segment) Demand v d , veh/hCapacity c , veh/hVolume v a , veh/h v d /c ratio v a /c ratio3,600 4,000 3,600 0.900 0.900 3,700 4,000 3,700 0.925 0.925 3,600 4,500 3,600 0.800 0.800 4,400 4,500 4,400 0.978 0.978 4,600 4,500 4,500 1.022 1.000 Scenario 3 (Increase demand by 10% in all segments)Demand v d , veh/hCapacity c , veh/hVolume v a , veh/h v d /c ratio v a /c ratio 3,740 4,000 3,740 0.935 0.935 3,850 4,000 3,850 0.963 0.963 3,740 4,500 3,740 0.831 0.831 4,840 4,500 4,500 1.078 1.000 5,060 4,500 4,500 1.120 1.000 Note: Shaded cells indicate segments where demand exceeds capacity.This example highlights a number of points that make the analysis of freeway facilities very complicated:1. It is critical to this methodology that the difference between demand flow rate v d and actual flow rate v a be highlighted, and that both values be clearly and appropriately labeled.2. In Scenarios 2 and 3, the analysis of Exhibit 10‐4 is inadequate andmisleading. In Scenario 2, when segment 5 breaks down, queues begin to form, and to propagate upstream. Thus, even though the demands in segments 1 through 4 are less than the capacity of those segments, the queues generated by segment 5 will, over time, propagate throughsegments 1 through 4 and significantly affect their operation. In Scenario 3, segments 4 and 5 fail, and queues are generated, which also propagate upstream over time.3. It might be argued that the analysis of Scenario 1 is sufficient to understand the facility operation as long as all segments areundersaturated (i.e., all segment v d /c ratios are less than or equal to 1.00). However, when any segment v d /c ratio exceeds 1.00, such a simpleanalysis ignores the spreading impact of breakdowns in both space and time.4. In Scenarios 2 and 3, the segments downstream of segment 5 will also be affected, as demand flow is prevented from reaching those segments by the segment 5 (and segment 4 in Scenario 3) breakdowns and queues.5. In this example, it is also important to note that the segment(s) that break down first do not have the lowest capacities. Segments 1 and 2, with Chapter 10/Freeway Facilities Page 10-5 Introduction DRAFT February 2010lower capacities, do not break down in any of the scenarios. Breakdown occurs first in Segment 5, which has one of the higher capacities.Considering all these complications, the capacity of a freeway facility is defined as:Freeway facility capacity is the capacity of the critical segment among thosesegments comprising the defined facility. This capacity must, for analysis purposes, be compared to the demand flow rate on the critical segment.The critical segment is defined as the segment that will break down first, given that all traffic, roadway, and control conditions do not change, including the spatial distribution of demands on each component segment. This is not a simple definition. It depends upon the relative demand characteristics, and can change over time as the demand pattern changes. Facility capacity may be more than the capacity of the component segment with the lowest capacity. Because of this, it is important that individual segment demands and capacities beevaluated. The fact that one of these will be the critical segment and will define the facility capacity does not diminish the importance of the capacities of other segments in the defined facility.Base Capacity of Freeway FacilitiesIn the methodologies of Chapters 11, 12, and 13, a base capacity is used. The base capacity represents the capacity of the facility, assuming that there are no heavy vehicles in the traffic stream and that all drivers are regular users of the segment. The base capacity for all freeway segments varies with the free ‐flow speed, as indicated in Exhibit 10‐5.Exhibit 10-5Free-Flow Speed vs. Base Capacity for Freeways Free-Flow Speed (mi/h) Base Capacity (pc/h/ln) 75706560 55 2,400 2,400 2,350 2,300 2,250The equation given in Chapter 11, Basic Freeway Segments, for estimating the free ‐flow speed of a segment is as shown in Equation 10‐1:Equation 10-1 84.022.34.75TRD f f FFS LC LW −−−=whereFFS = free ‐flow speed (mi/h),f LW = adjustment for lane width (mi/h), f LC = adjustment for lateral clearance (mi/h), andTRD = total ramp density (ramps/mi).The process for determining the value of adjustment factors is described in Chapter 11.Because the base capacity of a freeway segment is directly related to the free ‐flow speed, it is possible to construct a relationship between base capacity and the lane width, lateral clearance, and total ramp density of the segment. If thelane width and lateral clearance are taken to be their base values (12 ft and 6 ft, respectively), a relationship between base capacity and total ramp density emerges, as shown in Exhibit 10‐6.Base capacity is expressed as a flow rate for a 15‐min analysis period, not a full ‐hour volume. It also represents a flow rate in pc/h, with no heavy vehicles, and a driver population familiar with the characteristics of the analysis segment.Exhibit 10-6Base Capacity vs. Total Ramp DensitySegment Capacity vs. Facility CapacityFree ‐flow speed is a characteristic of a length of freeway extending three miles upstream and three miles downstream of the center point of an analysis segment. The segment may be a basic freeway segment, a weaving segment, a merge segment, or a diverge segment. In essence, it is a measure of the impact of overall facility characteristics on the operation of the individual analysis segment centered in the defined 6‐mi range.This concept can be somewhat generalized where freeway facility analysis is involved. If conditions (particularly ramp density) are similar along a longer length of freeway, it is acceptable to compute the total ramp density for the longer length, and apply it to all segments within the analysis length. Thisassumes that moving the “center” of a 6‐mi length for each component segment would not result in a significant change in the free ‐flow speed.The capacity of a nearly homogeneous freeway facility is, for all practical purposes, the same as the capacity of a basic freeway segment with the same roadway and traffic characteristics. Consider that:• Merge and diverge segments have the same capacity as a similar basic freeway segment. As discussed in Chapter 13, the presence of merge and diverge segments on a freeway may affect operating characteristics,generally reducing speeds and increasing densities, but does not reduce capacity.•Weaving segments often have per‐lane capacities that are less than the per‐lane capacities of the entering and leaving basic freeway segments. In almost all cases, however, weaving segments have more lanes than theentering and leaving basic freeway segments. Thus, the impact on thecapacity of the mainline freeway is most often negligible.This does not mean, however, that the capacity of each component segment of a facility is the same. Each segment has its own demand and demand characteristics. Demand flow rate can change at every entry or exit point along the freeway, and the percent of heavy vehicles can change too. Terrain can change at various points along the freeway.Changes in heavy vehicle presence can change the capacity of individual segments within a defined facility. Changes in the split of movements in a weaving segment can change its capacity. In the same way, changes in the relative demand flows at on‐ and off‐ramps can change the location of the critical segment within a defined facility, and its capacity.As noted previously, the capacity of a freeway facility is defined as the capacity of its critical segment.LEVEL OF SERVICE: COMPONENT SEGMENTS AND THE FREEWAY FACILITYLevel of Service of Component SegmentsChapters 11, 12, and 13 provide methodologies to determine the level of service (LOS) in basic, weaving, merge, and diverge segments. In all cases, LOS F is identified when v d /c is greater than 1.00. Such breakdowns are simply identified, and users are referred to this chapter.This chapter’s methodology provides an analysis of breakdown conditions, including the spatial and time impacts of a breakdown. Thus, when doing a facility‐level analysis, LOS F in a component segment can be identified (a) when the segment v d /c is greater than 1.00, and (b) when a queue from a downstream breakdown extends into an upstream segment. The latter cannot be done using the individual segment analysis procedures of Chapters 11–13.Thus, when facility‐level analysis is undertaken using the methodology of this chapter, LOS F for a component segment will be identified in two different ways:•When v/c is greater than 1.00, ord•When the density is greater than 45 pc/mi/ln for basic freeway segments or 43 pc/mi/ln for weaving, merge, or diverge segments.The latter identifies segments in which queues have formed as a result of downstream breakdowns.Level of Service for a Freeway FacilityBecause LOS for basic, weaving, merge, and diverge segments on a freeway is defined in terms of density, LOS for a freeway facility is also defined on the basis of density.。
10_Routing
2. Select the route that has the longest prefix length (the longest matching route)
For For
multiple longest matching routes, select route with the lowest metric multiple longest matching routes with the lowest metric, IPv6 can choose the route to use
Lesson 10: IPv6 Routing
Routing in IPv6
End-to-end IPv6 delivery process
IPv6 routing protocols
Static routing with the IPv6 Protocol for Windows
Routing in IPv6
fd5e:2aa9:b3e:3f48::/64 8 Local Area Connection fd5e:2aa9:b3e:3f48:1b9:88d1:cf98:fcaf/128 8 Local Area fd5e:2aa9:b3e:3f48:b500:734b:fe5b:3945/128 fe80::/64 10 fe80::/64 8 fe80::100:7f:fffe/128 10 fe80::5efe:10.0.0.2/128 11 fe80::b500:734b:fe5b:3945/128 ff00::/8 1 ff00::/8 10 ff00::/8 8 8 Local Area
CCNA_ERouting_Chapter_2
1窗体顶端Which address can be used to summarize networks 172.16.0.0/24 thru 172.16.7.0/24?172.16.0.0/21172.16.1.0/22172.16.0.0 255.255.255.248172.16.0.0 255.255.252.0窗体底端2窗体顶端What happens to a static route entry in a routing table when the outgoing interface is not available?The route is removed from the table.The router polls neighbors for a replacement route.The route remains in the table because it was defined as static.The router redirects the static route to compensate for the loss of the next hop device.窗体底端3窗体顶端Refer to the exhibit. Which static route should be configured on Router1 so that host A will be able to reach h 172.16.0.0 network?ip route 192.168.0.0 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.0.1ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 S0/0/1ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 S0/0/0窗体底端4窗体顶端Refer to the exhibit. Which set of commands will configure static routes that will allow the WinterPark and th routers to deliver packets from each LAN and direct all other traffic to the Internet?WinterPark(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.146.1Altamonte(config)# ip route 10.0.234.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.146.2Altamonte(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/1WinterPark(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.146.1Altamonte(config)# ip route 10.0.234.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.146.2Altamonte(config)# ip route 198.18.222.0 255.255.255.255 s0/1WinterPark(config)# ip route 172.191.67.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.146.1WinterPark(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.146.1Altamonte(config)# ip route 10.0.234.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.146.2WinterPark(config)# ip route 172.191.67.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.146.1Altamonte(config)# ip route 10.0.234.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.146.2Altamonte(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0窗体底端5窗体顶端Refer to the exhibit. What is the significance of the /8 in the route to the 10.0.0.0 network?It indicates that there are 8 hops between this router and the 10.0.0.0 network.It represents the time, in milliseconds, it takes for a ping to reply when sent to the 10.0.0.0 network.It indicates that there are 8 subnets in the destination network to which the router can forward packets.It indicates the number of consecutive bits, from the left, in the destination IP address of a packet that must m to use that route.6Refer to the exhibit. A company network engineer is assigned to establish connectivity between thenetworks so that hosts on the 10.1.1.0/24 subnet can contact hosts on the 10.1.2.0/24 subnet. The engineer to use only static routing for these company routers. Which set of commands will establish connectivity bet Ethernet networks?R1(config)# ip route 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1R2(config)# ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.2R1(config)# ip route 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.2R2(config)# ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1R1(config)# ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.2R2(config)# ip route 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1R1(config)# ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1R2(config)# ip route 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.2R1(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.1.2.1R2(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.1.1.17Why is it advisable to enter a next-hop IP address when creating a static route whose exit interface is network?Adding the next-hop address eliminates the need for the router to do any lookups in the routingforwarding a packet.In a multi-access network, the router cannot determine the next-hop MAC address for the Ethernet franext-hop address.Using a next-hop address in a static route provides a route with a lower metric.In multi-access networks, using a next-hop address in a static route makes that route a candidate default8窗体顶端What two devices are responsible for converting the data from the WAN service provider into a form acceptable b (Choose two).the serial port of the routera modema switchthe ethernet port of the routera CSU/DSU devicea DTE device9窗体顶端Which of the following is true regarding CDP and the graphic shown?CDP running on Router D will gather information about routers A, B, C, and E.By default, Router A will receive CDP advertisements from routers B and C.If routers D and E are running different routing protocols, they will not exchange CDP information.Router E can use CDP to identify the IOS running on Router B.窗体底端10窗体顶端Hosts on two separate subnets cannot communicate. The network administrator suspects a missing route in one o tables. Which three commands can be used to help troubleshoot Layer 3 connectivity issues? (Choose three.)pingshow arptracerouteshow ip routeshow controllersshow cdp neighbor11Refer to the exhibit. Given the output in the exhibit, how would a clock rate be determined for this link?The rate would be negotiated by both routers.A rate would not be selected due to the DCE/DTE connection mismatch.The rate configured on the DTE determines the clock rate.The rate configured on the DCE determines the clock rate.窗体底端12窗体顶端Which two statements describe functions or characteristics of CDP? (Choose two.)It starts up automatically and allows the device to detect directly connected neighbor devices that use CDP.It operates at the network layer and allows two systems to learn about each other.It creates a topology map of the entire network.It allows systems to learn about each other even if different network layer protocols are configured.It forwards advertisements about routes for faster convergence.13窗体顶端A router has one static route configured to each destination network. Which two scenarios would require an admalter the static routes that are configured on that router? (Choose two.)The destination network no longer exists.The destination network is moved to a different interface on the same router.The path between the source and destination is upgraded with a higher bandwidth link.The remote destination network interface has to be down for 15 minutes of maintenance.A topology change occurs where the existing next-hop address or exit interface is not accessible.14窗体顶端A static route that points to the next hop IP will have what administrative distance and metric in the routing table?administrative distance of 0 and metric of 0administrative distance of 0 and metric of 1administrative distance of 1 and metric of 0administrative distance of 1 and metric of 1窗体底端15窗体顶端Which of the following are displayed by the Router# show cdp neighbors command? (Choose three.)loadplatformreliabilityholdtimelocal interface16The output of the Router# show interfaces serial 0/1 command displays the following:Serial0/1 is up, line protocol is down.What is the most likely cause for the line protocol being down?Serial0/1 is shutdown.There is no cable connecting the routers.The remote router is using serial 0/0.No clock rate has been set.窗体底端17窗体顶端Refer to the exhibit. How will packets destined to the 172.16.0.0 network be forwarded?Router1 will perform recursive lookup and packet will exit S0/0.Router1 will perform recursive lookup and packet will exit S0/1.There is no matching interface associated with network 172.16.0.0 so packets will be dropped.There is no matching interface associated with network 172.16.0.0 so packets will take gateway of last resor S0/2.窗体底端18窗体顶端Refer to the exhibit. What two commands are required to provide connectivity between the 192.168.1.0 and 10.0.without requiring recursive lookup? (Choose two.)A(config)# ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 s 0/1/0A(config)# ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.16.40.2A (config)# ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 s 0/0/0B(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 s 0/0/0B (config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.40.1B(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 s 0/1/019窗体顶端Refer to the exhibit. What two commands will change the next-hop address for the 10.0.0.0/8 network from 1 192.168.1.2? (Choose two.)A(config)# no network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.16.40.2A(config)# no ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 172.16.40.2A(config)# no ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.16.40.2A(config)# ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 s0/0/0A(config)# ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.1.2窗体底端20窗体顶端A network administrator enters the following command into Router1: ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 S0/1/0.receives a packet that is destined for 192.168.0.22/24. After finding the recently configured static route in the routin does Router1 do next to process the packet?drops the packet because the destination host is not listed in the routing tablelooks up the MAC address of the S0/1/0 interface to determine the destination MAC address of the new frameperforms a recursive lookup for the IP address of the S0/1/0 interface before forwarding the packetencapsulates the packet into a frame for the WAN link and forwards the packet out the S0/1/0 interface21Which piece of information is available from examining the output of the command show ip interface brief?Interface speed and duplexInterface MTUErrorsInterface MAC addressInterface IP address。
ccna第二学期练习答案
ERouting Chapter 1 - CCNA Exploration: 路由协议和概念(版本 4.0)1 口令可用于限制对Cisco IOS 所有或部分内容的访问。
请选择可以用口令保护的模式和接口。
（选择三项。
）VTY 接口控制台接口特权执行模式2 路由器从相连的以太网接口收到消息后，会更改哪项报头地址，再将消息从另一个接口发送出去？第 2 层源地址和目的地址3请参见图示。
网络管理员已经为路由器连接到直连网络的接口配置了如图所示的IP 地址。
从路由器ping 相连网络上的主机口之间相互ping 都会遭到失败。
此问题最可能的原因是什么？必须使用no shutdown命令启用接口。
4请参见图示。
主机 A ping 主机B。
当R4 收到对以太网接口的ping 时，哪两块报头信息包括在内？（选择两项。
）5 网络管理员刚把新配置输入Router1。
要将配置更改保存到NVRAM，应该执行哪一条命令？Router1# copy running-config startup-config6您需要配置图中所示的串行连接，必须在Sydney 路由器上发出以下哪条配置命令才能与Melbourne 站点建立连接？（选Sydney(config-if)#Sydney(config-if)# no shutdownSydney(config-if)# clock rate 560007请参见图示。
从路由器的运行配置输出可得出什么结论？显示的命令决定了路由器的当前运行情况。
8请参见图示。
在主机 2 连接到LAN 上的交换机后，主机2 无法与主机 1 通信。
导致此问题的原因是什么？主机 1 和主机2 位于不同的网络中。
9 输入以下命令的作用是什么？R1(config)# line vty 0 4R1(config-line)# password check123R1(config-line)# login设置通过Telnet 连接该路由器时使用的口令10 以下哪一项正确描述了路由器启动时的顺序？加载bootstrap、加载IOS、应用配置11 加载配置文件时的默认顺序是怎样的？NVRAM、TFTP、CONSOLE12请参见图示。
第二期ERouting_Chapter_9
参加考试 - ERouting Chapter 9 - ${COURSENAME} (版本 ${VERSION})剩余时间:01:52:411请参见图示。
EIGRP 是在该网络上使用的唯一路由协议。
该路由器未配置任何静态路由。
从图示输出中可得出关于网络 198什么结论？路由表中未列出到网络 198.18.1.0/24 的路由。
目的地为 198.18.1.0/24 的数据包将转发到 198.18.10.6。
当转发数据包到 198.18.1.0/24 时，EIGRP 将在两条路径之间执行等价负载均衡。
带 172.16.3.2 接口的路由器是网络 198.18.1.0/24 的后继路由器。
2 E IGRP 拓扑数据库中为目的地路由维护了哪些信息？（选择两项。
）路由的最高开销路由的 SRTT 值路由的可行距离网关接口的物理地址邻居路由器通告的路由开销3请参见图示。
该公司在编号为10 的自治系统中使用EIGRP。
路由器 A 和路由器 B 所连接网络上的主机能够相互ping 192.168.3.0 网络上的用户无法访问192.168.1.32 网络上的用户。
此问题最可能的原因是什么？启用了无类IP，从而导致数据包被丢弃。
路由器 C 上未使用network 192.168.1.32命令。
没有将路由器配置在相同的EIGRP 路由域中。
网络自动总结导致各子网的路由被丢弃。
4在如图所示的网络中，主机192.168.1.66 无法ping 通主机192.168.1.130。
必须如何配置EIGRP 才能让这两台主机连通？R1(config-router)# network 192.168.1.128R1(config-router)# auto-summaryR1(config-router)# no auto-summaryR2(config-router)# no auto-summaryR2(config-router)# auto-summaryR2(config-router)# network 192.168.1.645如果到达某网络的链路断开，则EIGRP DUAL FSM 将会执行哪两项操作？（选择两项。
CCNA_ERouting_Chapter_5
1Which of the following is considered a limitation of RIP v1?RIP v1 does not send subnet mask information in its updates.RIP v1 is not widely supported by networking hardware vendors.RIP v1 consumes excessive bandwidth by multicasting routing updates using a Class D address.RIP v1 requires enhanced router processors and extra RAM to function effectively.RIP v1 does not support load balancing across equal-cost paths.RIP v1 authentication is complicated and time-consuming to configure.2Refer to the exhibit. A network consists of multiple routers. What can be verified when the show ip protocols command is of the routers in the network?whether all routes in the network have been properly added to the routing tablerouting protocol configuration in use for IP on this routeroperational status of routing protocols in use on all routers in the networkrouting metric of each network that is listed in the routing table3Refer to the exhibit. All routers in the exhibit are running RIP v1. The network administrator issues the show ip route commA. What routes would appear in the routing table output if the network is converged? (Choose two).R 192.168.2.0/24 [120/1]C 192.168.2.0/24 [120/1]R 10.10.3.0/24 [120/0]C 10.10.3.0/24 [120/1]R 10.10.1.0/24 [120/2]R 10.10.1.0/24 [120/3]4Which of the following would be the correct command sequence to enable RIP on Router B for all connected networks?RouterB# router ripRouterB(router)# network 210.36.7.0 RouterB(router)# network 220.17.29.0 RouterB(router)# network 211.168.74.0RouterB(config)# router ripRouterB(config-router)# network 198.16.4.0RouterB(config-router)# network 211.168.74.0RouterB(config-router)# network 199.84.32.0RouterB(config)# configure router ripRouterB(config-router)# network 210.36.7.0RouterB(config-router)# network 199.84.32.0RouterB(config-router)# network 211.168.74.0RouterB(config)# router ripRouterB(config-router)# network 198.16.4.0RouterB(config-router)# network 210.36.7.0RouterB(config-router)# network 211.168.74.0RouterB(config)# router ripRouterB(config-router)# network 198.16.4.0RouterB(config-router)# network 210.36.7.0RouterB(config-router)# network 220.17.29.05Which command will display RIP activity as it occurs on a router?debug ip ripshow ip routeshow ip interfaceshow ip protocolsdebug ip rip configshow ip rip database6W hich command or set of commands will stop the RIP routing process?RouterB(config)# router ripRouterB(config-router)# shutdownRouterB(config)# router ripRouterB(config-router)# network no 192.168.2.0RouterB(config)# no router ripRouterB(config)# router no rip7Refer to the exhibit. RIPv1 is running on all three routers. All interfaces have been correctly configured with addresses in th ranges that are shown. Which route would you see in the routing table on router CHI if the routers are configured with the co are displayed in the exhibit?192.168.0.4/30192.168.0.0/24192.168.0.0/16192.168.0.32/278T he following line was displayed in the output of the show ip route command.R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/3] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:30, Serial0/0What is the value of the routing metric?31220301209Refer to the exhibit. All routers are configured with valid interface addresses in the indicated networks and are running RIP network is converged. Which routes are present in the routing tables?All routers have all routes in their routing table.All routers have all /30 routes, but do not have /24 routes in their routing table.All routers have all /30 routes. Routers A and E also have some of the /24 routes in their routing table.All routers have all /30 routes. Routers B and D also have some of the /24 routes in their routing table.Routers A and E have all routes. Routers B and D have only /30 routes in their routing table.Routers A and E have only /24 routes. Routers B and D have only /30 routes in their routing table.10W hat are three characteristics of the RIPv1 routing protocol? (Choose three.)supports the use of VLSMuses hop count as a metricconsiders a metric of 16 as infinityhas an administrative distance of 110 by defaultincludes the destination IP address and subnet mask in routing updatescalculates metrics using the Bellman Ford algorithm11What will happen if an interface IP address is entered for the address portion of the network command in a RIPv1 configu of a network address?The router will reject the command.A route to the host address will be added to outgoing RIP updates.A route to the host address will be added to the routing table.All interfaces in the same classful network as the configured address will be included in the RIPv1 routing process.12Refer to the exhibit. The Ethernet interface on Router2 goes down and the administrator notices that the route is still valid table of Router1. How much longer will it take for Router1 to mark the route invalid by setting the metric to 16?30 seconds90 seconds155 seconds180 seconds255 seconds13Refer to the exhibit. The network that is shown is running RIPv1. The 192.168.10.0/24 network was recently added and w end users. What command or set of commands should be entered on Router1 to prevent RIPv1 updates from being sent to devices on the new network while still allowing this new network to be advertised to other routers?Router1(config-router)# no router ripRouter1(config-router)# network 192.168.10.0Router1(config-router)# no network 192.168.10.0Router1(config-router)# passive-interface fastethernet 0/0Router1(config-router)# passive-interface serial 0/0/014Refer to the exhibit. All routers that are shown are running the RIP routing protocol. All unknown IP traffic must be forward What router or set of routers are recommended to have both a default route and the default-information originate comm implement this forwarding policy?only Router1only the gateway routerall routers in the networkonly the routers with LANs needing Internet access15Refer to the exhibit. Router1 and Router2 are running the RIPv1 protocol. The network administrator configures the comm10.1.0.0 on Router1. What network will Router1 advertise to Router2?10.1.0.0/1610.1.0.0/810.0.0.0/1610.0.0.0/816W hat is the default update period in seconds for the RIP routing protocol?10121520306017Refer to the exhibit. What can be concluded from the routing table output of router B?A static default route has been configured on B.The default-information originate command has been entered on A.All traffic that is destined for 192.168.1.1 will be sent to address 0.0.0.0.18W hich two statements are true regarding the characteristics of RIPv1? (Choose two).It is a distance vector routing protocol.It advertises the address and subnet mask for routes in routing updates.The data portion of a RIP message is encapsulated into a TCP segment.The data portion of a RIP message is encapsulated into a UDP segment.It broadcasts updates every 15 seconds.It allows a maximum of 15 routers in the routing domain.19Refer to the exhibit. Router1 is running RIPv1. What command was entered into Router1 to configure the gateway of last re no auto-summaryip default-network 0.0.0.0ip default-gateway 10.0.0.0ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S0/0/1。
Daikin 空调产品说明书
CL-SZ-DLS-01 Specifications subject to change without notice. 1Installation DataSite Address:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________City:________________________________________________________ State:___________ Zip Code:__________________Installing Contractor :______________________________________________________ Contractor Contact #: ( ) _____-___________Job Name:_______________________________________________________________ Start-up Date:_____________________________Distributor:_______________________________________________________________System DetailsAre the outdoor unit and indoor unit compatible? YES:______ NO:______Wiring ElectricalWire Size and Type Used? AWG:__________ TYPE:_________Are there any breaks, splices, wire nuts or butt connectors between the outdoor unit and the indoor unit? YES:______ NO:______Was the wiring from the outdoor unit port to the correct indoor unit verified? YES:______ NO:______REMARKS:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Voltage CheckWiring: Single ZoneUNITSMODEL NO.SERIAL NO.CONTROLLEROUTDOOR UNIT INDOOR UNIT AOutdoor Unit Disconnect1(L1):GNDOutdoor Unit Terminal Block1(L1):GND NOTES:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2(L2):GND 2(L2):GND 1(L1):L2(2)1(L1):2(L2)Indoor Unit Voltage Check @ Outdoor Unit1(L1):GNDIndoor Unit Voltage Check @ Indoor Unit 1(L1):GND NOTES:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2(L2):GND 2(L2):GND 1(L1):2(L2)1(L1):2(L2)2(L2):3(S)2(L2):3(S)Outdoor Unit Disconnect1(L1):GNDOutdoor Unit Terminal Block1(L1):GND NOTES:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2(L2):GND 2(L2):GND 1(L1):L2(2)1(L1):2(L2)Indoor Unit Voltage Check @ Outdoor Unit1(L1):GNDIndoor Unit Voltage Check @ Indoor Unit 1(L1):GND NOTES:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2(L2):GND 2(L2):GND 1(L1):2(L2)1(L1):2(L2)2(L2):3(S)2(L2):3(S)Copyright 2020 CAC/BDP D 3300 Riverwood Parkway Atlanta GA, 30339 Edition Date: 06/20 Catalog No. CL-SZ-DLS-01Manufacturer reserves the right to discontinue, or change at any time, specifications or designs without notice and without incurring obligations. Replaces: NEWDuctless Start-Up Checklist (CONT)PipingLeak Check:System held 500 psig (max. 550psi) for a minimum of 30 minutes using dry nitrogen. YES:______ NO:______Evacuation Method:•Was the Triple Evacuation Method used as outlined in the installation manual? YES:______ NO:______•Was the Deep Vacuum Method used as outlined in the installation manual? YES:______ NO:_______•Did the System Hold 500 microns for 1 hour? YES:______ NO:_______•Does the line set match the diameter of the evaporator connections? YES:______ NO:_______•For Conventional Fan Coils, does the line set match the outdoor unit size? YES:______ NO:_______Single Zone Piping:Has the liquid pipe length been measured and the additional charge calculated? Size:___________ Length:_________ Charge:____________Performance CheckNOTE:•T1 - Ambient Space Temperature Sensor •T2 - IDU Coil Temperature Sensor •T3 - Outdoor Coil Temperature Sensor •T4 - Outdoor Ambient Temperature •Tb - Suction Line Temperature @PMV •Tp - Discharge Temperature Sensor •Th - IPM Board Temperature •LA/Lr - PMV TemperatureError CodesWere there any error codes present at start-up?YES:______ NO:______Comments:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NOTES:PORT LIQUID SIZE SUCTION SIZE LENGTH CHARGENOTES:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________AFor 1:1 Single Zone Systems: Adjust the set-point to create an operational call for the desired testing operation. Allow the system to run for a minimum of 10 min. and record the following details:(Operational data recorded on applicable heads with the wireless remote controller’s Point Check function)UNIT SET-POINTMODET1T2T3T4TbTpThLA/LrAIndoor Unit Error Code:Notes:Outdoor Unit Error Code:Wall Controller:24V Interface:。
EroutingChapter
1请参见图示。
图示中的所有路由器都运行 RIP v1。
网络管理员在路由器 A 上发出?show ip route?命令。
如果网络达到收敛，路由表中应该出现什么路由（选择两项。
）R /24 [120/1]C /24 [120/1]R /24 [120/0]C /24 [120/1]R /24 [120/2]R /24 [120/3]?2?请参见图示。
Router1 正运行 RIPv1。
应该向 Router1 输入什么命令以配置“最后选用网关”no auto-summaryip default-networkip default-gatewayip route S0/0/1?3?请参见图示。
Router1 和 Router2 正运行 RIPv1 协议。
网络管理员在Router1 上配置了命令network 。
Router1 将向 Router2 通告下列哪个网络/16/8/16/8?4?要在路由器 B 上为所有相连网络启用 RIP，正确的命令是怎样的RouterB#?router ripRouterB(router)#?networkRouterB(router)#?networkRouterB(config)#?router ripRouterB(config-router)#?networkRouterB(config-router)#?networkRouterB(config)#?configure router ripRouterB(config-router)#?networkRouterB(config-router)#?networkRouterB(config)#?router ripRouterB(config-router)#?networkRouterB(config-router)#?networkRouterB(config)#?router ripRouterB(config-router)#?networkRouterB(config-router)#?network?5哪一条命令可显示路由器上发生的 RIP 活动debug ip ripshow ip routeshow ip interfaceshow ip protocolsdebug ip rip configshow ip rip database6哪一条（或一组）命令可以停止 RIP 路由过程RouterB(config)# router ripRouterB(config)# router ripRouterB(config)# no router ripRouterB(config)# router no rip7观察show ip route命令的输出。
ItemBOMRouting详解
物料清单
物料清单(BOM Bill of Materials)是 描述产品结构的文件。它表明了产品组件、 子件、零件直到原材料之间的结构关系， 以及每个组装件所需要的各下属部件的数 量。物料清单是一种树型结构，称为产品 结构树。具体表现形式如下图所示。
15
如图所示是一个3级的BOM结构，表示产 品A由2个部件B，3个部件C和4个部件D组成。 部件B又由3个零件E和两个零件F组成。其 他部件依次类推。
k1
k2
k3
B
引用B模块
k4
C
D
图：模块化物料清单
27
四．成本物料清单。成本物料清单 (Costed BOM)是建立和说明每种物料的成 本构成的。如物料的材料费、人工费和间 接费用(制造费)，是物料的标准成本。其 结构类似于普通型物料清单，表3．1给出 了一个成本物料清单的示例。
28
成本物料清单
30
工作中心是ERP系统的基本加工单位， 是进行物料需求计划与能力需求计划运算 的基本资料。物料需求计划中必须说明物 料的需求与产出是在哪个工作中心，能力 需求是指哪个工作中心的能力。同时工作 中心也是成本核算时成本发生的基本单元 和车间生产作业核实投入与产出情况的基 本单元。一个车间由一个或多个工作中心 组成，一条生产线也是由一个或多个工作 中心组成。
3
一．物料的技术资料信息。这类信息 提供物料的有关设计及工艺等技术资料， 如物料名称、品种规格、型号、图号／配 方、计量单位(基本计量单位与默认计量单 位)、默认工艺路线、单位重量、重量单位、 单位体积、体积单位、设计修改号、版次、 生效日期、失效日期及成组工艺码等。
4
二．物料的库存信息。此类信息提供物料库 存管理方面的信息，如物品来源(制造、采购、外 加工、虚拟件等)、库存单位、ABC码、物品库存 类别、批量规则、批量周期、年盘点次数、盘点 周期、积压期限、最大库存量、安全库存量、在 库数量、库存金额、默认仓库、默认货位、物品 容差％、批次管理(Y／N)、单件管理(Y／N)及限 额领料标识(Y／N)、是否消耗件(如图纸可以设置 为产品结构的非消耗件)等。
routing管道连接技巧
routing管道连接技巧
管道连接技巧在路由（routing）应用中非常重要，特别是在网络设备的安装和维护过程中。
以下是一些常见的管道连接技巧：正确选择连接器：根据管道类型和应用场景选择合适的连接器。
常见的连接器类型包括螺纹连接、压力连接、焊接连接、法兰连接等。
确保选用的连接器符合管道材料和工作环境的要求。
正确选择密封材料：确保连接处使用的密封材料符合所需的压力和温度要求，并且能够有效地防止泄漏。
常见的密封材料包括橡胶垫片、聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）垫片、硅胶密封圈等。
正确安装连接器：在安装连接器时，确保连接器的安装位置正确，连接器的螺纹或法兰紧固牢固，不要出现松动现象。
安装连接器时，应根据厂家提供的安装说明进行操作，并确保连接器的安装符合相关的标准和规范。
适当施加力度：在连接管道时，适当施加力度确保连接器紧固牢固，但同时要注意不要过度施加力度，以免损坏连接器或管道。
定期检查和维护：定期检查连接处是否存在泄漏或损坏，并及时进行维护和修复。
定期检查有助于发现问题并及时解决，从而确保管道系统的正常运行。
遵循安全标准：在进行管道连接时，务必遵循相关的安全标准和操作规程，确保安全操作，防止意外事故的发生。
这些管道连接技巧可以帮助确保管道连接的可靠性和安全性，从而保障网络设备的正常运行和数据传输的稳定性。
routing酒店用语 -回复
routing酒店用语-回复在酒店业中，routing是指将客人分配到适当房间或区域的过程，同时提供满足客人需求的服务。
合理且高效的routing流程对于酒店的运营至关重要，它直接关系到客户体验和酒店的声誉。
本文将详细介绍routing 酒店用语，并以中括号内的内容为主题，一步一步解答。
I. Routing的概念和重要性Routing，即分配和安排经营场所或设备的操作计划，以最大限度地满足客人的需求和要求。
在酒店业中，routing的目的是将客人分配到最适合他们需求和预算的房间，并确保顺畅的服务流程。
[什么是routing酒店用语？]Routing酒店用语是指酒店业中常用的术语和短语，主要涉及到房间分配、服务安排以及满足客户需求的操作计划。
Routing的重要性不言而喻。
它能够提高客人的满意度和忠诚度，从而增加酒店的业务量和盈利能力。
良好的routing流程能够确保客人在酒店入住期间的顺利和舒适，并为酒店创造良好的口碑。
II. Routing酒店用语的常见术语和短语在routing酒店用语中，有一些常见的术语和短语，下面将一一介绍和解释。
1. Room Type (房间类型)：用于描述不同房间的种类和配置。
常见的房间类型包括标准间、豪华间、套房等。
2. Room Allocation (房间分配)：指将预订的客人分配到具体的房间的过程。
酒店根据客人的需求和预订情况，将他们分配到合适的房间。
3. Room Availability (房间可用性)：指酒店中各类房间的可供出租数量。
酒店需要实时了解房间可用性，以便进行合理的房间分配。
4. Room Rate (房价)：指房间的销售价格。
房价可能会根据季节、房间类型和客人身份等因素而有所变化。
5. Occupancy Rate (入住率)：指酒店房间的使用率，通常以百分比表示。
计算方法为已入住房间数除以总房间数。
6. Check-in (办理入住手续)：客人到达酒店后，在前台办理入住手续的过程。
routing酒店用语 -回复
routing酒店用语-回复以下是一篇关于酒店用语中的“routing”主题的1500-2000字文章。
标题：酒店用语中的Routing：提升客户体验的必备步骤引言：在酒店管理和客户服务中，有效的routing（路由）是提供无与伦比的客户体验的关键。
它是确保客人入住过程顺利、舒适的关键步骤。
本文将会详细探讨routing的定义、主要内容及其对酒店客户体验的重要性。
第一部分：路由的定义和作用酒店用语中的routing是指将客人从抵达酒店到退房的整个流程安排得井井有条。
它包含了从预定和入住到离店过程中的一系列关键步骤。
通过合理的routing，酒店能够提供高效、专业和个性化的服务，提升客户满意度。
第二部分：routing的关键步骤1. 预定路由：在客户预定酒店时，酒店工作人员需要提供详细的信息，如入住日期、离店日期、房间要求、付款方式等。
优秀的routing始于这一步骤，确保客户预订的准确性。
2. 抵达和接待：当客人抵达酒店时，酒店的接待员将负责执行下一个重要的routing步骤。
接待员需要准确记录客人的预订信息，并引导他们到达他们的房间。
此外，接待员还需要提供有关酒店设施以及附近景点的信息，以确保客人对酒店以及目的地的了解。
3. 入住规程和房间介绍：一旦客人抵达房间，酒店工作人员需要确保客人了解酒店的入住规程和各项服务。
这包括通过向客人提供房间设施介绍或通过电话询问他们的需求，来确保客人对酒店服务的满意度。
4. 服务需求：在客人入住期间，他们可能需要额外的服务，如叫醒服务、洗衣服务、叫车等。
这些服务需求应被及时响应，并提供高质量的服务体验。
5. 结账和离店：当客人准备离开酒店时，酒店的前台工作人员将负责结账和离店流程。
这包括结算客人的账单、检查房间的状态以及协助客人提取行李等。
流程的顺利和效率是确保客人离店时满意的重要因素。
第三部分：routing对客户体验的重要性1. 提高效率：通过合理的routing流程，酒店能够提高入住和退房过程的效率，减少客人排队等待的时间，增加整体酒店运营效率。
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1When are link-state packets sent to neighbors?every 30 secondsevery 180 secondsafter the holddown time expireswhen a link goes up or downwhen a routing loop occurs2Refer to the exhibit. What does JAX do with link-state packets from ORL?sends out its updated routing table to both ORL and BOS routerssends out the individual link-state packets out the interface connected to BOSqueries BOS to see if it has a better routeonly adds it to the local routing table and performs no other actions3 A new network administrator is given the task of selecting an appropriate dynamic routing protocol for a software development company. The company has over 100 routers, uses CIDRfast convergence, and uses both Cisco and non-Cisco equipment. Which routing protocol is appropriate for this company?RIP version 2IGRPEIGRPOSPFBGP4What two events will cause a link state router to send LSPs to all neighbors? (Choose two.)30 second timer expireswhenever the network topology changesimmediately after the Bellman-Ford algorithm has runimmediately after the DUAL FSM has built the topology databaseupon initial startup of router or routing protocol5What are two advantages of using a link-state routing protocol instead of a distance vector routing protocol? (Choose two.)The topology database eliminates the need for a routing table.Each router independently determines the route to each network.Link-state protocols require less router processor power than distance vector protocols.After the inital LSP flooding, they generally require less bandwidth to communicate changes in a topology.Frequent periodic updates are sent to minimize the number of incorrect routes in the topological database.6What speeds up convergence in a network using link-state routing?updates triggered by network changesupdates sent at regular intervalsupdates sent only to directly connected neighborsupdates that include complete routing tables7What action does a link-state router take immediately upon receipt of an LSP from a neighboring router?floods the LSP to neighborscalculates the SPF algorithmruns the Bellman-Ford algorithmcomputes the best path to the destination network8Which algorithm is run by link-state routing protocols to calculate the shortest path to destination networks?DUALDijkstraBellman-FordDiffie-Hellman9Refer to the exhibit. When Router D is configured to use a link-state routing protocol and is added to the network, what is the first thing that it does to begin learning the network topolog It sends LSP packets to Routers B and C.It sends LSP packets to all routers in the network.It sends Hello packets to all routers in the network.It sends information about its directly connected neighbors to Routers A and E.It sends information about its directly connected neighbors to all routers in the network.It learns about its directly connected networks when its interfaces reach the up state.10What is the final step in the link state routing process?successors are placed into the routing tableSPF computes best path to each destination networkLSPs are flooded to all neighbors to converge the networkDUAL algorithm is run to find best path to destination networks11Why is it difficult for routing loops to occur in networks that use link-state routing?Each router builds a simple view of the network based on hop count.Routers flood the network with LSAs to discover routing loops.Each router builds a complete and synchronized view of the network.Routers use hold-down timers to prevent routing loops.12What feature do modern link-state protocols provide to minimize processing and memory requirements?splitting routing topologies into smaller areasassigning lower process priorities to route calculationsusing update timers to restrict routing updatesstrict split horizon rules to reduce routing table entries13Refer to the exhibit. Which statement correctly describes the path traffic would take from the 10.0.0.0/24 network to the 192.168.1.0/24 network if a link-state routing protocol was in us BOS -> ATL because this path is the least hopsBOS -> ATL because this path is highest costBOS -> ORL -> JAX -> ATL because this path is the lowest costtraffic would load balance across all links14Which two routing protocols use Dijkstra’s shortest path first algorithm? (Choose two.)RIPv1RIPv2IS-ISBGPEIGRPOSPF15What two statements correctly describe the link state routing process? (Choose two.)all routers in the area have link state databaseseach router in the area floods LSPs to all neighborsLSPs use the reserved multicast address of 224.0.0.10 to reach neighborsrouting loops are prevented by running the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) is the protocol used by for the delivery and reception of LSPs16Refer to the exhibit. What kind of information would be seen in an LSP sent from router JAX to router ATL?hop countuptime of the routecost of the linka list of all the routing protocols in use17Which database or table must be identical on all link-state routers within an area in order to construct an accurate SPF tree?routing tableadjacency tablelink-state databaseneighbor tabletopology database18To achieve network convergence, what three steps does each link state router take? (Choose three.)use automatic summarization to reduce the size of routing tablesbuild a Link State Packet (LSP) containing the state of each directly connected linkflood the LSP to all neighbors, who then store all LSPs received in a databasesend hello packages at regular intervals to discover neighbors and establish adjacenciesconstruct a complete map of the topology and compute the best path to each destination networkuse the DUAL FSM to select efficient, loop-free paths, and insert routes into the routing table19Refer to the exhibit. If all routers and interfaces are configured to use a link-state routing protocol, from which routers will router D receive hello packets?A and EB and CA, B, C, and EC only。