Diplomatic Law

Diplomatic Law1.what is diplomacy? History of diplomacy .Diplomatic and consular immunities.The ability to practice diplomacy is one of the defining elements of a state, and diplomacy has been practiced since the formation of the first city-states. Originally diplomats were sent only for specific negotiations, and would return immediately after their mission concluded. Diplomats were usually relatives of the ruling family or of very high rank in order to give them legitimacy when they sought to negotiate with the other state. One notable exception involved the relationship between the Pope and the Byzantine Emperor. Papal agents, called apocrisiarii, were permanently resident in Constantinople. After the 8th century, however, conflicts between the Pope and the Emperor (such as the Iconoclastic controversy) led to the breaking down of these close ties. Modern diplomacy's origins are often traced to the states of Northern Italy in the early Renaissance, with the first embassies being established in the thirteenth century.Diplomatic immunity is a principle of international law by which certain foreign government officials are not subject to the jurisdiction of local courts and other authorities. The concept of immunity began with ancient tribes. In order to exchange information, messengers were allowed to travel from tribe to tribe without fear of harm. They were protected even when they brought bad news.2.The congress of Vienna 18153.Vienna convention on Diplomatic Immunity.4.Vienna convention on Consular Immunity.By issuing visas and passports and promoting commercial interests of their states ,consuls act on behalf of their sending states .they also enjoy certain immunities ,although such immunities are not necessarily as extensive as those enjoyed by diplomats .the vienna convention on consular relations 1963 defined certain provisions concering consular relations.5.Internationally protect persons .CASE of Rahmintola VPar in parem non habel.Equality of status under diplomatic law.Comitas gentium. Mutual friendliness.Mutual respect.Modes of dressImmunity.Diplomancy is conducted on the basis of reciprocity.Persona non grata : A man as a diplomatic personnel is no longer to bewelcomed by other countries.Immunities:sovereign immunities and diplomatic immunities.Diplomatic ranks:After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna of 1815 established an international system of diplomatic rank. Disputes on precedence among nations (and the appropriate diplomatic ranks used) persisted for over a century until after World War II, when the rank of ambassador became the norm.In an attempt to resolve the problems that come out, the Congress of Vienna of 1815 formally established an international system of diplomatic ranks. The four ranks within the system were:(1). Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, or simply Ambassador, who is a representative of the head of state.A diplomatic mission headed by an ambassador would be known as an Embassy; one headed by a High Commissioner is called a High Commission.(2). Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. Usually just referred to as a Minister, an envoy is a diplomatic representative with plenipotentiary powers (i.e. full authority to represent the head of state), but ranking below an Ambassador. Where Embassies are headed by Ambassadors, Legations are headed by Ministers.(3). Minister Resident or Resident Minister, or simply Minister, is the, now extremely rare, lowest rank of full diplomatic mission chief, only above Charg? d'affaires (who is considered an extraordinary substitute).Note that both the Minister Plenipotentiary and the Minister Resident are diplomatic ministers, which are not the same thing as government ministers or religious ministers.(4). Charg?d'affaires, or simply Charg? As the French title suggests, a charg? d'affaires would be in charge of an embassy's or a legation's affairs in the (usually temporary) absence of a more senior diplomat. A Charg?d'affaires ad interim or simply "a.i." is generally serving as head of mission during the temporary absence of the head of mission, while the Charg?d'affaires e.p. or en pied maintains the same functions and duties as an ambassador, and is accredited not to the head of state but to the minister of foreign relations of the receiving state.There are also many others : fist secretary,second secretary,third secretary.Doyen of Diplomatic Corp.Dean. In 1961 Viena.。