Lightning_Detection_Systems
雷达科技：LS7002 全球最先进的闪电检测系统说明书
Key benefitsComprehensive, actionable dataThe LS7002 delivers 24/7,real-time lightning detection thatincludes precise classification of cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning events, as well as amplitude, polarity, and waveform data. It captures the detail you need for accurate forecasting and well-informed operational safety decisions.Early thunderstorm identificationThe LS7002 detects the low frequency (LF) electromagnetic signals generated by lightning. This provides extremely accurate geolocation of lightning as it happens at ranges up to 1,500km (900+mi).Greater coverage with fewer sensorsTypical distance between LS7002 sensors can be up to 350km,which means your network can deliver significantly greater accuracy while requiring 70% fewer sensors.Easy, flexible installation options also help simplify set up and maintenance.Cost-effective ownershipFewer sensors reduce your total cost of ownership for installation, site hosting, and hardware maintenance — leading to a more sustainablesolution to meeting your detection network needs.Vaisala LS7002 sensors use a combination of magnetic direction finding and time-of-arrival techniques to detect both cloud lightning pulses and cloud-to-ground lightning strokes. They provide a comprehensive view of lightning activity within a storm and capture broad data sets for making well-informed decisions.The LS7002 is not only the most cost-effective network-based lightning detection solution, it’s extremely powerful sensing capabilities meansensors can be positioned up to 350km apart. This translates to superior detection efficiency, optimal location accuracy, and system redundancy — all from a fewer number of sensors. Be better informed with thispowerful technology offering high accuracy, reliability, ease of installation, and ease of maintenance.A lightning detection network is only as good as thesensors it’s built around. The Advanced Lightning™ Sensor LS7002 captures the most comprehensive lightning data for the most accurate and reliable real-time weather monitoring solutions. Get the most reliable information possible,especially when severe weather and lightning are a threat.Advanced Lightning™ Sensor LS7002Precision lightning geolocation technologythat delivers more complete real-time dataProduct SpotlightLS7002 at a glanceApplications• Establishing early warning systems to alert people about hazardous weather conditions and potential for lightning threat.• Providing critical information for utility companies and telecoms for storm preparation and system reliability support.• Generating reliable data for meteorological modeling,hazardous weather forecasting, and emergency management.• Supporting operational safety while maximizing productivity for aviation and maritime operations.• Prioritizing resource deployment in the first moments of incident to speed containment and limit property damage.Key featuresComprehensive lightning detection that includes type classification, amplitude, polarity, location, and waveform features.Exceptional data capture with up to 95% network detection efficiency for cloud-to-ground lightning and better than 50% network detection efficiency for cloud lightning.Real-time data delivery with minimized latency and raw sensor data generation capabilities to support offline reprocessing and archiving needs.At-sensor data buffering for data confidence and redundancy in case of communication failure between sensor and central processor.Why Vaisala?The industrystandard in global lightning detectionFor decades, meteorological agencies around the worldhave relied on Vaisala lightning detection technology to improve forecasts and weather services for their countries. Vaisala delivers the most accurate real-time and historical lightning data in the world with more than 90 lightning networks in 45 countries. Our technology is trusted by Armed Forces worldwide, the NationalWeather Service, the Federal Aviation Administration,commercial safety operations, and power utility companies across the planet.Support to count onLook to Vaisala for dependable support, project capabilities, and training so you can get the most from your system. With decades ofexperience providing the best technologies and the finest support, Vaisala’s philosophy of partnership is unmatched in the industry.Trusted weather observations for a sustainable future/meteorologyScan the code formore informationRef. B212227EN-A ©Vaisala 2020This material is subject to copyright protection, with all copyrights retained by Vaisala and its individual partners. All rights reserved. Any logos and/or product names are trademarks of Vaisala or its individual partners. The reproduction, transfer, distribution or storage of information contained in this brochure in any form without the prior written consent of Vaisala is strictly prohibited. All specifications — technical included — are subject to change without notice.。
防雷英文翻译
电子信息系统electronic information system：由计算机、有/线通信设备、处理设备、控制设备及其相差的配套设备、设施（含网络）等的电子设备构成的，按照一定应用目的和规则对信息进行采集、加工、存储、传输、检索等处理的人机系统。
电磁兼容性electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)：设备或系统在其电磁环境中能正常工作，且不对环境中的其他设备和系统构成不能承受的电磁干扰的能力。
电磁屏蔽electromagnetic shielding：用导电材料减少交变电磁场向指定区域穿透的屏蔽。
防雷装置lightning protection system(LPS)：外部和内部雷电防护装置的统称。
外部防雷装置external lightning protection system：由接闪器、引下线和接地装置组成，主要用以防直击雷的防护装置。
内部防雷装置internal lighting protection system：由等电位连接系统、共用接地系统、屏蔽系统、合理布线系统、浪涌保护器等组成，主要用于减小和防止雷电流在需防空间内所产生的电磁效应。
共用接地系统common earthing system：将各部分防雷装置、建筑物金属构件、低压配电保护线(PE)、等电位连接带、设备保护地、屏蔽体接地、防静电接地及接地装置等连接在一起的接地系统。
等电位连接equipotent bonding(EB)：设备和装置外露可导电部分的电位基本相等的电气连接。
等电位连接带equipotent bonding bar(EBB)：将金属装置、外来导电物、电力线路、通信线路及其他电缆连于其上以能与防雷装置做等电位连接的金属带。
自然接地体natural earthing electrode：具有兼作接地的但不是为此目的而专门设置的与大地有良好接触的各种金属构件、金属井管、钢筋混凝土中的钢筋、埋地金属管道和设施等的统称。
光电探测系统的组成英语
光电探测系统的组成英语Components of a Photodetection System.A photodetection system is a device that converts light into an electrical signal. It consists of a photodetector, which is a device that generates an electrical signal when exposed to light, and a readout circuit, which amplifies and processes the electrical signal.The photodetector is the most important component of a photodetection system. It is responsible for converting light into an electrical signal. There are many different types of photodetectors, each with its own unique characteristics. The most common type of photodetector is the photodiode, which is a semiconductor device that generates an electrical signal when exposed to light. Other types of photodetectors include phototransistors, photomultipliers, and photoconductors.The readout circuit is responsible for amplifying andprocessing the electrical signal from the photodetector. The readout circuit can be as simple as a resistor or as complex as a microprocessor. The complexity of the readout circuit depends on the application.Photodetection systems are used in a wide variety of applications, including:Optical communications.Imaging.Spectroscopy.Laser detection.The design of a photodetection system depends on the application. The photodetector and readout circuit must be chosen carefully to meet the requirements of the application.Photodetector Types.There are many different types of photodetectors, each with its own unique characteristics. The most common type of photodetector is the photodiode, which is a semiconductor device that generates an electrical signal when exposed to light. Other types of photodetectors include phototransistors, photomultipliers, and photoconductors.Photodiodes are the most common type of photodetector. They are semiconductor devices that generate an electrical signal when exposed to light. Photodiodes are available in a variety of shapes and sizes, and they can be used to detect light from a wide range of wavelengths.Phototransistors are similar to photodiodes, but they have a built-in amplifier. This makes them more sensitive than photodiodes, but they are also more noisy. Phototransistors are often used in applications where high sensitivity is required.Photomultipliers are the most sensitive type ofphotodetector. They consist of a photocathode, which is a material that emits electrons when exposed to light, and a series of dynodes, which are electrodes that amplify the signal. Photomultipliers are used in applications where very low light levels must be detected.Photoconductors are resistors that change resistance when exposed to light. Photoconductors are less sensitive than photodiodes and phototransistors, but they are also less noisy. Photoconductors are often used in applications where low cost is a priority.Readout Circuits.The readout circuit is responsible for amplifying and processing the electrical signal from the photodetector. The readout circuit can be as simple as a resistor or as complex as a microprocessor. The complexity of the readout circuit depends on the application.Resistor readout circuits are the simplest type of readout circuit. They consist of a resistor connectedbetween the photodetector and ground. The output voltage of the readout circuit is proportional to the resistance of the photodetector. Resistor readout circuits are inexpensive and easy to implement, but they are not very sensitive.Transistor readout circuits are more sensitive than resistor readout circuits. They consist of a transistor connected between the photodetector and ground. The output voltage of the readout circuit is proportional to the collector current of the transistor. Transistor readout circuits are more expensive and complex than resistor readout circuits, but they are also more sensitive.Operational amplifier readout circuits are the most sensitive type of readout circuit. They consist of an operational amplifier connected between the photodetector and ground. The output voltage of the readout circuit is proportional to the difference between the input voltage and the reference voltage. Operational amplifier readout circuits are more expensive and complex than resistor and transistor readout circuits, but they are also moresensitive.Applications of Photodetection Systems.Photodetection systems are used in a wide variety of applications, including:Optical communications.Imaging.Spectroscopy.Laser detection.Optical communications systems use photodetectors to convert light signals into electrical signals. Theelectrical signals are then processed and transmitted to the receiver. Optical communications systems are used in a variety of applications, including telecommunications, data communications, and medical imaging.Imaging systems use photodetectors to convert lightinto electrical signals. The electrical signals are then processed and displayed on a monitor. Imaging systems are used in a variety of applications, including photography, videography, and medical imaging.Spectroscopy systems use photodetectors to convertlight into electrical signals. The electrical signals are then processed and analyzed to determine the composition of a sample. Spectroscopy systems are used in a variety of applications, including chemical analysis, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics.Laser detection systems use photodetectors to detect laser light. Laser detection systems are used in a variety of applications, including laser rangefinders, laser pointers, and laser safety systems.。
有关雷雨的英文介绍作文
有关雷雨的英文介绍作文英文回答：Thunderstorms are among the most powerful and awe-inspiring meteorological phenomena on Earth. Characterized by intense lightning, thunder, and often heavy precipitation, they can unleash a symphony of nature's fury that can both captivate and terrify.The formation of a thunderstorm requires a combination of specific conditions: ample moisture in the atmosphere, unstable air that can rise rapidly, and a lifting mechanism to initiate the upward motion. As warm, moist air rises, it cools and condenses to form clouds. Within these clouds, ice particles and supercooled water droplets collide, creating static electricity. The buildup of electrical charges within the cloud and between the cloud and the ground triggers the release of massive electrical discharges known as lightning.The thunder we hear is the result of the rapid expansion of air around the lightning channel. As the lightning strikes, it heats the surrounding air to extremely high temperatures, causing it to expand explosively. This expansion creates a shock wave that travels through the atmosphere as a loud, rumbling sound.The type and intensity of precipitation associated with thunderstorms vary widely. Some thunderstorms produce only light rain, while others unleash torrential downpours that can cause flash flooding. Hail can also occur in thunderstorms, forming when supercooled water droplets are carried upward by strong updrafts and repeatedly freeze and thaw.Thunderstorms are often accompanied by strong winds, which can cause significant damage to trees, buildings, and infrastructure. These winds are generated by the downdrafts of cold, dense air that occurs within the storm. As the precipitation falls, it drags cooler air down with it, creating a powerful downward airflow.Thunderstorms can have a profound impact on both the natural environment and human activities. They can provide much-needed rainfall for crops and ecosystems, but they can also cause severe flooding, erosion, and landslides. Lightning strikes can ignite wildfires, while strong winds can topple trees and damage power lines.Understanding the dynamics of thunderstorms is crucial for predicting and mitigating their potential risks. Meteorologists use a variety of tools, including weather radars, lightning detection systems, and computer models, to monitor and forecast thunderstorms. This information helps emergency managers and the public to prepare for and respond to these powerful storms.中文回答：雷雨。
Avionic Systems Acronym缩写s
Delete-删除
DG
Directional Gyro-方向性陀螺
DISC
Disconnect-断开
DH
Decision Height-决断高度
DME
Distance Measuring Equipment-测距机
DR
Dead Reckoning-利用航向、速度、计时推算航向
（推测领航定位）
DTK
ELT
Emergency Locator Transmitter-应急定位发射机
ESIS
Electronic Standby Instrument System-电子备用指示系统
EXEC
Execute-执行；完成
F
FD
Flight Director-飞行指引仪
FDR
Flight Data Recorder-飞行数据记录器
FDU
Flux Detector Unit-磁通探测组件
FF
Fuel Flow-燃油流量
FGC
Flight Guidance Computer-飞行指引计算机
FGP
Flight Guidance Panel-飞行引导面板
FGS
Flight Guidance System-飞行引导系统
FL
Flight Level-飞行高度层
PT
Proximate Traffic-近地交通
PWR
(IAPS)Power Supply-（IAPS）电源供应
R
RA
Radio Altimeter ; Resolution Advisory–
无线电高度表；解脱咨询
RAD ALT
Radio Altimeter-无线电高度表
雷电防护科学与技术专业英语单词整理
……重要而又不可分割的一部分 a critical and integral part of 安全通道，逃逸通道escape route保安装置crowbar device爆裂explosive fracture北半球northern hemisphere被认为是陈旧的be considered obsolete避雷杆几何形状rod geometry标准,规范norm标准/扩展格式standard/extended format颮线Squall line不间断供电系统no break power systems财产Property n.测试波形test wave shapes插座receptacles n.承受Sustain v.尺寸，大小dimensions n.充气放电器gas-tube arrester穿孔puncture n.传导电流Conduct current磁屏蔽magnetic shield大体的区域 a general area单站，单点one location/single location导弹发射井missile silo等电位equipotentialization等电位联结equipotential bonding等雷暴的isokeraunic等值线图contour map低电阻值，低阻的low-resistance电层Coulomb n.电层Electrosphere n.电场electric field电磁场electromagnetic fields电动力学的electrodynamic a.电感性耦合inductive coupling电离通道Ionized path电离通道Ionized path电力公司electric power company电力线路electricity mains电偶极子electric dipoleIEEE(institule of electrical and 电气和电子工程师协会electronics engineers)电气系统与电子系统electrical and electronic systems 电势差Potential difference电线杆utility poles电信公司telecommunications company 电压钳位器voltage clamp电涌保护器surge protective device电涌放电器，防止过载放电器surge arrester电晕放电corona discharge电阻率Resistivity n.电阻率Resistivity n.电阻性耦合resistive coupling电阻值Resistance n.独立接闪器separate air terminal 对……敏感sensitive to对……由免疫能力immune to对流活动Convective activity发电装置generating sets法兰的非金属垫圈not metallic gasket of flange 防雷法规/规范Lightning protection code防雷装置lightning protection system 妨碍，干扰interfere with放电Discharge放电，电流泄放electrical discharges分流diversion风速计，风速表anemometer n.风险评估Risk assessment负电荷Negative charge感测装备sensing equipment感应电压induced voltage钢架结构基础foundation steelwork钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete高风险High risk隔离变压器isolation transformer隔离距离separation distance供应品，备用品provision n.故障，不工作malfunction故障自检系统automatic failure detection system 关联relevance观点，说明scenario过电流overcurrents过电压overvoltage过渡点transition point寒冷气候cold climates换能器，变换器transducer n.回击return stroke回击Return stroke毁灭性雷击catastrophic lightning strikes混凝土concrete火花塞spark火警装置fire alarm installation击中Strike v.&n.机械损伤mechanical damage积雨云Cumulonimbus基于……的观点with one's view即将来临的雷电先导imminent lightning leader 假想的Hypothetical a.坚固的建筑物substantial building箭式先导dart leader降水单体Rain cell接触电压touch voltage接触电压与跨步电压touch and step voltages 接地装置Earth temination system 接地装置grounding system接闪器air terminal接闪装置air termination system 结果是turn out to be解体，非集成disintegrate金属导管metal duct金属顶轿车metal-topped vehicle金属接地体grounding metal bodies金属氧化物变阻器metal oxide varistor(mov)进线incoming line绝缘insulation n.绝缘insulation n.绝缘关节insulating joint可控硅整流器silicon controlled rectifier(scr)空间分辨率spatial resolution跨步电压step voltage拦截，截取intercept v.浪涌电流surge current浪涌抑制器surge suppresser雷，雷声Thunder雷暴thunderstorm雷暴日thunderday雷暴日等值线图thunderday map=isokeraunic map 雷暴云thunderstorm cloud雷达反射率radar reflectivity雷电定位Thunder ranging雷电探测技术lightning detection technology雷电预报lightning prediction雷击可能性The potential of a lightning strike雷雨云Thundercloud连接端子，连接导体bonding conductor连续金属屏蔽continuous metallic screen流动贮藏系统fluid storage systems龙卷风tornado轮叶，风向标vane n.美国保险商实验所UL（Underwriters laboratories Inc.）NLDN=national lightning detection 美国电力雷电监测网network灭火装置fire extinguishing installation敏感电子设备sensitive electronics魔法magic bullet内心的平静peace of mind牛栏cow barn蓬松积云fluffy cumulus cloud屏蔽screen屏蔽shielding齐纳二极管Zener diode铅制品plumbing强硬的stiff a.强硬的要求stiff requirements球形电容器Spherical capacitor曲率，弯曲curvature n.确切的时间和位置exact time and place热效应thermal effect人工触发机制，人工引雷机制artificial trigger mechanism人工观测human observation熔化掉melt down冗余，备用redundancy n.入口处，入口点entrance point三端双向可控硅开关元件triac n.闪电高发区high lightning areas闪电接闪器lightning air terminal闪电频率Lightning frequency闪电频数Lightning frequency闪电频数剧烈区，闪电重发区servere lightning frequency闪电数量lightning amount闪电通道lightning channel上行迎合光花upward-going attachment spark上升气流Updrafts设施service盛行风prevailing winds时变磁通量密度time-varying magnetic flux density 时变电流time-varying current时间分辨率temporal resolution时间跨度temporal coverage时空特征spatial and temporal features使相互连接interconnect双重偶极子结构double-dipole structure水槽gutter n.水龙头faucettransient voltage surge瞬变电压浪涌保护器，瞬变二极管suppressor(TVSS)瞬变电压浪涌保护器，瞬变二极管transient voltage surge suppressors 随之发生的consquential a.损害概率probability of damage太平洋周边地区Pacific Rim梯级先导stepped leader天气学家weather scientists通信线路冗余量route redundancy土壤电阻率surface resistivity土壤电阻率Earth resistivity外露可导电部分exposed conductive part外露可导电部分exposed conductive parts下行步进先导downward-moving stepped leader先导Pilot leader消防龙头，消防栓hydrant n.消雷器lightning dissipater信号强度signal strength修订版revision一个日数 a day count引下线down conductor引下装置，泄流装置down-conductor system迎合闪光（火花）attachment spark有限的空间分辨率limited spatial resolution远距离探测网Long Range Detection Network云地闪Cloud-to-ground flash云地闪电Cloud-to-groung lightningCloud-to cloud lightning=intercloud 云际闪电lightning云空闪电Cloud-to-air lightning云内闪电In-cloud lightning=Intracloud lightning这一概念正在逐渐失去它原有的the concept is losing relevance意义蒸发evaporation正电荷Positive charge直击雷direct lightning flash中断outrage中性接地点neutral-ground bond终端设备termination equipment周边，周围perimeter n.逐步Discrete steps住宅dwelling住宅雷电防护系统residential lightning protection system 锥形物，蛋筒cone n.自然威胁，自然灾害natural hazard自主发电装置autonomous power generating set最后一个手段as a last resort作用积分action integral注：老师可能讲过的课文1，2，7，8，10，12，23，30，31，35，37，42，43，44，52，53，61，62，64，66，82，83，97，98，100，101以上课文后出现的单词整理。
国防科技英文版
国防科技英文版National defense technology has been a crucial aspect of a country's security and sovereignty for centuries. In today's rapidly evolving global landscape, the importance of advanced defense technology has only grown, as nations strive to protect their citizens, safeguard their interests, and maintain a strategic advantage in the face of emerging threats.At the forefront of national defense technology are the relentless efforts of scientists, engineers, and innovators who dedicate their expertise to developing cutting-edge systems and capabilities. From sophisticated military hardware to state-of-the-art cybersecurity measures, the ingenuity and creativity of these individuals have pushed the boundaries of what is possible, transforming the way nations approach the challenges of modern warfare and security.One of the most significant areas of national defense technology is the development of advanced weapons systems. This includes everything from precision-guided munitions and stealth aircraft to electromagnetic railguns and directed-energy weapons. Thesecutting-edge technologies not only enhance the lethality and precision of military operations but also serve as powerful deterrents against potential adversaries.For instance, the development of hypersonic missiles, capable of reaching speeds in excess of five times the speed of sound, has revolutionized the way nations project power and respond to threats. These lightning-fast projectiles can penetrate even the most sophisticated air defense systems, delivering devastating payloads with unparalleled speed and accuracy.Similarly, the advancements in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology have transformed the way nations conduct reconnaissance, surveillance, and even targeted strikes. Drones equipped with advanced sensors, cameras, and weaponry can operate in hostile environments, gathering vital intelligence and neutralizing enemy targets with surgical precision, all while keeping human operators out of harm's way.Beyond the realm of conventional weapons, national defense technology has also made significant strides in the field of cybersecurity. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected through the internet and digital technologies, the vulnerability of critical infrastructure and sensitive information to cyber threats has become a pressing concern for governments worldwide.In response, defense agencies and technology companies have developed innovative cybersecurity measures, including sophisticated encryption algorithms, intrusion detection systems, and advanced artificial intelligence-powered threat analysis tools. These technologies work tirelessly to protect national networks, safeguard classified data, and thwart the efforts of cyber criminals, hackers, and state-sponsored cyber attackers.Advancements in materials science and engineering have also had a profound impact on national defense technology. The development of lightweight, yet resilient materials has enabled the creation of more agile and maneuverable military platforms, from armored vehicles to aircraft. Meanwhile, the exploration of novel energy sources, such as advanced batteries and fuel cells, has the potential to revolutionize the way military forces power their equipment, reducing their reliance on traditional fossil fuels and increasing operational flexibility.The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has also become a key focus area in national defense technology. These powerful technologies are being leveraged to enhance decision-making processes, optimize logistics and supply chains, and even automate various military tasks, from target identification to autonomous systems control.Furthermore, the rise of nanotechnology and biotechnology has opened up new avenues for defense applications. Nanomaterials can be used to create stronger, lighter, and more versatile military equipment, while advances in biotechnology have the potential to produce innovative protective gear, self-healing materials, and even new forms of non-lethal weaponry.As nations continue to invest in the development of these cutting-edge technologies, the landscape of national defense is rapidly evolving. The ability to stay ahead of the curve and maintain technological superiority has become a crucial factor in ensuring national security and global stability.However, the pursuit of advanced defense technology is not without its challenges. Ethical considerations, environmental concerns, and the potential for misuse or proliferation of these technologies must be carefully balanced against the need for robust national defense capabilities.Ultimately, the future of national defense technology lies in the hands of the brightest minds and the most innovative thinkers. By fostering a culture of collaboration, continuous learning, and responsible innovation, nations can harness the power of technologyto safeguard their citizens, protect their interests, and contribute to a more secure and stable global order.。
UL标准文件号查询
L 标准：共759条浸渍式检测电路断流器(Immersion-detection circuit-interrupters ) 标准号：UL 1664-1995挤压成型绝缘管(Extruded insulating tubing ) 标准号：UL 224-1992户外电子设备钢外壳的有机覆层(Organic coatings for steel enclosures for outdoor use electrical equipment ) 标准号：UL 1332-1995实验室用电气设备.第2部分:实验室离心机的特殊要求(Electrical equipment for laboratory use - Part 2: Particular requirements for laboratory centrifuges ) 标准号：UL 61010A-2-020-2002灭火器的效率和灭火试验(Rating and testing of fire extinguishers ) 标准号：UL 711-2002非金属出线盒、嵌入式器件盒及其外壳(Nonmetallic outlet boxes, flush-device boxes, and covers ) 标准号：UL 514C-1996制冷剂(Refrigerants ) 标准号：UL 2182-1994电子玩具(Electric toys ) 标准号：UL 696-1996不间断电源配送设备(Uninterruptible power supply equipment ) 标准号：UL 1778-1994便携式木梯(Portable wood ladders ) 标准号：UL 112-1998装饰用泡沫塑料的燃烧试验(Fire tests for foamed plastics used for decorative purposes ) 标准号：UL 1975-1996有听力障碍者用信号装置(Signaling devices for the hearing impaired ) 标准号：UL 1971-2002由蓄电池供电的便携工具(Portable battery operated tools ) 标准号：UL745-3-1995重新配置的临时电源接头(Relocatable temporary power taps ) 标准号：UL 1363-1996固体器件安全控制的试验(Tests for safety-related controls employing solid-state devices ) 标准号：UL 991-1995家用和类似用途的自动电器控制装置.第2部分:电力传动装置的特殊要求(Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use - Part 2: Particular requirements for electric actuators ) 标准号：UL 8730-2-14-1998阴极射线管(cathode-ray tubes ) 标准号：UL 1418-1992电动空间加热电缆(Electric space heating cables ) 标准号：UL 1673-1996电信号(Electric signs ) 标准号：UL 48-1996漏电保护设备(Leakage current protection devices ) 标准号：UL 943A-1993 常压电力电缆(Medium-voltage power cables ) 标准号：UL 1072-1995汽车库用屋架(Roof trusses for manufactured homes ) 标准号：UL 1298-1995 燃油器燃料用备用钢罐(Steel auxiliary tanks for oil-burner fuel ) 标准号：UL443-1995有或无烟雾组合测定装置的门闭合器(Door closers-holders with or without integral smoke detectors ) 标准号：UL 228-1997加热和冷却设备上固定热绝缘材料用胶粘剂(Adhesives for use in heating and colling appliances to secure thermal isolation materials ) 标准号：UL 2395-2002 易燃麻醉场所用的导电设备和材料(Electrically conductive equipment and materials for use in flammable anesthetizing locations ) 标准号：UL 1067-1997 工业蓄电池充电器(Industrial battery chargers ) 标准号：UL 1564-1993预制干粉化学灭火系统设备(Pre-engineered dry chemical extinguishing system units ) 标准号：UL 1254-1996商用烹饪设备用排风罩(Exhaust hoods for commercial cooking equipment ) 标准号：UL 710-1995避雷器组件(Lightning protection components ) 标准号：UL 96-1994船舶燃气指示器(Marine combustible gas indicators ) 标准号：UL 1110-1997 金刚石岩芯钻特殊要求(Particular requirements for diamond core drills ) 标准号：UL 745-2-31-1995业余电影灯具(Amateur movie lights ) 标准号：UL 1230-1994绝缘材料系统.概论(Systems of insulating materials - General ) 标准号：UL 1446-1997外壳内用的低压交流和直流电力断路器(Low-voltage AC and DC power circuit breakers used in enclosures ) 标准号：UL 1066-1997垫圈和密封件(Gaskets and seals ) 标准号：UL 157-1996管状加热器(Electric duct heaters ) 标准号：UL 1996-1996船舶发动机点火系统和元件(Marine engine ignition systems and components )标准号：UL 1120-1997触电死亡型昆虫控制设备(Insect-control equipment - Electrocution type ) 标准号：UL 1559-1995刻纹机和修剪机特殊要求(Particular requirements for routers and trimmers )标准号：UL 745-2-17-1995程序可控元件用软件(Software in programmable components ) 标准号：UL 1998-1998应急照明和电源设备(Emergency lighting and power equipment ) 标准号：UL 924-1995二氧化碳灭火器(Carbon-dioxide fire extinguishers ) 标准号：UL 154-1995固体燃料和混合燃料主加热炉和辅助加热炉(Solid-fuel and combination-fuel central and supplementary furnaces ) 标准号：UL 391-1995音频-视频产品和附件(Audio-video products and accessories ) 标准号：UL 1492-1996聚合材料.长期性能评定(Polymeric materials - Long term property evaluations )标准号：UL 746B-1996商用干洗机(IV型) (Commercial dry-cleaning machines (type IV) ) 标准号：UL 664-1993混凝土振捣器特殊要求(Particular requirements for concrete vibrators ) 标准号：UL 745-2-12-1995饮用水冷却器(Drinking-water coolers ) 标准号：UL 399-1993工业用直流熔断器(D-C fuses for industrial use ) 标准号：UL 198L-1995网状金属地面电缆管和配件(Cellular metal floor raceways and fittings ) 标准号：UL 209-1998工厂制火炉(Factory-built fireplaces ) 标准号：UL 127-1996变换信息型电子信号控制中心(Control centers for changing message type electric signs ) 标准号：UL 1433-1996工业机器人和机器人设备(Robots and robotic equipment ) 标准号：UL1740-1998钢制地下储罐外表面防腐蚀系统(External corrosion protection systems for steel underground storage tanks ) 标准号：UL 1746-1993乐器及其附件(Musical instruments and accessories ) 标准号：UL 469-19972-1/2加仑蓄压水力灭火器(2-1/2-gallon stored-pressure, water-type fire extinguishers ) 标准号：UL 626-1995电话设备(Telephone equipment ) 标准号：UL 1459-1995冷藏自动售货机(Refrigerated vending machines ) 标准号：UL 541-1995防火用报警阀门(Alarm valves for fire-protection service ) 标准号：UL193-1993废油燃烧取暖设备(Waste oil-burning air-heating appliances ) 标准号：UL 296A-1995电气设备用双绝缘系统(Double insulation systems for use in electrical equipment ) 标准号：UL 1097-1997爆炸性气体环境用电气设备.第0部分:一般要求(Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 0: General requirements ) 标准号：UL 60079-0-2002维修设备的参考标准(Reference standard for service equipment ) 标准号：UL 869A-1998包白铁皮的防火门(Tin-clad fire doors ) 标准号：UL 10A-1998制冷医疗设备(Refrigerated medical equipment ) 标准号：UL 416-1993家用和类似用途的自动电子控制器.第二部分:定时装置及定时开关的特殊要求(Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use - Part 2: Particular requirements for timers and time switches ) 标准号：UL 8730-2-7-1995燃油设备用通风孔或烟囱连接器调节阀门(Vent or chimney connector dampersfor oil-fired appliances ) 标准号：UL 17-1994危险场所用电气照明装置(Electric ligthing fixtures for use in hazardous (classified) locations ) 标准号：UL 844-1995手提式燃气喷灯(Hand-held torches for fuel gases ) 标准号：UL 147-1996爆炸性气体环境用电气设备.第15部分:"n"型防护电气设备(Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 15: Electrical apparatus with type of protection "n" ) 标准号：UL 60079-15-2002电弧故障断路器(Arc-fault circuit-interrupters ) 标准号：UL 1699-1999隔离的电力系统设备(Isolated power systems equipment ) 标准号：UL1047-1995水下照明装置(Underwater lighting fixtures ) 标准号：UL 676-1999无线电和电视装置用电容器和消除器(Capacitors and suppressors for radio- and television-type appliances ) 标准号：UL 1414-2000缝纫和裁剪机械(Sewing and cutting machines ) 标准号：UL 1594-2001易燃和可燃液体用地上钢贮罐(Steel aboveground tanks for flammable and combustible liquids ) 标准号：UL 142-2002荧光灯镇流器(Fluorescent-lamp ballasts ) 标准号：UL 935-2001发动机驱动的按摩和训练设备(Motor-operated massage and exercise machines )标准号：UL 1647-1997装配式(活动)房屋和旅游车用液体燃料加热装置(Liquid fuel-burning heating appliances for manufactured homes and recreational vehicles ) 标准号：UL307A-1995同轴通信电路用保护器(Protectors for coaxial communications circuits ) 标准号：UL 497C-2001有可选光纤值的电力电缆和控制底座电缆(Electrical power and control tray cables with optional optical-fiber members ) 标准号：UL 1277-2001真空吸尘器、鼓风式清洁器和家用地板整理机(Vacuum cleaners, blower cleaners, and household floor finishing machines ) 标准号：UL 1017-2001防火设施用喷嘴(Spray nozzles for fire-protection service ) 标准号：UL2351-2000同刚性空气管道及空气连接管一起使用的密闭系统(Closure systems for use with rigid air ducts and air connectors ) 标准号：UL 181A-1994研磨机、抛光机和盘式砂轮机特殊要求(Particular requirements for grinders, polishers and disk-type sanders ) 标准号：UL 745-2-3-1995喷淋系统用可调喷水头(Adjustable drop nipples for sprinkler systems ) 标准号：UL 1474-1996由蓄电池供电的电钻的特殊要求(Particular requirements battery-operated drills )标准号：UL 745-4-1-1995消防泵电动机(Fire pump motors ) 标准号：UL 1004A-2001船用硬质和挠性空气管道(Marine rigid and flexible ducting ) 标准号：UL 1136-1986船用链条、装载物和领航员扶梯(Marine chaine, embarkation, and pilot ladders ) 标准号：UL 1116-1984钟控开关(Clock-operated switches ) 标准号：UL 917-1994燃气和燃油设备用主要安全控制装置(Primary safety controls for gas- andoil-fired appliances ) 标准号：UL 372-1994由蓄电池供电的手持式电动工具特殊要求(Particular requirements forbattery-operated hand motor tools ) 标准号：UL 745-4-36-1995存储托盘的燃烧试验(Fire tests of storage pallets ) 标准号：UL 2335-2001通过更迭制冷剂对产品进行现场转换和改型.绝缘材料和制冷剂兼容性(Field conversion/retrofit of products to change to an alternative refrigerant - Insulating material and refrigerant compatibility ) 标准号：UL 2171-1993制冷设备及船用易燃和可燃流体管配件(Tube fittings for flammable and combustible fluids, refrigeration service and marine use ) 标准号：UL 109-1997 数据通信和火灾报警电路用保护器(Protectors for data communication and fire alarm circuits ) 标准号：UL 497B-1999电子工业用衣服烘干机(Electric commercial clothes-drying equipment ) 标准号：UL 1240-1994预制布线装置(Manufactured wiring systems ) 标准号：UL 183-1993预制屋面覆盖材料的抗风阻力(Wind resistance of prepared roof covering materials ) 标准号：UL 997-1995电围栏控制器(Electric-fence controllers ) 标准号：UL 69-1993收藏分享评分回复引用订阅TOPsarah_zy 发短消息加为好友sarah_zy 当前离线UID6 帖子307 精华5 积分25767 阅读权限100 在线时间46 小时注册时间2008-12-20 最后登录2010-7-31版主威望2715 金钱20158 贡献4500 阅读权限100 注册时间2008-12-20 2#发表于2009-1-4 12:28 | 只看该作者踩窝窝送礼物问候Ta 拨动开关(Pullout switches ) 标准号：UL 1429-2000非动力限制火灾报警电路用电缆(Cables for non-power-limited fire-alarm circuits ) 标准号：UL 1425-1998加压煤气用支管(Manifolds for compressed gases ) 标准号：UL 407-1997双芯导线通信电路用保护器(Protectors for paired conductor communication circuits ) 标准号：UL 497-1995仪表座(Meter sockets ) 标准号：UL 414-1999自动售货机(Vending machines ) 标准号：UL 751-1995船上使用的酒精和煤油烹饪设备(Alcohol and kerosene cooking appliances for marine use ) 标准号：UL 1100-1999商用闭路电视设备(Commercial closed-circuit television equipment ) 标准号：UL 2044-1997应急地下室通风机和地下室通风口(Emergency vault ventilators andvault-ventilating ports ) 标准号：UL 680-2002家用和类似用途的自动电气控制装置.第2部分:电控电动机启动继电器的特殊要求(Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use - Part 2: Particular requirements for electrically operated motor starting relays ) 标准号：UL60730-2-10-1999矿井负载熔断器(Mine-duty fuses ) 标准号：UL 198M-1995船舶用可燃液体人工操作断流阀(Marine manually operated shutoff valves for flammable liquids ) 标准号：UL 1106-1998爆炸性气体环境用电气设备.第11部分:本征安全"i" (Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 11: Intrinsic safety "i" ) 标准号：UL60079-11-2002辅助过载保护用熔断器(Fuses for supplementary overcurrent protection ) 标准号：UL 198G-1988小艇用断路器(Boat circuit breakers ) 标准号：UL 1133-1988压缩煤气设备用压力指示计(Gauges, indicating pressure, for compressed gas service ) 标准号：UL 404-1997气流型船用卫生设施(Flow-through marine sanitation devices ) 标准号：UL 1119-1987安滑道的折叠桌(Folding rollaway tables ) 标准号：UL 2040-2000家用和类似用途的电子控制器.第一部分:通用要求(Electrical controls for household and similar use; part 1: general requirements ) 标准号：UL8730-1-1993由蓄电池供电的砂轮机特殊要求(Particular requirements for battery-operated sanders ) 标准号：UL 745-4-4-1995护壁板电加热设备(Electric baseboard heating equipment ) 标准号：UL 1042-1994危险场所用污水泵(Sewage pumps for use in hazardous (classified) locations )标准号：UL 1207-2001船用化油器火焰消除装置(Marine carburetor flame arresters ) 标准号：UL 1111-1988全充气个人游乐浮动设备(Fully inflatable recreational personal flotation devices ) 标准号：UL 1180-1995舞台和播音室照明设备(Stage and studio lighting units ) 标准号：UL1573-1996与危险场所有关的工业控制板(Industrial control panels relating to hazardous (classified) locations ) 标准号：UL 698A-1999肉和家禽屠宰场设备(Meat and poultry plant equipment ) 标准号：UL2128-2000电线定位装置(Wire positioning devices ) 标准号：UL 1565-2002输送可燃液体用非金属地下管道(Nonmetallic underground piping for flammable liquids ) 标准号：UL 971-1995印制线路板(Printed-wiring boards ) 标准号：UL 796-1999除2级以外的电源设备(Power units other than class 2 ) 标准号：UL 1012-1994 插塞(Receptacle closures ) 标准号：UL 2255-1999聚四氟乙烯1211的回收/再利用设备(Halon 1211 recovery/recharge equipment ) 标准号：UL 2006-1997布线设备配置(Wiring device configurations ) 标准号：UL 1681-1996光缆槽(Optical fiber cable raceway ) 标准号：UL 2024-2002危险地区用金属包皮电缆和电缆密封配件(Metal-clad cables and cable-sealing fittings for use in hazardous (classified) locations ) 标准号：UL 2225-1996道路照明系统(Track lighting systems ) 标准号：UL 1574-1995船用电照明器具(Marine-type electric lighting fixtures ) 标准号：UL 595-1985 电线管道附件(Electric plumbing accessories ) 标准号：UL 1951-1994家用电长柄平底锅和煎炸型器具(Household electric skillets and frying-type appliances ) 标准号：UL 1083-2002个人用卫生和保健设备(Personal hygiene and health care appliances ) 标准号：UL 1431-1996支撑式管道和配件(Strut-type channel raceways and fittings ) 标准号：UL5B-1997涂覆的电子套管(Coated electrical sleeving ) 标准号：UL 1441-1995呼救信号(Distress signals ) 标准号：UL 1198-1988危险场所用工业控制设备(Industrial control equipment for use in hazardous (classified) locations ) 标准号：UL 698-1995爆炸性气体环境用电气设备.第1部分:防火外壳"d" (Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 1: Flameproof enclosures "d" ) 标准号：UL 60079-1-2002船用浮力救生器材(Marine buoyant devices ) 标准号：UL 1123-1996爆炸性气体环境用电气设备.第6部分:油浸式"o" (Electrical apparatus for explosivegas atmospheres - Part 6: Oil-immersion "o" ) 标准号：UL 60079-6-2002地板抛光机(Floor-finishing machines ) 标准号：UL 561-1997烟囱内套(Chimney liners ) 标准号：UL 1777-1996家用和类似用途的电自动控制器.第2部分:温度敏感控制器的特殊要求(Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use - Part 2: Particular requirements for temperature sensing controls ) 标准号：UL 60730-2-9-2003室外安装的锅炉组合装置(Field erected boiler assemblies ) 标准号：UL 2106-1994室内竖管用衬里软管(Lined fire hose for interior standpipes ) 标准号：UL 219-1993海船电缆(Marine shipboard cable ) 标准号：UL 1309-1995家庭个人修饰用电器(Household electric personal grooming appliances ) 标准号：UL 859-2002氖变压器和电力电源(Neon transformers and power supplies ) 标准号：UL 2161-1996低压景观照明系统(Low voltage landscape lighting systems ) 标准号：UL 1838-2003消防设备用热塑喷水器的管及其配件(Thermoplastic sprinkler - Pipe and fittingsfor fire protection service ) 标准号：UL 1821-1994Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级气体燃烧设备用通风系统(Venting systems for gas-burning appliances, categories II, III, and IV ) 标准号：UL 1738-1993连接警察局的防盗报警装置(Police station connected burglar alarm units and systems ) 标准号：UL 365-1997液化石油气用引线和挠性软管连接器(Pigtails and flexible hose connectors forLP-gas ) 标准号：UL 569-1995处理过的固体燃料燃材(Processed solid-fuel firelogs ) 标准号：UL 2115-1999电动增压器和商业贮水式水加热器(Electric booster and commercial storage tank water heaters ) 标准号：UL 1453-1995布线用挠性非金属导线管(Flexible nonmetallic tubing for electric wiring ) 标准号：UL 3-1999防火设备用喷水雾咀(Water mist nozzles for fire protection service ) 标准号：UL 2167-2002回流专用止回阀的阀身强度和液压损失率检验(Strength of body and hydraulic pressure loss testing of backflow special check valves ) 标准号：UL 1469-1995高强度放电灯具(High intensity discharge lighting fixtures ) 标准号：UL 1572-1995可燃液体和无水液氨用滤净器(Strainers for flammable fluids and anhydrous ammonia ) 标准号：UL 331-1997使用无水液氨和液化石油气的动力操纵泵(Power-operated pumps for anhydrous ammonia and LP-gas ) 标准号：UL 51-2002电动链锯(Electric chain saws ) 标准号：UL 1662-1994由蓄电池供电的污水清洁器特殊要求(Particular requirements for battery-operated drain cleaners ) 标准号：UL 745-4-35-1995固态风扇速度控制器(Solid-state fan speed controls ) 标准号：UL 1917-1994通过更迭制冷剂对产品进行现场转换和改型.过程和方法(Fieldconversion/retrofit of products to change to an alternative refrigerant - Procedures and methods ) 标准号：UL 2172-1993地下室和档案室门的耐火性试验(Tests for fire resistance of vault and file room doors ) 标准号：UL 155-2000通信电缆(Communications cables ) 标准号：UL 444-2002消防泵减压阀(Fire pumps relief valves ) 标准号：UL 1478-1995加热和冷却设备(Heating and cooling equipment ) 标准号：UL 1995-1995锂蓄电池组(Lithium batteries ) 标准号：UL 1642-1995Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级气体燃烧设备用通风系统(Venting systems for gas-burning appliances, categories II, III, and IV ) 标准号：UL 1738-1993连接警察局的防盗报警装置(Police station connected burglar alarm units and systems ) 标准号：UL 365-1997液化石油气用引线和挠性软管连接器(Pigtails and flexible hose connectors forLP-gas ) 标准号：UL 569-1995处理过的固体燃料燃材(Processed solid-fuel firelogs ) 标准号：UL 2115-1999电动增压器和商业贮水式水加热器(Electric booster and commercial storage tank water heaters ) 标准号：UL 1453-1995布线用挠性非金属导线管(Flexible nonmetallic tubing for electric wiring ) 标准号：UL 3-1999防火设备用喷水雾咀(Water mist nozzles for fire protection service ) 标准号：UL 2167-2002回流专用止回阀的阀身强度和液压损失率检验(Strength of body and hydraulic pressure loss testing of backflow special check valves ) 标准号：UL 1469-1995高强度放电灯具(High intensity discharge lighting fixtures ) 标准号：UL 1572-1995可燃液体和无水液氨用滤净器(Strainers for flammable fluids and anhydrous ammonia ) 标准号：UL 331-1997使用无水液氨和液化石油气的动力操纵泵(Power-operated pumps for anhydrous ammonia and LP-gas ) 标准号：UL 51-2002电动链锯(Electric chain saws ) 标准号：UL 1662-1994由蓄电池供电的污水清洁器特殊要求(Particular requirements for battery-operated drain cleaners ) 标准号：UL 745-4-35-1995固态风扇速度控制器(Solid-state fan speed controls ) 标准号：UL 1917-1994通过更迭制冷剂对产品进行现场转换和改型.过程和方法(Fieldconversion/retrofit of products to change to an alternative refrigerant - Procedures and methods ) 标准号：UL 2172-1993回复引用TOPsarah_zy 发短消息加为好友sarah_zy 当前离线UID6 帖子307 精华5 积分25767 阅读权限100 在线时间46 小时注册时间2008-12-20 最后登录2010-7-31版主威望2715 金钱20158 贡献4500 阅读权限100 注册时间2008-12-20 3# 发表于2009-1-4 12:28 | 只看该作者踩窝窝送礼物问候Ta 地下室和档案室门的耐火性试验(Tests for fire resistance of vault and file room doors )标准号：UL 155-2000通信电缆(Communications cables ) 标准号：UL 444-2002消防泵减压阀(Fire pumps relief valves ) 标准号：UL 1478-1995加热和冷却设备(Heating and cooling equipment ) 标准号：UL 1995-1995锂蓄电池组(Lithium batteries ) 标准号：UL 1642-1995工厂继第三方认证后制造的便携式灭火器(Factory follow-up on third party certified portable fire extinguishers ) 标准号：UL 1803-1994防火设备用直接控制的减压阀和压力控制阀(Direct acting pressure reducing and pressure restricting valves ) 标准号：UL 1468-1995家用和类似用途电器的安全.第2部分:电动压缩机的特殊要求(Household and similar electrical appliances - Part 2: Particular requirements for motor-compressors ) 标准号：UL 60335-2-34-20022类1级、2级和3级危险场所用电气设备(Electrical equipment for use in class I and class II, division 2, and class III hazardous (classified) locations ) 标准号：UL 1604-1994危险场所用电加热器(Electric heaters for use in hazardous (classified) locations ) 标准号：UL 823-1995通过更迭制冷剂对产品进行现场转换和改型.结构和操作(Fieldconversion/retrofit of products to change to an alternative refrigerant - Construction and Operation ) 标准号：UL 2170-1993燃油锅炉组合装置(Oil-fired boiler assemblies ) 标准号：UL 726-1995标记和标签体系(Marking and labeling systems ) 标准号：UL 969-1995船用(美国海岸警卫队A型)挠性燃油软管(Marine (USCG Type A) flexiblefuel-line hose ) 标准号：UL 1114-1984L型低温通风系统(Type L, low-temperature venting systems ) 标准号：UL 641-1995无阴极射线管显示器的低压视频产品(Low-voltage video products without cathode-ray-tube displays ) 标准号：UL 1409-1997电气测量和试验设备.第1部分:一般要求(Electrical measuring and test equipment - Part 1: General requirements ) 标准号：UL 3111-1-1994专用防盗报警装置和系统(Proprietary burglar alarm units and systems ) 标准号：UL 1076-1995家用电灶与安全有关的固态控制器(Safety-related solid-state controls for household electric ranges ) 标准号：UL 858A-1995使用家具量热器对带床上用品床垫的燃烧试验(Fire test of mattresses with bedclothes using a furniture calorimeter ) 标准号：UL 2060-1999爆炸性气体环境用电气设备.第18部分:封装"m" (Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 18: Encapsulation "m" ) 标准号：UL 60079-18-2002家用电动机操作食品加工机械(Motor-operated household food preparing machines ) 标准号：UL 982-1995排烟和加热用自动开关屋顶通风孔(Automatically operated roof vents for smoke and heat ) 标准号：UL 793-1995快速抑止快速喷水器(Early-suppression fast-response sprinklers ) 标准号：UL 1767-1995电力热油器(Electric oil heaters ) 标准号：UL 574-1996监视用闭路电视设备(Surveillance closed circuit television equipment ) 标准号：UL 3044-1994防火离心泵驱动用柴油机(Diesel engines for driving centrifugal fire pumps )标准号：UL 1247-1995高压清洗机(High-pressure cleaning machines ) 标准号：UL 1776-2002屋顶板结构的防火试验(Fire test of roof deck constructions ) 标准号：UL 1256-2002中心站自动系统(Central station automation systems ) 标准号：UL 1981-1994消防装置用自动供水控制阀报警附件(Alarm accessories for automaticwater-supply control valves for fire protection service ) 标准号：UL 753-1995压缩空气管耐火焰和烟雾性能的火灾试验(Fire test of pneumatic tubing for flame and smoke characteristics ) 标准号：UL 1820-1994夜间照明灯具(Nightlights ) 标准号：UL 1786-1995白炽灯具(Incandescent lighting fixtures ) 标准号：UL 1571-199540号和80号硬聚氯乙烯导管(Schedule 40 and 80, rigid PVC conduit ) 标准号：UL 651-1995电子快联终端(Electrical quick-connect terminals ) 标准号：UL 310-1995管道热回收通风机(Ducted heat recovery ventilators ) 标准号：UL 1812-1995针式和套管型插头、插孔和电缆连接器(Plugs, receptacles, and cable connectors, of the pin and sleeve type ) 标准号：UL 1682-1993外科用织物的燃烧试验(Fire tests of surgical fabrics ) 标准号：UL 2154-2000石油产品、酒精和酒精汽油混合物用玻璃纤维增强塑料地下贮罐(Glass-fiber-reinforced plastic underground storage tanks for petroleum products, alcohols, and alcohol-gasoline mixtures ) 标准号：UL 1316-1994油水分离设备和油量计(Oily water separating equipment and oil content meters ) 标准号：UL 1504-1999卤化剂灭火器(Halogenated agent fire extinguishers ) 标准号：UL 1093-1995防弹设备(Bullet-resisting equipment ) 标准号：UL 752-2000聚合材料.卷材(Polymeric materials - Coil forms ) 标准号：UL 1692-1999照明控制用非工业光电开关(Nonindustrial photoelectric switches for lighting control ) 标准号：UL 773A-1995爆炸性气体环境用电气设备.第7部分:安全性增强的"e" (Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 7: Increased safety "e" ) 标准号：UL60079-7-2002压力锅(Pressure cookers ) 标准号：UL 136-2002润滑脂导管(Grease ducts ) 标准号：UL 1978-2002电动水泵(Motor-operated water pumps ) 标准号：UL 778-2002聚合材料.快速性能评定(Polymeric materials - Short term property evaluations ) 标准号：UL 746A-2000电容器(Capacitors ) 标准号：UL 810-1995燃油储存箱水加热器(Oil-fired storage tank water heaters ) 标准号：UL 732-1995荧光照明设备(Fluorescent lighting fixtures ) 标准号：UL 1570-1995制冰机(Ice makers ) 标准号：UL 563-1995卤化剂灭火系统设备(Halogenated agent extinguishing systems units ) 标准号：UL 1058-1995K类熔断器(Class K fuses ) 标准号：UL 198D-1995消防设备用液压控制的压力控制阀(Pilot-operated pressure-control valves for fire-protection service ) 标准号：UL 1739-1994微波烹调用具(Microwave cooking appliances ) 标准号：UL 923-2002危险(分类的)场所用插座插头组合件(Receptacle-plug combinations for use in hazardous (classified) locations ) 标准号：UL 1010-1995数字警报传输系统设备(Digital alarm communicator system units ) 标准号：UL 1635-1996空气过滤器组件(Air filter units ) 标准号：UL 900-1994线路(Busways ) 标准号：UL 857-2001柴油机中驱动离心点火泵用电池接头标准(Standard for battery contactors for use in diesel engines driving centrifugal fire pumps ) 标准号：UL 218A-1994非金属电缆托架系统(Non-metallic cable tray systems ) 标准号：UL 568-2002充气艇(Inflatable boats ) 标准号：UL 1506-1984家用和类似用途电自动控制器.第2-3部分:管状荧光灯镇流器用热防护器的特殊要求(Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use - Part 2: Particular requirements for thermal protectors for ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps ) 标准号：UL 60730-2-3-2002爆炸性气体环境用电气设备.第5部分:粉末填充"q" (Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 5: Powder filling "q" ) 标准号：UL60079-5-2002实验室用电气设备.第2部分:用有毒气体处理医用材料和实验室过程用高压釜和灭菌器的特殊要求(Electrical equipment for laboratory use - Part 2: Particular requirements for autoclaves and sterilizers using toxic gas for the treatment of medical materials and for laboratory processes ) 标准号：UL 61010A-2-042-2002程序控制(Process control ) 标准号：UL 61010C-1-2002电磁干扰滤波器(Electromagnetic interference filters ) 标准号：UL 1283-1998家用和类似用途电自动控制器.第2-6部分:包括机械要求的自动电压敏控制装置的特殊要求(Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use - Part 2: Particular requirements for automatic electrical pressure sensing controls includingmechanical requirements ) 标准号：UL 60730-2-6-2002干式化学灭火器(Dry chemical fire extinguishers ) 标准号：UL 299-2002船用发动机排湿部件(Wet exhaust components for marine engines ) 标准号：UL 1129-1999阴极射线管的机械安全(Mechanical safety of cathode ray tubes ) 标准号：UL 61965-2001防盗窗用玻璃材料(Burglary resisting glazing material ) 标准号：UL 972-2002Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类部件１灾害设定位置用内在安全装置和附件(Intrinsically safe apparatus and associated apparatus for use in class I, II and III, division 1, hazardous (classified) locations ) 标准号：UL 913-2002电气测量和试验用手持式探测器组合件(Hand-held probe assemblies for electrical measurement and test ) 标准号：UL 3111-2-031-2001耐火润滑脂输送管道附件的试验(Tests of fire resistive grease duct enclosure )标准号：UL 2221-2001实验室防护罩和安全柜(Laboratory Hoods and Cabinets ) 标准号：UL1805-2002船用低压照明设备(Low voltage marine lighting fixtures ) 标准号：UL1149-1994绕性金属线(Fixture wire ) 标准号：UL 62-2002理发器具和刮脸用具(Hair clipping and shaving appliances ) 标准号：UL 1028-1995柔性照明制品(Flexible lighting products ) 标准号：UL 2388-2002电辐射加热板和加热板组件(Electric radiant heating panels and heating panel sets ) 标准号：UL 1693-2002模制断路器,模制开关器和断路器外壳(Molded-case circuit breakers, molded-case switches, and circuit-breaker enclosures ) 标准号：UL 489-2002开放型开关(Open type switches ) 标准号：UL 98A-2002低电压照明系统(Low voltage lighting systems ) 标准号：UL 2108-2001电动车辆供电线路的人员保护系统.一般要求(Personnel protection systems for electric vehicle (EV) supply circuits - General requirements ) 标准号：UL2231-1-2002结构钢防护材料的快速升温燃烧试验(Rapid rise fire tests of protection materials for structural steel ) 标准号：UL 1709-1994器具的开关(Switches for appliances ) 标准号：UL 61058-1-2002充电的发动机起动电池组用蓄电池充电器(Battery chargers for chargingengine-starter batteries ) 标准号：UL 1236-2002房门,帷幔,大门,气窗和窗户的控制器及控制装置(Door, drapery, gate, louver, and window operators and systems ) 标准号：UL 325-2002非金属护套电缆(Nonmetallic-sheathed cables ) 标准号：UL 719-2002电动车辆供电线路的人员保护系统.充电系统用保护装置的特殊要求(Personnel protection systems for electric vehicle (EV) supply circuits - Particular requirements for protective devices for use in charging systems ) 标准号：UL 2231-2-2002实验室用电气设备.第2部分:混合和搅拌用实验室设备的特殊要求(Electrical equipment for laboratory use - Part 2: Particular requirements for laboratory equipment for mixing and stirring ) 标准号：UL 61010A-2-051-2002船用电缆(Electrical cables for boats ) 标准号：UL 1426-2001实验室用电气设备.第2部分:医用材料处理和实验室作业用蒸汽高压釜的特殊要求(Electrical equipment for laboratory use - Part 2: Particular requirements for autoclaves using steam for the treatment of medical materials and for laboratory processes ) 标准号：UL 61010A-2-041-2002电力转换设备(Power conversion equipment ) 标准号：UL 508C-2002家用和类似用途的电子控制器.第一部分:通用要求(Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use - Part 2: Particular requirements for electrically operated water valves, including mechanical requirements ) 标准号：UL8730-2-8-1995设备的泄漏电流(Leakage current for appliances ) 标准号：UL 101-2002终端接线盒(Terminal blocks ) 标准号：UL 1059-2001用户进线电缆(Service-entrance cables ) 标准号：UL 854-1999人造家用天花板的抗剪切试验(Shear resistance tests for ceiling boards for manufactured homes ) 标准号：UL 1296-1996家用和类似用途的电自动控制器.第2部分:密封和半密封式电动压缩机的电动机热保护装置的特殊要求(Automatic electrical controls for household and similar use - Part 2: Particular requirements for thermal motor protectors for motor-compressors of hermetic and semi-hermetic type ) 标准号：UL 60730-2-4-2003圣诞树和装饰灯配件(Seasonal and holiday decorative products ) 标准号：UL 588-2000实验室用电气设备.第2部分:带热喷雾和电离的实验室原子分光计的特殊要求(Electrical equipment for laboratory use - Part 2: Particular requirements for laboratory atomic spectrometers with thermal atomization and ionization ) 标准号：UL 61010A-2-061-2002热绝缘线和电缆(Thermoset-insulated wires and cables ) 标准号：UL 44-1999 引线和套管配置(Pin and sleeve configurations ) 标准号：UL 1686-1998屋面系统的上升试验(Uplift tests for roof covering systems ) 标准号：UL1897-1998与音频、视频和电视类设备一起使用的公共机构的大拖车(Tall institutional carts for use with audio-, video-, and television-type equipment ) 标准号：UL1667-1996自动对讲系统(Automated teller systems ) 标准号：UL 291-2001便携式电动工具(Portable electric tools ) 标准号：UL 45-1997固定金属线(Fixture Wire ) 标准号：UL 66-2002小聚合合成材料可燃性试验(Tests for flammability of small polymeric component materials ) 标准号：UL 1694-2002电动操作商用食品制作机械(Motor-operated commercial food preparing machines ) 标准号：UL 763-2000内部精整材料的燃烧试验(Fire test of interior finish material ) 标准号：UL 1715-1997易燃和可燃液体及液化石油气用流量计(Meters for flammable and combustible liquids and LP-gas ) 标准号：UL 25-2003自镇流灯泡及其适配器(Self-ballasted lamps and lamp adapters ) 标准号：UL 1993-1993平板光电器件组件和配电盘(Flat-plate photovoltaic modules and panels ) 标。
防雷检测论文
防雷检测论文引言在现代社会中，雷电灾害对人们的生活、财产和交通都会带来巨大的危害。
为了减少雷电灾害造成的损失，研究防雷技术成为了迫切的需求。
本文旨在探讨防雷检测技术的发展和应用，以及现有的防雷措施的不足之处，提出一种新的防雷检测方法。
防雷检测技术的发展和应用传统的防雷检测方法传统的防雷检测方法包括雷电定位系统和雷电检测器。
雷电定位系统通过对雷电电磁场的监测和分析，可以精确定位雷电击中点。
雷电检测器则通过监测大气电场和电流的变化，来判断是否有雷电活动发生。
传统的防雷检测方法已经取得了一定的成果，但仍存在一些不足之处。
不足之处传统的防雷检测方法存在以下不足之处： 1. 定位精度不高：传统的雷电定位系统对于较远距离的雷电击中点定位精度有限，无法提供实时、精确的击中点定位信息。
2. 反应缓慢：传统的雷电检测器对雷电活动的反应速度相对较慢，无法及时判断并采取防护措施。
3. 无法预测：传统的方法只能检测到雷电活动发生后的情况，无法提前预测雷电活动的发生，限制了防雷能力的提升。
新的防雷检测方法为了克服传统方法的不足，本文提出了一种新的防雷检测方法。
该方法结合了雷电定位系统、雷电检测器和机器学习算法，提高了防雷能力和响应速度。
具体的步骤如下： 1. 雷电定位系统采集雷电电磁场数据，并进行实时分析。
2. 雷电检测器监测大气电场和电流变化，实时判断雷电活动的发生。
3. 机器学习算法根据已有的数据训练模型，预测雷电活动发生的概率和位置。
4. 当雷电活动发生的概率超过预设阈值时，发出预警信号并采取相应的防护措施。
实验结果和分析为了验证新的防雷检测方法的有效性，我们进行了一系列实验。
实验结果表明，该方法能够在大大降低误判率的情况下，提高雷电击中点的定位精度和响应速度。
与传统方法相比，新的方法具有明显的优势，可以更好地确保人们的生命财产安全。
结论本文针对传统防雷检测方法存在的不足，提出了一种新的防雷检测方法，并进行了实验证明了其有效性。
山西省两套闪电定位系统地闪监测结果对比
第３８卷 第２期２０２０年４月干 旱 气 象ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｒｉｄＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙＶｏｌ．３８ Ｎｏ．２Ａｐｒｉｌ，２０２０张华明，钱 勇，刘恒毅，等．山西省两套闪电定位系统地闪监测结果对比［Ｊ］．干旱气象，２０２０，３８（２）：３４６－３５２，［ＺＨＡＮＧＨｕａｍｉｎｇ，ＱＩＡＮＹｏｎｇ，ＬＩＵＨｅｎｇｙｉ，ｅｔａｌ．ＣｏｍｐａｒａｔｉｖｅＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＤｅｔｅｃｔｅｄＣｌｏｕｄ－ｔｏ－ｇｒｏｕｎｄＬｉｇｈｔｎｉｎｇＤａｔａｂｙＴｗｏＬｉｇｈｔｎｉｎｇＰｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇＳｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎＳｈａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｒｉｄＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙ，２０２０，３８（２）：３４６－３５２］，ＤＯＩ：１０．１１７５５／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００６－７６３９（２０２０）－０２－０３４６山西省两套闪电定位系统地闪监测结果对比张华明１，钱 勇２，刘恒毅３，田瑞敏１，李 强１，胡俊青１（１．山西省气象灾害防御技术中心，山西 太原 ０３０００２；２．新疆气象灾害防御技术中心，新疆 乌鲁木齐 ８３０００１；３．中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室，北京 １０００８１）摘 要：利用山西省ＡＤＴＤ与ＶＬＦ三维闪电定位系统２０１７年探测的地闪资料和雷灾记录，对地闪的时空分布特征及电流强度进行对比分析。
结果表明：三维定位系统对山西地闪的探测效率高于ＡＤＴＤ系统，探测的闪电数是ＡＤＴＤ系统的２倍，且对雷电灾害的定位精度高于ＡＤＴＤ系统；两套系统地闪的日变化（正地闪除外）、月分布特征及峰值时间基本一致；三维系统的闪电密度３．０ｆｌ·ｋｍ－２·ａ－１以上高值区域较ＡＤＴＤ系统显著增加，０．３ｆｌ·ｋｍ－２·ａ－１以下极小值范围大幅度减少。
关键词：闪电定位系统；地闪；时空分布；电流强度文章编号：１００６－７６３９（２０２０）０２－０３４６－０７ ＤＯＩ：１０．１１７５５／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００６－７６３９（２０２０）－０２－０３４６中图分类号：Ｐ４２７．３２ 文献标志码：Ａ 收稿日期：２０１９－０４－１０；改回日期：２０１９－０５－２７ 基金项目：山西省气象局重点项目（ＳＸＫＺＤＤＷ２０２０５２０４）资助 作者简介：张华明（１９８０—），男，硕士，正研级高级工程师，主要从事气象灾害防御研究．Ｅ－ｍａｉｌ：ｚｈａｎｇｈｕａｍｉｎｇ９８０＠１６３．ｃｏｍ。
介绍3种自然灾害英语作文初一
介绍3种自然灾害英语作文初一全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Introduction to 3 Natural DisastersNatural disasters are events that occur due to natural processes of the Earth, leading to severe consequences for human lives, property, and the environment. In this article, we will introduce three common natural disasters: earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods.1. EarthquakesEarthquakes are sudden and violent shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates beneath the Earth's surface. The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale, with higher numbers indicating more severe shaking. Earthquakes can result in buildings collapsing, landslides, tsunamis, and other destructive consequences.One of the most famous earthquakes in recent history was the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, which triggered a massive tsunami that caused widespread devastation and loss of life. Earthquake-resistant building techniques and early warningsystems have been developed to mitigate the impact of earthquakes, but they remain a significant threat in many regions of the world.2. HurricanesHurricanes, also known as typhoons or cyclones, are intense tropical storms with powerful winds and heavy rainfall. These storms form over warm ocean waters and can cause widespread destruction when they make landfall. The Saffir-Simpson scale is used to classify hurricanes based on their wind speed, with Category 5 being the strongest.Hurricane Katrina, which struck the Gulf Coast of the United States in 2005, was one of the most destructive hurricanes in history, causing massive flooding and damage to infrastructure. Hurricane preparedness and evacuation plans are essential to protect lives and property during these dangerous storms.3. FloodsFloods occur when an area of land becomes submerged in water, either due to heavy rainfall, rivers overflowing their banks, or storm surges from hurricanes. Flash floods can happen suddenly and without warning, posing a significant risk to people and communities. Floods can cause damage to homes,agriculture, and infrastructure, as well as contaminate water sources and spread diseases.The 1931 China floods were one of the deadliest natural disasters in history, affecting millions of people and causing widespread devastation. Flood protection measures such as levees, dams, and drainage systems are crucial for minimizing the impact of floods and protecting vulnerable communities.In conclusion, earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods are three of the most common natural disasters that pose a threat to communities around the world. Understanding the risks and implementing effective mitigation strategies can help to reduce the impact of these disasters and protect lives and property. It is essential to be prepared and stay informed to ensure the safety and resilience of communities in the face of these natural hazards.篇2Introduction to Three Types of Natural DisastersNatural disasters are catastrophic events that occur due to natural processes of the Earth. They can cause immense destruction and loss of life, posing a significant threat to humansocieties. In this essay, we will introduce three types of natural disasters: earthquakes, hurricanes, and wildfires.1. EarthquakesEarthquakes are sudden and violent shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates beneath the Earth's surface. They can occur without warning and result in widespread damage to buildings, roads, and other infrastructure. The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the Richter scale, with higher numbers indicating a more powerful quake.One of the most devastating earthquakes in history was the Great Kanto earthquake that struck Japan in 1923. It had a magnitude of 7.9 and resulted in the deaths of over 100,000 people. The earthquake caused fires to break out across Tokyo and Yokohama, leading to further destruction.To mitigate the impact of earthquakes, countries prone to seismic activity have implemented building codes and early warning systems. These measures aim to reduce the vulnerability of structures and provide residents with sufficient time to evacuate to safety.2. HurricanesHurricanes are powerful tropical storms characterized by strong winds and heavy rainfall. They form over warm ocean waters and can cause widespread flooding and wind damage when they make landfall. The strength of a hurricane is measured on the Saffir-Simpson scale, with categories ranging from 1 to 5.Hurricane Katrina, which struck the Gulf Coast of the United States in 2005, was one of the costliest and deadliest hurricanes on record. The storm caused levee breaches in New Orleans, leading to catastrophic flooding and the displacement of thousands of residents.To prepare for hurricanes, coastal communities conduct evacuation drills and stock up on emergency supplies. Meteorologists closely monitor storm systems and issue warnings to alert residents of potential threats. Additionally, infrastructure improvements, such as the construction of stronger levees and flood barriers, can help mitigate the impact of hurricanes.3. WildfiresWildfires are uncontrolled fires that spread rapidly through forests, grasslands, and other natural areas. They can be ignited by lightning strikes, human activities, or other sources, and can quickly engulf vast tracts of land. Wildfires release large amountsof smoke and ash into the air, posing a health risk to nearby communities.The 2019-2020 Australian bushfire season was one of the most destructive in history, burning over 18 million acres of land and destroying thousands of homes. The wildfires also led to the loss of an estimated 1 billion animals and caused air quality to plummet in major cities.To prevent wildfires, governments implement fire prevention measures such as controlled burns and forest management practices. Residents living in wildfire-prone areas are advised to create defensible space around their homes and have evacuation plans in place. Additionally, early detection systems and firefighting resources are essential for containing wildfires before they escalate.In conclusion, natural disasters are unpredictable events that can have devastating consequences for communities worldwide. By understanding the different types of natural disasters and implementing mitigation strategies, we can better prepare for and respond to these catastrophic events.提供参考:The above text is for reference only, and the actual content will vary with the input you provide.篇3Natural disasters are events caused by natural processes that result in widespread destruction and loss of life. There are many different types of natural disasters, each with its own unique characteristics and impacts. In this essay, I will introduce three common types of natural disasters: earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods.Earthquakes are one of the most powerful and devastating natural disasters. They occur when two tectonic plates shift and release a massive amount of energy, causing the ground to shake. Earthquakes can range in severity from mild tremors to catastrophic events that destroy entire cities. The primary effects of earthquakes include building collapse, landslides, and tsunamis. The secondary effects, such as fires and disease outbreaks, can further worsen the situation.Hurricanes are large, rotating storms that form over warm ocean waters. They are characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and storm surges. Hurricanes can cause widespread flooding, damage to buildings and infrastructure, and power outages. The most powerful hurricanes, known as Category 5 storms, can have winds exceeding 157 miles per hour. In addition to theimmediate impacts, hurricanes can also lead to long-term economic and social disruptions.Floods are another common type of natural disaster that occur when an area receives an excessive amount of rain in a short period of time. This can result in rivers overflowing their banks, flash floods, and mudslides. Floods can cause significant damage to homes, crops, and infrastructure. They can also pose a serious threat to human life, as people may become trapped in their homes or vehicles. In addition, floods can contaminate water sources and spread waterborne diseases.In conclusion, earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods are three of the most destructive natural disasters that can occur. They have the potential to cause immense damage to communities and disrupt the lives of millions of people. It is important for governments, organizations, and individuals to be prepared for these disasters and take steps to mitigate their impacts. By understanding the characteristics of each type of natural disaster and implementing appropriate measures, we can help reduce the devastation they cause and protect lives and property.。
关于森林火灾英语作文
Forest Fires: A Global Challenge andSolutionsForest fires are a global challenge that poses a significant threat to the environment, ecosystems, and human well-being. These fires, often caused by natural factors such as lightning strikes or human activities like careless burning, can destroy vast tracts of forestland, leading to loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and climate change.The impact of forest fires is not limited to the immediate area affected. The smoke and emissions from these fires can travel long distances, affecting air quality and human health. Furthermore, the loss of forests reduces carbon sequestration, contributing to global warming and climate change.To address this global challenge, it is crucial to adopt a multifaceted approach that includes prevention, mitigation, and post-fire recovery. Prevention efforts should focus on reducing human-caused fires through education, enforcement of laws, and promoting sustainable land use practices. Mitigation strategies include buildingfirebreaks, enhancing early detection systems, and improving fire suppression capabilities. Post-fire recovery efforts aim to restore damaged ecosystems and support the recovery of affected communities.International cooperation is also crucial in addressing forest fires. Sharing best practices, technologies, and resources can help countries build more resilient forest ecosystems. Furthermore, global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions can help mitigate the impact of climate change, which is a key driver of forest fires.In conclusion, forest fires are a global challenge that requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders. By adopting a multifaceted approach that includes prevention, mitigation, and post-fire recovery, and by promoting international cooperation, we can protect our forest ecosystems and mitigate the impact of climate change.**森林火灾：全球挑战与解决方案**森林火灾是全球性的挑战，对环境、生态系统和人类福祉构成了严重威胁。
防森林火灾的英语作文
防森林火灾的英语作文Title: Preventing Forest Fires。
Introduction:Forest fires pose a significant threat to the environment, wildlife, and human life. They can devastate vast areas of forest, destroy habitats, and contribute to air pollution. Preventing forest fires is crucial for preserving biodiversity and protecting communities. In this essay, we will explore effective measures to prevent forest fires and mitigate their impact.Causes of Forest Fires:Forest fires can be caused by various factors,including natural phenomena such as lightning strikes and human activities like campfires, discarded cigarettes, and arson. Additionally, dry weather conditions and high temperatures can increase the likelihood of fires spreadingrapidly.Preventive Measures:1. Public Education: Educating the public about the dangers of forest fires and how they can be prevented is essential. This includes teaching proper fire safety practices, such as extinguishing campfires completely and disposing of cigarette butts responsibly.2. Strict Regulations: Enforcing strict regulations regarding activities that could potentially start fires, such as campfires and fireworks, is crucial. Penalties for violating these regulations should be significant to deter irresponsible behavior.3. Firebreaks and Clearing Vegetation: Creating firebreaks and clearing vegetation around populated areas can help prevent fires from spreading. These measures create barriers that can slow down or stop the progress of a fire, giving firefighters a better chance of containing it.4. Early Detection Systems: Implementing early detection systems, such as lookout towers and aerial surveillance, can help identify and respond to firesquickly before they escalate. This allows firefighters to intervene early and prevent small fires from becominglarge-scale disasters.5. Community Involvement: Engaging local communities in forest fire prevention efforts is vital. This can include organizing volunteer groups to monitor fire-prone areas, participate in cleanup activities, and assist firefighters during emergencies.6. Prescribed Burns: Conducting controlled or prescribed burns under carefully managed conditions can reduce the accumulation of flammable vegetation and lower the risk of catastrophic wildfires. These controlled burns mimic natural fire cycles and help maintain healthy ecosystems.7. Investment in Firefighting Resources: Adequatefunding and resources should be allocated to firefighting agencies to ensure they have the equipment, personnel, and training necessary to respond effectively to forest fires. This includes investing in firefighting aircraft, vehicles, and protective gear.Conclusion:Preventing forest fires requires a combination of education, regulation, early detection, community involvement, and investment in firefighting resources. By implementing these measures effectively, we can minimize the occurrence and impact of forest fires, protect our natural environment, and safeguard lives and property. It is essential for governments, communities, and individuals to work together to address this critical issue and ensure the long-term health and sustainability of our forests.。
森林火灾英语作文
Forest fires are a devastating natural phenomenon that can cause extensive damage to ecosystems,wildlife,and human communities.Heres a detailed essay on forest fires, discussing their causes,effects,and prevention measures.Title:The Impact of Forest FiresIntroduction:Forest fires,also known as wildfires,are uncontrolled fires that occur in areas with dense vegetation.They are a significant environmental concern due to their potential to destroy large tracts of forests,release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,and threaten the lives of both humans and animals.Causes of Forest Fires:1.Natural Causes:Lightning strikes can ignite dry vegetation,especially during periods of drought.2.Human Activities:Careless disposal of cigarettes,unattended campfires,and even intentional arson can start a forest fire.3.Climate Change:Rising temperatures and prolonged dry seasons increase the risk of fires by making vegetation more susceptible to ignition.Effects of Forest Fires:1.Environmental Impact:Forest fires can lead to soil erosion,loss of habitat for wildlife, and longterm changes in the ecosystem.2.Air Quality:The smoke produced by forest fires contains harmful pollutants that can affect air quality and contribute to respiratory problems.3.Economic Impact:Forest fires can result in significant economic losses,including damage to property,loss of timber resources,and costs associated with firefighting efforts.Prevention and Management:1.Public Awareness:Educating the public about the dangers of forest fires and how to prevent them is crucial.2.Firebreaks:Creating firebreaks,which are areas where vegetation is removed or thinned,can help to slow the spread of a fire.3.Early Detection Systems:Implementing technology such as satellite monitoring and drones can help detect fires early,allowing for a quicker response.4.Forest Management:Regular maintenance of forests,including controlled burns and selective logging,can reduce the fuel available for fires.Recovery and Restoration:1.Replanting Efforts:After a fire,reforestation is necessary to restore the ecosystem and prevent soil erosion.2.Soil Conservation:Measures such as mulching and the use of erosion control blankets can help protect the soil until new vegetation is established.3.Wildlife Rehabilitation:Programs to rescue and rehabilitate wildlife affected by the fires are essential for the recovery of the ecosystem.Conclusion:While forest fires are a natural part of many ecosystems,their increasing frequency and intensity due to human activities and climate change are a cause for concern.It is essential to implement effective prevention and management strategies to mitigate the impacts of these fires and protect our forests for future generations.。
防雷电的英语小作文
防雷电的英语小作文Title: Preventing Lightning Strikes。
Lightning is a natural phenomenon that can be both awe-inspiring and dangerous. It is essential to take precautions to protect ourselves and our property from the devastating effects of lightning strikes. In this essay, we will explore various methods and strategies for preventing lightning strikes and minimizing their impact.First and foremost, one of the most effective ways to prevent lightning strikes is to stay informed about weather conditions. Weather forecasts and lightning detection systems can provide valuable information about the likelihood of lightning in your area. By staying aware of approaching storms, you can take proactive measures to reduce the risk of being caught outdoors during a lightning event.Another important aspect of lightning safety is seekingshelter in a sturdy building or a fully enclosed vehicle when thunderstorms are nearby. A substantial structure with wiring and plumbing provides a pathway for lightning to safely reach the ground, reducing the risk of injury or damage to occupants. It is crucial to avoid seeking shelter under trees or in open structures, as these offer little to no protection from lightning strikes.In addition to seeking proper shelter, there are several steps you can take to minimize the risk oflightning damage to your property. Installing a lightning protection system, consisting of lightning rods and conductors, can help to safely dissipate the electrical charge from a lightning strike and prevent fires or structural damage. These systems are particularlybeneficial for tall structures such as buildings, towers, and antennas, which are more vulnerable to lightning strikes.Furthermore, unplugging electronic devices and appliances during thunderstorms can help to prevent damage from power surges caused by lightning strikes. Lightning-induced power surges can damage sensitive electronics and appliances, leading to costly repairs or replacements. By disconnecting these devices from power sources, you can reduce the risk of damage and minimize potential financial losses.In addition to protecting property, it is essential to prioritize personal safety during thunderstorms. Avoiding activities such as swimming, boating, or engaging in outdoor sports during thunderstorms can significantly reduce the risk of being struck by lightning. If you are caught outdoors during a thunderstorm and unable to reach shelter, crouching low to the ground and minimizing contact with the earth's surface can reduce the likelihood of being struck by lightning.Education and awareness are also key components of lightning safety. Teaching children and adults alike about the dangers of lightning and how to stay safe during thunderstorms can help to prevent accidents and injuries. This includes recognizing the signs of an approaching thunderstorm, understanding the principles of lightningprotection, and knowing what to do in the event of a lightning strike.In conclusion, preventing lightning strikes requires a combination of proactive measures, proper shelter, and awareness of weather conditions. By staying informed, seeking appropriate shelter, protecting property, prioritizing personal safety, and promoting education and awareness, we can minimize the risks associated with lightning and ensure the safety of ourselves and our communities.。
森林防火作文材料
森林防火作文材料As the world grapples with the devastating effects of climate change, the issue of forest fires looms large as a major concern. 森林火灾是一种可怕的自然灾害，它给人类和自然环境造成了巨大的破坏。
Forest fires not only cause loss of life and property, but also lead to the destruction of valuable ecosystems and wildlife habitats. 森林火灾不仅破坏了人类的生命和财产，还导致了宝贵的生态系统和野生动物栖息地的破坏。
The impact of forest fires is felt far and wide, affecting not only the immediate area of the fire, but also the air quality, climate, and economy of the region. 森林火灾的影响远达远，不仅影响火灾范围内的区域，还影响了空气质量、气候和经济。
One of the primary causes of forest fires is human activity, such as improper disposal of cigarette butts, campfires left unattended, and intentional arson. 森林火灾的主要原因之一是人类活动，比如不当处理烟头、撤离露营地火堆以及蓄意纵火。
Education and awareness are key in preventing human-caused forest fires, as people need to be informed about the potential consequences of their actions in the wilderness. 教育和意识是防止人为森林火灾的关键，因为人们需要了解自己行为可能带来的潜在后果。
可见光传感器的英语
可见光传感器的英语English:A visible light sensor, also known as a light-to-voltage sensor, is a semiconductor device that detects and measures light. These sensors are widely used in various applications, including mobile phones, digital cameras, and ambient light monitoring systems. They work by converting the intensity of light into an electrical signal, which can then be processed and used for various purposes. The main principle behind these sensors is the photoelectric effect, where photons from light interact with the semiconductor material and cause the release of electrons, generating a current in the process. This current is then measured and converted into a voltage signal, providing a quantitative measure of the light intensity. Visible light sensors come in different types, such as photodiodes, phototransistors, and photoresistors, each with its own advantages and limitations. Overall, these sensors play a crucial role in enabling devices and systems to perceive and respond to the surrounding light conditions, contributing to the improvement of user experience and energy efficiency.Translated content:可见光传感器，也被称为光电压传感器，是一种半导体器件，用于检测和测量光线。
五年级英语小报介绍闪电
五年级英语介绍闪电的小报Lightning is a naturally occurring electrical discharge in the atmosphere. It is usually seen during thunderstorms when there is a build-up of electrical charges in the clouds. When the charges become too great, a flash of light, or lightning, occurs as the electrical current jumps from cloud to cloud or from cloud to ground.The science behind lightning is fascinating. As rain forms in clouds, small particles of ice and water bump into each other and become electrically charged. The lighter, positively charged particles rise to the top of the cloud, while the heavier, negatively charged particles sink to the bottom. This separation of charges creates an electrical field within the cloud.When the electrical field becomes strong enough, it can overcome the insulating properties of the air, causing a current of electricity to flow. This flow of electricity is what we see as lightning. The bright flash of light is caused by the intense heat generated by the electrical current. In fact, lightning can heat the air around it to temperatures five times hotter than the surface of the sun!There are different types of lightning, including cloud-to-cloud lightning, cloud-to-ground lightning, and even lightning that occurs within a single cloud. Cloud-to-ground lightning is the most dangerous type because it can strike objects on the ground, causing damage and even starting fires.Lightning is not only dangerous but also deadly. Each year, lightning kills dozens of people and injures hundreds more. That's why it's important to take precautions during thunderstorms. If you're outdoors, seek shelter in a building or under a tree (although it's best to avoid being near tall objects like trees during a storm). Stay away from metal objects likefences or golf clubs, which can conduct electricity. And never stand in water or on wet ground during a thunderstorm because water is a good conductor of electricity.Despite its dangers, lightning is also a beautiful and awe-inspiring natural phenomenon. Its powerful flashes of light can brighten up a dark sky and its rumbling thunder can be heard for miles around. Lightning has even inspired some people to create art or music inspired by its unique beauty.In conclusion, lightning is a fascinating but dangerous natural phenomenon that occurs during thunderstorms. It is caused by the build-up and discharge of electrical charges in the atmosphere and can take different forms depending on where it occurs within a storm system. While lightning can be beautiful to behold, it is also deadly and should be respected as such. By taking proper precautions during thunderstorms, we can enjoy the majesty of lightning while staying safe from its harmful effects.To further understand lightning and its effects on our world, scientists continue to study this phenomenon using advanced technology such as lightning detection systems and high-speed cameras. These tools help researchers to better understand the physics behind lightning and how it interacts with the atmosphere and Earth's surface. This knowledge not only improves our understanding of nature but also helps us to develop better ways to protect ourselves from lightning's dangers.As you learn more about lightning, remember to always stay safe during thunderstorms by following the advice mentioned earlier in this article. With proper precautions, you can appreciate the wonders of this amazing natural phenomenon without putting yourself at risk.。
Lightning Exporter 雷击导出器产品介绍说明书
Key benefits Reduced operational downtime Lightning Exporter lets you analyze detailed storm information in near real time, even when your asset may have just been compromised. You can make more-informed decisions to maximize productivity by dispatching people to the right asset at the right time. Greater protection from liability Dependable data about lightning type, location, and intensity can help determine the cause of a particular incident and help in designing a preventative plan of action. Increased asset reliability Lightning Exporter gives you access to extensive storm data near your wind farm assets — even those spread across multiple geographic regions — that can improve your emergency, maintenance, and operational asset management. Modern data, modern operations Lightning Exporter uses data from the Vaisala-managed Global Lightning Dataset (GLD360) and National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). No other networks are as reliable or cover the globe with such resolution and accuracy. Wherever you are, this outstanding data is at your fingertips.Enhanced reportingThe more accurate andcomprehensive the lightning datayou have to work with, the betterevaluations your reports andpresentations will deliver.Lightning Exporter, part of our Xweather family of subscription based products, puts Vaisala’s world-class lightning data at your fingertips through a modern web interface. Without any capital equipment expense, it provides easy access to our ever-expanding data repository, improving investigations and report credibility for management, legal teams, and external audiences.Lightning Exporter helps users conveniently preview and gather lightning data when, and how, you need it. This allows energy stakeholders to justify downtime, review procedures, identify potential asset damage, and guide investigation and repair projects. Vaisala Lightning Exporter for Wind Energy High-quality, accurate historical lightning data at your fingertips Product Spotlight/wind-energy Ref. B212501EN-B ©Vaisala 2022This material is subject to copyright protection, with all copyrights retained by Vaisala and its individual partners. All rights reserved. Any logos and/or product names are trademarks of Vaisala or its individual partners. The reproduction, transfer, distribution or storage of information contained in this brochure in any form without the prior written consent of Vaisala is strictly prohibited. All specifications — technical included — are subject to change without notice.Scan the code formore information Key features Dependable data with easy access to all the lightning events that occurred within your specified area and time period, with identified lightning characteristics that are accurate and reliable. Simple web-based interface that lets you easily gather comprehensive real-time and historical lightning data and export it in a file format you can easily use, offering access to lightning data from less than one minute ago all the way back to 2016.Multiple export formats from the web interface, including CSV and shapefile data formats, for use with your preferred analysis, presentation, report generation, or GIS tools.Applications• Build robust incident reporting data through a simple, easy-to-use web interface that allows you to compile the highly accurate lightning information you need for incident assessment, reporting, or presentations.• Incorporate comprehensive lightning information into your safety and asset planning reports to improve management of weather threats or incidents.• Investigate the potential risks of lightning damage to power generation assets and more with accurate maintenance or protection GIS reports.• Justify wind turbine investigation with an accurate record of lightning events.• Evaluate turbine damage or failure with near real-time and historical hazardous strike information.Lightning Exporter at a glance Why Vaisala?Vaisala is the only company to offer 360-degree renewable energy solutions — from sensors and systems to digital services and actionableintelligence — nearly anywhere on the planet (and even onMars). Every Vaisala solution benefits from our 85+ yearsof experience, pioneeringdeployments in 170+countries, and unrivaledthought leadership.Our innovation story, like the renewable energy story, continues.Extensive lightning information including event type, cloud-to-ground stroke or intra-cloud pulse event, date and time (UTC with milliseconds accuracy), precise latitude and longitude, peak current (kA), polarity (+/-), and much more. Comprehensive data access without the need to invest in a data processing system or your own lightning detection sensors — saving real estate, time, maintenance, and operational costs.Includes Strike Damage Potential ,the world’s first solution to provide accurate data on the particular lightning strikes that have greater potential to cause damage or start a wildfire.The cloud-to-ground Strokes on the map are indicated by plus (+) icons and minus (-) icons, which become visible once zoomed in on the request area.。
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人工引雷的过程
火箭的上升速度一般为每秒一二百米，火箭发射一二秒后，它就可上升到300 m左右的 高度。此时，从导线顶端将出现以105 m/s左右的速度向上发展的上行先导。该上行先导的 电流很快熔断并汽化掉用于引雷的导线。上行先导继续上升直到进入云中负电荷区并引发一 个所谓初始连续电流的过程。这个连续电流一般持续几百毫秒。它终止后几十毫秒的时间内 通道中几乎不存在任何电流。然后将有一直窜先导以107 m/s左右的速度沿着刚刚电离过的 通道向地面发展。直窜先导发展到地面后，就会引起以108 m/s左右的速度向上发展的回击。 与自然雷电一样，直窜先导一继后回击过程可能反复发生多次。
• 高电压实验室做物理模拟试验
• 人工引雷技术
人工引雷的概念
• 人工引雷是在成熟雷暴条件下，在自然雷要发生的前一瞬，或者是尚没 完全成熟的可发生自然雷时，靠人工的办法产生的一次放电。主要是通 过在雷雨天气的时候，向雷暴云体发射专用的引雷火箭，使雷电在预定 的时间和预定的地点发生。 • 国际上，美国1967年在海上首次引雷成功，陆地上首次成功的人工引发 雷电于1973年在法国实现。我们国家上世纪八十年代在老一代科学家的 领导下，开始进行人工引雷实验，从1989年中国科学院兰州高原大气物 理研究所首次人工引雷成功到现在整整二十年，应该说期间取得了很大 的进步。现在我国一共成功引雷六十多次，在一些重点雷灾区域都有过 成功的人工引雷实验。 • 人工引雷也存在一些不足。首先，它所引发的闪电往往是不成熟的闪电 ，一般要弱一些；其次，目前居多的引发过程是先有上行流光，这正好 与一般的相反。因此，往往测不到通常的首次回击过程。人工引雷需要 自然雷暴（强电场）的外部条件，因此，它又远不如高电压实验室试验 那样可得到频繁的放电。迄今，全世界成功的引雷仅为数百次。
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激光引雷展望
• 激光发生器有两种，一是红外CO2激光器为代表的大功率激光器 ,另一种 是以紫外激光器为代表的小功率激光器 • 利用铁塔上的强电场来实现激光引雷看来不是一个很难的问题。估计在不 久的将来会有一些激光成功引雷的报道。激光引雷的成功不仅会给雷电研 究提供一种很方便的试验手段，同时也会给一些需要重点防雷的设施提供 一种有效的防雷方法，但激光引雷是否会真正用到实际防雷上，关键还取 决于是否能开发出适合于激光引雷的小型激光器。大功率激光器，虽然能 产生较强的电离通道，但这些电离通道不仅不连续，且激光器本身太庞大 ，费用也太昂贵，很难真正地将它们用到防雷上。而紫外激光器，虽然它 们只需要很小的功率且能产生连续的通道，但这些电离通道一般太弱，且 持续时间太短。这样的电离通道通过反复发射，可能对雷电的先导有一定 的引导作用，但很难用它们触发放电。 • 不借助于铁塔，而直接用激光产生的电离通道进行引雷，毫无疑问是最好 的引雷办法。这需要至少一二百米长的、连续的且有相当持续时间、相当 电离度的通道来促使在电离通道的顶端附近形成足够强的电场，最终诱发 上行先导。
提纲
• 闪电研究的主要方法
• 人工引雷的概念
• 人工引雷的方法和意义 • 人工引雷的过程及应用 • 人工引雷的展望 • 激光引雷
闪电的主要研究方法
• 由于雷电是一种放电现象，其放电通道内部的情况难以直接 测量。人们主要是根据雷电发射光谱及其变化来推测。放电 引起发热发光。用光学方法测定发光的时空几何变化可用于 推测放电的发展，包括其中的电离情况。摄影（包括高速摄 影）、摄影是研究雷电过程的重要工具另一方面，高速光电 记录又可作为辐射光强的测量并用作推测放电剧烈程度的一 种有效手段。这是因为它可以提供更高速度的记录。 • 主观观测，地闪定位系统，干涉法，时差法，卫星的光电探 测，飞机的观测
人工引雷的展望
• 在基础理论研究方面，集中各种光学及电学装置对人工引雷进行高 精度同步观测已成为现实。随着高速光学摄像装置的时间分辨率的 进一步提高，人们一定会在有关先导的机理及闪电的连接过程方面 取得重大的突破。 • 在研究闪电通道特性方面，现在已经有人开始对人工引雷的光谱进 行高分辨率的测量，也有人已开始对闪电通道半径及通道内部电场 等进行高分辨率的测量。这方面实验结果的积累一定会让人们在不 久的将来对闪电通道特性有一个全面的认识。 • 闪电一直被认为可能是产生大气中氮氧化物的主要原因。通过人工 引雷在这方面进行一些严密的实验测量，一定会为研究闪电与大气 相互化学作用的机理提供重大线索。 • 研究和检验各种防雷设施方面，人工引雷作为一种试验手段已被用 于电力、军事及通信等部门。相信在不久的将来，这方面的应用会 变得更广泛。特别是在我国，随着经济的发展，各个部门对防雷的 要求会越来越高，人工引雷的应用研究一定会有很大的发展。
人工引雷的应用
• 人工引雷在研究雷电先导机理与特性中的应用
• 人工引雷在研究闪电连接过程中的应用 • 人工引雷在研究闪电接地特性方面的应用
• 人工引雷在检验回击模式中的应用
• 人工引雷在研究回击光信号与电信号相关方面的应用 • 人工引雷在军事及航天设施防雷研究方面的应用 • 人工引雷在检验新型避雷针方面的应用 • 人工引雷在研究雷电对雷暴云特性影响方面的应用
激光引雷
• 火箭引雷也存在明显的缺点，如火箭及其拖带的导线落下时显 然会威助到附近的人畜及设施的安全，所以火箭引雷不能不受 场地的限制。另一方面，火箭的速度至多只能达到每秒数百米 ，这就决定了火箭引雷不可能用来拦截地闪中的以每秒上百公 里传输的下行先导。与此相比，激光引雷不存在这些问题，因 而它被认为是最有前途的防雷手段之一。 • 激光有较强的引导放电的效应，同时，可降低间隙的临界放电 电压，同时激光引雷不存在上述问题，因而它被认为是最有前 途的引雷手段之一
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激光引雷发展史
• 20世纪60年代，人们就发现了光辐射对放电的效应 ，此后许多研 究小组做了一系列激光引发放电的实验。这些实验表明激光不仅 有较强的引导放电的效应，同时，可降低间隙的临界放电电压。 • Ball（1974）最早提出激光引雷这一概念
• 美国、日本的科学家先后进行了多次实验，积累了大量的经验
• 中国的王道洪等人提出利用铁塔尖端附近的强电场进行激光引雷 ，从而使激光引雷变得很现实
激光引雷的实用方案
• 在雷暴云电场环境下，由于静电感应作用，塔顶附近可望存在强电场，此 时将激光聚焦于塔顶附近的上空时，激光可在此区域触发一上行先导。根 据王道洪与郭昌明提出的先导持续发展的条件，该上行先导将在上述强电 场区域转变成持续上行先导，从而最终触发闪电。
人工引雷的意义
• 第一，可以通过这样一个技术或者手段，了解闪电本身是怎 么发生、发展的，然后才知道怎么去防护它。 • 第二，还可以利用这样一个技术进行有针对性的观测，获取 一些很重要的参量，这些参量在雷电的防护设计里面也是非 常重要的。 • 第三，可以用这样的技术和手段来检验我们防雷技术和防雷 的装置、器械是不是符合要求，能不能达到理想的雷电防护 程度。
人工引雷的方法
• 目前唯一采用的技术是用一枚特制小火箭拖带导线升空。火箭的速度过快会拉断导线，而 速度过低又难以引发雷电。经验证明并不是导线拉得高就一定会成功引发雷电。事实上， 一般超过六七百米高后很少有成功的例子。因此，该特制火箭要求达到一定速度，但不要 求过高的高度。
• 在实际引雷中，导线一般采用直径为0.2毫米的细钢丝，为了增加钢丝的机械强度及耐火 强度，在钢丝外面包上一层尼龙。导线的长度大约为几百米，一般被绕在一个线轴上。线 轴的绕制是一项比较精细的工作，绕线质量的好坏直接关系到拉线的成功率。 • 引雷火箭是人工引雷的主要工具，火箭采用复合材料，箭体内有火箭发动机、发动机点火 电爆管。为了防止火箭发射后落下时砸伤人员和附近的房屋，所以箭头内有降落伞、抛伞 点火药及延时装置。 • 火箭发射后上升的速度是能否成功引雷的关键。火箭的发射速度，要掌握适中，最大 速度以不超过每秒190米为宜。太快了，会把直径0.2毫米、仅能承受7公斤拉力的钢丝拉 断，达不到引雷的目的。火箭太慢了，赶不上带电粒子的飘移速度，同样不能引雷电落地 。 我国新一代引雷火箭的速度范围控制在120m／s-190m／s之间，满足成功拖线的要 求；火箭在箭头内部装有降落伞，可在火箭发动机燃烧完并达到最大高度时将降落伞抛出 ，牵引箭头和火箭残体缓缓落下，保证了地面人员的安全。
人工引雷设备简介
朱润鹏
人工引雷
• 闪电是一种重要的自然现象，对闪电的观测和研究经历了 漫长的阶段。对雷电的研究与对其他物理现象的研究有共 通之处。直接用各种方法测量其有关的物理量及其变化、 在室内物理模拟其过程并加以测量、对测量结果进行分析 、根据已知的放电过程分析雷电或做相应的数值试验。 • 雷电既带破坏性又带随机性，因而，雷电的人工引发也是 一种相当重要的研究手段。本文对人工引雷的历史进行了 回顾，介绍了人工引雷的原理和方法，并对激光引雷的方 法进行了重点的介绍。