从欲望角度浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中的女性形象
论欲望对_嘉莉妹妹_中人物命运的影响_李世奎
在自然主义小说中， 小说家感兴趣的另一个话 题便是性本能。自然主义小说家从生理学的角度来 解释男与女之间的互相吸 引。因此， 在自然主义小说 中很少有缠绵悱恻的浪漫爱情故事， 男人和女人因 为各自的性本能的驱动而走到一起， 人物的命运也 经常是悲惨的。在《嘉莉 妹妹》中， 在嘉莉身上体现了 人对于物质的贪求， 在杜洛埃和赫斯特伍德身上则
德莱塞幼年饱尝家庭贫困之苦， 深刻体会到贫 穷对人造成的影响。青年时期的记者经历又使他对 社会和人性有了深入的理 解。在人性的问题上， 他强 调人的生物性。他的长篇小说探讨的一个重要问题 是本能与动 机之间的关系问题。诚如他自 己所言， 从
他 开 始 文 学 生 涯 之 日 起 ， 便 痛 下 决 心 要 琢 磨 透“ 这 个 叫 人 的 动 物 ”， ［２］并 要 忠 实 的 描 绘 他 。 德 莱 塞 认 为 人 的 天 性 本 能 ， 或 叫 欲 求 、自 然 冲 动 ， 是 驱 使 人 行 为 的 动因， 人的一举一动与自身的机体组织有密切的关 系。他认为， 人的本能的力量十分强大， 是人所无法 控制的。在《嘉莉妹妹》中， 德莱塞 主要探讨了人的物 欲及性本能对人的命运的决定性影响。
二、嘉莉妹妹对物质享受的无尽 的追求
《嘉 莉 妹 妹》讲 述 了 乡 下 姑 娘 嘉 莉 为 了 改 变 自 己 的命运来到芝加 哥追求自己希望的幸福生活 。可是， 芝加哥的冷酷的现实使她的希望破了产。生存的压 力与对物质 的追求使她先后委身于两个 男人。后来， 她一步步地取得了自己渴望的物质成功， 成了纽约 百老汇的当红喜剧明星， 而她曾经的情人赫斯特伍 德则从显赫的酒吧经理的位置上跌落下来， 成了街 上的乞丐， 最后悲惨地死去。阅读这部小说， 我们很 容易注意到嘉莉在走向物质上的成功的过程中， 她 的不断升级的欲望起了重要的作用。
浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉的人物形象
本科毕业论文题目浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉的人物形象学院文学与新闻传播学院专业汉语言文学年级2011 级学号**********姓名汪琴红指导教师陈永兰成绩年月日目录摘要 (1)关键词 (1)Abstract (1)Key Words (1)一、嘉莉的美好形象 (2)（一）美丽单纯 (2)（二）热情而富于青春幻想 (4)（三）努力实现自我 (5)二、嘉莉性格的弊端 (7)（一）贪图物质享乐，爱慕虚荣 (7)（二）道德观念上的模糊与匮乏 (8)（三）观察能力与分析能力尚不成熟 (9)结语 ................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。
注释 . (11)参考文献 (12)浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉的人物形象摘要：在德莱塞的长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》中，女主人公嘉莉表现出了独特的性格特征：一方面她美丽单纯、热情而富于青春幻想，努力实现自我；另一面她贪图物质享乐、爱慕虚荣，观察能力与分析能力尚不成熟，在道德观念方面的匮乏与模糊的性格缺陷也展露无疑。
她身上显现出一个人真正应有的优缺点，展现出了新一代女性的形象。
本文就上述几方面对嘉莉身上所展现的人格魅力进行进一步分析。
关键词：《嘉莉妹妹》正面形象反面形象意识的觉醒Abstract：In Dreiser's novel "Sister Carrie", the heroine Carrie showed a unique character: on theone hand, her beautiful and pure, warm and full of youthful fantasies, and strive to realize the self; the other side she covet material enjoyment, vanity, ability and observation and analysis ability is not mature, the lack of moral concept and fuzzy character defects also showed no doubt. Her show a person really should have advantages and disadvantages, showing a new generation of female image. This paper further analyzes the above several aspects of the show on the Jail Li body charm of personality.Key Words：Conservatism, Sister Carrie, positive image, negative image, The awakening of consciousness故事发生在19世纪末的美国，当时新兴工商业城市相继崛起，大批的乡村人口涌进城市。
欲望驱使与实用主义视角下的嘉莉妹妹
作品研究2009.11.B参考文献：［１］［美］尤金・奥尼尔．漫长的旅程［Ｍ］．欧阳基等译．长沙：湖南人民出版社，１９８３年．［２］布伦退尔．《戏剧规律》．《戏剧与电影的剧作理论与技巧》．北京：中国电影出版社，１９７８年．［３］霍华德・劳逊．戏剧与电影的剧作理论与技巧［Ｍ］．北京：中国电影出版社，１９７８年．［４］顾仲彝．编剧理论与技巧［Ｍ］．北京：中国戏剧出版社，１９８１年．尼尔不是选择神、国王这些高贵的人物，而是把目光投放到普通人，剧中悲剧冲突重在内心、“最理想的悲剧冲突”、注重情境与冲突结合，展现了他高超的戏剧艺术。
《漫长的旅程》不像亚里士多德说的用“突转”与“发现”来造成强烈的戏剧效果，没有像《雷雨》那种“发现”真相大白后剧情“突转”，掀起暴风雨般的戏剧高潮。
相反，奥尼尔将催生冲突的酵母投放到这部作品中，让催生酵母在特定的戏剧情境中慢慢发酵，重在表现人物内心的戏剧冲突，体现出静穆的悲剧美学，与他所表现的失去宗教信仰而迷茫的严肃主题是完美一致的。
陈桂成（１９６４—），男，研究生学历，籍贯：广西陆川县，广西玉林师范学院中文系讲师，研究方向：中国古代文学的教学与科研。
朱江勇（１９７６—），男，江西瑞金人，厦门大学中文系２００７级博士研究生，桂林旅游高等专科学校讲师，研究方向：戏剧理论与戏曲文化。
作者简介：［５］谭霈生．论戏剧性［Ｍ］．北京：北京大学出版社，１９８１年．［６］［德］黑格尔．《美学》第３卷（下册）［Ｍ］．朱光潜译．北京：商务印书馆，１９８１年．［７］谭霈生．戏剧艺术特征性［Ｍ］．上海：上海文艺出版社，１９８５年．１．嘉莉妹妹所处的社会环境和人生经历１９世纪美国以生产为主的意识形态正逐渐被消费意识形态代替，这种消费享乐主义崇尚享乐和满足的生活方式。
这时的物品已经成为地位的象征，而不是仅仅满足基本的需要。
小说《嘉莉妹妹》的诞生正处在美国消费主义开始盛行的时代。
大都市已成为商品消费、媒体消费、休闲消费的中心，城市里拥有丰富多彩的消费场所，提供了一系列的消费形象和象征。
嘉莉妹妹的新女性形象分析_王蓉
山西农业大学学报第27卷(第5期) 000020J.Shanxi Agric.Univ.No.5Vol.272007收稿日期:2007208228作者简介:王蓉(19752),女(汉),山西运城人,讲师,硕士,主要从事英语文化与语言的研究。
嘉莉妹妹的新女性形象分析王蓉(山西农业大学文理学院,山西太谷030801)摘 要:西奥多·德莱塞的第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》是美国文学史上一部具有划时代意义的优秀作品。
时至今日,嘉莉妹妹仍是个有争议的人物形象。
本文从上个世纪之交美国“新女性”的崛起这一特定社会历史背景出发,从鲜明的个性,生活中的强者,事业及人格的独立三个方面解读嘉莉妹妹的新女性内涵。
关键词:嘉莉妹妹;新女性;自我实现;独立;中图分类号:H315 文献标识码:A 文章编号:167128151(2007)0520054202An Analysis on the Im age of N ew Woman of Sister C arrie WANG Rong(College of A rts and S cience ,S hanx i A g ricultural Universit y ,T ai gu S hanx i 030801,China )Abstract :In the history of American literature ,Carrie Sister shaped by Theodore Dreiser was al 2ways a focus of controversy.Based on the emergence of new woman ,this paper analyse from dis 2tinct character ,strong will and independence to illustrate the new woman ’s image of Carrie.K ey w ords :Sister Carrie ;New woman ;Self -actualization ;Independence ; 西奥多·德莱塞是二十世纪美国第一位杰出的自然主义作家,他的第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》(1990)是美国文学史上一部具有划时代意义的优秀作品。
对嘉莉妹妹欲望的心理解析
对嘉莉妹妹欲望的心理解析◎魏京京(郑州大学外语学院河南・郑州450001)摘要小说《嘉莉妹妹》描述了一位女孩从农村到城市谋生直至后来成为纽约百老汇著名演员的故事。
文章运用弗洛伊德人格结构理论和马斯洛需求层次理论，对女主人公嘉莉妹妹的心理进行解析，从纵横两方面阐释其欲望背后的驱动力。
关键词欲望本我自我超我需求一、引言西奥多・德莱塞（Theodore Dreiser,1871-1945）是20世纪美国文坛上一位杰出的作家，也是美国现代小说创作的先驱。
他的第一部长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》主要以欲望为主线，描述了女主人公嘉莉妹妹从一位农村姑娘变成纽约百老汇著名演员的整个过程，并对其生命沉浮中的种种心理变化进行了细致刻画。
小说不仅揭露了美国社会的贫富悬殊和道德沦丧，而且反映的道德观念也一反传统，因为嘉莉妹妹最终非但没有为其堕落行为受到惩罚，反而却红极一时。
因此，在1900年11月一经问世便激起轩然大波，曾一度被列为禁书，也从而引发了文学界长达三十余年的激烈争议，直至最终获得公众认可被推崇为经典之作。
但是，小说诞生一百多年后的今天，人们对嘉莉妹妹的性格特点及行为方式，尤其是她的无止欲望，仍然颇有争议褒贬不一。
诚然，欲望是支配嘉莉不择手段向上流社会攀登的巨大动力源泉。
但是，为什么她的欲望永远得不到满足，是什么因素支配着她不惜代价实现欲望？在揭示这些问题的原因时，由于受小说大量自然主义描写的影响，评论者多从她所处的社会环境和自然环境来分析，认为是外部因素主宰着她，使她在当时的社会与自然背景下，要想获得自我愿望的满足，只能接受命运的安排。
然而，辩证法认为，内因是事物发展变化的根据，外因是事物发展的条件，只有通过内因起作用。
因此，本文试从嘉莉妹妹自身特点和心理因素着手，运用著名心理学家弗洛伊德的人格结构理论和马斯洛的需求层次理论，从心理学角度对她的行为方式进行解析，探寻其不惜堕落而满足欲望的内在原因，以期对她的欲望有更深刻全面的了解。
嘉莉妹妹中嘉莉的人物性格分析
再起，他确曾十分努力，但生活是残酷的，好运不会一直对某一个人特别惠顾，尤其是像他这样丢了基业、又有了一定年岁的人，他注定了要失败。折腾了三年，他破产了，几经碰壁之后，空想、抱怨、沉沦成了家常便饭，嘉莉离开了他。
故事发生在十九世纪八十年代末和九十年代初的芝加哥和纽约。小说主要围绕女主人公嘉莉和赫斯特伍德展开。嘉莉出生在芝加哥附近的农村。她家境贫寒，但她虚荣心很强，向往城市的富裕生活。她较为典型地代表了当时一心想往上爬的美国下层人民。然而，她到了芝加哥后马上就成了失业大军中的一员，陷入贫困和疾病的泥潭。这时，嘉莉意识到贫富的极大差异性：一方面是贫困潦倒，另一方面是朱门酒肉臭。她依靠做工获得她幻想的幸福是不可能的了。于是她先后成了青年推销员德鲁埃和酒店经理赫斯特伍德的情人。后来，她在纽约偶然成了一位名演员，挤入了资产阶级的“上流”社会。这时的嘉莉发现她原来梦想的生活并不是那么诱人了，相反，她发现自己非常空虚和无聊。德莱塞在此小说中还刻意描写了赫斯特伍德。他是美国上层社会的一个成员。在物质上，他过着优裕富足的生活，但在精神上，他却是个十足的贫困儿。他与妻子和子女缺乏交流，没有感情。因此，他遇到嘉莉后立即“感觉到她的青春与朝气……感到神清气爽，好像在烈日炎炎的夏季突然吹过一阵清凉的春风”，并对她倾心相爱。他与嘉莉的性关系被发现后，他受到舆论的指责，因此而身败名裂。
本文从人性和社会发展背景的角度深入分析了《嘉莉妹妹》的主人公嘉莉妹妹的性格特征。对积极适应社会需要,实现自我价值的女性表示赞赏。在嘉莉身上体现的乐观的生活态度,逆境中的坚强,面对挫折不向命运屈服的这些难能可贵的品质是任何时代都值得称颂的。
《嘉莉妹妹》女性角色全面解读
内容摘要：《嘉莉妹妹》是20世纪美国现实主义作家德莱塞创作的长篇小说，讲述了天真美貌的乡村少女嘉莉来到大城市寻找机遇，为了追求物质幸福两度私奔，经历种种波折，最终成为纽约剧院当红女演员的故事，通过嘉莉看似成功的生存道路，揭示出美国城市对单纯青年的腐蚀。
对这部小说的评述大都着眼于嘉莉自身的成长以及她背后的男性，但是小说中的其他女性角色其实也起到了不可或缺的烘托作用，与女主角嘉莉一起构成了时代的缩影。
关键词：《嘉莉妹妹》嘉莉女性角色《嘉莉妹妹》是20世纪美国现实主义作家德莱塞(1871 -1945)创作的长篇小说，小说的背景是19世纪末20世纪初，美国在第二次工业革命推动下，工业总产量跃居世界第一，成为全球经济霸主，经济腾飞不可避免地带来意识形态的变化。
按照美国社会传统观念，妇女的职责应以相夫教子为主，因此，选择一门般配的婚姻，进而做一名贤妻良母，依然是当时社会的主流。
然而在世纪交接的转折年代，社会文化和价值观也悄悄发生着变迁。
《嘉莉妹妹》中登场的几位具有代表性的女性角色的家庭背景和生活经历就生动地折射出了许多妇女在那个年代迥然不同的人生。
根据不同阶层和年龄段，可将这些女性分类如下：一．中产阶层已婚妇女（赫斯特渥太太、凡斯太太）赫斯特渥太太是酒店经理之妻，年过四十，风韵犹存，看似家庭富足，儿女双全，然而虚荣与爱攀比的性格使她与丈夫越来越缺少真正的交流。
当她发现丈夫有外遇时，并未立即发作，而是设法搜集证据，积蓄力量，一旦时机成熟，便采取果断强硬的态度提出离婚，并在赫斯特渥离开芝加哥后占有了全部财产。
假如说日常生活的不和是潜伏的感情危机，遭遇丈夫背叛后的行动更进一步说明从前的模范夫妇只是假象。
儿女是她炫耀的资本，丈夫是她获得物质享受的工具，一切尽在精明又冷酷的赫斯特渥太太掌握之中。
凡斯太太是嘉莉在纽约认识的好友，青春美貌，精通钢琴，倍受丈夫宠爱。
她每天关注流行时尚，精心打扮，到百老汇路上与其他太太小姐们争艳斗俏，去戏院看戏，上餐厅吃饭，还经常旅行，生活五光十色，丰富多彩。
摇椅上的欲望——评德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》
摇椅上的欲望——评德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》摘要：西奥多·德莱赛(1871- 1945)是二十世纪美国最重要的作家之一。
他的自然主义写作风格开创了美国文学的新纪元，《嘉莉妹妹》被公认为是德莱塞自然主义作品中的杰作。
在《嘉莉妹妹》这部作品中，德莱赛以亲身经历及对社会的细致观察刻画了一个受金钱，名誉和社会地位等利益驱使并采用各种手段来追逐欲望的人物形象—嘉莉妹妹。
笔者从这部小说产生的社会背景和德莱赛的生活经历出发，帮助读者更好地理解嘉莉不断升级的欲望。
并分析摇椅这一意象，并且重点解读嘉莉不断升级的欲望。
从三个方面对嘉莉妹妹不断升级的欲望进行分析，并劝导人们尤其是广大年轻朋友，正确对待心中欲望并以适当方法加以利用，从而实现自己的理想。
关键词：欲望；摇椅；自然主义19世纪末见证了美国生活的深刻转变。
经济发展从以发展农业为基础转向以发展工业为基础。
19世纪末期间的工厂产量, 现代城市的显著性消费创造了前所未有的财富。
金融和技术创新,促进了业务数量和速度的日益增长。
资本主义经济快速发展已成为最重要的日常。
《嘉莉妹妹》一书中的最重大的变化之一是体现了经济的转型。
德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》是以工厂生产为基础,是资本主义经济的基础,可以突出其对个人和家庭的影响。
由于经济的快速发展,女性的自我意识也得到提升。
1880年到1920年女权运动使“新时代女性”登上了历史舞台。
自我意识和独立个性是当时大多数女性的共性。
她们接受良好的教育并且有能力实现经济独立,以及建立一个新两性观念。
传统的家庭观念再也不能局限她们了,相反,她们在男性社交领域也相当活泼。
从德莱塞刻画的主要人物中,我们可以看到父权社会对人们生活产生的深远影响。
经济发展的变化无常同时带来了文化的革新——达尔文革命。
机会、竞争、斗争和生存可以说是《嘉莉妹妹》中所有包罗万象的主题,几乎都直接来自进化思想。
受达尔文的影响,德莱塞认为男人和女人受本能的欲望驱使而生活,他们对生活的态度仅仅因为生理遗传。
分析《嘉莉妹妹》中的女性自由与追求
分析《嘉莉妹妹》中的女性自由与追求概述《嘉莉妹妹》是美国作家斯考特·费茨杰拉德所著的一部经典小说，于1920年出版。
该小说以主人公嘉莉·沃布尔的视角展现了20世纪初美国社会中女性在追求自由和满足个人欲望方面所面临的困境和挑战。
本文将就女性自由及其追求这一主题进行深入分析。
传统观念下的女性角色定位当时的美国社会存在着强烈的传统观念，将女性框定在家庭和社交场合中，她们被期望只关注家庭、冷静而优雅地应对社交活动。
然而，在小说中，嘉莉表达了她内心对更广阔生活领域的渴望和对探索未知事物的好奇心。
嘉莉对自由的渴望从小说一开始，我们便可以感受到嘉莉对自由的强烈渴望。
她渴望摆脱旧有价值观的束缚，追求自己内心真实的欲望。
她希望通过独立思考和行动来重新定义自己的角色，并且不再受到约束。
社会对女性追求自由的限制然而，时代背景下的社会制度和社会期望限制了女性追求自由的空间。
女性在家庭、婚姻以及职场等方面都遭遇到了各种限制和歧视。
小说中有许多角色都是受困于传统观念下的女性角色定位。
嘉莉在追求自由过程中所面临的挑战嘉莉在寻找个人自由和满足追求时，面临着种种阻碍和困境。
她发现现实世界中充斥着虚伪、浮夸以及杂乱不堪，这与她理想化中以真实和美好为主导的内心作用发生了冲突。
对女性权益运动的影响《嘉莉妹妹》一部分描述了二十年代美国面对快速变革下出现的前所未有社会动荡，在此背景下女性权益运动兴起，推动了女性自由和平等的追求。
嘉莉所经历的种种困境间接地呼应了当时的社会现实，也预示着女性权益运动正在形成。
反思和启示通过对《嘉莉妹妹》中女性自由与追求这一主题的分析，我们可以深刻理解到女性在传统社会中所面临的局限和不公平。
同时，我们也能够认识到女性权益运动对于改变这种局面所起到的重要作用。
这部小说在某种程度上激发了当时社会对于女性解放的思考，并为后来争取女性平等权益奠定了基础。
结论《嘉莉妹妹》以其独特的视角展现了20世纪初美国社会中女性自由与追求的问题。
《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉的性格分析
An Analysis of the Personalities of Sister Carriein Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉的性格分析摘要《嘉莉妹妹》是美国小说家西奥多·德莱塞的第一部长篇小说, 嘉莉妹妹是文中的主角，作品揭露出一位在现实社会生活中温柔，善良，美丽的社会乡村少女在资本主义社会环境中转变成为独立，自信，聪明，优雅，有内涵的新女性，刚开始嘉莉妹妹把自己的希望寄托在男性身上，结果自己遭受了两次欺骗，到后来她认识到只有通过自己的努力才能改变自己的命运。
最终她通过自己努力和才能登上百老汇红五星舞台，成为一名大都市独立的新型女性。
本文旨在通过对嘉莉妹妹的性格分析，使读者清楚地认识到成为一名新时代的独立的女性，不能把希望依赖于别人，只有通过自己的努力才可以实现自我的价值，并最终取得成功。
同时新时代的女性首先应该在经济上独立，从而获得人格上的独立，赢得别人的尊重，而嘉莉妹妹正是通过依靠自己才成为了一名经济独立，而又有自信和内涵的新女性。
关键词：嘉莉妹妹；性格分析；性格形成原因；作者写作目的AbstractSister Carrie is written by American Theodore Dreiser. Sister Carrie is leading role. In the works, Sister Carrie is described as a gentle, kind-hearted, beautiful, country girl, eventually; she turns into be a independent, confident, smart, elegant, new metropolis female. In the beginning, she puts her hope on male. Unfortunately she is deceived twice by men. In the end she appears on Broadway red throne through her hard efforts and becomes a new independent metropolis female.This article, aiming at the analysis of sister Carrie’s characters, introduces readers a new independent female who can’t rely hope on anybody only through her own efforts to achieve self-value and success. At first, a new female must obtain economical independence to gain personal independence, and win the respect of others. Owning to her efforts, Sister Carrie becomes a female with financial independence, confidence and inner beauty.Key Words: Sister Carrie; character analysis; cause of formation; the writer’s writing purposeContents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)1. Introduction (1)2. The Characters of Sister Carrie (1)2.1 Innocence and Simplicity (1)2.2 The Character of Sister Carrie after Her Coming into City (2)2.2.1 Her Diligence and Gumption (2)2.2.2 Her Romantism and Realism (3)2.2.3 Her Independence and Persistence (4)2.2.4 A Forceful Woman in Life (4)3. The Reasons of the Formation of Sister Carrie’s Later Personalities (5)3.1 Internal Causes (5)3.1.1 The Backgroud of Family (5)3.1.2 Rebellious Character (6)3.2 External Causes (6)3.2.1 The Background of Capitalism and Consumerism (6)3.2.2 The Influence of Individual Experience (7)4. Defects of Sister Carrie’s Personality (7)4.1 Her Vanity (7)4.2 The Lack of Rational Education (8)5. The Writer’s purpose (9)6. Conclusion (9)Bibliography (12)Acknowledgments (13)1. IntroductionSister Carrie is the first novel written by the American novelist Theodore Dreiser When the industrial and commercial cities have been rising, a large number of rural population have poured into the city. Carrie,eighteen years old, a smart and simple girl, in order to get rid of poverty, boards on a train to Chicago with only four U.S., hoping to have a better life. However, the harsh reality breaks her dream because of her unemployment and disease. In desperation, she becomes the mistress of the salesman Chas.H.Drouet, and then she comes across a hotel manager, G.W. Hurstwood who was attracted by her simple beauty. Hurstwood lures Carrie to New York, stealing the money of the hotel. In New York, because of Hurstwood’s deteriorating economy and unemployment, Carrie is forced to find job. Then she earns their living by hard work. Finally, owing to chance, she becomes a popular actress, squeezing into the high society and abandons poor Hurstwood. Carrie is famous for her persistence and effort. But she is not happy, even feels lonely.This paper is divided into six sections. The first chapter introduces the background of Sister Carrie. The second chapter reviews the characters of Sister Carrie. At first the personalities of Sister Carrie is analyzed in the rural areas, and then the characters of Sister Carrie is analyzed in the city. The third chapter analyses the reasons of Sister C arrie’s personality’s formation. The fourth chapter tells Sister C arrie’s defects of personality.The fifth chapter analyses the writer’s intention. In the last chapter the Sister C arrie’s characters are summarized.Duing to her complicated characteristic, a few questions need to be asked. What kind of person she is? What are the causing factors to the formation of her characters? What are defects in her personality and why does the author create such a character?2. The Characters of Sister Carrie2.1 Innocence and SimplicityIn the first place, she is a brave girl.“When Sister Carrie boarded the afternoontrain for Chicago, her total outfit consisted of a small trunk, a cheap imitation alligator-skin satchel, a small lunch in a paper box, and a yellow leather snap purse, containing her ticket, scrap of paper with her sister’ s address in Van Buren Street, and four dollars in money,”(Theodore Dreiser,1981:1-2)from the paragraph, we can see she is a courageous girl. When Sister Carrie goes out alone with little money, she is only eighteen years old. In the second place, she is easy to be moved by heterosexual complaisance and sweet words at the train for Chicago. She encounters Drouet on the train for Chicago and after getting off the train, Drouet asks for taking the package for Carrie, she says, “Very kind of you.” and feels that it is really lucky to get such a complaisant care in a strange land. Besides, at the train she gives a heterosexual stranger her address after they communicate with each other after a while without the vigilanceIn conclusion, it can be seen that Sister Carrie is brave, innocent and simple.2.2 The Character of Sister Carrie after Her Coming into city2.2.1 Her Diligence and GumptionCarrie’s diligences are found expression in the work. She goes out to find a job the next day she arrives in Chicago. For running all day, she finally finds a job in a shoes factory with a payment of five point four dollars every week. Though having to work long hours in a poor working condition with a low pay, long working hours, poor working conditions, she endures that. Later because she wears thin clothes, she gets a cold and loses her job. If she does not find a job, her sister wants to ask her to go home. But she does not give up living in Chicago; finally she becomes the mistress of Drouet. And at that time, the Masonic which Drouet belonged to is performing a “fund-raising Play”. At the meantime, the play lacks of heroine. Drouet asks Carrie to have a try, so Carrie replies to try. From that moment Carrie practices painstakingly at home every day and then it is a good choice to get rid of privation. So she knows that if she wants to succeed, she has to work hard and finally Carrie performs this role successfully. This experience lays a solid foundation for her to success in the Broadway. Hurstwood lures Carrie to New York and they lives together. Carrie is a housewife in her first time, before Hurstwood loses his job and stays at home. Theenvironment is getting increasingly embarrassment; Carrie has to go out to look for a job to do. Although she is only a humble chorus actor in a choir, then she does not give up hope and makes an effort, eventually she becomes more and more popular, enjoying a prosperous life. Without her hard work, Carrie could not have been successful at last. Her gumption is expressed in the way how she improves herself. In Chicago, Carrie learns the conversations and manners of the people in graded society.2.2.2 Her Romantism and RealismHer romance is reflected in her illusion. Her romantic fantasy is that she will eventually get back as long as she works hard. Only in this way her hard work will not be wasted. After she finds a even low-paid job, she imagines that she will be happy. Her fantasy is that she has a nice future than before—live a happy life waiting for her “For the next day Carrie indulge d in the most high-flows peculation. Her fancy plunged recklessly into privileges and amusements which would have been much more becoming had she been cradled a child of fortune. With ready will and quick mental selection she scattered her illusion four-fifty per week with a swift and graceful hand. Indeed, as she sat in her rocking-chair these several evenings before going to bed and looked out upon the pleasantly lighted street, this money cleared for its prospective possessor the way to every joy and every bauble which the heart of woman may desire. I will have a fine time, she thought”(Theodore Dreiser,1981:1-3). But her fantasy is soon shattered, and in this competitive metropolis, it is very difficult for one without any experience to find a work. Earning four point five dollars salary per week and working in poor condition are almost unbearable for her. Besides she also needs to pay her sister and brother-in-law for food. The rest of salary is not enough to offer her necessaries. Moreover her job is lost, because she is ill for three days. Her romance is also reflected in her emotional fantasies. Her first fantasy is that Chas.H.Drouet will marry her after she becomes his mistress. When she comes cross Mr.G.W.Hurstwood and lives together with him. Her second fancy is that she and Hurstwood will have an ideal combination. But the Drouet does not really want to marry her, and then the Hurstwood just avoids his wife’s outrage and rudeness to find a safe haven. Finally her emotional illusions have been shattered totally. Althoughachieving fame and fortune, she still is not happy, even Hurstwood has returned his original beauty and glory, he could not allure her. She knows that these material substances are not happiness in her own present state. Fame is not everything. She has twice been deceived by men, so that she no longer holds the magic about life and love. Her romance is because she does not understand that social competition is brutal, sinister. What’s more she does not get the people’s hearts. Her reality is because life hones church she no longer easily believes a man. Only by own efforts to live the life you want.2.2.3 Her Independence and PersistenceCarrie’s independence is not spontaneous, but is forced out. She comes to Chicago to stay with her sister and brother-in-law’s home and ha s to look for a job by herself, and then when she gets a job, she must pay the meals for her sister. After she is unemployed, she is not welcomed; they propose her to return home. At that time Carrie encounters Drouet when she is in distress, and she takes him as the last straw, which makes her abandon relations to go alone. And breaking up with Drouet, she has to find a job again. Later she is lured to New York by Hurstwood, Carrie cannot stand with poor life, and Hurstwood cannot find jobs. Their life has a problem, so she goes out again to look for a job, and tries several times. And finally she becomes a famous actress in the Broadway in a small chorus. Her persistence is embodied in searching jobs. In a prosperous city, she cannot find job after running all day. But she doesn't give up. At that time, she is only an eighteen years old. Although feeling shy and ashamed, she is full of courage to have a try. Finally, she obtains job through her efforts. In the end she becomes a famous actor and gets success through her persistence.2.2.4 A Forceful Woman in LifeCarrie dares to face the difficulties of life, and takes an optimistic attitude to face the difficulties. When she arrives in Chicago, in order to adapt to living in a flourishing city, she begins to change her mind. She does not only simply abandon the lifestyle of her mother’s generation, but also makes efforts to adapt to the new way of life in modern America. At first the initial stage of herself-fashioning, when Carrielives with her sister Minnie, she begins to focus on self-fashioning. She separates from her sister Minnie, because her sister is a traditional woman who is busy with household chores every day and seems to have lost herself, and the thought of tradition life is what Carrie wants to abandon, so Carrie would like to choose a new way of life. Carrie earns money to buy beautiful clothes for her and wants to go entertainment. She knows what kinds of life she wants. When living into the apartment with Drouet, Carrie starts to model herself in ideal. In addition to cultivate her, Carrie pays attention to the behavior and wants to be more elegant as well as more temperament. As a result, she becomes a quite charming girl. At the same time, she walks in graceful footsteps, not so heavy, she is beautiful and elegant. Eventually Mrs. Vance introduces her cousin Armstrong to Carrie; Armstrong’s thoughts have influence on Carrie about having a great degree, which makes her pursue the spiritual world from the initial simple material desires to the pursuit of art. That makes Carrie begin to realize that the pursuit of material comfort is not enough; the pursuit of spirit is the most important to her.3.The Reasons of t he Formation of Sister Carrie’s Later Personalities 3.1 Internal Causes3.1.1 The Backgroud of FamilyOrigin often leaves imprint in one’s personality or inner world. Carrie’s extreme thirst for material and her lack of rational are found a little clue in her early life in Colombia. She is afraid of returning home. Her sympathy for the poor and downtrodden people, as well as fear about the fate dating back to her father’s life mixed with complex feelings of pity and shame. Therefore, she has to be persistent in finding a job and offer fundamental life by herself. Walking in the streets of the city, she sees the clothes shabby girl and despair of those pale and shabbily dressed men; she will bit her lip with standing. Although the principle is often nagging around her ears, but it can’t save herself from her strong fear of being likely to suffer that fate. So she wants to make her every effort to achieve her goal. Carrie’s mind can’t defuse thetension of painful memories from the childhood which is most clearly seen in her relationship with men. Carrie measures their value directly whether they offer her food, shelter, clothing and pleasure within the capacity of the external factors, which is call of her nature. She continuously obtains material substances from men when she is missing something. Unfortunately she always suffers pain. Finally she reaches her dream by her efforts and independence.3.1.2 Rebellious CharacterLeaving a tearful mother, Carrie boards on train to a strange and complicated big city. We could feel tne courage of an 18 years old young girl and the heart of the rebel. With a taste prosperity of Chicago, she soon begins to resist common lifestyle of the brother-in-law. Then, just as leaving her hometown in Wisconsin, Carrie once again escapes from the residence of a brother-in-law, matting her relationship with a man’s privacy. This is the strongest hint of rebel, and also leaves a clue that she doesn’t only actualize herself, but also becomes new metropolis female.3.2 External Causes3.2.1 The Background of Capitalism and ConsumerismThe background of the novel is based on the economic condition in nineteenth century early USA dominated by agriculture. The transition from agricultural economy depending on family to capitalist economy relying on operating capitalism mainly is based on the development of industry in nineteenth century. Working out of the family is more and more prevalent. Meanwhile women at the nearest large cities search for work, which reflects an international trend. Women start to work out of the family and pursue themselves. By 1890, the national labor consists of 17% women. Thanks to capitalism and consumerism background, the traditional idea that women should pay totally attention to husband and children converts to working out of family. Sister Carrie is one of women working out of the family.Capitalist economic development relies on the rapid transfer of products from producers to consumers. The most important social changes described in the novel is from the production to consumption. On the one hand the mass retail has wider implications; on the other hand customers benefit from low prices and a wide range ofoptions. In this way the consumers are related with consumption. Particularly, Sister Carrie is a potential consumer who desires to control her fate and reach her goal. She realizes that she needs to get her dream through hard effort. So capitalism background is an indispensable element for Carrie to model a new metropolis female.3.2.2 The Influence of Individual ExperienceChicago is a city full of hope, luck and rise. At the beginning of the novel author wants to preach a concept “the city is full of cunning deception, rather than any man in Chicago attracted heroines”. Carrie looks forward to Chicago “a huge magnet, attracting people full of hope and despair from all sides”. But in fact she suffers failure at first. In Chicago, she meets a salesman Drouet and falls in love with him. She wants to be his wife and waits for a long time. In the end, she is conscious of her innocence. Drouet just regards her as a mistress, besides, Drouet is dissolute. He can’t give Sister Carrie a good future. When she is confused, she comes across Hurstwood and is attracted by him. She falls in love again; unfortunately she is deceived by Hurstwood. When she lives with Hurstwood in New York,she goes out for hunting a job. Finally she leaves Hurstwood. Fortunately, she realizes her dream by herself, and becomes a famous actress. Her independence and effort can be dated back to her experience. It helps Carrie accomplish her success.4. Defects of Sister Carrie’s Personality4.1 Her VanityCarrie is a woman with strong vanity and desire for material which leads her to become a victim of the two men-Drouet and Hurstwood, which also contributes to her success in the future. She is always yearning for clothes and Jewelry, so when she goes to the department store to look for a job, Carrie is attracted by each item whether it is cheap trinkets, or expensive jewelry. Each piece is attracted to her. She wants to wear all the jewelry and desires to have them all. That delicate slippers and stockings, trimmed with beautiful trim skirts and petticoats, all every color of the lace, ribbons, combs, and flower package, what a wonderful thing if she can have them all. Herheart is filled with the desire of possessing them. Later she lives in New York with Hurstwood in some time and once the next door neighbor－Mrs. Vance invites her to the theater. Her vanity is revealed totally by the comparisons with Mrs. Vance. Carrie thinks she is pretty enough, but when compared with Mrs. Vance, she is not pretty at all. How could Mrs. Vance have so many cute little things? Carrie feels more uncomfortable when she goes on the street with Mrs. Vance, because it is filled with strong rich and flaunted atmosphere in the street, she thinks she is incompatible in this atmosphere. The fact is that that she could never have the bright appearance like Mrs.Vance’s, which makes she feel very pain. Later she vows that she would dress more gorgeously and come here again. At the same time, she is eager to dress gorgeously to show off in public place. Carrie’s vanity is manifested in her desire for goods and the comparisons with others, and is displayed in her pursuit of fame and fortune, too. Because her vanity makes her not satisfy her present status, so that she goes out of the circle of her own life, and ultimately, she obtains success and feels that she has been looked forward to.To sum up, Carrie is to adored materials to control her desire for pursuing fame and status. Fortunately she gains success.4.2 Lack of Rational EducationCarrie is often fallen by external environment, which, especially, is reflected in her emotional affairs. She is always easily controlled by men, partly because she makes every decision depending on someone’s ideas. Partly because she is lack of education, then it is an essential factor for her to master her fate. Lacking of knowledge leads to her weakness. There is none of family education in her childhood. The only way to consult is to listen to instruction of her father who carefully explains everything. When Carrie is not able to find correct direction from her experience, her conscience is her honest and knowledgeable adviser. Carrie is not educated; she does not have chance to learn knowledge from books that is a closed garden to her. She comes to the city in order to look for the greatest happiness in life.5. The Writer’s PurposeFrom the above analysis, it is obvious to see that Carrie is an hard-working, romantic and persistent woman who is fond of pursuing fame and vanity. Certainly, what is the purpose of the author to shape such a character? There are two reasons. Firstly, in order to highlight the characteristics of naturalism, the author writes Sister Carrie that is embodied the character of Naturalistic literary. One of the purposes of shaping figure in this works is to reflect naturalistic features. The natural feature is that people need to grasp every opportunity to work hard in a competitive society in order to success. On the contrary, the author models a loser－Hurstwood. He is no longer young and capable. Eventually he makes a choice to commit suicide. This is the naturalistic Portrayal. Secondly, when Theodore Dreiser creates Sister Carrie, Darwin’s theory of evolution and survival of the fittest theory are prevailing. Consumption ideology emphasizes people on costing and occupying things. The idea of possession weakens the traditional thrift, savings, and automation ethic. When Dreiser writes Sister Carrie, American women have begun to be affected by consumerism. They begin to challenge traditional moral standards. On the one hand, they no longer believe that the responsibility of women is to help husband and teach children. On the other hand, women should stay at home to do housework. On the contrary, women think they should have their job and earn money by themselves to enjoy life.6. ConclusionThrough hard work, Carrie is turned into a successful actress from an innocent village girl. During this process Sister Carrie is shaped to a new female character. Carrie is no longer manipulated by any man. On the contrary, with an independent career, she is independent in economic, which finally helps her become an independent woman, and realizes the independence of personality. Carrie becomes brave and mature through searching for job. Her success is accompanied by performance talent and her efforts, however in this process; her consciousness hasbeen awakened at the bottom of her heart. It is reviewed by the Dreiser in his book, It is a feature for a woman to be protected, supported and loved. But the power of women is suppressed by the tradition concept. Carrie is conscious of her acting abilities by chance, but she has been accustomed to live comfortably under the male protection so as to refuse to face up to own strengths. She does not fully display her talent until she is frustrated with men. For example, when she learns that Hurstwood cheats on her and then Drouet leaves her, eventually she decides to go out looking for a job. She has needs, but she is not amenable to be tricked or to be bribed by any men. She is going to support herself. This concept helps Carrie develop women’s self-awakening. Furthermore, Carrie finds job in the cinema. It is compared with former jobs, even though it is still not easy, she adds a lot of courage. Besides when Hurstwood is out of job, Carrie attempts to look for a job. Finally she decides to go to a play regardless of her husband’s objection. This job is twice as hard as the former, but Carrie gets a position in the chorus by her tenacity and courage .Her talent is soon recognized. Carrie begins to realize own strength in the promoting process. A man a little word, will not make her mind again. She knows men every well, which eventually creates the Sister Carrie’s image. She walks out of the small world of her family. She, among the public field, gains economic independence, which is a prerequisite for women to seek to further pursuit based on financial independence. Carrie once has previously relied on Drouet and Hurstwood to get happiness before obtaining self-reliance. She wants to marry Drouet who refuses her. Immediately, she changes her hopes on Hurstwood who turns out to be impossible. And she’s like an object, from one man to another man. Because Carrie is not economically independent, it is pointless to talk about personal independence. Eventually, Carrie becomes a famous actress and achieves her worth. She no longer needs to rely on anyone and she also gets honor. Obviously, Carrie achieves real personality independence after being economical independence.Sister Carrie eventually becomes a new woman; of course there are also limitations in her personality. However, she dares to pursue individual liberation; meanwhile she also actively seizes the opportunity to adapt to the social progress. Onthe contrary, compared with her sister－Minnie Vance , Hurstwood’s wife and other female characters, she can be regarded as a representative of the females.Bibliography[1] Matthaei,J.A. An Economic History of Women in America. New York:Schocken.1982:10-12.[2] Theodore Dreiser. Sister Carrie. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching andStudying Press , 1981 : 136.[3] Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie.The Pennsylvania Edition. New York: Penguin.1981:1-3.[4] Woolfolk,A. Educational Psychology.The United States of America: A Division ofSimon&Schuster,Inc.1993:50-52.[5] 霍顿，罗德. 美国文学思想背景[M]. 人民文学出版社,1991:2-5.[6] 方华文. 嘉莉妹妹[M].译林出版社:2011:7-9.[7] 蒋道超. 德莱塞研究[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2002 : 125.[8] 蒋道超. 德莱塞研究[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2002 : 222.[9] 史志康. 美国文学背景概观[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1998:24-26.[10] 王钢华. 嘉莉妹妹的欲望和驱动力[J].外国文学研究,2002,12(3):8.AcknowledgmentsFirstly, I would like to express my gratitude to all the people who helped me during the writing of this paper. Without their help, this thesis would have been impossible.I am extremely grateful to my tutor XXX for her valuable direction and suggestion, for her constant encouragement and generosity in spending her precious time on my paper.Special thanks go to the Anyang normal college humanistic management university where gives me the opportunity to study my favorite major English teaching. Therefore I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the respectful teachers who have taught me during my undergraduate study.Last but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to thank my dear parents, for their encouragement and always supporting me to finish this thesis.。
《《嘉莉妹妹》中的自由女性与社会禁锢》
《嘉莉妹妹》中的自由女性与社会禁锢简介《嘉莉妹妹》是法国作家加缪所著的一部小说，以女主角青年嘉莉为中心，探讨了自由女性在一个充满社会禁锢的世界中的境遇。
本文将从多个方面来分析小说中自由女性以及她们受到的社会束缚。
自由女性的特点在《嘉莉妹妹》中，自由女性表现出以下几个主要特点： 1. 勇敢无畏：自由女性勇于追求内心真正的欲望和愿望，不受外界干扰和限制。
2. 独立个性：她们拥有独立思考和行动能力，在面对困境时能够坚守自己的原则。
3. 渴望解放：自由女性渴望解放身体、情感和精神上的束缚，追求真实而充实的生活。
社会禁锢对自由女性的影响尽管自由女性坚持追求内心真实的生活方式，但她们不可避免地受到了社会禁锢的影响。
以下是她们所面对的主要社会束缚：1. 传统价值观社会对于女性的期望往往停留在传统的角色定位上，如贤妻良母、顺从妻子等。
自由女性因为不愿被拘束于这些桎梏中，常常与这些传统价值观发生冲突。
2. 家庭和婚姻的压力自由女性往往受到来自家庭和婚姻的压力，他们需要履行家庭责任，同时面临着对个人意志和追求的限制。
在小说中，嘉莉就一直处于希望摆脱家庭束缚和探索真实自我的冲突之中。
3. 社会道德标准社会对女性行为有着明确的道德标准和规范，任何与传统认知相背离的行为都可能受到谴责和歧视。
自由女性想要超越这些界限，并表达出真实的情感需求，但常常要承受来自周围人的异样眼光。
自由女性与反抗尽管受到社会禁锢的限制，但自由女性在小说中也展现了强烈的反抗精神和行动。
她们试图通过以下途径寻求自我解放：1. 自我表达自由女性试图通过自己独特的方式来表达自我的渴望和追求，在小说中，嘉莉用写作和思考来探索和表达她内心深处的自我。
2. 勇于挑战权威为了摆脱禁锢，自由女性常常勇于挑战传统的权威和规范，试图改变社会对女性角色的固有观念。
3. 构建人际关系小说中许多自由女性通过建立互助、理解和支持的人际关系，共同面对社会禁锢以及个人成长过程中所遇到的困境。
对嘉莉妹妹欲望的分析
对嘉莉妹妹欲望的分析
任燕燕
（潍坊学院， 山东 摘 潍坊 2 6 10 6 1 ）
要： �嘉莉妹妹� 是美国著名的自然主义小说家西奥多 � 德莱赛的作品， 这是一部以欲
望为主题的小说.本文从社会对嘉莉的影响和嘉莉自身的原因两个方面探讨了嘉莉妹妹的无 穷无尽的欲望 . 关键词： 嘉莉妹妹； 欲望； 工业化； 消费主义 中图分类号： I 10 6 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 16 71- 42 88(2 0 0 9 ) 0 3- 0 10 5- 0 3 交通 ,五光十色的生活和唾手可得的就业机会吸 引了以前以家庭为中心的妇女, 以农场为中心的 村民以及一些小城镇居民. 在世纪之交的美国， 都 市人的生活已经变成了一种渴望，城市成了反映 并满足人们对享乐 ,消遣以及金钱和权力等欲望 的舞台. 它使人们的欲望变得不加选择, 永无止 境. 德莱塞笔下的芝加哥， 嘉莉妹妹初次登上的舞 台就是这样的城市 .18 89 年， 芝加哥已具备飞速 发展的所有条件， 哪怕是年轻的姑娘们， 只要敢到 这里来冒险， 似乎准能发迹 . 对德莱塞， 对嘉莉妹妹， 对所有从中西部来的 充满梦想的年轻人来说，芝加哥这样的城市就是 世界的中心， 是唯一能让他们摆脱贫困和平庸， 并 实现自己梦想的地方. 在嘉莉心中， 她认为芝加哥 很大， 五光十色， 十分迷人， 那里的人们都很富有. 嘉莉认为她来到了这里，她的生活也会发生翻天 覆地的变化， 财富和时尚也会属于她 .可见， 随着 工业化而出现的大都市是嘉莉实现梦想的舞台， 是城市生活所具有的物质上的舒适和各种各样的 享乐刺激了她无穷无尽的欲望. 没有这个大舞台， 她在百老汇的成功无从谈起 . 没有这个舞台， 她的 无尽欲望也将无处依托 . 同时， 工业化导致了贫富差距进一步拉大， 作 者笔下百老汇和鲍威里街之间的强烈对比可谓当 时社会的一个缩影： 百老汇那里， 商人和观光客全 都奔舒适的大饭店而去 .在鲍威里街顶风冒雪疲 于奔命的人群却在灯光昏暗的小铺子跟前时隐时 现. 商品化的发展突显了金钱的魅力 . 嘉莉对金钱 最直观的理解就是 "金钱既然人人都有， 我也非有 不可 " . 对贫穷的恐惧和对舒适生活的向往促使嘉 莉离开姐姐，屏弃传统道德而先后投进德鲁埃和 赫斯特伍德的怀抱并最终抛弃潦倒的赫斯特伍德
浅析《嘉莉妹妹》看新女性形象
浅析《嘉莉妹妹》看新女性形象王伟丽(河北外国语职娥学院)攘鬟：《嘉菇妹辣》是一部葵有较强思想缓和艺术力量的成熟作品。
它以真切的现实主乳为鲜明的特征。
比较真实地揭露了20世纪初人们狂热地追嚣美国之梦的悲剧事实．说明了在双金钱秀中心转荑嚣资本裳义社套里幂可缒有妻燕砖幸福。
荧于作者对嘉莉的“堕落”所采取酶“暖昧”立场。
评论界从最初口诛笔伐刘后来毁誉参半的态度转变代表了女性主义发展酌成果。
本艾从解析《嘉麓妹妹》的角度出发，尝试解读嘉菇嫁妹形象的女诬主更内满．并逶过考察作者与骞盼主流文化中的“女性特质”意识彤态之间的微妙关系来揭横其在这部小说中最终放弃道德评判的社会文化根源．尝试解读嘉麓婊妹的“錾女性”黟象。
关键词：独立：新女性；传统女性：现实；欲望《嘉裁妹妹》“Si s t er C arr i e”是～本反映农村姑娘的梦想及遭遥的整赛雷典文学名著．是德莱塞的处女作。
在美国文学史上《嘉莉妹妹》是一块高大的里程碑，被看成烧一部自然烹义的经典之作。
它是本世纪美国最伟大的社会小说家西奥多．德菜塞豹第一都反映“美重式梦憨”，舞露美溺疑奉主义社会腐蚀性的长篇小说。
《潦莉妹妹》燕现代文学斑上描写美豳大都市生活的第一都重要长篇小说。
“Si st er C arr i e"讲述了一名天真、聪明、美菰的乡下姑娘蠢洛稀米燹。
家星入都亲穗称之秀“豢赫妹妹”蓟笼魏哥谋生所遭遇的不章的故事。
主人公嘉莉是一个美丽纯冀的农村女孩．城市对她有着无穷的吸引力。
和嗣时代的许多美国青年一样。
裹蔫心枣兖滤了对大都泰豹囊镣，城市意昧麓彝|塞、名誉、地位、珠光宝气的打扮、奢侈的享受和幸福的燕活，闪耀的灯光和讨好挑情的追求目光一样也具有效应，纯洁自然的心炭一半都熙由超人类的力量所达到的。
喧闹的城市，沸腾一只“黄色的猫”，暗示了雾和烟的浓密，周邋的环境的艨胧迷嚣。
巍这一嚣寂乏昧懿街遵土，哭有逮“雾”纛“烟”还骞一点点的生气，却呈现了腐朽的“黄色”；只有邈“雾”和“烟”是有活力的．跳跃的，却也是最短暂易消逝的，作者通过这一讽剩性的对比以及对露蓉鲜明的色彩翻形象斡通感效果的象征主义遮用．深裁揭承了《情歌》酌荒原主题。
《嘉莉妹妹》女性主义论文
《嘉莉妹妹》女性主义探析摘要：西奥多·德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》是一部颇具争议的小说，主人公嘉莉更被看作是虚荣、欲望的代表，其成功是建立在美丽的外貌及对男人的利用之上。
本文从女性主义角度分析了虚荣与欲望背后所隐藏的意义，即在男权社会寻求女性解放必须取得经济与人格的双重独立。
关键词：《嘉莉妹妹》女性主义男权社会中图分类号：i106.4 文献标识码：a一时代背景19世纪末20世纪初，美国社会处于由传统工业向现代工业的转型期，工业化和机械化程度日益增强，传统的精神信仰受到了经济发展的冲击，新的精神信仰尚未形成，而女性在当时以男性为中心的社会中仍处于附属地位。
这一时期西方正处于第一次女权运动浪潮之中，女性开始为争取自身的解放而奋斗，批判男权主义的女权主义应运而生。
1848年，伊丽莎白·凯蒂·斯坦顿和卢科瑞蒂亚·莫特带领女权主义改革者在塞内卡瀑布举行聚会，要求修正法典里许多对妇女不公平的待遇。
纽约州召开了妇女代表大会，争取选举权运动。
这期间，美国社会出现了成千上万的“新女性”。
一般来讲，“新女性”指两类妇女，一类是劳动阶层的年轻女工，另一类是不安于传统女性命运的中产阶级少女和少妇。
“新女性”大都具有强烈的自我意识和独立的个性，受过一定程度的教育，性观念较为开放，不为传统的家庭观念所束缚。
她们常常通过各种方式为自己争取更大的独立权利，并呼吁与男人一样享有平等的权利。
“新女性”的崛起为当时的美国文学提供了全新的素材，注入了新的活力。
大批“新女性”以“自主、独立、蔑视传统”的姿态出现在美国社会，并以否定传统婚姻和家庭观念的大胆行为来挑战男权社会。
但是仍然有许多男性作家，如杰克·伦敦、亨利·詹姆斯等为捍卫男性权威、维护传统妇道而把“新女性”刻画成性情古怪，行为异常，令读者嫌恶的角色。
当时的女性仍然受着清教主义的影响，主流女性形象是温文尔雅的淑女，是虔诚的清教徒，这也就说明，当时的女性在婚后应该全心全意相夫教子，不能毫无顾忌地放纵自我的情感，整天沉溺于男欢女爱。
用马斯洛需求层次理论分析《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物
摘要《嘉莉妹妹》讲述了一位农村女孩不甘贫穷,独自来到芝加哥实现自己的“美国梦”，最终成为了纽约百老汇的一位著名演员，物质享受得到满足，精神却陷入迷失的故事。
阅读这部小说我们很容易注意到嘉莉不断升级的需要及日益增长的欲望，及在追求欲望的过程中对传统道德的违背。
本文主要依据马斯洛层次需求理论，分析嘉莉及与嘉莉妹妹关系密切的两位男主人公，在不同时期的不同需要，并分析这些欲望产生的原因，即一方面是人物内在的欲望，另一方面是环境、城市的诱惑等外在因素。
这两方面的相互作用最终导致嘉莉陷入精神的迷失。
《嘉莉妹妹》的故事似乎在警示我们，在物质越来越发达的今天，人们不应该盲目追求物质的享受，而应该充分认识到精神带给人们的幸福感和满足感,思索自己人生的意义和价值所在。
关键词：嘉莉妹妹；欲望；层次需求理论AbstractSister Carrie tells the story of a small country girl Carrie who moves to Chicago to realize her “American Dream” and eventually becomes a Broadway star in New York. Despite living a luxurious life, she is lost in spirit. Reading the novel, we may easily notice Carrie’s different needs and desires arising gradually and also the betrayal of traditional moral code in the process of pursuing material gain. The paper analyzes the reasons why Carrie and two male heroes closed to her have various needs at different stages of life, mainly based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. One is figures’inner desires; the other is the outside force, including temptations of environment, cites, etc. The interaction between them makes Carrie lose herself eventually. It seems to tell people that in modern society material supplies more and more abundantly, but we should never pursue it blindly and much importance should be attached to happiness and stability created by spirit. It is essential to ponder the significance and the value of life.Key words: Sister Carrie; desire; hierarchy of needsContentsChapter 1 General Introduction (1)1.1 About the author and the novel (1)1.1.1 The author: Theodore Dreiser (1)1.1.2 The novel: Sister Carrie (1)1.2 About Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs (2)Chapter 2 Carrier’s needs (4)2.1 Carrie’s primary needs (4)2.1.1 The physiological needs: leaving for Chicago (4)2.1.2 The safety needs: becoming Drouet’s mistress (5)2.2 Carrie’s higher level needs (6)2.2.1 The love and belonging needs — awaking step (6)2.2.2 The esteem needs — advanced development (7)2.2.3 The self-actualization needs — ultimate goal (8)Chapter 3 Drouet’s needs (10)3.1 Drouet’s primary needs (10)3.1.1 The physiological needs: the pursuit of Carrie (10)3.1.2 The safety needs: the satisfaction of material (11)3.2 Droue t’s higher level needs (12)Chapter 4 Hurstwood’s needs (13)4.1 Hurstwood’s needs in Chicago (13)4.1.1 Hurstwood’s physiological needs (13)4.1.2 Hurstwood’s safety needs (14)4.1.3 Hurstwood’s love and belonging needs (14)4.2 Hurstwood’s needs in New York (15)Conclusion (17)References (19)Acknowledgments (20)Chapter 1 General Introduction1.1 About the author and the novel1.1.1 The author: Theodore DreiserTheodore Dreiser is the most outstanding realistic novelist in the history of American literature. He is also an American naturalistic writer famous for the exploration of realistic life. Dreiser was born in Indiana in a poor German immigrant family. When Dreiser was eight, his mother was forced by the pressure of living, left home with him and three other young children, wandered from one town to another in the Midwest. The family lived a tough and criticized life. Dreiser’s childhood also endured poverty and ignorance.In 1887, he came to Chicago alone, worked in restaurants and hardware companies. In spite of this, he was attracted by the city life full of excitement and stimulation. In 1889, “he was sponsored by a sympathetic middle school teacher to study at the University of Indiana. But he dropped out of school the next year, returned to Chicago to become a debt collector in a real estate and furniture company” (Wang Sixiang, 2009: 158). This job led him to come into contact with the underworld characters and the dark side of society, accumulated a wealth of material for the future creation. It also determined the naturalistic color and the tragic thought of his creation. Dreiser entered the press in 1892, started to be a journalist. In Chicago, he witnessed the strong contrast of extreme poverty and extravagant life. These experiences are the beginning of his thought, which led him to create his own novel.1.1.2 The novel: Sister CarrieSister Carrie, Theodore Dreiser’s first novel, is a good work of epoch-making significance in the history of American fiction. This novel tells the story of Caroline Meeber, a pretty rural girl, leaves her rural home to make a living in Chicago. On the train, she meets Charles Drouet, a traveling salesman. The harsh reality shatters her dream. At the same time, in front of her is unemployment and disease. In desperation she becomes Drouet’s mistress. Later, due to the greater desire, she becomes the hotelmanager Hurstwood’s mistress. Hurstwood and Carrie elope to New York, and Carrie becomes a popular actor by chance and squeezes into the upper class. However, Hurstwood becomes poorer and finally committed suicide. The life of upper class does not make her feel satisfied. She feels empty and can not find the real meaning of life. In the loneliness and desolation, she sits in a rocking chair dreaming of the happiness that she would not get.The novel reveals the cruel squeezing of the American capitalist system for poor people and the corrosive action of bourgeois lifestyle for petty bourgeois. And the moral concept the novel reflects is also a counter-tradition. Because Carrie rather than be punished for her depravity, but becomes a popular star of musical comedies finally. Therefore, this book has aroused widespread concern in society since it was published, was banned for a time which led up to intense controversy of the literary world for more than 30 years until it is regarded as a classic to gain public recognition. Until today the novel was born one hundred years later, people are still controversial about Carrie’s character and behavior, especially her endless desire.1.2 About Maslow’s hierarchy of human needsIn Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, there are five kinds of needs ranging from lower level to higher level. These are physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs. (1)The physiological needs — it is the most basic requirement of human beings, including food, sleep, water, secretion, and sex. If any one of these needs, except sex, can not be satisfied, the physiological function of human can not operate normally. In other words, the life of human would be threatened. In this sense, the physiological need is the primary motivation of people’s action. Maslow believes that only those basic needs be met, the other needs can become new motivating factors. And to this point, the needs has been relatively satisfied will no longer be motivating factors. (2)The safety needs — it is the demand for the following things: personal and property safety, health care, job security and family safety. Maslow believes that the pursuit of the whole organism is a security mechanism, the human receptors, effectors’ organs, intelligence and other forms of energy are mainly seeking safety tools. We can even put both science and philosophy as part of meeting the security needs. (3)The love and belonging needs — if both physiological and safety needs are relatively well satisfied, and then there will emerge the love and belonging needs. Everyone wants to get mutual concern and care.The love and belonging needs is more meticulous than the physiological needs. It relates to a person’s physiological characteristics, experience, education and religion. Generally people will hunger for affectionate relations with others, for a place in the group and have a family. (4)The esteem needs — everyone wants to have a stable social status. And it requests that personal ability and achievements are recognized by the society. These needs can be divided into two parts. First is the desire for strength, achievement, adequacy, confidence and freedom. Secondly, we have what we may call the desire for reputation, attention, importance or appreciation. Satisfaction of the esteem need can make people have confidence, worth, strength, capability and adequacy of being useful and necessary in the world. (5)The self-actualization needs — it is the highest level of needs. It refers to the realization of personal ideals, aspirations and the individual’s ability to the greatest degree. Maslow notes that in order to satisfy self-actualization needs, different people take different measures. The self-actualization need is an effort to realize their potential. It is to make them become the characters they desire to be.These basic needs are related to each one and another, but any physiological and safety needs that remain unsatisfied will keep playing an important role, and needs at one level do not have to be completely satisfied before needs at the next higher level come into play. This means that the highest goal will monopolize consciousness and will tend to organize the recruitment of the various capacities of the organism. The lower needs are minimized, even forgotten or denied. But when a need is fairly well satisfied, the next higher need emerges,in turn to dominate the conscious life and to serve as the center of organization of behavior, since gratified needs are not active motivators.Chapter 2 Carrier’s needs2.1 Carrie’s primary needs2.1.1 The physiological needs: leaving for ChicagoBy the end of the Civil War (1861-1865), most of the forces that would typify twentieth century American had begun to emerge. Northern industrialism had triumphed over southern agrarianism. The great age of big city bossism began. Americans ceased to be isolated from the world and from each other. Soon the United States had the most extensive railroad system in the world. The tempo of life accelerated as Americans became increasingly mobile. From 1870 to 1890 the total population of the United States doubled. Villages became towns, towns became cities, and cities grew to a size with a speed that would have astonished the Founding Fathers. The population of Chicago increased twenty times to two million, making it the nation’s second largest city after New York. The national income quadrupled. It was the beginning of what Mark Twain called “The Gilded Age”. Thousands and thousands of men, women and children native-born and foreign, flooded to American cities, drawn by hopes for making their fortune. They believed that anyone could grasp an opportunity to attain success through honest and hard work. Just as American naturalists argued: the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment.Dreiser clothed the social phenomenon of so-called “American Dream” through his character, Carrie. At the beginning of the novel, the heroin, Carrie, keeps pace with the general trend of the time, and moves to Chicago, which is not far away from her hometown. She is eighteen years old, bright, timid, and full of the illusions of ignorance and youth:And yet she was interested in her charms, quickly to understand the keenerpleasures of life, ambitious to gain in material things. A half-equipped littleknight she was, venturing to reconnoiter the mysterious city and dreamingwild dreams of some vague, far-off supremacy, which should make it preyand subject-the proper penitent, groveling at a woman’s slipper. (TheodoreDreiser, 1979: 3)In Maslow’s view, humans are wanting beings, mainly because humans are not satisfied with the status and are eager to achieve a higher realm. Desire is one of the strong emotions which tells people that he is still curious to exist, that he still have an edge on his longings and want to bite into the world. Carrie is driven by the environment and the internal desire to move to Chicago. Strictly speaking, it is the physiological needs. Carrie wants to change the poor life. She begins to hunt a job to earn money to fulfill her needs. Carrie accepts a job in a shoe factory for four and a half dollars a week. Every week she pays four dollars for her board and lodging. Does the story develop smoothly like this? The author gave a hint by writing “When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse” (Zhang Xiaowei, 2011: 203). Carrie tries to live on her own to start her first step of material pursuit.2.1.2 The safety needs: becoming Drouet’s mistressChicago is a charming city indeed. Carrie is surrounded by various temptations: Carrie passed along the busy aisles, much affected by the remarkabledisplays of trinkets, dress goods, stationary and jewelry. Each separatecounter was a show place of dazzling interest and attraction. She could nothelp feeling the claim of each trinket and valuable upon her personally.There was nothing there which she could not have to used-nothing whichshe did not along to own. The dainty slippers and stockings, the delicatelyfrilled skirts and petticoats, the laces, ribbons, hair-combs, purses, all touchher with individual desires. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 27)She longs for dress and beauty with a whole heart.But the fact is that the cold reality takes her by the hand. First, her sister and brother-in-law live a lean life and consumed by housework. The money left by Carrie every week is not enough for her car fares, let alone clothes, laces, ribbons, etc. And none of those things is in the range of her purchase. Second, in the shoe factory, the machines work intensively. Carrie is not strong. Her shoulders and necks ache in bending over and she is totally exhausted every day. “As Carrie listened to this and much more of similar familiar badinage among the men and the girls, she instinctively withdraws into herself. She feared that the young boys about would address such remarks to he r” (LI Wei, 2011: 278). The wholeatmosphere of the shoe factory is sordid.Carrie does not like to bear the hard work, the foul working condition and the human environment. She hopes to break away from the factory to enjoy physical comfort and from such uncouth men to keep her calm. Third, as the rigorous winter is around the corner, Carrie worries about the problem of winter clothes, for she has nothing to wear. At last, as a result of illness she loses the job and to return hometown seems to be the only choice.According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, if the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, there then emerge the safety needs. The problem is that whether she can satisfy it or not, it depends on the reality which supplies enough conditions or not, besides her own effort. Carrie understands that it is impossible to buy dress and entertain herself by her personal diligence. Drouet is, for Carrie, an escape. She does not love him, but he means a source of amazement, and she recognizes that the relative opulence of his chambers and department he procures for Carrie are the signs of that for which she is striving. Eventually she betrays herself to become Drouet’s mistress to realize her safety need. Carrie and Drouet pay a visit all round the city and go shopping, take part in various activities, enjoy delicious foods. It seems that Carrie has never hesitated,“Money! Money! What a thing it was to have! How plenty of it would clear away all the troubles” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 82). She surrendered to the magic of money. At the second stage of material pursuit, Carrie has a much stronger desire. She falls in love with it without reason.2.2 Carrie’s higher level needs2.2.1 The love and belonging needs — awaking stepAs the plot goes, the author depicts a panorama of rising needs and desire. On one hand, Carrie is not just satisfied with living together with Drouet:That young lady, under the stress of her situation and the tutelage of hernew friend, changed effectively. She the glow of a more showy life was notupon her. She did not grow in knowledge so much as she awakened in thematter of desire. Mrs. Hale’s extended harangues upon the subjects ofwealth and position taught her to distinguish between degrees of wealth.(Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 140)When she comes to her own room, Carrie sees her comparative poverty. She is not comparing it with what she has had, but what she has seen recently. She begins toponder what, after all, Drouet is and what she is. On the other hand, Carrie fears of losing Drouet’s affection, of being abandoned, and also she longs for someone to sympathize with her, but not let her ponder and wonder. It makes clear to Carrie that Drouet could not understand her. He just cares about her beauty. When Carrie is sorrow, he only asks her to dance. Carrie feels lonely and forsaken. What’s more, Carrie believes Drouet does not plan to marry her. He prefers the single state to any legal bondage. These two sides wake up Carrie’s deep desire. She “hopes to live an extravagant life but not from hand to mouth” (Peng Dankui, 1995: 74). She is eager to be understood and loved. Drouet is only an intermediary in her movement from poverty to affluence. Carrie is ready and longs to change.More wealth and higher status are Carrie’s new goal. At this time, Hurstwood becomes another male stepladder to gratify her needs both in material and spirit. Hurstwood can give her a life of honor. Carrie recognizes the quality of Hurstwood’s clothes, his style and his bearing as distinct improvements on Drouet. Hurstwood shows his thoughts and feelings concerning Carrie. “In contrast, Hurstwood appeared strong and sincere. He had no easy manner of putting her off. He sympathized with her and showed her what her true value was. He needed her, while Drouet did not care” (Gao Chenke, 2011: 115).Though Carrie has achieved her material goal, all in all, she has another need—love. Carrie begins to care about her inner thoughts, which takes the first step of exploring her spirit. Carrie’s spirit pursuit is based on material pursuit.2.2.2 The esteem needs — advanced developmentAfter becoming Hurstwood’s mistress, in a material way, Carrie is considerably improved. Hurstwood writes her regularly-a letter every morning. They both enjoy the happy days. Carrie has an opportunity to take part in a play. It is not an important thing, but because of the prestige of Hurstwood, it is significant. “By the time of the 16th had arrived Hurstwood’s friends had rallied like Romans to a senator’s call. A well-dressed, good-natured, flatteringly-inclined audience was assured from the moment he thought of assisting Carrie”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 209). Carrie moves into a new environment. She feels the respect and power of celebrities. Carrie’s needs develop further: the esteem needs. That is the desire for confidence and appreciation:There was nothing bold in her manner. Life had not taught herdomination-superciliousness of grace, which is the lordly power of somewomen. Her longing for consideration was not sufficiently powerful tomove her to demand it. Even now she lacked self-assurance, but there wasthat in what she had already experienced which left her a little less thantimid. She wanted pleasure, she wanted position. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979:176)For Carrie she is nervous. She hopes the play could succeed to gain confidence and appreciation, “The glamour, the tense situation, the fine clothes, the applause, these had lured her until she felt that she, too, could act-that she, too, could compel acknowledgment of power” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 192). Carrie tries best to explore her potentials.2.2.3 The self-actualization needs — ultimate goalHurstwood coaxes Carrie to elope to New York. But he is merely another man who either cannot hold or find a job. He forces to begin the battle for place and comfort all over again. But his situation becomes worse and worse. At the beginning, he strolls about, and then he just picks his papers up, and stays for day after day. At last, he becomes a beggar completely, lived by other’s charity. Finally he committed suicide by turning on the gas in a Bowery flophouse. When the attraction of material disappears, it is inevitable for Carrie to abandon Hurstwood. The physiological and safety needs play an important role now. Carrie begins to make a livelihood on her own. Different from the former experience, this time, she is successful by her own power without depending on some other men. Carrie becomes an actor because of her pretty-look and her diligence. Her salary rises from 30 dollars to 150 dollars per week. She becomes a famous star. She could possess of her gowns and carriage, her furniture and bank account. But she is alone, “It does not take money long to make plain its important, providing the desires are in the realm of affection. With one hundred and fifty in hand, Carrie could think of nothing particularly to do. In itself, as a tangible, apparent thing which she could touch and look upon, but this soon passed” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 548).After Carrie gains her economic status, there is only self-actualization need left. And Ames helps Carrie sublimate her spiritual pursuit into the world of literature and philosophy. Ames isn’t attracted by Carrie’s beauty, but there is something in him that has attracted her. Ames says to Carrie that riches are not everything, and there is always a great deal more in the world than she has known. Carrie understands that the thingsAmes pointed out is not money, or clothes, or applauses but a kind heart to serve others. It is an aesthetic world of which Carrie has not dreamed of and which she recognizes as a new peak to conquer and a new level to achieve. Carrie moves to the highest needs, which states that the true value of life is not in what we get but in what we give. This is the ultimate goal in her spiritual world.Chapter 3 Drouet’s needs3.1 Drouet’s primary needs3.1.1 The physiological needs: the pursuit of CarrieDrouet is a man who has a keen desire for the feminine. In the driving of the sexual instinct, he will involuntarily chase every beautiful woman he meets. After seeing beautiful pure Carrie on the train, he is attracted by her. With beautiful clothes, grandiose talk and his experiences of chatting up girls, Drouet wins Carrie’s favor. Just as the author says:Let him meet with a young woman once and he would approach her withan air of kindly familiarity, not unmixed with pleading, which would resultin most cases in a tolerant acceptance. If she showed any tendency tocoquetry he would be apt to straighten her tie, or if she “took up” with himat all, to call her by her first name. If he visited a department store it was tolounge familiarly over the counter and ask some leading questions. In moreexclusive circles, on the train or in waiting stations, he went slower. If someseemingly vulnerable object appeared he was all attention to pass thecompliments of the day to lead the way to the parlor car, carrying her grip,or, failing that, to take a seat next her with the hope of being able to courther to her destination. Pillows, books, a footstool, the shade lowered; allthese figured in the things which he could do. If, when she reached herdestination he did not alight and attend her baggage for her, it was because,in his own estimation, he had signally failed. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979:5) Drouet’s chasing for young beautiful girls is not because he is a cold-blooded, black heart, scheming villain, but because he is full of lust. When Drouet meet Carrie in the street secondly, Carrie was looking for a job and has no winter clothes to wear. Then he use Carrie’s plight to persuade her to leave her sister’s home and l ive together with him. After Carrie beca me Drouet’s mistress, Drouet didn’t have the plan to marry her. In the second part of the novel, Drouet and Carrie met again in New York, after he tried to mend fences and Carrie refused, he was not feeling so sad. Because, for him, he canfind a woman for pleasure wherever. Losing Carrie is not so important for him. At the end of the novel, on the night of a big snowstorm, he is talking with a partner to discuss where to look for a woman to have fun.3.1.2 The safety needs: the satisfaction of materialThe great industrial development in American brings about the booming of the cities like Chicago and New York. At the same time, the social gap between the rich and the poor is widening. People are obviously graded. Whether having high material consumption ability has almost become the sole criterion of level division. Drouet is divided into middle class in this social background. He doesn’t have to live in poverty like Hanson, but not as well as Hurstwood has a wealthy family and prominent position. He is good at enjoying life and the pursuit of a higher level of material comforts, immersed in his salesman career and tried to improve his social status. In his view, his life is fulfilling and almost perfect. He dressed in fashion style, wearing a striped plaid wool suit, white and pink striped shirt, gold-plated button, covered with yellow agate known as the “cat ey e”. His vest dangled a neat gold watch chain, matched with a pair of glowing shoes and a fedora. This fashionable dress greatly satisfied the vanity of him. Drouet’s s afety needs come to be realized in the abundant material world.Drouet likes to have dinner at Rector’s,a restaurant he believes that successful person would go. After dinner, he likes to go to th e resort of Fitzgerald and Moy’s to drink a glass of whiskey and enjoy a couple of cigars. In such a place, he can get to know a variety of celebrities, in order to increase the capital to show off and meet his vanity. The author has described it in detail:Rector’s, with its polished marble walls and floor, its profusion of lights, itsshow of china and silverware, and, above all, its reputation as a resort foractors and professional men, seemed to him the proper place for asuccessful man to go. He loved fine clothes, good eating, and particularlythe company and acquaintanceship of successful men. When dining, it wassource of keen satisfaction to him to know that Joseph Jefferson was wontto come to this same place, that Henry E. Dixie, a well known performer ofthe day, was then only a few tables off. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 39) As a successful salesman, Drouet believes that it is an honor to be able to make celebrities. At the same time, the big company he is working for also let him feel glory. With the reputation of Bartlett, Caryoe & Company, his work goes well. Although he isnot rich, also does not have a high social status, but he is good at communication, appropriate interaction with others, which also provides a possibility of success in his career. Living with Carrie, Drouet’s career developed gradually and his social status improved accordingly. When he and Carrie meet again, he has been responsible for a branch and is about to establish his own company. He can meet Carrie’s desire for material. He bought her beautiful dresses and coats, purchased cosmetics and went to the theatre with her. But objectively speaking, he was too concerned with material life, treat feelings do not serious. This is also the most dissatisfied for Carrie.3.2 Drouet’s higher level needsAlthough the physiological and material satisfaction is very important for Drouet, he has some higher level of needs. As a traveling salesman, Drouet’s social status is not high. He frequently went to the restaurants and pubs which celebrities always went to. In addition to the pursuit of material comforts, but also he is in the search for a social identity and the sense of belonging. Eating and talking together with the upper-class people, let him have a feeling of integrated into the society.His pursuit of Carrie is not only to satisfy his needs for sex, but also to get rid of the emptiness.Due to his work requirement, Drouet often go to travel around, and he is lacking of group sense of belonging. While Carrie as his mistress, can bring him some emotional comfort.In addition, Carrie’s young and beautiful can meet Drouet’s vanity. And he can show off in social occasions. However, Carrie is not the only choice for Drouet. Instead of creating a stable family, the best way to meet his spiritual emptiness is to seek new love affairs constantly. That is also the reason why he does not marry Carrie.。
《嘉莉妹妹》嘉莉的性格分析
《嘉莉妹妹》嘉莉的性格分析《嘉莉妹妹》女主人公的性格分析摘要：《嘉莉妹妹》是美国著名的自然主义小说家西奥多·德莱塞的第一部长篇小说，讲述的天真，纯洁，美丽乡下少女嘉莉如何从社会底层登上百老汇红五星宝座的过程，细腻地展示了嘉莉的生存景观及心路历程。
该作品以真切的现实主义为鲜明的特征，揭露了资本主义社会繁荣的表面底下的失业、贫困和饥饿，对美国贫富对立的社会作了深刻的描写。
在美国文学史上,嘉莉妹妹一直是颇具争议的人物，本文主要对女主人公嘉莉的性格进行分析，研究嘉莉妹妹的性格特征。
关键字：嘉莉妹妹，性格分析，写作意图一．引言二．作者的介绍西奥多·德莱塞（MarkTwainl871～1945）美国小说家。
1871年8月27日生于印第安纳州的特雷霍特镇。
出生于破产小业主家庭。
曾长期在社会底层劳动挣扎。
父亲原是德国的纺织工人，于1846年逃避兵役到了美国，开过纺织工场。
德莱塞12岁起充当呢绒绸缎店的店员和报童；17岁时去芝加哥谋生，曾在一家小饭馆里洗碟子，在铁器店做伙计。
18岁时。
由小时候的一个女教师资助，进入印第安纳大学肄业，有机会接触到达尔文、赫胥黎和斯宾塞的著作。
一年后又回到芝加哥，充当房地产公司的推销员和洗衣店的送货员。
从23岁开始。
先后在芝加哥和圣路易斯的报纸任记者，在纽约《每月》杂志任主编。
开始写作《嘉莉妹妹》，第二年完成并出版。
《嘉莉妹妹》通过农村姑娘家莉到芝加哥谋生而成为名演员的故事，揭露了资本主义社会繁荣的表面底下的失业、贫困和饥饿，对美国贫富对立的社会作了深刻的描写。
《嘉莉妹妹》用巴尔扎克式的现实主义写成为美国文学开创了一个新的天地。
Theodore Dreiser (MarkTwainl871 ~ 1945) American novelist. August 27, 1871 was born in the town of Terre Haute, Indiana. Born in the bankruptcy of small property owners family. Had long been struggling at the bottom of Labor. The father was a textile worker in Germany to avoid military service in 1846, the United States, opened a textile factory. Dreiser act as the woolen Chou Duandian staff and newsboy at age 12; the age of 17 went to Chicago to earn a living in a small restaurant, washing dishes, do the folks in hardware shops. The age of 18. By the child a female teacher support, into the Indiana University Graduated, and have access to the writings of Darwin, Huxley and Spencer. One year later, he returned to Chicago, to act as a real estate salesman and laundry deliveryman. From the 23-year-old. Has any reporter in Chicago and St. Louis newspapers, the editor in chief at New York, "a monthly magazine. "Sister Carrie" began to write, the second was completed and published. "Sister Carrie" through rural Gu Niangjia and to Chicago to earn a living and become the story of the actor exposed underneath the surface of the prosperity of capitalist society, unemployment, poverty and hunger, made a profound description of the society of rich and poor opposition in the United States. "Sister Carrie" with the realism of Balzac was creating a new world of American literature.三．对《嘉莉妹妹》的故事情节的介绍《嘉莉妹妹》是19世纪美国著名小说家西奥多·德莱塞的第一部长篇小说，也是一部自然主义的杰出作品。
《嘉莉妹妹》女性主义特征解读
《嘉莉妹妹》女性主义特征解读《嘉莉妹妹》是美国作家卢·梭菲尔德所著的一部经典小说，讲述了四个姊妹在19世纪美国南北战争时期的成长故事。
在这部小说中，女性角色扮演着非常重要的角色，展现了女性在当时社会中的种种困境和挑战。
本文将从女性主义的角度出发，解读《嘉莉妹妹》中展现出的女性主义特征。
小说展现了女性的独立性和自主性。
在《嘉莉妹妹》中，四个姊妹中的每一个都展现了独立自主的一面。
尤其是主角乔，在那个时代女性通常被期望成为贤妻良母，过着家庭主妇的生活，乔却不愿被社会的传统性别角色所束缚，她有着自己的梦想和追求，渴望成为一名作家，追求知识和独立。
她敢于追求自己的事业和梦想，不愿一直受到男性的支配和控制。
书中的其他女性角色也都有着各自的追求和独立性，她们尽管受到种种社会、家庭、经济的压力，但却依然坚持追求自己的人生价值和自主性。
小说呈现了女性之间的情谊和互助。
四姊妹之间的情感联系极为紧密和特殊，在小说中，她们无论是一起玩耍、共度欢乐时光，还是在困难时刻互相支持、互相鼓励，都展现出极为深厚的女性友谊。
她们在各自的成长过程中相互扶持，鼓励着对方去追求自己的梦想，这种情谊和互助为当时社会中被边缘化的女性提供了极大的慰藉和支持。
书中女性角色在面对种种困难和挑战时，也总是能够互相帮助、齐心协力，展现出女性在面临困境时的韧性和坚毅。
小说中对女性的婚姻和家庭生活进行了深刻的探讨。
在《嘉莉妹妹》中，作者对女性的婚姻和家庭生活都进行了深入的刻画和反思。
书中通过不同的姊妹角色，展现了当时女性在婚姻中所面临的各种困境和挑战。
婚姻对于女性而言往往是一种束缚，她们通常需要为家庭和孩子付出大量，却很少有属于自己的时间和空间。
小说中呈现了女性在婚姻中的种种挣扎和迷茫，她们感受到了婚姻给自己带来的压力和束缚，但又无法违背当时社会对女性的期望和要求。
书中也表现出女性在家庭生活中对于幸福和美满的追求，她们希望能够拥有属于自己的家庭、爱情和幸福。
评《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉的女性的文学价值分析
评《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉的女性的文学价值分析本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！精神分析批评是二十世纪最有影响力的文学批评理论之一。
精神分析批评的创立者，西格蒙弗洛伊德（Edmund Freud，1856-1839）是奥地利精神病医生，著名的心理学家。
他的无意识理论开创了从心理分析的角度审视文学作品及其创作，颠覆了传统文学重意识和理性的理论立场和创作理念，对意识流、存在主义、荒诞派等现代主义流派都产生了直接或间接的影响。
无意识理论于二十世纪二十年代被弗洛伊德修正，在《自我和本我》（1923）一书中，他将人格分为三部分，即本我（id），自我（ego）和超我（superego）。
其中，自我代表理性，它感受外界影响，满足本能需求，按现实原则活动；超我代表社会道德准则，压抑本能冲动，按“至善原则”活动。
本我是个性中最原始的部分，它是盲目的，混乱的，只是寻求食物，权利，性爱和欢娱的满足。
它是人所有精神活动中最有能量的，驱使人类受本能支配，在生活中不惜一切的代价地去追求快乐和躲避痛苦。
因此，本我总是受超我束缚的，二者总是处于矛盾之中，而自我总是试图协调本我和超我之间的矛盾。
自我会抉择出最佳方式与外界环境适应以满足本我的需求。
本我，自我，超我，是一个矛盾统一体，总是处于相对的平衡之中，但是很难达到绝对的平衡。
《嘉莉妹妹》是20世纪初期，西奥多德莱赛（Theodore Dreiser）的早期作品。
当时正值美国资本主义上升时期的过渡阶段，伴随着经济的发展，女性意识开始觉醒，大量新女性涌现出来，她们大都有较强的独立意识和自我意识，不惧传统家庭观念的影响。
当时受新女性思想影响的美国妇女，开始向传统道德挑战：不再相信“妇女的责任是生孩子”“妇女生来就是做母亲的好料子”等信条。
《嘉莉妹妹》描述了传统清教思想，对女性的束缚，揭示了男权社会对女性的压迫。
论《嘉莉妹妹》中的女性主义
摘要：西奥多·德莱塞的第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》是美国文学史上一部具有划时代意义的作品。
时至今日，嘉莉妹妹仍是个有争议的人物形象。
人们对这部作品也褒贬不一，在当时，有的人将嘉莉视为堕落女人（fallen woman）的代表，有的将她视为破茧成蝶，完成“自我实现”的先锋。
本文从上个世纪之交西方女性主义如火如荼进展，这一特定社会历史背景出发，以女性主义的视角研究了《嘉莉妹妹》这部作品。
从鲜明的个性, 生活中的强者，事业及人格的独立三个方面解读嘉莉妹妹的新女性内涵。
“新女性”是工业化革命的产物。
[1]关键词：嘉莉妹妹女性主义自我实现新女性一、引言本文旨在自该作品问世以来，就饱受文学界与批评界的争议。
有的人对他的这部作品大加赞赏，认为他把当时的那种社会经济状况表现得淋漓尽致。
而也有人说他的作品太过现实违反了文学本身所要塑造的境界，特别是小说中嘉莉不择手段追求自己想要的东西这一形象被人们简单地贴上“堕落女人”的标签。
随着时代的发展，对该作品的分析和解读也不断推陈出新，由消费主义、享乐主义、女性主义、自然主义等多个角度到城市观念和城市话语。
当代中国社会，经济发展迅速，社会高速运转，在一定程度上与19世纪的美国社会相似，不少人面对社会现实之时，在物质与道德的抉择中陷入迷茫，因此对《嘉莉妹妹》的赏析，在当今中国有着很强的现实意义。
本文通过对《嘉莉妹妹》这一作品的简要介绍和赏析，解读了《嘉莉妹妹》一书中的女性主义特色，并浅析了《嘉莉妹妹》一书对我们当代社会中年青一代的启发，从女性主义角度分析分析了嘉莉妹妹这一角色。
1.女性主义的意义女性却一直被掩埋在历史之外，是“一道裂缝或一种沉默，是看不见并且听不到的性别。
”[2]j ust as Simone de Beauvoir puts it，“One"is not born but rather becomes,a woman．It is civilization as a whole that produces this creature．Only the intervention of someone else can establish an individual as an other．”[3]在文学方面，女性主义者和作家挖掘大量被埋没的妇女作家和作品，重现妇女作品的连续性、一致性和连贯性，并挑战传统的经典文学书目，将妇女作品置于经典文学之列。
《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物分析
《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物分析本页仅作为文档封面，使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.March《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物分析摘要：《嘉莉妹妹》是德莱赛编写的第一部长篇小说，被称为典型的现代美国小说，拉开了美国现代文学的序幕。
这本书谈论的是一个年轻的乡村女孩移居到大城市中，实现自己梦想的故事。
她首先成为了一个男人的情妇，为此她感觉到了极大的优越感，后来经过自身不懈的努力成为一位著名的女演员。
这部小说被称为“伟大的美国城市小说”，深刻影响了后来20世纪的作家。
《嘉莉妹妹》中有三个主要人物：嘉莉是一个普通女孩，来自一个低收入家庭，在大城市中一步步慢慢往上爬，后来成为了高薪的女演员；而赫斯特伍德是来自上层阶级的成员最后却沦落为在街头的落魄乞丐；杜洛埃是一个推销员，年轻、精力充沛，对女人充满了热切的渴望。
小说通过对这些人物的描写比较真实地揭露了20世纪初人们狂热的追求美国梦的悲剧事实。
关键词：嘉莉；美国梦；人物分析一、简介西奥多德莱塞是美国文学历史上一名出色的作家，同时也是美国现代小说的先驱。
《嘉莉妹妹》是德莱塞的第一部长篇小说，讲述了农村少女嘉莉如何从社会底层登上百老汇红舞星宝座的过程，细腻地展示了嘉莉的生存景观及心路历程。
这部小说的面世对美国文学界产生了巨大的影响。
它在文学史上也占据了重要的位置。
《嘉莉妹妹》大胆忠实的写作方式同20世纪早期传统的写作方式大相径庭，因此成为了美国文学史上一部里程碑式的作品。
本文从人物视角分析《嘉莉妹妹》。
在《嘉莉妹妹》中，德莱塞从美国经济生活的三个阶层选取了主要人物。
他向我们展示了这些人都是如何被美国资本主义制度以及资产阶级生活压榨和腐蚀的。
二、对《嘉莉妹妹》中三个人物的分析读者不要期待《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物有高尚的道德立场或强大的分析能力。
但是这并不意味着他们是不吸引人的，甚至是无趣的。
《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物受到了各种力量的压制，又由于自身意志的薄弱，他们通常是自我迷失的。
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从欲望角度浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中的女性形象作者：夏秋冬
来源：《青年文学家》2019年第02期
摘; 要：西奥多·德莱塞是二十世纪美国文坛上一位著名的作家，他的第一部长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》自出版以来就广受争议。
本文将要从欲望的角度以弗洛伊德的发展观点和马斯洛的需要层次为依据进行嘉莉成长路线分析。
关键词：心理;欲望;需求
[中图分类号]：I106; [文献标识码]：A
[文章编号]：1002-2139（2019）-02--01
《嘉莉妹妹》主要讲述了来自乡下的嘉莉，她羡慕大都市的物质生活来到了芝加哥谋生。
但是严酷的社会现实破碎了她的幻想，带给她的是失业和疾病。
在她走投无路时，她做了推销员杜洛埃的情妇，后来由于更大的欲望又做了酒店经理赫斯特伍的情妇。
与赫斯特伍私奔后，在纽约由于偶然的机会她成了红极一时的演员，挤上了上流社会，实现了她的幻想。
然而，上流上会并没有给她带来极大的满足，她感到空虚，找不到真正生活的意义。
最后，在寂寞和凄凉中，她坐在摇椅里，梦想着得不到的幸福。
这部小说一经问世就引起了轩然大波，因为他并没有因为嘉莉的道德沦丧而受到制裁而是最后取得了成功。
人们对嘉莉的性格和行为方式尤其是对她的欲望热议不止，下面将从弗洛伊德的发展观和马斯洛的需要层次进行简要分析。
一、嘉莉的人格结构发展分析
著名的心理學家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德在《自我与本我》中将人格结构分成本我、自我和超我三个部分。
本我是欲望之源，它主要满足人本能的需要，遵守快乐原则，追求不受任何法律道德的拘束，不计任何后果的本能欲望的满足。
自我是保护本我的机制但是没有本我强烈。
弗洛伊德说自我意味着理智和谨慎，是由现实支配。
超我则是受自我理想和良心的约束，由道德支配。
依照弗洛伊德的观点只有本我、自我和超我实现协调平衡时人格才是健康发展的，若是发生了倾斜就会导致精神崩溃或者走向堕落。
在《嘉莉妹妹》中，嘉莉带着很少的钱和她对大城市的向往踏上了驶向芝加哥的列车。
在初到芝加哥后，嘉莉还幻想用自己的双手养活自己，过上向往的生活，满足自己的物质欲望，这时嘉莉的自我的雏形已经渐渐形成。
但是当她意识到仅靠自己的双手活得太过艰辛而她又长得很漂亮时，她开始在不同的男性之间斡旋，以做情妇为“跳板”从而实现自己物质的欲望和虚荣心。
按照人格结构论，此时她受外界环境的影响和欲望的驱使，嘉莉的自我、本我和超我已经失衡，在当时社会的经济的快速发展的情况下，尽管社会道德受到了不断的冲击，自我向本
我倾斜的可能性也显而易见的大于向超我倾斜的可能性。
所以，在小说的进一步发展中嘉莉走向了堕落。
二、嘉莉的欲望及需求的简要分析
需求理论是由亚伯拉罕·马斯洛在《人类激励理论》中提出的，他将人的需要由低到高分成五个层次分别是：生理需求、安全需求、社交需求、被尊重需求和自我实现需求。
生理需求、安全需求和社交需求又可以被叫做低级需求可以通过外界环境得到满足而被尊重需求和自我实现需求则是高级需求需要通过内部条件得到满足。
需求也是有能力满足的欲望。
在故事的开始，刚来到芝加哥的嘉莉最需要解决的就是生理需求，为了满足这一需求，最初阶段，她凭借自己的双手赚钱，但是难以果腹，所以她做了杜洛埃和赫斯特伍的情妇。
她的生理需求得到了一定的改善和保障。
根据马斯洛的需求理论，当她的低层次的需求得到了适当的满足后，高层次需求就会取代低层次需求，从而高层次需求成为新的发展动力。
在小说中同理，当杜洛埃和赫斯特伍都失去了作用后，嘉莉就抛弃了他们。
嘉莉凭借自己对表演的热情、天赋以及姣好的容貌在百老汇中崭露头角一跃成名，得到了观众的喜爱，最后嘉莉在物质方面和精神方面和社会地位上都得到了满足。
所以嘉莉也实现了自己的高级需要。
但是，在小说的结尾，尽管嘉莉的欲望都得到了大部分的满足，嘉莉仍然坐在她的摇椅上飘摇地想着的下一个目标。
由于嘉莉的自私自利，导致了嘉莉在故事的最后也没有得到真正意义上的幸福，和爱失之交臂。
在对嘉莉的欲望进行简要的分析后可知，在嘉莉年幼且涉世不深的时她缺乏良好的判断力和观察力，此时她又受到了外界的环境的驱使，这使得她的人格构成极其容易倾斜，本我向自我倾斜，最后开始了堕落。
而无止境的欲望又使她在小说的最后也没有得到真正的爱与幸福。
人们在现实生活中也在不断地被利益及欲望驱使，但是我们要善于处理好自我、本我及超我的关系，在三者平衡的状态下完成自己的目标。
用适当的方法以及符合道德要求的方式来满足自己的欲望。
从嘉莉堕落的背后我们要反省到自身原因也可以说为主观能动性是事情成功与否的主要原因，我们要端正自的本心，用正确的方式尽力做好自己该做的事情。
从而拥有世界上的顶级奢侈品，爱与幸福。
参考文献：
[1]西奥多·德莱赛，《嘉莉妹妹》，人民文学出版社.
[2]马斯洛，《马斯洛人本哲学》，九州出版社.
[3]吴伟仁，《美国文学史及选读》，外语教学及研究出版社.。