Unit 14 Fluctuations in the Exchange Rates and Risks Management
金钱交易英语作文
金钱交易英语作文In today's globalized economy, money serves as the lifebloodof commerce, facilitating transactions and enabling trade between individuals, businesses, and nations. The essence ofa monetary transaction is the exchange of goods, services, or financial assets for money, which is a medium of exchange and a measure of value.The convenience of money in transactions cannot be overstated. It simplifies the process of trade by eliminating the needfor bartering, where goods are directly exchanged for other goods. Money provides a common denominator that allows forthe comparison of different goods and services, making it easier to determine their relative worth.Moreover, money acts as a store of value, allowingindividuals to save for future purchases. This aspect of money is crucial for economic stability and growth, as it encourages saving and investment, which in turn fuels economic development.However, the use of money in transactions also introduces the concept of currency exchange rates, which can significantly impact international trade. Fluctuations in exchange ratescan make certain goods more expensive or cheaper, affectingthe competitiveness of businesses and the affordability of products for consumers.In the digital age, transactions have evolved beyond physical cash to include electronic payments and cryptocurrencies. These digital forms of money offer new levels of convenience and speed, but also raise concerns about security, privacy, and the potential for misuse.The integrity of monetary transactions is upheld by financial regulations and institutions that work to prevent fraud and money laundering. These systems ensure that transactions are legitimate and that money is not used for illegal activities.In conclusion, money is a fundamental component of modern transactions, providing a means of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of deferred payment. As the world continues to evolve, so too will the ways in which money is used in transactions, necessitating ongoing adaptation and understanding of economic principles.。
国际支付与结算课后答案8-13
Chapter Seven1. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) completeness, correctness, consistency(2) underlying transaction(3) authorized signatures, test key(4) comply with(5) ISO currency code2. Translate the following terms or sentences into English.(1) 信用证表面的真实性〖the apparent authenticity of the credit 〗(2) 标准国际银行惯例〖international standard banking practice〗(3) 信息交换系统〖data communication network 〗(4) 有足够的资金来支付信用证〖to have sufficient funds to cover the credit〗(5) 买方考虑自己的要求也同样的重要〖It is equally importa nt that the buyer’s own requirements be taken into account.〗3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) F (2) F(3) F (4) T (5) T(6) T (7) F (8) T (9) F (10) T4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) CDCBC (6)-(10) CAADD(11)-(15) ADDABChapter Eight1. Define the following terms:(1) Commercial invoice 〖The commercial invoice is the key accounting document describing the commercial transaction between the buyer and the seller. It is a document giving details of goods, service, price, quantity, settlement terms and shipment. 〗(2) Export license 〖An export license is a document prepared by a government authority of a nation granting the right to export a specific quantity of a commodity to a specified country. 〗(3) Bill of lading 〖A bill of lading is a document issued by a carrier to a shipper, signed by the captain, agent, or owner of a vessel, providing written evidence regarding receipt of the goods, the conditions on which transportation is made, and the engagement to deliver goods at the prescribed port of destination to the lawful holder of the bill of lading. 〗(4) Inspection certificate 〖A document issued by an authority indicating that goods have been inspected prior to shipment and the results of the inspection. 〗(5) Consular invoice 〖A consular invoice is an invoice covering a shipment of goods certified in the country of export by a local consul of the country for which the merchandise is destined. 〗II. Translate the following into English:(1) 战略产品〖strategic commodity〗(2) 普惠制〖General System of Preference〗(3) 有预订的泊位〖with reserved berth〗(4) 多式联运提单〖multi-modal transport bill of lading〗(5) 抽样方式〖sampling methodology〗3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) F (2) F(3) T (4) T (5) F(6) F (7) F (8) T (9) T (10) F4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) ABDAC (6)-(10) CCCDA(11)-(15) DDAAA(16)-(20) ABACDChapter Nine1. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) acceptable accounts receivable / non-recourse and notification(2) collection as well as the risk of credit losses(3) the level of sales(4) changes in the world economic structure(5) growing demands(6) purchasing the client’s accounts receivables(7) financial and administration(8) the invoice date / the customer makes his payment(9) market conditions and his assessment of the risks involved in a particular transaction(10) fluctuations in the exchange rate / in the status of the debtor2. Define the following terms(1) Factoring is a form of trade financing that allows sellers to sell their products to overseas buyers essentially on an open account basis. In simple terms, factoring is the purchase of claims, arising from sales of goods, by a specialized company known as factoring company or factor. Factoring is in fact a three-party transaction between the factor and a business entity, i.e. the exporter selling goods or providing services to foreign the importer.(2) Forfaiting is the term generally used to denote the purchase of obligations falling due at some future date, arising from deliveries of goods and services--mostly export transactions--without recourse to any previous holder of the obligation. Simply speaking, forfaiting is the business of discounting medium-term promissory notes or drafts related to an international trade transaction.3. Translate the following terms into English.(1)或有负债contingent liability (2)信用额度credit limit(3)卖方信贷supplier credit (4)无追索权的without recourse(5)信用审定credit approval (6)资本货物capital goods(7)买方信贷担保buyer credit guarantee (8)福费廷融资便利forfaiting facility (9)贸易壁垒trade barrier (10)大宗采购折扣bulk purchase discount 4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1) B (2)A(3) D (4) C (5) DChapter 101. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) secure mechanism for payment / default instrument(2) party tendering / the contract has been awarded(3) presentation of the beneficiary’s demand and stipulated documentation(4) issue a guarantee directly to the beneficiary(5) Unconditional bonds(6) withdraw its bid / accept the award of contract in its favor / between 2% and 5%(7) UCP for documentary credits / Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantee.(8) An advance payment(9) borrower (the principal) / the lender (the beneficiary)(10) counter indemnity2. Define the following terms(1) A bank guarantee is an instrument for securing performance or payment especially in international business. It is a written promise issued by a bank at the request of its customer, undertaking to make payment to the beneficiary within the limits of a stated sum of money in the event of default by the principal. It may also be defined as an independent obligation where the guarantor has to make a special agreement with its customer, ensuring that it will be refunded by him for any payment to be effected under the contract of guarantee.(2) A beneficiary is the party in whose favor the guarantee is issued. He is secured against the risk of the principal’s not fulfilling his obligations towards the beneficiary in respect of the underlying transaction for which the demand guarantee is given. He will not obtain a sum of money if the obligations are not fulfilled.(3) An indirect guarantee is a guarantee where a second bank, usually a foreign bank located in the beneficiary’s country of domicile, will be requested by the initiating bank to issue a guarantee in return for the latter’s counter-guarantee.(4) A performance bond is an undertaking given by the guarantor at the request of a supplier of goods or services or a contractor to a buyer or beneficiary, whereby the guarantor undertakes to make payment to the beneficiary within the limit of a stated sum of money in the event of default by the supplier or the contractor in due performance of the terms of a contract between the principal and the beneficiary.(5) A standby letter of credit is a clean letter of credit that generally guarantees the payment to be made for an unfulfilled obligation on the part of the applicant. It is payable on presentation of a draft together with a signed statement or certificate by the beneficiary that the applicant has failed to fulfill his obligation.3. Translate the following terms into English.(1)履约保函performance bond (2)担保书，保函letter of guarantee(3)反赔偿counter indemnity (4)附属保函accessory guarantee(5)备用信用证stand-by letter of credit (6)工程承包engineering contracting(7)基础交易underlying transaction (8)见索即付保函demand guarantee(9)延期付款保函deferred payment bond (10)反担保counter guarantee4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements(1)-(5) BAADC (6)-(10) BCDBAChapter 111. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) collection operations for drafts and for documentary collections(2) all collections / collection instruction(3) all Documentary Credits / Credit(4) all Bank-to-Bank Reimbursements / Reimbursement Authorization.(5) any demand guarantee and amendment thereto / Guarantee or any amendment thereto.(6) documents / goods / terms and conditions(7) codification of rules / banking practice regarding documentary credits(8) international finance, trade, transportation and computer technology(9) quite different from the practice of guarantee / banking and commercial(10) bank-to-bank reimbursements2. Translate the following terms into English.(1)索偿reimbursement claim(2)仲裁书arbitral award(3)银行委员会banking commission(4)多式联运multi-model transport(5)偿付保证reimbursement undertaking(6)银行惯例banking practices(7)集装箱运输containerized traffic(8)非转让运输单据non-negotiable waybill(9)远期托收提示tenor collection presentation(10)国际商会International Chamber of Commerce4. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements.(1) B (2) D (3) C (4) A(5) DChapter 121. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) payment information / transfer value(2) confirmation number / confirmation help and notification(3) for procedures and message formats / computer readable(4) information / value / net amount(5) high speed and accuracy(6) access to the system for the settlement of international money transfers(7) faster, more reliable communication / lower transmission costs(8) the international clearing house(9) standardized formats(10) Clearing House Automated Payment System / CHIPS2. Define the following terms(1) A payment system is the means whereby cash value i s transferred between a payer’s bank account and a payee’s bank account.(2) SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication) is a computerized international telecommunications system which, through standardized formatted messages, rapidly processes and transmits financial transactions and information among its members around the world.(3) CHIPS (Clearing House Inter-bank Payment System) is a pseudo-wire system in New Y orkCity that handles an enormous volume of cash flow between local financial institutions. CHIPS is a settlement system involving primarily about 135 New Y ork City financial institutions and is operated by the New Y ork Clearing House Association.(4) Clearing House Automated Payments System (CHAPS) is a system of sending and clearing payments on a same-day basis that is available nationwide in Britain and is operated by a number of settlement banks that communicate directly through computers.(5) Fed Wire is a fund-transfer system operated nationwide in the USA by the Federal Reserve System (the Fed, Central Bank of the USA) that handles transfer from one financial institution to another with an account balance held with the Fed.3. Translate the following terms into English.(1) 现金头cash positions(2) 簿记入账bookkeeping entry(3) 金融中介financial intermediary(4) 客户汇款customer transfers(5) 账目核对account reconciliation(6) 联储银行支付系统Fed Wire(7) 非结算银行non-settlement bank(8) 资金调拨系统fund transfer system(9) 次支付体系secondary payment system(10) 储备余额账户reserve balance account(11) 自动票据交换所automated clearing house(12) 银行头寸调拨financial institution transfers(13) 非盈利性合作协会non-profit cooperative society(14) 外汇买卖和存放款foreign exchange deal and loan(15) 票据交换所银行同业清算系统Clearing House Inter-bank Payments System4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) T (2) T (3) F (4) T (5) F5. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements.(1) B (2)A(3)D (4) B (5) CChapter 131. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) purchaser or the holder / replaced(2) clerk or the teller / a small commission(3) the initial signature / the countersignature(4) banking instruments / retailing(5) (assigned) merchant(6) annual income and the credit standing(7) issuance, application and clearing(8) consumer’s credit / current account(9) separate listing of their cheque numbers(10) paying the bill in full / drawing revolving credit2. Define the following terms(1) A traveler’s cheque is a specially printed form of cheque issued by a financial institution,leading hotels, and other agencies in preprinted denominations for a fixed amount to a customer for use when he is going to travel abroad. A traveler’s cheque is actually a draft of a bank or other agency, which is self-identifying and may be cashed at banks, hotels, etc., either throughout the world or in particular areas only.(2) A paying agent is one that undertakes by arrangement with the issuer to pay the latter’s traveler’s cheques when presented by the holder.(3) Credit cards are instruments issued by banks to carefully selected customers with a line of credit ranging from several hundred to several thousand dollars based on the latter’s financial status for use in obtaining, on credit, consumer goods, services and other things when necessary.(4) A cardholder is the customer who has a current account with the card-issuing bank and whose credit is good, and who based on his financial status can obtain, on credit, consumer goods, services and other things when necessary.(5) A merchant is a store, hotel or restaurant that is bound to have a pre-arrangement with the card-issuing bank and is willing to accept the credit card for payment of commodities sold or services rendered3. Translate the following terms into English.(1) 初签initial signature(2) 入会费entrance fee(3) 销售代理selling agent(4) 商户assigned merchant(5) 旅行支票traveler’s cheque(6) 购货收据purchase receipt(7) 往来账户current account(8) 签购单，购物单sales slip(9) 兑付代理人paying agent(10) 会员费membership dues/fee(11) 消费者信贷consumer’s credit(12) 签字印鉴authorized signature(13) 美国运通卡American Express Card(14) 非贸易结算non-trade settlement(15) 零售银行业务retailing banking business4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) T (2)F (3)T (4) T (5)F5. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements.(1) B (2) D (3) A(4) C (5) BChapter 141. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.(1) medium of high-speed digital transactions(2) business-to-business commerce / its breadth of coverage and ease of use(3) Putting up a Web site / luring online shoppers in(4) “e-cash”, “cyber-money”(5) stored-value products and access products (such as a bank A TM card)(6) transfer of financial value(7) advertising purposes(8) phone orders and credit card orders(9) digital signatures(10) debit card account.2. Define the following terms(1) Electronic commerce is the ability to purchase goods and services electronically over the Internet from around the world at any time of day or night.(2) Cyber-payment means the methods that have been implemented to transfer money, new methods of financial transactions as today banks already can transfer money with computers. (3) SET is a single technical standard for safeguarding credit (and in the near future debit) card purchases made over the open networks of the Internet. It is an international protocol that details how credit card (and debit card) transactions on the Internet will be secured using encryption technology and digital certification.(4) A digital signature is a way to encrypt a message so that the recipient can decode it and be certain of the authenticity of the transaction.(5) Smart cards are micro- processor-equipped cards that work with card readers installed in the computers of consumers.3. Translate the following terms into English.(1) 电子支付cyber-payment(2) 电子现金e-cash(3) 信用额度line of credit(4) 数字化货币digital currency(5) 电子钱包electronic wallet(6) 自动出纳机automated teller machine(7) 商务的全球化globalization of commerce(8) 个人身份识别号personal identification number(9) 微芯片埋置式灵通卡microchip-embedded smart card(10) 电子交易安全标准Secured Electronic Transactions Standards(11) 电子商务electronic commerce(12) 加密的磁条encoded magnetic stripe(13) 存取设备access device(14) 借记卡debit card(15) 虚拟指纹virtual fingerprint4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) F (2) T (3) T (4) F (5)T(6) T (7) T (8) F (9) F (10) F5. Choose the best answer to each of the following statements.(1) A(2) B (3) C (4) D (5) D(6) C (7) B (8) A(9) D (10) B。
国际经济学第八版下册课后答案英文版-13
1Answers to Textbook Problems1.At an exchange rate of$1.50per euro,the price ofa bratwurst in terms ofhot dogs is1.875(7.5/4)hot dogs per bratwurst.After a dollar appreciation to$1.25per euro,the relative price ofa bratwurst falls to1.56(6.25/4)hot dogs per bratwurst.Hot dogs have become more expensive relative to bratwurst.2.The Norwegian krone/Swiss franc cross rate must be6Norwegian krone per Swiss franc.58Krugman/Obstfeld•InternationalEconomics:Theory andPolicy,Eighth Edition3.When the yen depreciates vs.the dollar,its costs go up.This depresses its profits.On the other hand,ifit exports products to the U.S.,it can increase the yen price(without changing the dollar price)so there may be some offsetting effects.But,by and large,a firm that has substantial imported input costs does not relish a depreciating home currency.4.The dollar rates ofreturn are as follows:a.($250,000$200,000)/$200,000=0.25.b.($275$225)/$225=0.22.c.There are two parts to this return.One is the loss involved due to the appreciation ofthe dollar;the dollar appreciation is($1.38$1.50)/$1.50=0.08.The other part ofthe return is theinterestpaidbythe Londonbank onthe deposit,10percent.(The size ofthe deposit is immaterialto the calculation ofthe rate ofreturn.)In terms ofdollars,the realized return on the Londondeposit is thus2percent per year.5.Note here that the ordering ofthe returns ofthe three assets is the same whether we calculate real ornominal returns.a.The real return on the house would be25%10%=15%.This return could also be calculatedby first finding the portion ofthe$50,000nominal increase in the house’s price due to inflation($20,000),then finding the portion ofthe nominal increase due to real appreciation($30,000),and finally finding the appropriate real rate ofreturn($30,000/$200,000=0.15).b.Again,subtracting the inflation rate from the nominal return,we get20%10%=10%.c. 2% 10% = 8%.6.The current equilibrium exchange rate must equal its expected future level since,with equality ofnominal interest rates,there can be no expected increase or decrease in the dollar/pound exchange rate in equilibrium.Ifthe expected exchange rate remains at$1.52per pound and the pound interest rate rises to10percent,then interest parity is satisfied only ifthe current exchange rate changes such that there is an expected appreciation ofthe dollar equal to5percent.This will occur when theexchange rate rises to$1.60per pound(a depreciation ofthe dollar against the pound).7.Ifmarket traders learn that the dollar interest rate will soon fall,they also revise upward theirexpectation ofthe dollar’s future depreciation in the foreign-exchange market.Given the current exchange rate and interest rates,there is thus a rise in the expected dollar return on euro deposits.The downward-sloping curve in the diagram below shifts to the right and there is an immediatedollar depreciation,as shown in the figure below where a shift in the interest-parity curve from IIto II leads to a depreciation ofthe dollar from E0to E1.Figure13.2Chapter 13 Exchange Rates and the Foreign-Exchange Market: An Asset Approach 598. The analysis will be parallel to that in the text. As shown in the accompanying diagrams, a movementdown the vertical axis in the new graph, however, is interpreted as a euro appreciation and dollar depreciation rather than the reverse. Also, the horizontal axis now measures the euro interest rate. Figure 13.3 demonstrates that, given the expected future exchange rate, a rise in the euro interest rate from R 0 to R 1 will lead to a euro appreciation from E 0 to E 1.Figure 13.4 shows that, given the euro interest rate of i, the expectation ofa stronger euro in the future leads to a leftward shift ofthe downward-sloping curve from IItoIpIp and a euro appreciation (dollar depreciation) from E to Ep. A rise in the dollar interest rate causes the same curve to shift rightward, so the euro depreciates against the dollar. This simply reverses the movement inFigure 13.4, with a shift from IpIp to II, and a depreciation ofthe euro from Ep to E. All oftheseresults are the same as in the text when using the diagram for the dollar rather than the euro.Figure 13.3Figure 13.49. a. Ifthe Federal Reserve pushed interest rates down, with an unchanged expected future exchangerate, the dollar would depreciate (note that the article uses the term “downward pressure” to meanpressure for the dollar to depreciate). In terms ofthe analysis developed in this chapter, a moveby the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates would be reflected in a movement from R to Rp inFigure 13.5, and a depreciation ofthe exchange rate from E to E *.Ifthere is a “soft landing,” and the Federal Reserve does not lower interest rates, then this dollardepreciation will not occur. Even ifthe Federal Reserve does lower interest rates a little, say fromR to R , this may be a smaller decrease then what people initially believed would occur. In thiscase, the expected future value ofthe exchange rate will be more appreciated than before,causing the interest-parity curve to shift in from IItoIpIp (as shown in Figure 13.6). The shift inthe curve reflectsthe “optimism sparkedbythe expectation ofa soft landing” andthis change inexpectations means that, with a fall in interest rates from R to R , the exchange rate depreciatesfrom E to E , rather than from E to E *, which would occur in the absence ofa change inexpectations.Figure 13.5Figure 13.660Krugman/Obstfeld•InternationalEconomics:Theory andPolicy,Eighth Editionb.The“disruptive”effects ofa recession make dollar holdings more risky.Risky assets must offersome extra compensation such that people willingly hold them as opposed to other,less riskyassets.This extra compensation may be in the form ofa bigger expected appreciation ofthecurrency in which the asset is held.Given the expected future value ofthe exchange rate,a bigger expected appreciation is obtained by a more depreciated exchange rate today.Thus,a recessionthat is disruptive and makes dollar assets more risky will cause a depreciation ofthe dollar.10.The euroislessrisky foryou.Whentherestofyourwealth falls,the eurotendstoappreciate,hri s by giving you a relatively high payoffin terms ofdollars.Losses on your euro assets, on the other hand,tend to occur when they are least painful,that is,when the rest ofyour wealth is unexpectedly high.Holding the euro therefore reduces the variability ofyour total wealth.11.The chapter states that most foreign-exchange transactions between banks(which accounts for thevastmajorityofforeign-exchangetransactions)involve exchangesofforeigncurrencies forU.S.l r,hen the ultimate transaction involves the sale ofone nondollar currency for another nondollar currency.This central role ofthe dollar makes it a vehicle currency in international transactions.The reason the dollar serves as a vehicle currency is that it is the most liquid ofcurrencies since it is easy to find people willing to trade foreign currencies for dollars.The greater liquidity ofthe dollar ascompared to,say,the Mexican peso,means that people are more willing to hold the dollar than the peso,and thus,dollar deposits can offer a lower interest rate,for any expected rate ofdepreciation against athird currency,thanpeso deposits forthe samerate ofdepreciation againstthatthird currency.As the world capital market becomes increasingly integrated,the liquidity advantages ofholdingdollar deposits as opposed to euro deposits will probably diminish.The euro represents an economy as large as the United States,so it is possible that it will assume some ofthat vehicle role ofthe dollar, reducing the liquidity advantages to as far as zero.When it was first introduced in1999,the euro had no history as a currency,though,so some investors may have been leery ofholding it until itestablished a track record.As the euro has become more established,though,the liquidity advantage ofthe dollar should be fading(albeit slowly).12.Greater fluctuations in the dollar interest rate lead directly to greater fluctuations in the exchange rateusing the model described here.The movements in the interest rate can be investigated by shifting the vertical interest rate curve.As shown in Figure13.7,these movements lead directly to movements in the exchangerate.For example,an increase inthe interestrate from i to ip leads to a dollar appreciation from E to Ep.A decrease in the interest rate from i to i leads to a dollar depreciation from E to E.This diagram demonstrates the direct link between interest rate volatility and exchange rate volatility, given that the expected future exchange rate does not change.Figure13.7Chapter 13 Exchange Rates and the Foreign-Exchange Market: An Asset Approach 61 13.A tax on interest earnings and capital gains leaves the interest parity condition the same,since all itscomponents are multiplied by one less the tax rate to obtain after-tax returns.Ifcapital gains areuntaxed,the expected depreciation term in the interest parity condition must be divided by1less the tax rate. The component ofthe foreign return due to capital gains is now valued more highly than interest payments because it is untaxed.14. The forward premium can be calculated as described in the appendix. In this case, we find theforward premium on euro to be (1.26 一 1.20)/1.20 = 0.05. The interest rate difference between one-year dollar deposits and one-year euro deposits will be5percent because the interest difference must equal the forward premium on euro against dollars when covered interest parity holds.15. The value should have gone down as there is no more need to engage in intra EU foreign currencytrading.This represents the predicted transaction cost savings stemming from the euro.At thesame time, the importance ofthe euro as an international currency may have generated more trading in euros as more investors(from central banks to individual investors)choose to hold their fundsin euros or denominate transactions in euros. On net, though, we would expect the value offoreign exchange trading in euros to be less than the sum ofthe previous currencies.16.Ifthe dollar depreciated,all else equal,we would expect outsourcing to diminish.If,as the problemstates,much ofthe outsourcing is an attempt to move production to locations that are relativelycheaper,then the U.S. becomes relatively cheap when the dollar depreciates. While it may not be as cheap a destination as some other locations,at the margin,labor costs in the U.S.will have becomerelatively cheaper, making some firms choose to retain production at home. For example, we could say that the labor costs ofproducing a computer in Malaysia is220$and the extra transport cost is50$,but the U.S.costs were300$,then we would expect the firm to outsource.On the other hand,if the dollar depreciated 20% against the Malaysian ringitt, the labor costs in Malaysia would now be 264$(that is,20%higher in dollar terms,but unchanged in local currency).This,plus the transportcosts makes production in Malaysia more expensive than in the U.S., making outsourcing a less attractive option.。
2019-2020年高一英语Unit14 Festivals 人教版
2019-2020年高一英语Unit14 Festivals 人教版Part 1 阶段目标卡 Topic : FestivalsI 认知目标（ Knowledge）1.Can remember the following words and expressions (by pronunciation, spelling andwriting):theme, parade, holy, Easter, symbol, fighting, conflict, argument, opinion, destruction, major, probably, honour /honor(Am.E), ancestor, principle, nation, purpose, creativity, faith, mercial, joy, light (v.), similar, generation, salute, kiss, cheek, nod, celebration, respect, gift, cycle, fool, invitation, self-determination, reminderdress up, in one’s opinion, play a trick on /play tricks on, take in, in mon 2.Can use the following structures in different situations:1)Useful expressions in the textin my opinion, play a trick on /play tricks on, take in, in mon, have something/nothing in mon with …,as well as, get together.2)Expressions on expressing and supporting an opinionIn my opinion, we should… I believe we should…I don’t think it is necessary to… We must decide…I hope we can make a decision. If we do this, we can…3)Modal verbs (2): must, have to, have got to.3.Can be familiar with the following world festivals and talk about them:Chinese festivals: the Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao), Tomb Sweeping Festival (Qingming), Dragon Boat Festival (Duanwu), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival (Chongyang), National Day, New Year’s Day, Chinese Youth Day, Party’s Day, Army’s Day, Teachers’ Day, Tree-planting Day…Foreign festivals: Christmas, Halloween, Thanksgiving Day, Easter, Valentine’s Day, April Fool’s Day, Ramadan, Day of the Dead (from Mexico), Bon Odori Festival/ Ghost Festival (from Japan) (盂兰盆节), Mardi Gras, Kwanzaa…4.Can read the reading materials correctly, including pronunciation, intonation,pause and fluency. And recite five to eight beautiful or important sentences.5.Can understand the teaching material well, and retell the text and have a discussionaccording to the text after class.6.Can get further information about festivals through classes, magazines, newspapers,related books, Internet and so on.II 情感目标 ( Affect )1.To get Ss to enjoy festivals and customs from different countries, and enlightenSs to enjoy the beauty and the importance of festivals and customs.2.To encourage Ss to show positive and healthy attitude towards festivals andcustoms from different countries.3.To get Ss to know how to hold effective and successful festivals.4.To get Ss to further understand the differences between Chinese and foreign culturesby paring Chinese and foreign festivals and customs.III 技能目标 ( Skills )1.To train Ss’ four skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing) in differentperiods.2.To make Ss’ know how to write an invitation in English.To help Ss to develop the ability of learning English through different ways, such as reading newspapers, magazines and books, surf the Internet, etc.Part 2 Pre-unit Activities: Preview Task1.Find information about the following festivals as much as possible throughnewspapers, magazines, related books and Internet.Chinese festivals: the Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao), Tomb Sweeping Festival (Qingming), Dragon Boat Festival (Duanwu), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival (Chongyang), National Day, New Year’s Day, Chinese Youth Day, Party’s Day, Army’s Day, Teachers’ Day, Tree-planting Day…Foreign festivals: Christmas, Halloween, Thanksgiving Day, Easter, Valentine’s Day, April Fool’s Day, Ramadan, Day of the Dead (from Mexico), Bon Odori Festival/ Ghost Festival (from Japan) (盂兰盆节), Mardi Gras, Kwanzaa…2. Read the following introductions of some famous foreign festivals.Mardi Gras The America's most favorite celebration, and famous Mardi Gras takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana. Carnival has religious roots associated with Judeo-Christian tradition. Mardi Gras is set to occur 46 days (the 40 days of Lent plus six Sundays) before Easter and can e as early as February 3 or as late as March 9. Known as the "biggest free show on earth", people there dress up in costumes for these events and enjoy this celebration by going to public parades where they catch "beads, doubloons, cups, and trinkets" that are all thrown from floats. They also have private celebrations, masquerade balls, held by clubs called krewes. The official colors of Carnival are purple, green and gold, chosen in 1872 by that year's Rex. The colors have meaning: purple for justice, green for faith and gold for power. King Cakes are eaten during this holiday.Valentine’s Day February 14th, Valentine’s Day, is sweethearts’ day, on which people in love with each other express their tender emotions. People sometimes put their love message in a heart-shaped box of chocolates, or a bunch of flowers tied with red ribbons. Words or letters may be written on the flower covered card, or something else. Whatever the form may be, the message is almost the same —“Will you be my valentine?”The symbol of valentine is a picture with a Heart and Cupid armed with bow and arrow. Many universities, high or elementary schools hold a sweethearts’Ball for the young students to celebrate Valentine’s Day.Bon Odori Festival (Ghost Festival) Japanese has been looking upon Ghost Day Ceremony originating in Buddhist Ullambana. These two festivals were not only public holidays with enthusiastic festivities but also times when people gave presents to each other and enhance amity between them. The custom of giving presents might root in the transfer from the kind-heartedness of giving alms to the concern for the living families and friends. The Japanese also hang lanterns on July 15 to lead the spirits back to the earthly world and have them enjoy grand banquet. It is like our custom of releasing water lanterns and firing lanterns. Besides, they hold a “pot” ceremony, called “pot-reciting”, which praises Buddhist sutras, singing and dancing, receiving the departed spirits and sending away the solitary ghosts. Today, there are various scales of “pot ceremony” all over Japan, which is kind of an amusement gathering. However, current Ghost Day Ceremony is not full of gloomy atmosphere in its form, remaining only enjoyable sentiment in spite of the existing original meaning.Halloween 1,000 years ago, the Celts living in the Great Britain believed that human is mastered by gods. They also believe that Samhain, the death god, would e back to the earthly world with the dead at the night on October 31. The Celts built bonfires and fired animals as sacrificial offerings to the death god. Some Celts were dressed in costumes made from animal heads or furs, which was the origin of contemporary Halloween masquerade. The night of the death god was a horrifying time that signified the ing of winter and was the beginning of Halloween eve. Today, the religious meaning of Halloween has been weakened; instead, the holiday expresses man’s cherishing memory of Halloween via innovative, ever-changing modern masquerade.Day of the Dead, Mexico On November 2nd, each house roasts bread of animal forms, broiling chicken, hot chocolate and sweet corns, plus laying some toys on the altar because Mexicans believe that the dead children will e back to their own homes in the midnight. The altar for the dead elder is stocked with belongings of the merriment as they do; therefore, their Ghost Festival is just like a carnival when people walk around with masks, eating skull-shaped candies. And even a ghost image is put on the bread. In the evening, the whole family goes to the cemetery and clears the grave. Women praise all night in kneeling or sitting position while men are talking or singing. The flickering midnight candlelight is filling up the cemetery whereas walking singers are chanting for the dead Spirits.Easter Easter, with its religious character, falls on the first Sunday after the full moon that occurs on or after March 21st. Therefore, Easter happens sometimes in March, and sometimes in April. It memorates the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the tomb where he had lain for three days following his Crucifixion. His rise after three days indicates that he would acplish his promise to rise again from the dead as proof of eternal life. As Christ’s return to life had occurred during the season of spring, some of the rites of Spring were still retained. Therefore, we see that although Easter is based on the events in the life of Christ, it has been influenced by older traditions. For example, the custom of dyeing eggs is still very popular among American children. Originally the egg symbolized fertility for the ancient Persians and Greeks who exchanged eggs at their spring festivals. But up to the Christian time, the egg symbolized the tomb from which Christ rose. For Christian lamb is the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ and pig the symbol of good luck. That is why both in Europe and in America, people have lamb and ham as their main meat on Easter Sunday. In all the spring season, people enjoy the Easter message of hope, joy and the resurrection of spirit.Thanksgiving Day Thanksgiving Day, which originated in America and was first celebrated in1621 by the pilgrims of the Plymouth Colony, is the most typical and true national holiday of all the holidays observed in the United States of America. Because of the religious persecution by the established church in England, the pilgrims left their native land with the purpose of enjoying religious freedom. They first fled to Holland, and then sailed to America on a ship called the Mayflower. When they arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts, it was November, 1620. The first winter was very difficult for them and over half of them died because of hunger and illness, hard work and severely cold weather. In the spring of the next year, 1621, a friendly Indian named Squants, who had been captured and released by other English men, came to help them in planting the corn and fertilizing the soil. Then Squants brought the Indian chief called Massasoit who also treated them in a friendly way. With the help of the Indians, the pilgrims had a bumper harvest that year. They thought the harvest was a kind of deliverance by God, so they decided to have a day of celebration after their harvest to express their thanks to God. And they also invited the Indian chief Massasoit in gratitude and prepared a grand dinner out-doors. The celebration lasted for 3 days. On October 3rd, 1863, Lincoln issued the first National Thanksgiving Proclamation. Since then it has been the custom for the President of the United States to Proclaim annually the fourth Thursday of November as Thanksgiving Day. The Thanksgiving dinner is mainly stuffed with roast turkey, squash and corn, pumpkin pie and Indian pudding a custard made from corn), etc. Today, American people have four days for this holiday, although the first Thanksgiving lasted three days. One is probably surprised to find the uniformity in the holiday scene of every family, wherever one goes in the United States. People go back home to enjoy the reunion of their family at the arrival of Thanksgiving Day.Christmas Christmas Day, which is the greatest of the Christian festivals, falls on December 25th on which Christian people believe Jesus Christ was born, although no one can tell the exact date of his birth. This is the biggest and best-loved holiday in the United States, which is full of joy and gaiety, love and laughter, hospitality and good will. People usually have two weeks for this holiday. They begin to prepare Christmas long before the holiday es. Small families and large business firms prepare the holiday differently. Stores are decorated with the traditional Christmas colors of green and red. Goods associated with Christmas bee best sellers at this time. People like to decorate their stores and homes with Christmas tree, which is usually covered with strings of colored lights and a star fixed on top representing the star in the East which guided the three Wise Men to where Jesus was born. And Christmas food is special: peppermint-flavored red and white striped canes of sugar, bright colored hard sweets, chocolate bonbons, creamy homemade fudge and clusters of chocolate-covered raisins, walnuts or pecans, etc. On Christmas Eve families have a big dinner. Children hang their stockings by the fireplace, hoping that Santa Claus will fill them with sweets and toys.Part 3: While-unit Activities: Five Separate PeriodsPeriod 1: Warming up & ListeningBefore having this period, the Students (Ss) are asked to collect information about the three festivals: Halloween, Bon Odori Festival, Day of the Dead.Step 1 Lead-in1. First, greet Ss with the questions “How are you feeling today?”“ Do you feel happy today?”Then, Teacher (T) can lead in the topic festival/ holiday by asking some questions such as:When do you usually feel happy? (Ss can give different answers)Do you feel happy when there is a festival and you have holidays?Then which festival or holiday do you like best? And why?2.Chinese have many festivals. How many Chinese festivals do you know? And what arethey?( the Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao), Tomb Sweeping Festival (Qingming), Dragon Boat Festival (Duanwu), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival (Chongyang), National Day, New Year’s Day, Chinese Youth Day, Party’s Day, Army’s Day, Teachers’ Day, Tree-planting Day…)Which is the greatest and the most important festival to our Chinese people? When do Chinese celebrate the Spring Festival? How long does the Spring Festival last? Why do Chinese people celebrate it? What is the theme of the Spring Festival? How is it celebrated?3.Different cultures have different kinds of customs and festivals. How many foreign festivals do you know? And what are they?(Christmas, Halloween, Thanksgiving Day, Easter, Valentine’s Day, April Fool’s Day, Ramadan, Day of the Dead (from Mexico), Bon Odori Festival/ Ghost Festival (from Japan) (盂兰盆节), Mardi Gras, Kwanzaa…)Step 2 Warming up1.Show the Ss three pictures and ask them to discuss in pairs according to the followingguiding questions:Q1: Do you know the names of the festivals? (Halloween, Bon Odori, Day of the Dead) Q2: Do you know which countries the festivals e from?Q3: What are the people in the pictures doing? Why are they doing this?2.Ask individual students to talk about the three festivals. The information of thefestivals should include the name of the festival, when, where and how to celebrate it.3.Which Chinese festival is similar to the three festivals? (Tomb Sweeping Festival)Then get Ss to pare the Chinese Tomb Sweeping Festival with one of the three festivals.(Differences: time, people, place, the way of celebrating, etc. Similarity: ghost festival)Step 3 DialogueGet Ss to work in pairs to make up a dialogue. One describes his/her favorite Chinese festival and the other describes his/her favorite foreign festival. Trying to pare them. (The following form is presented for Ss to prepare.)Step 4 Listening1.Pre-listening: Present three pictures about Mardi Gras, Ramadan and Easter and letSs to guess out the names of the festivals from what they can see from the pictures.2.While-listening: Do the three festivals one by one. For each one, Ss can listento it twice. The first time, Ss’ task is to find correct answers to the choicesin the book. The second time, Ss’ task is to check their answers and T check thecorrect answers with the whole class.3.Post-listening: Get Ss to listen to each festival again. While listening, try totake notes and get more information about the festival. Then ask Ss to describethe three festivals in their own words.Step 5 SummaryHelp Ss to have a revision of the festivals learnt in this class.T: Different histories and cultures have different kinds of festivals and customs. Weshould get to know they all play important parts in learning a country’s language.We should respect and show positive attitudes towards foreign festivals and customsas well as Chinese ones.Step 6 Homework1. Listening work: Listen to the listening material about Christmas in workbook onpage 77.2. Written work: Write a description of your favorite festival. The description shouldinclude 1) the name 2) the time 3) characteristics 4) activities,etc.Period 2: ReadingStep 1 RevisionGet Ss to work in pairs to match the festivals in Column A with the information in ColumnB.ColumnA Column B1.Ramada A. celebrated on the 15th day of the first Chinese lunar month2.the Lantern Festival B. chocolate, bunnies, colored eggs for its symbols3.Mardi Gras C. Muslims fast during the daylight day4.Dragon Boat Festival D. catching “beads, doubloons and cups” thrown byparades5.Valentine’s Day E. honoring love and lovers6.Halloween F. eating Zongzi to honor Qu Yuan7.Double Ninth Festival G. the time of ghosts, spirits, gravestones8.Thanksgiving Day H. meaning clear and bright, mourning the dead9.Easter I. offering thanks, family gatherings and meals10.Tomb Sweeping Festival J. on the 9th day of the 9th lunar month as Senior citizen’s DayStep 2 Pre-reading1.Make a parison of Chinese Spring Festival and ChristianChristmas.T: Which is the greatest and the most important festival to Chinese people? (the Spring Festival)And which is the greatest and the most important festival to Christian people in western countries? (Christmas)Both of them are quite popular in the world. What are the differences between them?Note: The italicized words in the form above are suggested answers.Step 3 ReadingT: Do you know there is another festival which follows Christmas Day in America. It is an important festival to African Americans. Is there any one who knows the name of the festival? (Kwanzaa)1.Fast reading: Read the text on page 10 fast and try to get a general idea of Kwanzaafrom the text. T can present a diagram of the information about Kwanzaa to help Ss to finish this task.Who created the festival of Kwanzaa? (Dr Maulana Karenga)Who usually celebrates Kwanzaa? Why is it celebrated? What are the characteristics of Kwanzaa?)2.Careful reading: Get Ss to read the text carefully to get more details. After reading,Ss are asked to do True or False exercises.1)African Americans have a long history and a rich culture, so Kwanzaa is an oldfestival. ( F ) (a young festival)2)People created Kwanzaa to celebrate American culture. ( F ) ( tocelebrate African culture)3) The word Kwanzaa means first fruit in Swahili, one of the largest languages inAfrica. ( T )4) The African first-fruit festivals are pletely different from each other. ( F )( to have many things in mon )5) Kwanzaa is celebrated on Christmas Day. ( F ) ( from Dec. 26 to Jan. 1 )6) Kwanzaa is based on old African festivals. ( T )7) People who celebrate Kwanzaa light a candle for each of the seven principles.( T )3.Dialogue.Suppose you are the reporter of Overseas Wind Programme of Huipu Students’Broadcasting. Now you are chosen to interview the foreign teacher John about the festival of Kwanzaa. Make up a dialogue with your partner. One acts the role of the reporter, and the other acts the role of John. The dialogue can begin like this: Reporter (R): Good afternoon, everyone. Here is our Overseas Wind Programme. Today, we have a foreign guest in our progamme. He is our foreign teacher John. Hello, John.John (J): Hello.R: Wele to our Overseas Wind Programme. Today we have a topic about the festival of Kwanzaa. So would you like to introduce Kwanzaa to us? …J: …Step 4 DiscussionTopic1: Do you agree festivals can help us understand our history and culture? How do they help us understand our history and culture?Topic2: Nowadays more and more festivals have been created in my cities for various purposes, such as developing local economy, making the city well-known, etc.Our city Linhai created the Festival of the Great Wall in the South. It hasbeen celebrated for three years. However, some Linhainese think holding sucha festival causes some problems to the city. What effects does the Festivalof the Great Wall in the South bring to us? Make a listGood Effects Bad Effects…Step 5 Homework1.Oral Work: Read and recite the new words learnt in this class.Read and recite some beautiful and useful sentences in the text.2.Written Work: Suppose you are the journalist of Huipu Sunshine Magazine. You aregoing to write a passage about Kwanzaa.Period 3 Language Study & GrammarStep 1 RevisionGet Ss to have revision of the text The Birth of Kwanzaa. Ss are required to answer the following questions about Kwanzaa.Q1: Who created Kwanzaa?Q2: Is it a young or an old festival? When was it born?Q3: When is Kwanzaa celebrated?Q4: Who celebrate the festival of Kwanzaa?Q5: Why is it celebrated?Q6: What are the characteristics of Kwanzaa?Then T can ask individual Ss to give a short talk about Kwanzaa according to the questions above.Step 2 Language points (in the text The Birth of Kwanzaa)T: Now we have a good knowledge of Kwanzaa by reading the text. And there are some useful and important words and expressions in the text as well. It is necessary for us to learn and master them well. What useful words and expressions have you found from the text?1. Let Ss do a word matching exercise to check whether Ss master the new words well.1.nation A. a strong wish to succeed in doing something2.faith B. large munity of people; country3.determination C. belief in something or someone4.purpose D. an action meant to deceive (欺骗) someone5.generation E. a reason for doing something6.ancestor F. the people born at a certain time7.peace G. a person in your family who lived a long time ago8.trick H. quietness and calm(suggested answers:1-B 2-C 3-A 4-E 5-F 6-G 7-H 8-D )Then check answers to the exercises in Word Study on Page 13.(suggested answers: theme, faith, purpose, nations, determination, joy, ancestors, birth, peace, treated)2. Deal with the language points in the text. Get Ss to enjoy the text by listening to the tape. Ask Ss to read after the tape in low voice, and pay attention to the pronunciation, intonation and pause while listening.1) Kwanzaa is a seven-day festival celebrating the culture and history of AfricanAmericans.（现在分词作后置定语，表示名词中心词与分词是主动关系。
高级英语第二册第十四课学习辅导资料
paigns celebrating the Big Apple, those T-shirts with a heart design proclaiming “I love New York,”are signs, pathetic in their desperation, of how the m ighty has fallen. New York City used to leave the bragging to others, for bragg ing w as “bush” Being unique, the biggest and the best, New York didn’t have to assert how special it was.’t the top anym ore, at least if the top is m easured by who begets the styles and sets the trends. Nowadays New York is out of phase with American taste as often as it is out of step with Am erican politics. Once it was the nation’s undisputed fashion authority, but it too long resisted the incom ing casual style and lost its m onopoly. No longer so looked up to or copied, New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing Am erican trends, a place to escape Comm on Denom inator Land.ore and m ore evident. A dozen other cities have buildings m ore inspired architecturally than any built in New York City in the past twenty years. The giant Manhattan television studios where Toscanini’s NBCSym phony once played now sit empty m ost of the time, while sitcoms cloned and canned in Hollywood, and the Johnny Carson show live, preem pt the airways from California. Tin Pan Alley has m oved to Nashville and Hollywood. Vegas casinos routinely pay heavy sum s to singers and entertainers whom no nightspot in Manhattan can afford to hire. In sports, the bigger superdom es, the m ore exciting teams, them ost enthusiastic fans, are often found elsewhere.–being regarded as unfriendly, unsafe, overcrowded, and expensive –but it is m aking som ething of a com eback as a tourist attraction. Even so, m ost Americans would probably rate New Orleans, San Francisco, Washington, or Disneyland higher. A dozen other cities, including m yhom etown of Seattle, are widely considered better cities to live in.any Europeans call New York their favorite city? They take m ore readily than do m ost Americans to its cosm opolitan com plexities, its surviving, aloof, European standards, its alien mixtures. Perhaps som e of these Europeans are reassured by the sight, on the twin fashion avenues of Madison and Fifth, of all those familiar international nam es – the jewelers, shoe stores, and designer shops that exist to flatter and bilk the frivolous rich. But no; what m ost excites Europeans is the city’s charged, nervous atm osphere, its vulgar dynam ism .share of articulate losers, it is also about m ockery, the put-down , the loser’s shrug (“whaddya gonna do?”). It is about constant battles for subway seats, for a cabdriver’s or a clerk’s or a waiter’s attention, for a foothold , a chance, a better address, a larger billing. To win in New York is to be uneasy; to lose is to live in jostling proxim ity to the frustrated majority.e. And though I have lived there m ore than half m y life, you won’t find m e wearing an “I Love New York”T-shirt. But all in all, I can’t think of m any places in the world I’d rather live. It’s not easy to define why.’s pleasures are m uch qualified in New York. You never see a star-filledsky; the city’s bright glow arrogantly obscures the heavens. Sunsets can be spectacular: oranges and reds tinting the sky over the Jersey m eadows and gaudily reflected in a thousand windows on Manha ttan’s jagged skyline. Nature constantly yields to m an in New York: witness those fragile sidewalk trees gamely struggling against encroaching cem ent and petrol fum es. Central Park, which Frederick Law Olm sted designed as lungs for the city’s poor, i s in places grassless and filled with trash, no longer pristine yet lively with the noise and vivacity of people, largely youths, blacks, and Puerto Ricans, enjoying them selves. On park benches sit older people,m ostly white, looking displaced. It has becom e less a tranquil park than an untidy carnival.our of the city, which never beckoned to m e from a distance, but itsopportunity –to practice the kind of journalism I wanted –drew me to New York. I wasn’t even sure how I’d m easure up against others who had been m ore soundly educated at Ivy League schools, or whether I could com pete against that tough local breed, those intellectual sons of immigrants, so highly m otivated and single-minded, such as Alfred Kazin, who for div ersion (for heaven’t sake!) played Bach’s Unaccompanied Partitas on the violin.ost banal and m arketable of one’s talents, still draws m any of the young to New York. That and, as always, the com pany of others fleeing som ething constricting where they cam e from. Together these young share a freedom, a community of inexpensive am usements, a casualliving, and som e rough tim es. It can’t be the living conditions that appeal, for only fond mem ory will forgive the inconvenience, risk, and squalor. Comm ercial Broadway m ay be inaccessible to them, but there is off- Broadway, and then off-off-Broadway. If painters disdain Madison Avenue’s plush art galleries, Madison Avenue dealers set up shop in the grubby precincts of Soho. But the purity of a bohem ian dedication can be exaggerated. The artistic young inhabit the sam e Greenwich Village and its fringes in which the experim entalists in the arts lived during the Depression, united by a world against them. But the present generation is enough of a subculture to be a source of profitable boutiques and coffeehouses. And it is not all that estranged.ost respects from mainland America, but in two areas it remains dominant. It is the banking and the comm unications headquarters for America. In both these roles it ratifies m ore than it creates. Wall Street will advance the m illions to m ake a Hollywood m ovie only if convinced that a bestselling title o r a star name will ensure its success. The networks’ news centers are here, and the largest book publishers, and the biggest m agazines – and therefore the largest body of critics to appraise the films, the plays, the m usic, the books that others have created. New York is a judging town, and often invokes standards that the rest of the country deplores or ignores. A m arket for knowingness exists in New York that doesn’t exist for knowledge.arkets and devising the catchy jingles that will m ove m illions from McDonald’s to Burger king, so that the adagency’s “creative director”can lunch instead in Manhattan’s expense-account French restaurants. The bankers and the admen. The m arketing specialists and a thousand well-paid ancillary service people, really set the city’s brittle tone— catering to a wide American public whose num bers m ust be respected but whose tastes do not have to shared. The condescending view from the fiftieth floor of the city’s crowds below cuts these people off from humanity. So does an attitude which sees the public only in terms of large, malleable numbers— as impersonally as does the clattering subway turnstile beneath the office towers.surprised by the lack of cynicism, particularly am ong the younger ones, of those who work in such fields. The television generation grew up in the insistent presence of hype, delights in much of it, and has no scruples about practicing it. Men and wom an do their jobs professionally, and, like the pilots who from great heights bom bed Hanoi, seem unmarked by it. They lead their real lives elsewhere, in the Village bars they are indistinguishable in dress or behavior from would-be artists, actors, and writers. The boundaries of “art for art’s sake” aren’t so rigid anym ore; art itself is less sharply defined, and those whose paintings don’t sell do illustrations; those who can’ get acting jobs do comm ercials; those who are writing ambitious novels sustain themselves on the m agazines. Besides, serious art often feeds in the popular these days, changing it with fond irony.e the newcom ers find or from their won worlds; Manhatten is m any such words, huddled together but rarely interaction. I think this is what gives the city itssense of freedom. There are enough like you, whatever you are. And it isn’t asnecessary to know anything about an apartm ent neighbor- or to worry about his judgm ent of you- as it is about som eone with an adjoining yard. In New York, like seeks like, and by econom y of effort excludes the rest as stranger. This distancing, this uncaring in ordinary encounters, has another side: in no other Am erican city can the lonely be as lonely.uch m ore needs to be said. New Your is a wounded city, declining in its am enities . Overloaded by its tax burdens. But it is not dying city; the streets are safer than they were five years age; Broadway, which seem ed to be succumbing to the tawdriness of its environm ent, is astir again.enace, the noise, the brusqueness- all confirm outsiders in their conviction that they wouldn’t live here if you gave them the place. Yet show a New Yorker a splendid hom e in Dallas, or a swimming pool and cabana in Beverly Hills, and he will be admiring but not envious. So m uch of well-to-do America now lives antiseptically in enclaves, tranquil and luxurious, that shut out the world. Too static, the New Yorker would say. Tell him about the vigor of your outdoor pleasures; he prefers the unhealthy hassle andthe vitality of urban life. He is hopelessly provincial. To him New York- despite its faults,which her will impat iently concede (“so what else is new?”) — is the spoiler of all other American cities.erican cities to visit first-rate art m useum s, to hear good m usic and see lively experim ental theater, to m eet intelligent and sophisticated people who know how to live, dine, and talk well; and to enjoy all this in congenial and spacious surroundings. The New Yorkers still wouldn’t want to live there.issing is what m any outsiders find oppressive and distasteful about New York –its rawness, tension, urgency; its bracingcom petitiveness; the rigor of its judgm ents; and the congested, dem ocratic presence of so m any other New Yorkers, encased in their own worlds, the defeated are not hidden away som ewhere else on the wrong side of town. In the subways, in the buses, in the streets, it is impossible to avoid people whose lives are harder than yours. With the desperate, the ill, the fatigued, the overwhelm ed, one learns not to strike upcon versation (which isn’t wanted ) but to m ake brief, sy m pathetic eye contact, to include them in the hum an race. It isn’t m uch, but it is the fleeting hospitality of New Yorkers, each jealous of his privacy in the crowd. Ever helpfulness is often delivered as a taunt: a m an, rushing the traffic light, shouts the m an behind him. “ You want to be wearing a Buick with Jersey plates?” — great scorn in the word Jersey, hom e of drivers who don’t belong here.’s definition, New York is m ongrel city. It is in fact the first truly international m etropolis. No other great city- not London, Paris, Rom e or Tokyo- plays host (or hostage) to so m any nationalities. The m ix is m uch wider- Asians, Africans, Latins - that when that tumultuous variety of European crowded ashore at Ellis Island.The newcom ers are never fully absorbed, but are added precariously to the undigested many.20 New York is too big to be dom inated by any group, by Wasps or Jews or blacks, or by Catholics of m any origins —Irish, Italian, Hispanic. All have their little sovereignties, all are sizable enough to be reckoned with and tough in asserting their claim s, but none is powerful enough to subdue the others. Characteristically, the city swallows up the United Nations and refuses to take it seriously, regarding it as an unworkable m ixture of the idealistic, the impractical, and the hypocritical. But New Yorkers them selves are in training in how to live together in a diversity of races- the necessary initiation into the future.education in sights and sm ells. There is wonderful variety of places to eat or shop, and though the m ost successful of such places are likely to touristy hybridcom prom ises, they too have genuine roots. Other Am erican cities have ethnic turfs jealously defended, but not, I think, such an adm ixture of groups, thrown together in such jarring juxtapositions . In the sam e way, avenues of high-rise luxury in New York are never far from poverty and m ean streets. The sadness and fortitude of New York must be celebrated, along with its treasures of art and m usic. The com bination is unstable; it produces friction, or an uneasy forbearance that som etimes becom es a real toleration.es a m atter of alternating m oods, often inthe sam e day. The place constantly exasperates , at times exhilarates . To m e it is the city of unavoidable experience. Living there, one has the reassurance of steadily confronting life.(from the Atlantic, Sept. 1978)NOTES1. Griffith: Thom as Griffith (1915--), Am erican writer and editor. Since 1974 he has been press colum nist, Time magazine; staff contributor, For-tune magazine; colum nist, Atlantic Monthly. He is an uprooted westerner who now calls New York hom e. Publications: The Waist-High Culture; How True? --A Sceptic 's Guide to Believing the News.2. the Big Apple: any large city; specifically New York City3. bush: rustic, countrified, belonging to sm all towns4. Comm on Denom inator Land: uniformity, comm onness, sam eness, the m onotonous, the hum drum5. sitcom s: situation com edies; a radio or television series that involves a continuing cast of characters in a succession of unconnected episodes6. cloned: grown like a clone, all the descendants being derived asexually from a single individual. Cloned and canned: produced and packed, all ready for immediate consum ption (showing).7. Johnny Carson: a m an who runs a late night talk show8. Nashville: Capital of Tennessee State, center of rock-and-roll9. Vegas: sam e as Las Vegas. See text I, exercise I.10. superdom es: extra big sport stadiums11. convention city: city where conventions (assem blies of m embers or delegates of a political, social, professional, or religious group) are regularly held.12. Madison: Madison Avenue13. Fifth: Fifth Avenue, fam ous for fashionable shops14. Whaddya gonna do?: What are you going to do? Connoting a cool lack of concern; indifference; nonchalance.15. Jersey: Jersey City16. Ivy League schools: referring to prominent north-eastern universities in the U.S., such as, Cornell, Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Colum bia and others. It connotes a certain degree of wealth, sophistication, re finem ent, social prominence, and the like.17. Kazin: Alfred Kazin (1915)), Am erican critic. Publications: On Native Grounds ; The Inm ost Leaf; Contemporaries ; and Bright Book of Life.18. Commercial Broadway: The New York comm ercial theater or entertainment industry19.off-off-Broadway: an avant-garde theatrical m ovem ent in New York that stresses untraditional techniques and radical experim entation. Its relation to off-Broadway being analogous to the relation of off-Broadway to Broadway.20. Soho: a district in New York. By the early 1970s the artist colony had shift- ed from Greenwich Village to Soho.21. best-selling title: title of best-selling books22. star nam e: nam e of star actor or actress23. networks: radio and television networks24. McDonald's : McDonald' s chain restaurant selling hamburger25. Burger King: a chain restaurant whose specialty is hamburger26. lunch in expense-account French restaurants: to lunch in expensive French restaurants with the bill being paid by the com pany or em ployer27. hype: extravagant prom otional advertising28. popular: pop art; a realistic art style, using techniques and popular subjects adapted from commercial art and the mass communications m edia29. Beverly Hills: city in California, surrounded by Los Angeles, fam ous for luxurious hom es of rich Hollywood actors and actresses30. So what else is new?: there is nothing new in what you say; connoting the listener is not im pressed nor interested31. You want to be wearing a Buick with Jersey plates?: Do you want to be knocked down by a car carrying a Jersey license plate? Connoting that the m an should have som e pride in being a New Yorker and not let him self be run over by a car from Jersey.32. touristy hybrid com prom ises: a m ixture of different racial characteristics which attracts tourists33. ethnic turfs: districts or areas inhabited by foreign-born Am ericansAims1)Im proving students’ability to read between lines and understand the text properly;2)Cultivating students’ability to m ake a creative reading;3)Enhancing students’ability to appreciate the text from different perspectives;4)Helping students to understand som e difficult words and expressions;5)Helping students to understanding rhetorical devices;6)Encouraging students to voice their own viewpoint fluently and accurately.Teaching Contents1)Background Knowledge2)Exposition3)Detailed Study of the Essay4)Organization Pattern5)Style and Language Features6)Special Difficulties课文讲解部分1. Background Knowledge1) About the author Thom as Griffith2) About New York City2. Exposition/~arnetha/expowrite/info.html3. Detailed study on Loving and hating New YorkPara.1-5 General introduction — setting forth the present status of New York in the United States and in the eye’s of foreignersTask: Collect evidence to show that “ How the m ighty has fallen.”New York = Big Apple = Mighty—Advertising campaigns publicly praise New York;—Many New Yorkers wear T-shirts with a heart design and the works “ I love New York”—New York is trying desperately to regain her lost prestige and status.Para.2-3: New York: Yesterday & TodayNew York CityYesterday TodayTop, highest, biggest isn’t any m oreLeading city sets styles and trends of nation out of phase with ______ as out of step withUndisputed fashion authority lost its undisputed leadershipLooked up to and im itated no longer so“Nowadays New York is out of phase with Am erican taste “—Nowadays New York connot understand nor follow the taste of the Am erican people and is often in disagreem ent with American politics.“No longer so looked up to or copied, New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends” —Since New York is no longer looked up to or copied as the undisputed fashion authority, it now boasts that it is a city that resists the prevailing trends (styles, fashion) of America, that it is a place where people can escape from uniformity and comm onness.Question:1) From where we can see New York’s deficiencies as a pacesetter are m ore and m ore evident?—Building—Manhattan television studios—Tin Pan Alley—Hiring singers and entertainers—Sports2) The technique used to support author’s view is___________.Para.4: New York: in the eyes of AmericansCom eback: 1 a : a sharp or witty reply : retort b : a cause for com plaint 2 : a return to a form er position or condition (as of success or prosperity) :recovery, revival Para5 New York: in the eyes of foreigner.Question: Why do m any Europeans call New York their favorite city?—Cosm opolitan complexities—European standards—Mixture of m any foreigners—Many jewelers, shoe stores and designers shops—Familiar international nam es—Tense, restless atm osphere; its energetic pulse“… and designer shops that exist to flatter and bilk the frivolous rich.”These shops are set up to cheat and gratify the vanity of the silly rich peoplePara 6 New York: energy, contention and strivingConvention: angry disagreem entStriving: trying very hard to achieve or to defeat the othersPut-down: ( inform al) a remark or criticism intended to m ake the others feel stupid (令人难堪的话，噎人的话)“To win in New York is to be uneasy; to lose is to live in jostling proxim ity to the frustrated majority.”— A person who wins in New York is constantly disturbed by fear and anxiety ( because he is afraid of losing what he has won in the fierce competition); a person who loses has to live am ong the defeated, who are in the m ajority in New York.Para.7: New York in author’s eyes.“New York was never Mecca to m e”Rhetorical devices em ployed in this sentence are: __________ and ___________.The author com pares New York to Mecca; and Mecca is standing for _______________.A place of holy pilgrimage, of a place one yearns to go.Para 8: New York: NatureQuestions:1) The topic sentence is ___________________.2) The rhetorical device employed in “ Nature constantly yields to m an in New York” is __________.3) Are there any other places uses the sam e rhetorical device as m entioned above? What’s the function of it?Para.9 New York: Opportunities & uncertainnessQuestions:1) What do “Ivy League Schools” refer to?2) Why did writer go and live in New York?Para.10: New York : in young people’s eyesQuestion: Why do young people still go to New York?—testing themselves—unwilling to surrender to their m ost comm on and easily sold talents—the fierce competition and challenge—standards of excellence dem anded“But the purity of a bohem ian dedication can be exaggerated.”—But a pure and wholehearted devotion to a Bohem ian life style can be esaggerated. “But the present generation is enough of a subculture to be a source of profitable boutiques and coffeehouses.”As these young writers and artists have distinct cultural patterns of their own, m any businessm en open up profitable boutiques and coffeehouses to cater to their special tastes and interests.“And it is not all that estranged” “It” probably m eans _______________.Para.11: New York: A judging town“A m arket for knowingness exists in New York that doesn’t exist for knowledge.”—In New York, a shrewd understanding or ability to appraise things is appreciated and paid for and skill and learning by themselves are not considered valuable.Para12: New York: An advertising CenterQuestion:1) The rhetorical device used in “The condescending view from the fiftieth floor of the city’s …” is _________. And “ The condescending view is the view of __________.2) In sentence “So does an attitude which sees….” The author com pares ______ to ______.Para 13: New York : Lack of cynicismTask: Collect evidence to show New York is lack of cynicism In sentence “ Men and wom en do their jobs professionally and, like pilots who from great heights bombed Hanoi …” the author compares_______ to ______.Para 14: New York: FreedomWhat gives the city its sense of freedom?Para 15: New York: Wounded not dyingAmenity: the attractiveness and value of real estate or of a residential structureTo succum b to: to fail to resist an attack, illness, temptationPara 16-18: New York: N ew Yorkers’ LoveNew Yorker who sees all the faults of the city still prefer to live in New YorkNew York’s faults:—Trash-strewn streets—Unruly school—Uneasy feeling or m enace—The noise—The brusqueness“He is hopeless provincial”—He will always be a New Yorker. His attitude towards and his love for New York will never change“New York … is the spoiler of all other American cities”—New York has spoiled all the other American cities for him.Para 19-10 New York: International MetropolisWhy is New York called an international m etropolis?Para.22: Loving and Hating New York1. exasperate: to excite the anger of; to cause irritation or annoyance to2. exhilarate: to m ake cheerful; to excite“The place constantly exasperates, at times exhilarat es.”—New York constantly irritates and annoys very m uch but at tim es it also invigorates and stimulates.Oral practice: Talking about the following questions:1. What is the main them e of this article? Where is it specifically stated?2. What technique does the writer use to develop his m ain them e? Is the technique effective? Cite exam ples.3. Comm ent on the diction of the writer. Pick out term s and phrases that you think are peculiarly American.4. Does the writer really both love and hate New York? Cite exam ples to back up your analysis.5. How m any paragraphs would you regard as being the introductory paragraphs. Why?6. What is the topic sentence of paragraph 8? How is the paragraph developed?7. Explain fully the following sentence from paragraph 11: “A m arket for knowingness exists in New York that doesn’t exist for knowledge.”8. Pick out som e figures of speech which you think the writer has usid m ost effectively. Cite your reasons.Paraphrase:1. Nowadays New York is out of phase with American taste (Para 2)2. New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends. (Para 2)3. Sitcom s cloned and canned in Hollywood, and the Johnny Carson show live, pre-empt the airwaves from California (Para 3)4. It is m aking som ething of a com eback as a tourist attraction (Para 4)5. To win in New York is to be uneasy (Para 6)6. Nature’s pleasures are m uch qualified in New York. (Para 8)7. The city ‘s bright glow arrogantly obscures the heavens (Para 8)8. But the purity of a bohem ian de dication can be exaggerated. (Para 10)9. In both these roles it ratifies m ore than it creates. (Para 11)10. The television generation grew up in the insistent presence of hype (Para 13)11. Those who are writing am bitious novels sustain them selves on the m agazines. (Para 13)12. Broadway, which seem ed to be succum bing to the tawdriness of its environm ent, is astir again (Para 15)13. He prefers the unhealthy hassle and the vitality of urban life (Para 16)14. The defeated are not hidden away som e where else on the wrong side of town. (Para 18)15. The place constantly exasperates, at tim es exhilarates. (Para 22)4. Organization Pattern1) The thesis: Loving and hating New York or m ore specifically: Loving and hating New York becom es a m atter of alternating m oods, often in the sam e day.2) The thesis developed by both objective and em otional description of New York and the life and struggle of New Yorkers3) The structural organization of this essay: clear and sim ple5. Style and Language Features1) Full of Am erican English terms, phrases and constructions.T-shirtholdoutcom ebackput-downexpense-accountadmanhigh-risemeasure up2) Use of various rhetorical devices:metaphorpersonificationmetonym ytransferred epithetalliterationsim ilesynecdocheironyeuphem ism/carroll/faq3.htmlto6. Special Difficulties1) Identifying and understanding Am ericanisms in this essay2) Som e terms/phrases/structuresout-of-phasetelevision generationeconom y of effortwrong sidesitcom s cloned and cannedMeccameasure up againstIvy League schoolscommercial Broadway/off-Broadway/off-off-Broadway Madison Avenue/Wall Streetlike seeks likeWasps词汇(Vocabulary)bush (adj.) : rustic，countrified，belonging to small towns粗俗的；乡土气的；乡下的beget (v.) : bring into being；produce使产生，引起，招致holdout (n.) : [Americanism]a place that holds out [美语]坚固据点deficiency (n.) : the quality or state of being deficient; absence of something essential；a shortage 缺乏，缺少，欠缺；缺陷，不足之处pacesetter (n.) : a person that leads the way or serves as a model标兵sitcom (n.) : [口]situation comedy的缩略clone (v.) : derive all the descendants asexually from a single individual无性繁殖preempt (v.) : radio and TV]replace(a regularly scheduled program)[广播、电视]先占，先取得casino (n.) : a public room or building for entertainments．dancing，or，now specifically，gambling 俱乐部，娱乐场；(现尤指)赌场nightspot (n.) : nightclub夜总会bilk (v.) : cheat or swindle；defraud欺骗，蒙骗dynamism (n.) : the quality of being energetic，vigorous，etc．推动力；活力，精力，劲头put—down (n.) : [American slang]a belittling remark or crushing retort[美俚]贬低的话；反驳；无礼的回答foothold (n.) : a secure position from which it is difficult to be dislodged立足点，据点jostle (v.) : bump or push，as in a crowd；elbow or shove roughly(在人群中)拥挤；用肘推；撞proximity (n.) : the state or quality of being near；nearness in space，time，etc．最近；接近；(地方，时间等)最接近obscure (v.) : darken；make dim使黑暗；使朦胧tint (v.) : give a color or a shading of a color to着上(淡)色gaudy (adj.) : bright and showy, but lacking in good taste；cheaply brilliant and ornate华丽而俗气的，炫丽的。
英语中宏观经济常用词汇以及实际应用
英语中宏观经济常用词汇以及实际应用1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (国内生产总值)Sentence:The country's Gross Domestic Product grew by 3% this year, indicating economic expansion.中文翻译:该国今年的国内生产总值增长了3%，显示出经济的扩张。
2. Inflation (通货膨胀)Sentence:High inflation rates can erode consumers' purchasing power over time.中文翻译:高通货膨胀率会随着时间的推移侵蚀消费者的购买力。
3. Unemployment Rate (失业率)Sentence:The unemployment rate decreased to 5% last month, signaling a recovering labor market.中文翻译:上个月失业率下降至5%，表明劳动力市场正在恢复。
4. Fiscal Policy (财政政策)Sentence:The government implemented expansionary fiscal policy to stimulate economic growth.中文翻译:政府实施了扩张性的财政政策以刺激经济增长。
5. Monetary Policy (货币政策)Sentence:The central bank adjusted its monetary policy by lowering interest rates to encourage borrowing.中文翻译:中央银行通过降低利率调整了货币政策，以鼓励借贷。
6. Balance of Trade (贸易平衡)Sentence:A positive balance of trade occurs when a country's exports exceed its imports.中文翻译:当一个国家的出口超过进口时，就会出现贸易平衡顺差。
国际贸易双语教程英文版
国际贸易双语教程英文版IntroductionInternational trade is an essential part of the global economy. It involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. In this bilingual tutorial, we will provide an overview of international trade and explore its various aspects. This tutorial aims to help readers gain a thorough understanding of international trade concepts and terminology in English.1. Understanding International TradeInternational trade refers to the exchange of goods and services across international borders. It allows countries to specialize in producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, ensuring maximum productivity and resource utilization. This leads to increased economic growth and welfare for participating nations.2. Benefits of International TradeInternational trade offers several advantages to participating countries. These benefits include:•Improved Efficiency: Countries can focus on producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, increasing overall productivity.•Access to a Wider Range of Goods: Countries can import goods not produced domestically, allowing consumers access to a broader selection of products.•Expanding Markets: With international trade, businesses can reach new markets abroad, enabling them to grow and expand.•Economic Growth: International trade stimulates economic growth by promoting investment, job creation, and innovation.•Lower Costs: Countries can import goods at a lower cost than producing them domestically, leading to cost savings for consumers andbusinesses.3. Trade BarriersDespite the benefits of international trade, various barriers can hinder smooth trade operations. These barriers include:•Tariffs: Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, increasing their prices and reducing demand.•Quotas: Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, restricting access to foreign markets.•Regulatory Barriers: These include regulations, standards, and certifications that goods must meet to enter a country, creating additional costs and hurdles for exporters.•Currency Barriers: Fluctuations in exchange rates can affect the competitiveness of goods in international markets.•Trade Restrictions: Embargoes, trade sanctions, and trade wars can further hinder international trade.4. International Trade AgreementsTo promote and regulate international trade, countries often engage in the negotiation and formation of trade agreements. These agreements aim to reduce trade barriers and create a more favorable trade environment. Some prominent international trade agreements include:•World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO is a global organization that promotes free trade and resolves trade disputes amongmember countries.•Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): FTAs are agreements between countries that eliminate or reduce trade barriers among participating nations.•Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs): RTAs are trade agreements between countries within a specific geographic region.•Bilateral Agreements: Bilateral agreements are trade agreements between two countries, focusing on addressing trade barriers and promoting trade.•Multilateral Agreements: Multilateral agreements involve multiple countries negotiating and establishing trade rules and regulations.5. Trade DocumentationInternational trade involves significant documentation to ensure smooth and legal transactions between parties. Some essential trade documents include: •Commercial Invoice: An invoice that provides detailed information about the goods being sold, including quantity, price, and delivery terms.•Bill of Lading: It is a document issued by a carrier that acknowledges the receipt of goods for shipment.•Packing List: A detailed list of the contents and quantities of a shipment.•Certificate of Origin: It certifies the origin of the goods and is needed to claim preferential treatment under trade agreements.•Insurance Certificate: A document that confirms that goods are insured against loss or damage during transportation.•Customs Declaration: A document that provides information about the goods being imported or exported and helps calculate applicable customs duties and taxes.ConclusionInternational trade plays a crucial role in the global economy, enabling countries to benefit from specialization, economic growth, and improved welfare. This bilingual tutorial aimed to provide an overview of international trade in English, covering its various aspects from understanding the basics to trade barriers, agreements, and documentation. By understanding these concepts, readers can engage in international trade activities more effectively and confidently.。
高二英语英语中的货币表达单选题40题
高二英语英语中的货币表达单选题40题1. If the exchange rate is 1 dollar to 6 yuan, how much is 500 dollars in yuan?A. 3000B. 2500C. 3500D. 2000答案：A。
解析：1 美元兑换6 元人民币，500 美元则是500×6 = 3000 元人民币。
选项B 计算错误，500×5 = 2500；选项C 计算错误，500×7 = 3500；选项D 计算错误，500×4 = 2000。
2. The price of a coat is $80 in the US. How much is it in pounds if the exchange rate is 1 dollar to 0.8 pounds?A. 64B. 56C. 72D. 48答案：A。
解析：80 美元乘以汇率0.8 等于64 英镑。
选项B 计算错误，80×0.7 = 56；选项C 计算错误，80×0.9 = 72；选项D 计算错误，80×0.6 = 48。
3. A book costs £20 in the UK. What is the price in dollars if the exchange rate is 1 pound to 1.3 dollars?A. 26B. 20C. 15D. 18答案：A。
解析：20 英镑乘以汇率1.3 等于26 美元。
选项B 计算错误，20×1 = 20；选项C 计算错误，20÷1.3 ≈ 15.38；选项D 计算错误，20×0.9 ≈ 18。
4. The value of 100 euros is equal to how many yen if the exchange rate is 1 euro to 130 yen?A. 13000B. 10000C. 12000D. 15000答案：A。
国际贸易公司经营范文英文版
国际贸易公司经营范文英文版International Trade Company is a type of business that operates in the global market and engages in import and export activities between different countries. This company plays a crucial role in facilitating the exchange of goods and services across national borders, promoting economic growth, and boosting international relations. In this article, we will explore the operation scope, key functions, and challenges faced by an international trade company.The scope of operation of an international trade company is broad and diverse. It involves various activities such as finding suppliers or buyers, negotiating contracts, arranging logistics, managing customs procedures, and dealing with international regulations and policies. The company acts as an intermediary between domestic and foreign businesses, bridging the gap between supply and demand. Additionally, it may offer value-added services like market research, product sourcing, quality control, and financial support to enhance the competitiveness of its clients in the global market.The key functions of an international trade company can be categorized into three main areas: sourcing, marketing, and logistics. Firstly, sourcing refers to finding suitable suppliers or manufacturers abroad who can provide high-quality products at competitive prices. Through careful evaluation, the company selects reliable partners and establishes long-term relationships to ensure a stable supply chain. Secondly, marketing activities focus on identifying potential markets and customers for the products or services being traded. Detailed market analysis, segmentation, and advertising strategies are implemented to promote the company'sofferings and increase brand recognition. Lastly, logistics management plays a critical role in the efficient movement of goods from the point of origin to the final destination. This involves coordinating transportation, customs clearance, warehousing, and inventory management to ensure timely delivery and customer satisfaction.While international trade offers numerous opportunities, it also presents several challenges for trade companies. One major obstacle is navigating complex international regulations and policies. Each country has its own trade rules, customs procedures, and documentation requirements, which can be time-consuming and costly to comply with. Moreover, fluctuations in exchange rates, trade barriers, political instability, and cultural differences pose additional risks and uncertainties for trade companies. They need to stay updated with global economic trends, geopolitical developments, and trade negotiations to effectively adapt their strategies and minimize potential risks.Furthermore, intense competition in the global market requires trade companies to constantly innovate and differentiate their offerings. They need to continuously explore new markets, assess market trends, and adapt their product range or marketing strategies accordingly. Additionally, building trust and maintaining strong relationships with suppliers and customers across different cultures and time zones is crucial for long-term success. Effective communication, negotiation skills, and cultural sensitivity are essential in managing international business relationships.In conclusion, an international trade company plays a vital role inconnecting businesses from different countries and facilitating global trade. The company's scope of operation includes various activities such as sourcing, marketing, and logistics. It faces challenges such as navigating international regulations, dealing with market uncertainties, and building strong relationships. To thrive in the dynamic global market, an international trade company needs to stay updated, innovate, and maintain effective communication with partners worldwide.。
外币折算会计处理举例说明
外币折算会计处理举例说明英文回答：Foreign currency translation is an accounting process used to convert financial statements denominated in aforeign currency into the reporting currency of the company. This is necessary when a company operates in multiple countries or has foreign subsidiaries. The purpose of this process is to provide a clear and accurate representationof the company's financial position and performance.There are several steps involved in the foreigncurrency translation process. First, the financial statements of the foreign subsidiary are prepared in the local currency. These statements are then translated into the reporting currency using the appropriate exchange rate. The exchange rate used can vary depending on the method chosen by the company, such as the current rate method or the temporal rate method.Let's take an example to illustrate this process. Suppose a US-based company has a subsidiary in Japan. The subsidiary prepares its financial statements in Japanese yen (JPY). The US company needs to translate these statements into US dollars (USD) for reporting purposes.In this case, the subsidiary's financial statements would be prepared in JPY, including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. The exchange rate used for translation would be the spot rate on the date of the financial statements. The spot rate is the current exchange rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another.Once the financial statements are prepared in JPY, the next step is to translate them into USD. The exchange rate used for translation can have a significant impact on the reported figures. For example, if the spot rate is 100 JPY/USD, and the subsidiary has assets worth 10,000 JPY, the translated value in USD would be $100.After the translation is complete, the financialstatements are then consolidated with the parent company's financial statements. This involves combining thetranslated figures with the parent company's figures to provide a comprehensive view of the company's financial position and performance.Foreign currency translation can have a significant impact on a company's financial statements. Fluctuations in exchange rates can result in gains or losses, which are recorded in the income statement. These gains or losses are referred to as foreign currency translation adjustments.In conclusion, foreign currency translation is an important accounting process for companies operating in multiple countries. It involves converting financial statements from the local currency to the reporting currency using the appropriate exchange rate. This process ensures that the company's financial position and performance are accurately reflected in the reporting currency.中文回答：外币折算是一种会计处理过程，用于将以外币计价的财务报表转换为公司的报告货币。
国际贸易双语教案问题答案
CHAPTER 19WHAT DETERMINES EXCHANGE RATES?Objectives of the ChapterIn the short run, fluctuations in exchange rates can be related to demands for and supplies of assets denominated in different currencies—what we call “the asset market approach to exchange rates.” Here, we revisit the international financial investors and incorporate the impact of interest rate differentials and exchange rate expectations into the determination of the current spot exchange rate.In the long run, purchasing power parity suggests that movements in exchange rates are determined by differences in countries’ inflation rates. The “monetary approach to exchange rates” explains inflation rates as functions of relative demands for and supplies of domestic and foreign monies. Linking the two, we get a model that ties exchange rates to “fundamentals” such as incomes and relative money supplies. After studying Chapter 19 you should be able to explain1. the impact of interest rates on the current exchange rate.2. the impact of expectations about future spot rates on the current exchange rate.3. what exchange rate overshooting is, and why it can occur.4. how short-run exchange rate movements can diverge from what would be predicted by marketfundamentals.5. the purchasing power parity hypothesis, in both its absolute and relative forms.6. the quantity theory of money in a two-country world.7. the difference between nominal and real exchange rates.Important ConceptsAsset market approach Explains exchange rates in terms of demands and supplies to exchange rates: of all assets denominated in different currencies. The monetaryapproach to exchange rates is a variant of this approach in whichonly demands and supplies of the money asset are considered. Bandwagon: A situation in which investors expect the recent trend in exchangerates to extend into the future.Law of one price:Asserts that a single commodity will have the same price everywhereonce the prices are expressed in the same currency. This is anotherway of stating the purchasing power parity hypothesis. It seems to betrue chiefly for commodities that are standardized and heavily tradedinternationally.Monetary approach Seeks to explain exchange rates by focusing on the demands to exchange rates: for and supplies of national monies.Nominal bilateral exchange rate: The exchange rate we see quoted in foreign exchange markets.Nominal effective exchange rate: The weighted-average exchange value of a country’s currency,where the weights reflect the importance of the other countries int he home country’s total international trade.Overshooting: When the exchange rate is driven past its ultimate equilibrium rate(usually thought to be the PPP level), and then back to that rate later,during the adjustment of the macroeconomy to an exogenous shock.This effect is the consequence of goods prices that are sticky in theshort run.Purchasing power parity: In its absolute form, this hypothesis says that the exchange rate willequal the ratio of the domestic price level to the foreign price level,or e= P/P f. (In its relative form, the hypothesis states that thedifference over time in inflation rates will be offset by changes inthe exchange rate over that period)] An approximation of relativepurchasing power parity is [e future–e today]= [(inflation rate at home)minus (inflation rate in the foreign country]).Quantity theory Theorizes that, in any country, the money supply is equal to the of money: demand for money, which is directly proportional to the value ofnominal gross domestic product. This is symbolized as M = kPY.Here, money’s only role is as a medium of exchange.Real exchange rate: A way of measuring the price of foreign goods, not just in currency-adjusted terms, but also in price-level-adjusted terms. The realexchange rate on a currency at any moment in time is calculated as:[(foreign cost of home currency) x (P/P f) x (100)]. If purchasingpower parity holds between the two countries, the real exchange ratewill be 100. When the real exchange rate is above 100, the homecurrency is overvalued and the foreign currency is undervalued;when the real exchange rate is less than 100, the home currency isundervalued and the foreign currency is overvalued.Speculative bubble: A self-confirming upward or downward movement in a price (here,the exchange rate) that is out of line with the changes in thefundamental factors that determine the price of that object.Warm-up QuestionsTrue or False? Explain.1. T / F An expectation that the yen will appreciate can cause the yen to appreciate.2. T / F An increase in the domestic interest rate will cause the home currency to depreciate.3. T / F International interest rate differentials drive exchange rates in the short run; internationalprice differentials drive exchange rates in the long run.4. T / F The purchasing power parity hypothesis is unlikely to be true for countries that do nottrade commodities internationally.5. T / F If the inflation rate in the United States is lower than the inflation rate in France, the eurowill depreciate relative to the dollar.Multiple Choice1. If there is a sudden five percent decrease in the domestic money supply, we should expectA. the domestic currency to appreciate by five percent in the long run.B. the domestic currency to appreciate by six percent in the short run.C. the foreign currency to depreciate as demand for foreign assets decreases.D. all of the above.2. Under the asset market approach, if both U.S. and British interest rates rise by three percentagepoints, we could expectA. the dollar to appreciate.B. the dollar to depreciate.C. the exchange rate between the dollar and the pound to remain unchanged.D. investors to move their funds to a third country.3. If a country’s nominal interest rate increases b y the same percentage that the inflation rate hasincreased,A. international investors will withdraw their funds from the country.B. international investors will pour more funds into the country.C. international investors will demand an increase in the real interest rate they are paid.D. none of the above.4. All other things being equal, if the British government increases the money supply by 5% whilethe British economy is experiencing 5% real growth, the exchange rate on the pound will beA. unaffected.B. higher.C. lower.D. a mystery.5. All other things being equal, which of the following would not cause the price of a foreigncurrency (e) to fall?A. A rise in the home country’s expected inflation rate.B. A rise in the foreign coun try’s expected inflation rate.C. A drop in the foreign country’s real income.D. A rise in the foreign country’s money supply.Problems1. What impact will each of the following events have on the current spot exchange rate betweenthe Saxon scudo (Ss) and the Leinster lira (Ll)? You should assume that each event was notpredicted in advance.a. Leinster residents expect the scudo to appreciate.b. Saxony’s new government was voted in on a “Whip Inflation Now” platform.c. A change in saving behavior causes the real interest rate in Leinster to increase.d. The Minister of Trade announces that Saxony has incurred a much larger trade deficit thanhad been predicted.e. An earthquake flattens the major telephone factory in Leinster.f. The Minister of Finance in Leinster is charged with embezzling one billion lira from theTreasury.2. Consider the following information:▪Today’s spot exchange rate between the scudo and the lira is Ss 100/Ll.▪People believe that in the next 90 days the lira is going to appreciate to Ss 101/Ll.▪The 90-day interest rate in Saxony is 2 percent; the 90-day interest rate in Leinster is1.5 percent.a. Does uncovered interest parity hold?b. If it does not hold, at what current spot rate would it hold?3. A group of Saxon economics students is planning to spend a summer in Leinster when theygraduate from college in two years. Obviously, they are concerned about how much it will cost to vacation in Leinster. They know that, currently, the typical vacation basket of goods costs 12,000 scudos in Saxony; the same array of goods costs 120 lira in Leinster. The exchange rate now isSs 100/Ll. Suppose they have taken a course in international finance and know that the newlyelected Finance Minister of Leinster is going to decrease the lira supply by one-third in the next two weeks.a. What can the students expect the exchange rate on the lira to be when they graduate in twoyears?b. Will that exchange rate be the same one they can expect to see in the next few months?4. Suppose the Saxon monetary authorities are prone to flooding their country with new scudo,whereas Leinster’s government officials hate t o increase the supply of lira. In light of this, what would you expect to be the long-run trend in the exchange rate between the scudo and the lira?5. Calculate the real exchange rate on the British pound, assuming the following hypothetical data:e = $2/₤P UK = ₤150P US = $2006. Suppose the U.S. price level in 2008 is 120 (where the year 1998 = 100) and the price level inMexico is 180 (where the year 1998 = 100). The exchange rate in 1998 was 150 Mexican pesos per U.S. dollar. According to the purchasing power parity hypothesis, what would be theequilibrium exchange rate between the peso and the dollar in 2008?7. The “Cambridge k” from the money demand formula is thought to depend on behavioralvariables that do not change much in the short run. Suppose that some sort of financialinnovation in the United States causes “k” to decrease. (A good example might be theproliferation of credit cards.)a. What impact would this have on the demand for money in the U.S.?b. What impact would this have on the exchange rate between the dollar and the Mexican peso?Discussion Topics1. If the prices of goods and services are flexible even in the short run, will exchange rateovershooting occur?2. Try to match recent changes in the exchange rate of some currency to political events in thatcountry, such as elections or new criminal investigations; also compare changes in the exchange rate to economic “news” about the country’s budget or trade balance.3. Discuss how a substantial movement away from free trade would nullify the purchasing powerparity hypothesis.4. If a country wants to peg its exchange rate, should it peg its nominal rate or its real rate?5. What would you expect to happen to the currency value of a country engaged in war? Relateyour answer to the observation that few countries maintain fixed exchange rates during periods of war.。
金融英语常见词汇（2）
金融英语常见词汇(2)equity portfolio 股票资产.establishing bank 开证银行ethics risks 道德风险.Euro-bank 欧洲银行Eurocard 欧洲系统卡.European terms 欧洲标价法evaluation of property 房产估价. evasion of foreign currency 逃汇exception clause 免责条款.excess insurance 超额保险.exchange adjustment 汇率调整exchange alteration 更改汇率exchange arbitrage 外汇套利exchange bank 外汇银行exchange broker 外汇经纪人exchange brokerage 外汇经纪人佣金exchange business 外汇业务exchange clearing agreement 外汇结算协定exchange clearing system 汇结算制exchange competition 外汇竞争exchange contract 外汇成交单exchange control 外汇管制exchange convertibility 外汇兑换exchange customs 交易所惯例exchange depreciation 外汇下降exchange dumping 汇率倾销exchange dumping 汇率倾销. exchange fluctuations 汇价变动exchange for forward delivery 远期外汇业务exchange for spot delivery 即期外汇业务exchange freedom 外汇自由兑换exchange loss 汇率损失exchange parity 外汇平价exchange position 外汇头寸exchange position 外汇头寸;外汇动态. exchange premium 外汇升水exchange profit 外汇利润exchange proviso clause 外汇保值条款exchange quota system 外汇配额制exchange rate 汇价exchange rate fluctuations 外汇汇价的波动exchange rate parity 外汇兑换的固定汇率exchange rate risks 外汇汇率风险. exchange reserves 外汇储备exchange restrictions 外汇限制exchange risk 外汇风险exchange risk 兑换风险.exchange settlement 结汇exchange speculation 外汇投机exchange stability 汇率稳定exchange surrender certificate 外汇移转证exchange transactions 外汇交易exchange value 外汇价值exchange war 外汇战excise 货物税,消费税.exercise date 执行日exercise price, striking price 履约价格,认购价格. expenditure tax 支出税.expenditure tax regime 支出税税制. expenses incurred in the purchase 购买物业开支. expiration date 到期日export and import bank 进出口银行export gold point 黄金输出点exposure 风险.external account 对外帐户extraneous risks 附加险.extrinsic value 外在价值.face value 面值facultative insurance 临时保险.fair and reasonable 公平合理far future risks 长远期风险.farm subsidies 农产品补贴farmland occupancy tax 耕地占用税. favourable exchange 顺汇fax base 税基.feast tax 筵席税.feathered assets 掺水资产.fee 不动产.fee interest 不动产产权.fictions payee 虚构抬头人.fictitious assets 虚拟资产.fictitious capital 虚拟资本.fiduciary a. 信托的,信用的,受信托的(人) fiduciary field 信用领域,信托领域finance broker 金融经纪人.financial advising services 金融咨询服务financial arrangement 筹资安排.financial crisis 金融危机financial crisis 金融危机financial crisis 金融危机financial forward contract 金融远期合约. financial futures 金融期货.financial futures contract 金融期货合约. financial insolvency 无力支付.financial institutions' deposit 同业存款financial lease 金融租赁.financial leases 金融租赁.financial risk 金融风险.financial statement analysis 财务报表分析. financial system 金融体系financial system 金融体系financial system 金融体系financial transaction 金融业务financial transaction 金融业务financial transaction 金融业务financial unrest 金融动荡financial unrest 金融动荡financial unrest 金融动荡financial world 金融界financial world 金融界financial world 金融界first mortgage 第一抵押权.fiscal and monetary policy 财政金融政策fiscal and monetary policy 财政金融政策fiscal and monetary policy 财政金融政策fixed assets 固定资产.fixed assets ratio 固定资产比率fixed assets ratio 固定资产比率fixed assets ratio 固定资产比率fixed assets ration 固定资产比率.fixed assets turnover ratio 固定资产周转率fixed assets turnover ratio 固定资产周转率fixed assets turnover ratio 固定资产周转率fixed capital 固定资本.fixed costs 固定成本.fixed deposit (=time deposit) 定期存款fixed deposit by installment 零存整取fixed exchange rate 固定汇率fixed par of exchange 法定汇兑平价fixed savings withdrawal 定期储蓄提款fixed-rate leases 固定利率租赁.flexibility and mobility 灵活性与机动性flexibility of exchange rates 汇率伸缩性flexible exchange rate 浮动汇率floating exchange rate 浮动汇率floating policy 流动保险单.floating-rate leases 浮动利率租赁.floor 带利率下限的期权.floor broker 场内经纪人.fluctuations in prices 汇率波动foregift 权利金.foreign banks 外国银行foreign correspondent 国外代理银行foreign currency futures 外汇期货.foreign enterprises income tax 外国企业所得税. foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券foreign exchange crisis 外汇危机foreign exchange cushion 外汇缓冲foreign exchange dumping 外汇倾销.foreign exchange earnings 外汇收入foreign exchange liabilities 外汇负债foreign exchange loans 外汇贷款foreign exchange parity 外汇平价foreign exchange quotations 外汇行情foreign exchange regulations 外汇条例foreign exchange reserves 外汇储备foreign exchange restrictions 外汇限制foreign exchange retaining system 外汇留存制foreign exchange risk 外汇风险.foreign exchange risk 外汇风险.foreign exchange services 外汇业务foreign exchange transaction centre 外汇交易中心forward exchange 期货外汇forward exchange intervention 期货外汇干预forward exchange sold 卖出期货外汇forward foreign exchange 远期外汇汇率forward operation 远期(经营)业务forward swap 远期掉期.fraternal insurance 互助保险.free depreciation 自由折旧.free foreign exchange 自由外汇freight tax 运费税.fringe bank 边缘银行full insurance 定额保险.full payout leases 充分偿付租赁.full progressive income tax 全额累进所得税. fund 资金,基金fund account 基金帐户fund allocation 基金分配fund appropriation 基金拨款fund balance 基金结存款fund demand 资金需求.fund for relief 救济基金fund for special use 专用基金fund in trust 信托基金fund liability 基金负债fund obligation 基金负担fund raising 基金筹措fundamental insurance 基本险.funds statement 资金表futures commission merchants 期货经纪公司. futures contract 期货合约.futures delivery 期货交割.futures margin 期货保证金.futures market 期货市场.futures price 期货价格.futures transaction 期货交易.FX futures contract 外汇期货合约. galloping inflation 恶性通货膨胀galloping inflation 恶性通货膨胀galloping inflation 恶性通货膨胀gap 跳空general endorsement 不记名背书.general fund 普通基金general mortgage 一般抵押.Giro bank 汇划银行given rate 已知汇率go long 买进,多头.go short 短缺;卖空,空头.going away 分批买进going rate 现行汇率Gold Ear Credit Card 金穗卡.government revenue 政府收入.graduated reserve requirement 分级法定准备金graduated reserve requirement 分级法定准备金graduated reserve requirement 分级法定准备金Great Wall card 长城卡.gross cash flow 现金总流量guarantee of payment 付款保证.guaranteed fund 保证准备金guaranteed fund 保证准备金guaranteed fund 保证准备金hammering the market 打压市场handling charge 手续费.harmony of fiscal and monetary policies 财政政策和金融政策的协调harmony of fiscal and monetary policies 财政政策和金融政策的协调harmony of fiscal and monetary policies 财政政策和金融政策的协调hedge 套头交易hedge against inflation 为防通货膨胀而套购hedge buying 买进保值期货hedge fund 套利基金hedging mechanism 规避机制.hedging risk 套期保值风险hire purchase 租购.hit the bid 拍板成交hoarded money 储存的货币holding the market 托盘horizontal price movement 横盘hot issue 抢手证券hot money deposits 游资存款hot stock 抢手股票house property tax 房产税. hypothecation 抵押idle capital 闲置资本idle cash (money) 闲散现金,游资idle demand deposits 闲置的活期存款immobilized capital 固定化的资产. immovable property 不动产.import regulation tax 进口调节税. imposition 征税;税;税款.imprest bank account 定额银行存款专户in force (法律上)有效的.in the tank 跳水inactive market 不活跃市场income in kind 实物所得.income tax liabilities 所得税责任,所得税债务. income taxes 所得税.indemnity 赔偿,补偿.indirect arbitrage 间接套汇indirect finance 间接金融.indirect hedging 间接套做.indirect leases 间接租赁(即:杠杆租赁). indirect rate 间接汇率indirect taxation 间接税.individual income regulation tax 个人调节税.individual income tax 个人所得税.individual savings 私人储蓄Industrial and Commercial Bank of China 中国工商银行industrial financing 工业融资.industrial-commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税. industrial-commercial income tax 工商所得税. industrial-commercial tax 工商税.inflation 通货膨胀inflation 通货膨胀inflation 通货膨胀inflation rate 通货膨胀率inflation rate 通货膨胀率inflation rate 通货膨胀率inflationary spiral 螺旋式上升的通货膨胀inflationary spiral 螺旋式上升的通货膨胀inflationary spiral 螺旋式上升的通货膨胀inflationary trends 通货膨胀趋势inflationary trends 通货膨胀趋势inflationary trends 通货膨胀趋势infrastructure bank 基本建设投资银行initial margin 初始保证金.initial margin 期初保证权.initial margins 初始保证金.initial reserve 初期准备金initial reserve 初期准备金initial reserve 初期准备金insider 内幕人installment savings 零存整取储蓄institution 机构投资者insurance appraiser 保险损失评价人.insurance broker 保险经纪人.insurance contract 保险契约,保险合同. insurance saleman 保险外勤.insurance services 保险业务insure against fire 保火险.insured 被保险人.interbank market 银行同业市场inter-business credit 同行放帐.interest on deposit 存款利息interest per annum 年息interest per month 月息interest rate futures contract 利率期货合约. interest rate policy 利率政策interest rate policy 利率政策interest rate policy 利率政策interest rate position 利率头寸.interest rate risk 利率风险.interest restriction 利息限制interest subsidy 利息补贴interest-rate risk 利息率风险.interim finance 中间金融.intermediary bank 中间银行intermediate account 中间帐户internal reserves 内部准备金internal reserves 内部准备金internal reserves 内部准备金international banking services 国际银行业务International Investment Bank (IIB) 国际投资银行international leasing 国际租赁.in-the-money 有内在价值的期权.intraday 日内intrinsic utility 内在效用.intrinsic value 实际价值,内部价值.inward documentary bill for collection 进口跟单汇票,进口押汇(汇票)isolation of risk 风险隔离.issue bank 发行银行JCB card JCB卡.joint financing 共同贷款.key risk 关键风险.kill a bet 终止赌博.land use tax 土地使用税.large deposit 大额存款large leases 大型租赁.latent inflation 潜在的通货膨胀latent inflation 潜在的通货膨胀latent inflation 潜在的通货膨胀lease agreement 租约.lease and release 租借和停租.lease broker 租赁经纪人.lease financing 租赁筹租.lease immovable 租借的不动产.lease in perpetuity 永租权.lease insurance 租赁保险.lease interest insurance 租赁权益保险.lease land 租赁土地.lease mortgage 租借抵押.lease out 租出.lease property 租赁财产.lease purchase 租借购买.lease rental 租赁费.lease territory 租借地. leaseback 回租.leasebroker 租赁经纪人.leased immovable 租借的不动产. leasehold 租赁土地.leasehold 租借期,租赁营业,租赁权. leasehold property 租赁财产. leasehold property 租赁财产. leaseholder 租赁人. leaseholder 承租人,租借人. leases agent 租赁代理.leases arrangement 租赁安排. leases company 租赁公司. leases structure 租赁结构. leasing 出租.leasing agreement 租赁协议. leasing amount 租赁金额. leasing asset 出租财产,租赁财产. leasing clauses 租赁条款. leasing consultant 租赁顾问. leasing contract 租赁合同. leasing cost 租赁成本.leasing country 承租国. leasing division 租赁部. leasing equipment 租赁设备. leasing industry 租赁业. leasing industry (trade) 租赁业. leasing money 租赁资金. leasing period 租赁期.leasing regulations 租赁条例.legal interest 法定利息legal tender 法定货币legal tender 本位货币,法定货币lessee 承租人,租户.lessor 出租人.letter of confirmation 确认书.letter transfer 信汇leveraged leases 杠杆租赁.lien 扣押权,抵押权.life insurance 人寿保险.life of assets 资产寿命.limit order 限价指令limited floating rate 有限浮动汇率line of business 行业,营业范围,经营种类. liquidation 清仓liquidity 流动性liquidity of bank 银行资产流动性liquidity of bank 银行资产流动性liquidity of bank 银行资产流动性listed stock 上市股票livestock transaction tax 牲畜交易税. loan account 贷款帐户loan amount 贷款额.loan at call 拆放.loan bank 放款银行loan volume 贷款额.loan-deposit ratio 存放款比率loan-deposit ratio 存放款比率loan-deposit ratio 存放款比率loans to financial institutions 金融机构贷款loans to government 政府贷款local bank 地方银行local income tax (local surtax) 地方所得税. local surtax 地方附加税.local tax 地方税.long arbitrage 多头套利.long position 多头头寸long position 多头寸;买进的期货合同.long-term certificate of deposit 长期存款单long-term credit bank 长期信用银行long-term finance 长期资金融通.loss leader 特价商品,亏损大项loss of profits insurance 收益损失保险.loss on exchange 汇兑损失low-currency dumping 低汇倾销low-currency dumping 低汇倾销.M/T (= Mail Transfer) 信汇main bank 主要银行maintenance margin 最低保证金,维持保证金. major market index 主要市场指数management risk 管理风险.managing bank of a syndicate 财团的经理银行manipulation 操纵margin 保证金margin call 保证金通知.margin call 追加保证金的通知.margin money 预收保证金,开设信用证保证金. margin rate 保证金率.markdown 跌价.market discount rate 市场贴现率.market expectations 市场预期.market makers 造市者.market order 市价订单.market risk 市场风险.marketability 流动性market-clearing 市场结算.Master card 万事达卡.matching 搭配.mature liquid contracts 到期合约.maximum limit of overdraft 透支额度. measures for monetary ease 金融缓和措施measures for monetary ease 金融缓和措施measures for monetary ease 金融缓和措施medium rate 中间汇率medium-term finance 中期金融.member bank 会员银行Million card 百万卡.minimum cash requirements 最低现金持有量(需求) minimum reserve ratio 法定最低准备比率minimum reserve ratio 法定最低准备比率minimum reserve ratio 法定最低准备比率mint parity 法定平价monetary action 金融措施monetary action 金融措施monetary action 金融措施monetary aggregates 货币流通额monetary and credit control 货币信用管理monetary and credit control 货币信用管理monetary and credit control 货币信用管理monetary and financial crisis 货币金融危机monetary and financial crisis 货币金融危机monetary and financial crisis 货币金融危机monetary area 货币区monetary assets 货币性资产monetary base 货币基础monetary circulation 货币流通monetary device 金融调节手段monetary device 金融调节手段monetary device 金融调节手段monetary ease 银根松动monetary market 金融市场monetary market 金融市场monetary market 金融市场monetary risk 货币风险.monetary stringency 银根奇紧monetary stringency 银根紧monetary stringency 银根奇紧monetary stringency 银根奇紧monetary unit 货币单位money capital 货币资本.money collector 收款人money credit 货币信用money down 付现款money equivalent 货币等价money paid on account 定金.money-flow analysis 货币流量分析money-over-money leases 货币加成租赁. moral hazard 道德风险.mortgage bank 抵押银行motor vehicle and highway user tax 机动车和公路使用税. movables all risks insurance 动产综合保险.movables insurance 动产保险.multinational bank 跨国银行multiunit 公寓楼.mutual insurance company 相互保险公司.national bank 国家银行nationalized bank 国有化银行near money 准货币nearby contracts 近期合约.nearby futures 近期期货.nearby risks 近期风险.negotiability 流通性negotiating bank 议付银行nesting 配套.net settlement status 净结算状况,净结算头寸.neutral money 中介货币neutrality of the central bank 中央银行的中立性neutrality of the central bank 中央银行的中立性neutrality of the central bank 中央银行的中立性nominal account 名义帐户nominal deposit 名义存款non-member bank 非会员银行non-resident account 非居民存款notional principal 名义本金.notional sum 名义金额.off-balance-sheet 表外业务.offer rate 卖出汇率official borrowing 政府借款.official devaluation 法定贬值official rate (of exchange) 官方汇价official short-term credit 官方短期信用.offset reserve 坏帐准备金offset reserve 坏帐准备金offset reserve 坏帐准备金on a discount basis (以)折价形式.open account business (= open account tr赊帐交易open an account 开户open fair transaction tax 集市交易税.open market 公开市场.open market operation 公开市场业务open market operation 公开市场业务open market operation 公开市场业务open market policy 公开市场政策open market policy 公开市场政策open market policy 公开市场政策open mortgage 可资抵押.open negotiation 公开议付.open outcry 公开喊价,公开叫价.open policy 预约保单.open position (期货交易中的)头寸.open positions 敞口头寸.open-ended 开口的,无限制的,无限度的.opening order 开市价订单.operating bank 营业银行operating cash flow 营运现金流(量).operating lease 经营租赁.operating leases 操作租赁.operating risk 经营风险.operation account 交易帐户option 期权,选择权,买卖权.option buyer 期权的买方.option fee (=option premium or premium o期权费.option purchase price 期权的购进价格.option seller 期权的卖方.options on futures contract 期货合同的期权交易.ordinary bank 普通银行ordinary deposit 普通存款ordinary time deposit 普通定期存款our bank 开户银行out-of-the-money 无内在价值的期权.output-capital ratio 产出与资本的比率output-capital ratio 产出与资本的比率output-capital ratio 产出与资本的比率outright position 单笔头寸.outward documentary bill for collection 出口跟单汇票,出口押汇outward remittance 汇出汇款over-loan position 贷款超额over-loan position 贷款超额over-loan position 贷款超额overnight call loan 日拆.overseas bank 海外银行overseas branches 国外分行oversold 超卖over-the-counter 场外的,买卖双方直接交易的,不通过交易所交易的.over-the-counter (OTC) option 场外交易市场overvalued 估。
2023年外贸英语考试真题答案解析
2023年外贸英语考试真题答案解析考试日期：2023年XX月XX日考试地点：XX考场一、听力部分答案解析本次外贸英语考试听力部分共分为四个部分，每个部分后面都有相应的问题。
以下是各部分的答案解析。
Part 1: 短对话理解1. A: Did you receive the invitation to the trade fair next week?B: Yes, I did. And I plan to attend it with our new products.Q: What will the man do?答案：Attend the trade fair with their new products.解析：根据对话内容可知，男人会带上他们的新产品参加该贸易展览。
2. A: When will the new shipment of goods arrive?B: The tracking information shows that it will be delivered tomorrow.Q: What does the woman imply?答案：The goods will be delivered tomorrow.解析：根据对话内容，女人表示货物将在明天送达。
Part 2: 长对话理解3. A: I heard that there will be some changes in the import policy. Have you checked the new regulations?B: Yes, I did. We need to pay attention to the updated document requirements.Q: What does the man suggest?答案：Pay attention to the updated document requirements.解析：男人建议要注意更新的文件要求。
海底两万里读书笔记第14章
海底两万里读书笔记第14章英文回答：Chapter 14 of "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" continues the thrilling underwater adventures of Captain Nemo and his crew. In this chapter, the Nautilus encounters a giant squid, providing an exciting and suspenseful climax to the story.As the Nautilus sails through the Pacific Ocean, the crew spots a massive creature in the distance. Captain Nemo immediately recognizes it as a giant squid and orders the ship to approach. The crew members prepare their weapons and eagerly await the encounter.Suddenly, the giant squid attacks, wrapping its long tentacles around the Nautilus. The crew fights back, using harpoons and electric shocks to fend off the creature. The battle is intense and chaotic, with the crew members shouting orders and desperately trying to protect theirship.I was particularly impressed by Captain Nemo's calm and collected demeanor during the battle. Despite the danger they faced, he remained composed and strategic, giving orders with precision. It was as if he had encountered such creatures many times before.Eventually, the crew manages to defeat the giant squid and free the Nautilus from its grip. The creature retreats into the depths of the ocean, leaving the crew victorious but exhausted. Captain Nemo congratulates his crew fortheir bravery and skill, and they continue their journey through the underwater world.This chapter reminded me of the saying "fighting tooth and nail." The crew members fought with all their strength and determination, using every weapon at their disposal to defeat the giant squid. It was a battle of survival, and their tenacity paid off.中文回答：《海底两万里》第14章继续讲述了尼莫船长和他的船员们在海底的惊险冒险。
委托人风险告知书 英文版
委托人风险告知书英文版Disclosure of Principal's RiskAs a financial advisor, it is my responsibility to ensure that my clients are fully informed about the risks associated with their investment decisions. This disclosure statement outlines the potential risks that you, as the principal, may face when engaging in investment activities.Firstly, it is crucial to understand that all investment opportunities, regardless of their nature, inherently carry some degree of risk. The financial markets are inherently volatile, and even the most well-researched and diversified investment portfolios can experience significant fluctuations in value. This means that the value of your investments may rise or fall, and you may not receive the expected returns or even lose a portion of your initial investment.One of the primary risks associated with investing is market risk. Market risk refers to the possibility that the overall market or a specific sector may experience significant declines, which can negatively impact the value of your investments. This risk is particularly prevalent in times of economic uncertainty, geopoliticaltensions, or unexpected events that can trigger market volatility.Another significant risk is credit risk, which relates to the possibility that the issuer of a debt instrument, such as a bond or a fixed-income security, may default on their obligations. This could result in a loss of your invested capital or a reduction in the expected returns. It is crucial to carefully evaluate the creditworthiness of any issuer before making an investment decision.Liquidity risk is also a concern that you should be aware of. Liquidity risk refers to the difficulty in quickly converting an investment into cash without incurring significant losses. This can be particularly problematic in situations where you may need to access your funds unexpectedly or during periods of market stress when liquidity may be limited.Currency risk is another factor to consider, especially if your investments involve exposure to foreign markets or assets denominated in a currency other than your local currency. Fluctuations in exchange rates can have a significant impact on the value of your investments, potentially leading to either gains or losses.Interest rate risk is another important consideration. Changes in interest rates can affect the value of fixed-income securities, such asbonds, as well as the overall performance of your investment portfolio. Rising interest rates can lead to a decline in the value of your fixed-income investments, while falling interest rates can result in increased competition and lower returns.Inflation risk is also a concern that you should be aware of. Inflation can erode the purchasing power of your investment returns, potentially reducing the real value of your investments over time. This is particularly relevant for long-term investment horizons, where the effects of inflation can be more pronounced.It is also crucial to be aware of the risks associated with specific investment products or strategies. For example, investing in derivative instruments, such as options or futures, can involve a high degree of leverage and risk, which may not be suitable for all investors.Furthermore, you should be aware of the potential risks associated with concentrated positions or lack of diversification. Holding a large portion of your portfolio in a single investment or sector can increase your exposure to specific risks and potentially lead to significant losses if that investment or sector underperforms.It is important to note that the risks outlined in this disclosure statement are not exhaustive, and there may be additional risks thatare specific to your individual investment goals, risk tolerance, and financial circumstances. As your financial advisor, I recommend that you carefully review and understand these risks before making any investment decisions.It is my responsibility to provide you with the necessary information and guidance to help you make informed investment decisions that align with your financial objectives and risk tolerance. I encourage you to ask questions, seek clarification, and engage in open discussions about the risks and potential rewards associated with any investment opportunity.By acknowledging and understanding the risks involved, you can make more informed decisions and better manage the potential impact on your investment portfolio. Remember, investing inherently involves risk, and it is crucial to carefully consider your investment strategy and risk tolerance before committing your funds.。
society and responsibility答案
society and responsibility答案1.in the developing countries, the availability of cheap labor lured many companies intobuilding new factories and assembly plants. AA.tempted、B. guideC. directedD. pulled2.At international level, various attempts have been made to regulate the activities of the multinational. CA.increaseB. encourageC. controlD. reduce3.SKF immediately started feeding it with export orders and continued until the domestic market picked up again. BA.caught upB. improveC. was establisheD. was saturated4.…these foreign giants will take over smaller companies and gradually dominate an important industry. CA.build upB. develop intoC. ruleD. create5.The danger of this kind of domination is perfectly exemplified by a controversial takeover which occurred in France. BA.is directly generated byB. is well illustrated by the example ofC. is fully defined byD. is closely related to6. Sometimes, the flow of funds causes disastrous fluctuations in the exchange rate of theircurrencies. DA. LoweringB. deteriorationC. devaluationD. ups and downs7. Arguing against multinationals, cities cry in shrill tones that theseorganizations engage in anti-competitive activities…AA. shout sharplyB. express their views excitedlyC. criticize bitterlyD. complain sadly8. Those speaking for the defense see …and bringing much needed resources, expertise and employment to the host countries. DA. ExperienceB. capitaC. expectationD. know-how9. At the same time, the company has sought to pull its shares out ofa multiyear slump. BA. ImageB. fall in priceC. schemeD. disrepute10. Last year, it finally appeared that the $19 billion manufacturer of microchips, microwave ovens and …was making headway. BA. gaining good resultB. making progressC. making a name for itselfD. making easy money11. And during Sadao Kondo’s two-year tint as company president, Sanyo Electric trimmed some $250 million from the company’s overhead by shutting down unprofitable product lines.. AA. ReducedB. suffered a loss ofC. made a profit ofD. increased12. …the company announced that some 180,000 refrige rators had faulty doors and would brecalled. DA. RemadeB. redesignedC. returnedD. taken backDirections: In this section you will hear 10 statements. Eachstatement will be read only once. Then there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested choices marked A, B, C, D, and decide 题which is closest in meaning to the sentence you have just heard. Then mark the corresponding letter in the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.：答1. A. He wants to play tennis.B. He likes to play tennis, but he does not want to play now.C. He does not like to play tennis.D. He always likes to play tennis.2. A. He arrived at 4:20.B. It was 3:25 when we met.C. I met him at 3:45.D. We met at 4:05.3. A. I would repeat the same mistakes.B. It ’s a mistake to want to be younger.C. I make mistakes because I am young.D. I would do things differently if I were young again.4. A. He never walks to the library at night.B.There is only one librarian here at night.C.The library is the only place to study at.D.He never works in the library in the daytime.5. A. The children went home before finishing their game.B.One child left earlier than the others.C. Two children went home before the third stopped playing.D. Two children stopped playing before the third one left.6. A. While dinner was cooking, we went to the store.B.We cooked dinner, visited the store and slept.C.After shopping, we had dinner and slept.D.We ate and then were too tired to shop.。
收入降低的风险英语作文
收入降低的风险英语作文The Risk of Decreasing Income。
Nowadays, with the rapid development of the economy, people's living standards have been greatly improved. However, at the same time, the risk of decreasing income has become increasingly prominent. In this essay, I will discuss some of the reasons for this phenomenon and suggest some possible solutions.One of the main reasons for the risk of decreasing income is the unstable economic situation. In recent years, the global economy has been in a state of flux, with unpredictable fluctuations in the stock market, currency exchange rates, and other financial indicators. This has led to a lot of uncertainty for people who rely on their income to support themselves and their families. For example, if a person's salary is based on a commission or bonus system, their income may be affected by these fluctuations, causing them to earn less than they expected.Another reason for the risk of decreasing income is the changing nature of work. With the rise of the gig economy and the increasing use of automation and artificial intelligence, many traditional jobs are disappearing or becoming less secure. This means that people may have to take on multiple jobs or work in non-traditional ways to make ends meet. This can lead to a lack of stability in income, as well as increased stress and anxiety.So, what can be done to mitigate the risk of decreasing income? One solution is to diversify one's sources of income. This means having multiple streams of income, such as a part-time job, freelance work, or passive income from investments or rental properties. This can help to spread the risk and provide a more stable income overall.Another solution is to invest in one's skills and education. In a rapidly changing job market, it is important to stay up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies in one's field. This can help to increaseone's earning potential and make them more competitive inthe job market.Finally, it is important to have a solid financial plan in place. This means setting realistic financial goals, creating a budget, and saving for emergencies and retirement. By having a clear plan for their finances, people can better manage their income and reduce the risk of financial instability.In conclusion, the risk of decreasing income is a growing concern in today's economy. However, bydiversifying one's sources of income, investing in one's skills and education, and having a solid financial plan, people can reduce this risk and achieve greater financial stability.。
英语价格条款模板作文
英语价格条款模板作文Price Terms Template。
Dear [Customer's Name],。
Thank you for your interest in our products/services. We are pleased to provide you with the following priceterms for your consideration:1. Pricing Structure:Our pricing is based on [specific pricing structure]. The prices mentioned below are exclusive of any applicable taxes or duties.2. Unit Price:The unit price for each product/service is [unit price]. This price is applicable for a minimum orderquantity of [minimum order quantity]. For orders exceedingthe minimum quantity, we offer [discount percentage] discount on the unit price.3. Bulk Orders:For bulk orders exceeding [bulk order quantity], we offer additional discounts. Please contact our sales teamfor more information on bulk order pricing.4. Payment Terms:We accept payment through [accepted payment methods]. The payment terms are [payment terms]. A [percentage] advance payment is required upon placing the order, and the remaining balance should be paid before theshipment/release of the products/services.5. Currency:The prices mentioned above are in [currency]. Please note that any fluctuations in the exchange rate may affect the final price. We recommend confirming the exchange rateat the time of placing the order.6. Shipping and Handling:Shipping and handling charges are not included in the prices mentioned above. These charges will be calculated based on the destination, weight, and mode of transportation. Our team will provide you with the estimated shipping and handling costs once the orderdetails are finalized.7. Taxes and Duties:Any applicable taxes, customs duties, or other charges imposed by the government or relevant authorities are not included in the prices mentioned above. These charges will be the responsibility of the customer and will be added to the final invoice.8. Validity:The prices mentioned above are valid for a period of[validity period]. After this period, prices are subject to change without prior notice. We recommend placing the order within the validity period to ensure the mentioned prices are honored.9. Returns and Refunds:Our returns and refunds policy is as follows: [briefly explain the returns and refunds policy, if applicable].Please note that the above price terms are subject to negotiation and may vary based on specific requirements or agreements. We are open to discussing any modifications or additional services you may require.Should you have any further questions or need clarification regarding the price terms, please feel free to contact our sales team at [contact details].We look forward to the opportunity of serving you and establishing a long-term business relationship.Yours sincerely,。
国际销售合同付款条件英文
Contract No.:[Contract Number]Date:[Contract Date]Parties to the Contract:1. Seller:[Seller's Full Legal Name][Seller's Address][Seller's Contact Information]2. Buyer:[Buyer's Full Legal Name][Buyer's Address][Buyer's Contact Information]Subject Matter of the Contract:This contract pertains to the sale and purchase of [describe the goods or services in detail] (hereinafter referred to as the "Goods") between the Seller and the Buyer, in accordance with the following terms and conditions.Payment Terms:1. Down Payment:a. The Buyer shall make a down payment of [amount] (or [percentage] of the total contract value) within [number of days] after the execution of this contract.b. The down payment shall be made by [payment method(s) accepted,e.g., wire transfer, credit card, etc.] to the Seller's designated account as follows:- Account Name: [Seller's Account Name]- Account Number: [Seller's Account Number]- Bank Name: [Seller's Bank Name]- SWIFT Code: [Seller's SWIFT Code]- Branch Address: [Seller's Branch Address]2. Balance Payment:a. The remaining balance of [amount] (or [percentage] of the total contract value) shall be paid by the Buyer to the Seller within [number of days] after the shipment of the Goods.b. The balance payment shall be made by [payment method(s) accepted, e.g., wire transfer, credit card, etc.] to the Seller's designated account as per the terms of the down payment.3. Shipment and Payment:a. The payment for the Goods shall be made upon the shipment of the Goods.b. The Seller shall provide the Buyer with a copy of the commercial invoice and packing list upon shipment, which shall serve as the basisfor the payment.4. Payment Terms for Deferred Payment:a. If the Buyer opts for a deferred payment plan, the terms shall be agreed upon separately between the parties.b. The deferred payment plan may include but is not limited tointerest rates, late payment penalties, and repayment schedules.5. Exchange Rate:a. All payments shall be made in [currency of payment]. The exchange rate for the payment shall be the rate prevailing on the date of payment, as determined by a reputable foreign exchange rate provider.b. Any fluctuations in the exchange rate shall not affect the total amount due and payable under this contract.6. Documents Required for Payment:a. The Buyer shall provide the Seller with all necessary documents for payment, including but not limited to, the commercial invoice, packing list, and any other relevant shipping documents.b. Failure to provide the required documents within the stipulated time may result in a delay in the payment process.7. Late Payment:a. In the event of late payment, the Buyer shall be liable to pay interest on the overdue amount at the rate of [interest rate] per annum from the due date until the full payment is made.b. The Seller reserves the right to suspend further shipments or to terminate this contract if the Buyer fails to make timely payments.8. Force Majeure:a. In the event of a force majeure situation beyond the reasonable control of either party, such as war, flood, earthquake, fire, or any other unforeseeable event, the payment schedule may be adjusted or suspended accordingly.b. The party affected by the force majeure must notify the other party in writing within [number of days] of the occurrence of such an event.9. Confidentiality:a. The terms of this payment agreement shall be kept confidential by both parties and shall not be disclosed to any third party without the prior written consent of the other party.10. Dispute Resolution:a. Any disputes arising from this payment agreement shall be resolved through amicable negotiations between the parties.b. If the parties are unable to reach an agreement, the dispute shall be resolved by arbitration in accordance with the rules of the [name of arbitration institution].By executing this contract, the Buyer acknowledges that they have read, understood, and agreed to all the terms and conditions set forth herein.Seller's Signature:_________________________[Name of Seller][Title of Seller][Date]Buyer's Signature:_________________________[Name of Buyer][Title of Buyer][Date]。
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英语笔译实务（二级）
Fluctuations in the Exchange Rates and Risks Management
The U. S. Dollar is the currency most often used in international trade. If the currency of export sales is different from the currency of the exporting country, for example a Japanese exporter sells in U. S. Dollars, the exporter may encounter exchange risks –risks from fluctuations in exchange rates, for example between the U. S. Dollar and the Japanese Yen.
In case of the Yen appreciation at the time of converting the U. S. Dollar to the Yen, the export will get less Yen per U.S. Dollar. Conversely, in case of the Yen devaluation the exporter will get more Yen per U.S. Dollar. Hence, in time of currency appreciation in the exporting country, it is important that the exporter ships the goods ealier, unless an earliest date for shipment is stipulated in the L/C or has been agreed upon between exproter and importer, and present the negotiating documents to the bank immediately.
The exporter may contract with the bank to sell the U.S. Dollar forward in a so-called forward exchange, at a predetermined rate on an agreed future date, thus he / she will not be affected by the currency appreciation and will received a fixed amount in his/ her own currency at a future date.
In time of currency devaluation in the exporting country, the exporter may delay the shipment, unless the latest date of shipment is stipulated in the L/C or has been agreed upon between exproter and importer and the remaining time in the delayed shipment is enough to present the negotiating documents to the bank before the L/C expiry date.
汇率浮动与风险管理
美元是国际贸易中使用最多的货币，假如出口国在出口时所使用的货币与本国货币不同，例如日本出口商在出口时使用了美元，该出口商就有可能遇到汇率风险，汇率风险即由于汇率浮动而产生的风险，例如在美元与日元兑换时出现的风险。
如果将美元兑换成日元时出现日元升值的情况，出口商每一美元所换日元就会减少。
如果情况相反日元呈贬值趋势，出口商每一美元所换日元就会增加。
因此，在出口国货币升值时，出口商提前装船并将议付单据立即提交给银行具有重要意义，除非信用证规定或进出口双方已达成协议不得提前装船。
出口商可同银行签订合同，在未来交割日期，按照预订汇率，提前将美元卖给银行，这即是所谓的远期外汇。
至此，出口方将不受货币升值带来的影响，在未来交割日期，收取一定数额的本币。
当出口国货币贬值时，出口商可以延期装船，但需保证在延期装船至信用证到期之前的所剩时间内，出口商可将议付单据提交给银行，如信用证规定或进出口双方已达成协议不得延期装船，出口商则不能延期装船。