论文A Brief Analysis on The Current Popularity of Vampire Culture

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英文作文如何展开论述分析

英文作文如何展开论述分析英文回答：A multifaceted analysis of an argument or phenomenon requires a comprehensive approach that encompasses diverse perspectives, critical thinking, and robust evidence. To effectively unfold a cogent argument, it is imperative to employ a structured framework that guides the reader through a logical progression of ideas. The following steps provide a robust foundation for developing a persuasive and well-reasoned analysis:1. Introduction:Captivate the reader with a compelling hook that introduces the topic and piques curiosity.Clearly state the thesis statement, which succinctly conveys the central argument or analysis.Provide a concise overview of the key points that will be discussed throughout the essay.2. Body Paragraphs:Dedicate each body paragraph to a specific subtopicthat supports the main thesis.Start with a topic sentence that clearly introduces the subtopic under discussion.Provide ample evidence to substantiate the claims made in the topic sentence, utilizing reliable sources, credible research, or relevant examples.Discuss alternative viewpoints or counterarguments, acknowledging their validity and providing evidence-based reasons for refuting them.End each body paragraph with a transition that smoothly connects it to the subsequent paragraph.3. Conclusion:Restate the thesis statement and summarize the key points presented in the body paragraphs.Offer a concluding statement that provides a final insight or reflection on the topic.Suggest potential implications or future research directions to encourage further exploration.中文回答：如何展开论述分析。

Brief discussion on the usage of cohesion in English writing

IntroductionCohesion is an important term in the study of text linguistics. Hassan firstly made cohesion as a linguistic term. It is Widdowson who made cohesion become popular. As we all know that coherence plays an important role in the comprehension of a text or discourse, and it has also been applied to stylistics, translation, foreign language teaching, language acquisition, listening and writing, and even computer area. Therefore, further research into coherence discourse seems rather crucial. In 1976, with the publication of Holliday and Hass an’s works Cohesion in English, people began to pay much more attention to the coherence of discourse. The studies of coherence has begun many years ago. A complete research on it brings about better understanding between people. and findings in this field has been applied in our daily life, also it will significantly promote human communication, which in turn, will improve people’s life. Attempts have been made from multiple perspectives and approaches. Whatever perspectives and approaches researcher employ in the studies of coherence, one element seems to be unavoidable: the context. Some researchers relate their studies of coherence with those of text. Holliday and Hassan define TEXT in the following way, “A text is a passage of discourse which is coherent in these two regards: it is coherent with respect to the context of situation and therefore consistent in register; and it is coherent with respect to itself, and therefore cohesive. Neither of these two conditions is sufficient without the other, nor does the one by necessity entail the other.” They point out the ability between cohesion and register fitness in creating coherence. Besides Holliday and Hassan, van Dijk, de Beaugrande and Dressler, Brown and Yule and Widdowson have also made deep research on discourse coherence. But in the past years, the study of discourse coherence was mainly restricted to the level of linguistic forms, and the non-linguistic levels are neglected. In fact, they also play a very important role in our understanding of a discourse.There are also various points of view about the relation between cohesion and coherence. In writing process, how many cohesive devices should be used is decided by the reader-based purpose. The notion of coherence is of great importance boththeoretically and practically. It gets increasing attention from discourse analysts, who borrowing richly from diverse disciplines like psychology, sociolinguistics, semantics and pragmatics and so forth, have made remarkable achievements. Findings in the field, applied in daily life, will significantly promote human communication, which, in turn, will improve people’s life. Attempts have been made from multiple perspectives and approaches. This thesis deals with the application of textual coherence to English writing by analyzing discourse errors in EFL learners’ compositions. In the EFL writing classroom，we find that learners often write essays that consist of sentences which do not seem to connect together into a coherent text so how to help learners develop a good text is an issue to language teachers and applied linguists. However, in foreign language teaching，too much attention is paid to grammar. The concept of coherence has been applied to language teaching very little. As a result，in their compositions，students are too sensitive to grammatical structures and spelling，but ignore the cohesion of the sentences and the structure of the whole essay. Most researches of the problems of Chinese students’ English compositi on shall deal with errors at word or Sentence level. These may help students to overcome difficulties in these aspects. But native speakers still have difficulty in comprehending Chinese students English compositions，because of the errors at discourse level .Their research on discourse errors in EFL writings was found in Linemen-Davies(1984)，whose focus is on ellipsis，substitution，and lexical cohesion, and so onChapter I DefinitionsA. Definition of ParagraphParagraph refers to a section of a piece of writing usually consisting of several sentences dealing with a single subject. The first sentence of a paragraph starts on a line. Whatever perspectives and approaches researcher employ in the studies of coherence, one element seems to be unavoidable: the context. Many paragraphs make of a text. Some researchers relate their studies of coherence within those texts. Holliday and Hassan define TEXT in the following way, “A text is a passage of discourse which is coherent in these two regards: it is coherent with respect to the context of situation and therefore consistent in register; and it is coherent with respect to itself, and therefore cohesive. Neither of these two conditions is sufficient without the other, nor does the one by necessity entail the other.”B. Definition of CohesionNow, we generally accept the definition given by Holliday and Hassa n that is “the way in which the components of the surface text, i.e. the actual words we hear and see are mutually connected within sequence". In a word, cohesion lies in the form. Cohesion depends on grammatical dependences. In cohesion in English Holliday and Hassan classified cohesive devices as reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion ,while in Introduction to Text linguistics Beaugrande and Dressler classified them as recurrence, partial recurrence, parallelism, paraphrase, pro-for ellipsis and tense aspect, junction. In recent years there are more studies about cohesive devices. Different researchers maybe hold different definitions on Cohesion. Therefore, we still need to do more research on Cohesion.C. Holliday and Hassan’s CohesionThe relationship between coherence and cohesion is one of the two problems criticized by other linguists, and the other is the description of cohesive devices in Holliday and Hassan’s works. To most linguists, terms of cohesion and coherence are independent of each other. They are in heated debate on whether cohesive devices are necessary to coherence.What is the relationship between these two notions? How does one affect the other? Linguists have tried their best to get the answer but in vain. After a long time research, two views have been generally formed:(1) Cohesion is a necessary though not a sufficient condition for the realization of coherence.(2)Cohesion is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for the realization of coherence.Holliday and Hassan agree with the first view. In their opinion, without cohesion, the establishment of coherence will not be achieved and cohesion is the basis of coherence. Holliday and Hassan claim: “Cohesion ties between sentences stand out more clearly because they are the ONLY source of texture.” (Holliday& Hassan, 1976:9) “Cohesion is a necessary though not a sufficient condition for the creation of text.” (ibid: 298) “Cohesion is the foundation upon which edifice of coherence is built.” (Holliday & Hassan, 1985:94)As we discussed above, cohesion is a semantic concept, it can be achieved by adding some implicit meaning so as to create coherence. Thus we can infer that if a text possesses register consistence, and cohesion can be interpreted by enlarging its scope, the text is coherent. Later, in their book Language, Context and Text. Holliday elaborates: “Every text is also a context for itself. A text is characterized by Coherence, An important contribution to coherence comes from cohesion: the set of linguistic resources that every language has for linking one part of a text to another.” (ibid: 48) Here Holliday reiterates that coherence is a feature of a text. Internally it hangstogether with cohesive relations; externally, it is related to the context of situation. Without a specific context, a text cannot be a text and thus cannot be interpreted as a coherent text. Moreover, cohesion contributes to the coherence of a text as it serves to make a text hang together. In sum, cohesion contributes to the coherence of a text. The cohesive relations between the elements of a text can be overtly displayed by various cohesive devices. In this case, the coherence of a text is easy to detect. However, in most cases, especially when a text is strongly dependent on the context, the cohesive relations between elements of a text is implied rather than clearly shown. Cohesion is mainly the semantic relations between elements of a text. These semantic relations can be displayed explicitly by various cohesive devices or implied devices. The cohesive relations can be linear or hierarchical. Cohesive relations can be realized in the form of lexical -grammar and phonology.After the landmark publication of Cohesion in English by Holliday and Hassan, coherence was brought into modern linguistics and becomes a hot topic.Chapter II The Importance of Cohesion within Paragraphs Discourse in any language, whether it is verbal or written, its grammatical structure should be correct, appropriate and consistent with customary terms. In addition, its cohesion should be reasonable, logical, otherwise, the meaning of the article cannot be accurately expressed, particularly in English writing, whether the cohesion is natural or not, it directly affect the result.A paragraph is a unit of though or a group of related sentences developing one central idea. All the sentences need to be arranged in a clear and logical order, and then the reader will find it easy to understand what the writer is talking about. Paragraphs are main parts of the passage. Similarly, all the paragraphs must be arranged clearly, or the reader will be misled.Writing is one of the 4 basic abilities that an English learner should have an excellent writer should have not only a good command of grammar, but also should know how to make his composition cohesive in structure and content. In cohesion is amain problem in students wrung and it is an obstacle to the success in writing.A text usually has a controlling idea that is usually presented in the first paragraph by the writer. Then each paragraph in the following may has a main idea which must be related to the controlling idea of the text. All the paragraphs should be cohesive perfectly in order the reader can follow the writer's thought easily. If the paragraphs are out of order, readers may get lost among paragraph.Chapter III Cohesive DevicesThe aim of writing is to express the theme successfully by using appropriate vocabulary to make sentences and join the sentences into paragraphs and discourses. In order to achieve the purpose, the authors must have discourse awareness and use appropriate cohesion devices.According to Holliday, Hason, Hu Zhuanglin and Zhang Delu, there are two cohesive devices: grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion.A. Grammatical CohesionIn grammatical form to perform and fix a part of continuity is the grammatical device that will discuss. There are four devices of grammatical cohesion reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction. The four main cohesive devices will be discussed respectively as follows.a. ReferenceAccording to Geoff Thompson (2000:148), the definition of reference is defined as this:Reference is the set of grammatical resources which allow the speakers to indicate whether something is being repeated from somewhere else in the text (i.e. we have already been told about it), or whether it has not yet appeared in the text (i.e. it is new to us).According to Holliday and Hassan (2001:37), reference can be divided into three segments--personal reference, demonstrative reference and comparative reference. But in Geoff Thompson’s view, it can be divided into 2 kinds: the first is known asexospheric (pointing outwards), whereas the second is end euphoric (pointing inwards) (2000:149). The latter reference has its own segments: anaphoric reference (pointing backwards) and anaphoric reference (pointing forwards).Anaphora is the most typical type of anaphoric reference.(1)Can you see that girl over there?(2)The next morning after breakfast I went down to look as the little houseIn Great Britain Street. It was an unassuming shop, registered under the vagueName of Drapery. (J. Joyce: Dubliners)In sentence (1) over there refers to place. In (2) the exact meaning of thePronoun it is decided by the object it refers to. If we want to get the semanticMeaning, it is necessary for us to search for the words, which constitute theReference in linguist ic context. That is to say, “it” refers to “the little house inGreat Britain Street” according to the context.b. SubstitutionSubstitution means through a certain kind of style to substitute the content in the context to avoid duplication and to connect the context .substitution can be divided into noun substitution verb substitution and subordinate clause substitution.As for substitution, Geoff Thompson (2000:148) gives the definition that it is the use of such items as the indefinite pronouns “one”, the pro-verb “do”, and the pro-clauses “so” and “not”. Holliday and Hassan (2001:90) divided substitution into three categories: nominal substitution, verbal substitution and clausal substitution.(1) —did you see my book?—Which one?(2) —have you passed English exam?—I hope so.I n the first sentence, one represent “my book”; and in the second one, the only word so has the meaning of “I have passed English exam.” So substitution can happen when a noun represents another noun phrase as well as a short sentence.c. EllipsisEllipsis refers to the readers can understand the content in semantic so that is unnecessary to appear in the below text. Ellipsis can avoid duplication and highlight key information, so the connection between sentences can become much closer comparing with substitution, ellipsis can be divided into noun ellipsis, verb ellipsis and subordinate clause ellipsis.Ellipsis is the set resources by which full repetition of a clause or clause element can be avoided, and by which it can be signaled to readers that they should repeat the wording from a previous clause(or, in some cases, from their own knowledge). Ellipsis is a special kind of substitution and it is called substitution by zero. Zero anaphora in reference phenomenon also belongs to ellipsis.(3) — have you had your dinner?— Yes.The ellipsis elements can be found in this short dialogue. From the above example, we can imply that “I have had my dinner” is omitted after “Yes” .There are some relations between reference, substitution and ellipsis. They have similarities; they all belong to cohesive devices and function as discourse cohesion; they adhere to economical rules of linguistic phenomenon. The differences are shown like this: substitution and ellipsis belong to the lexical level but reference refers to semantic relationship (朱永生,2001:62).(4) a. This is a fine hall you have here. I’m proud to be lecturing in it.b. This is a fine hall you have here. I’ve never lectured in a finer one.c. This is a fine hall you have here. I’v e never lectured in a finer.(Holliday and Hassan, 1976:146)In (a), it and a fine hall form reference relation but not correspondent to each other because it doesn’t refer to a fine hall but this fine hall. In (b), one and hall formthe relation of substitution, so we can change one into hall. In (c), hall is omitted and it can be restored to the second sentence.d. ConjunctionConjunction refers to the conjunctions, adverbs, phrases or clauses that have the function of coherence. Conjunction can point out the direction and the cues of the semantic development and make the context into integrity.The conjunction devices can be divided into four categories according to its expression relation: Supplement, Adversative, Reason, and Time.According to Geoff Thompson (2000:148), conjunction refers broadly to the combining of any two textual elements into a potentially coherent complex semantic unit. For example:Although it was a bad day, we did have a good journey.I can do everything for you because I love you.From above examples, although and because are devices between different elements. The language forms presenting conjunction can be conjunctions such as for, and, but etc. as well as some phrases, for example, in that case.B. Lexical CohesionIn contexts authors may use some words which have relationship to establish a semantic chain that running through the text to make the context keep coherence, there are two main lexical devices: Reiteration, Collocation.a. ReiterationReiteration is a figure of speech or literary device that repeats something that has already been said or done .Reiteration is the most effective device used in literature, especially in speech, to stress strong emotions, urgent appeals or the significance of certain actions, as reiteration can create good rhythm and parallelism to make the language musical, emphatic and attractive.Reiteration is very common in English writing. And it is an important device of cohesion. Miller who is a very famous critic published Novel and Reiteration in1982.This book tell us that novel is a unit consisting of reiteration and reiteration, of course, we can find reiteration easily in other kinds of literature. For example, poem, essay, speech political paper and so on.Reiteration belongs to lexical cohesion which can hold the paragraph together. So reiteration is important for the whole passage. We are familiar with two kinds of reiteration: Consecutive and Interval.Consecutive repetition is that the same word, phrase or sentence is consecutively used for twice or more times. Interval repetition refers to that the same language is repeatedly used but not continuous. Such repetition form is various, there are four familiar kinds: Arapahoe, Episcope, and Antipope.Different cultures and languages are different on the use of repetition. Discourse also influences repetition. Literary works especially novels, poetry and political papers use much more repetition than other works .So repetition performs different function in different literary works.On the surface, repetition is easy but in fact it is very complicated. Using repetition appropriately can highlight key points and strengthen emotion. But in the process of applying, it is necessary to express thoughts and feelings in accordance with the content.Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. English is said to be rich in synonymy. Its vocabulary has two main sources: Anglo-Saxon and Latin. There are many pairs of words of these two sources which mean the same.Synonymy in text can combine sentences and paragraphs. When synonyms appear in the same, they make different parts of the sentence relative to each other. When synonymy appears in different sentences, they hold these sentences together. Similarly, when synonymy appears in different paragraphs, they'll make these paragraphs relative teach other. Antonym is the name for oppositeness relation. There are three main sub-types: gradable antonym, complementary antonym and converse antonym. Gradable antonym is the commonest type of antonym, when we say two words are antonyms, we usually mean pairs of words like good: bad, long: short. As the examples show they are mainly adjectives. As for the complementary antonym, thetwo parts divide up the whole of a semantic field completely. Not only has the assertion of one meant the denial of the other.Pairs of words like buy: sell, lend: borrow belong to converse antonym. This is a special type of antonym in that the members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities.The term Hyponymy is of recent oration, which has not found its way to some small dictionaries yet. But the notion of meaning inclusiveness is not new. For example, the meaning of desk is included in that of furniture. In other words, hyponymy is a matter of class membership.When there is a super ordinate and a hyponyms in a sentence, a paragraph or a discourse, the two words have the relation of hyponymy. The two words can appear ina context with cohesion devices.b. CollocationCollocation belongs to cohesion device; it was first posed by British Firth. He believed that such a decision plays a very important role in word meaning decision. He had a well-known saying "you shall know a word by the c ompany it keeps.” Firth also pointed out that the mutual relationship between two words is a structure that can hint the appearance of "partner".Items having similar patterns of collocation-which it is, tending to appear in similar contexts-will, generate a cohesive force if they occur in a adjacent sentences. "In domestic scholar Hu Zhuanglin's opinion ,collocation should be understand to combination collocation and mainly refers to the words that tend to appear in the same context and has the ability of cohesion but difficult to be divided into different categories."The very sky seems to proclaim the New Year’s approach. Intermittent flashes from pallid, lowering evening clouds are followed by the rumble of crackers bidding farewell to the Hearth God and before the deafening reports of bigger bangs close at hand died away, the air is filled with faint whiffs of gunpowder" (translated by YangXiangyi and Cheng Nadia Sacrifice). There are several words such as "flashes", "rumble', "reports of bigger", "bangs", "whiffs of gunpowder". Those words are very important in this paragraph. The words can express the gloomy atmosphere in this area and connect the discourse. Those words have great ability of cohesion.Geoff Thompson (2000:148) claims: “Lexical cohesion refers to cohesion both in the form of repetition (which includes the use of identical lexical items, synonyms, and super ordinates or general lexical items), and in the form of collocation, i.e. .the association of lexical items, which regularly co-occur.” Holliday and Hassan (2001:275) divide lexical cohesion into two main categories: reiteration and collocation. Reiteration includes repetition, synonym or near synonym, hyponymy, general word. Collocation is a kind of co-occurrence relation, such as catch and cold. (刘辰诞,1999:25).Holliday and Hassan (2001:4-28) pay too much attention to the importance of formal cohesive devices for a complete comprehension of a discourse. But in fact, it doesn’t always happen in this way. In many cases, although there exi t cohesive devices, we cannot say it is coherent. This is the example Envies (1978:110) gives to us, which is quoted for many times by cohesion theory. In the other direction, maybe, there are no cohesive devices in some sentences, but they are coherent. For example: A: Can you go to Edinburgh tomorrow?B: B. E. A. pilots are on strike.Although there is not any obvious cohesive device in these two sentences and B has not told A whether he would go to Edinburgh tomorrow or not directly, we can infer the answer from the second sentence. From the above discussion, we can get the conclusion that cohesive devices are neither necessary nor sufficient for coherence. A discourse can be coherent without any cohesive devices, but if it is cohesive but not coherent, it cannot be a discourse. Cohesive devices are just an aid means of identifying discourse.Chapter IV The Problems in Paragraphs and How to Solve Them A. The Problems in Cohesion within ParagraphsDoes not necessarily lead to textual coherence，and the basic of obvious grammatical and Lexical cohesion links does not mean the absence of coherence either. Nevertheless，although it is not difficult to demonstrate that texts with abundant cohesive.Ties are not necessarily coherent，there of cohesion in coherence cannot blundered estimated. Other things being equal，texts with more cohesive ties are more likely to be coherent(parsons，1991). Shapiro & Hudson (1991) have the following opinion on cohesion and coherence.In Chinese students’ English writing，coherence and cohesion seem to be most contributing criteria to judge whether student is a good or Poor writer. Coherence reflects whether the structure of a text is well of rimed，where as cohesion” is viewed as the degree to which the Proposition sand character references within an narrative are linguistically connected. It is easy to see that the understanding of the relationship between coherence and cohesion is very in structure to both Chinese teachers and students.In English writing, we of always use a lot of conjunctions, there are several problems in the process of using conjunctions: false adding, false omitting, false using and other mistakes.It is a common mistake to add unnecessary conjunctions between sentences or between paragraphs. The mistake conjunctions not only can undermine the logic of the article but also mislead readers, so the readers will not correctly understand the article.Generally speaking, college students have certain knowledge about all kinds of cohesion devices, but they always use "but ""and" "so" much more than other words .So the context may be dull and readers may use interest in it.The main mistake is collocation. There are four mistakes in it. (1) Usingreference arbitrarily, leading to vague meaning. (2) Using too much conjunction, resulting in disordered logical. (3) Using less substitution and ellipsis, leading to complicated expression. (4) Too short sentence, dull sentence style and the paragraph cohesion is not compact.Generally speaking, most of English major sophomores already have a good grounding in the basic skills of linguistic, but we find that the students who have the same basic skills of linguistic can't write excellent composition. There are three factors that influence students' writing ability: Logic thinking, languages knowledge and writing skills.People's logic thinking is a very complicated factor .It mainly refers to student's life, studying background. Language is a type of expressing one's idea, so one's thought style must influence his language. At the same time, in the process of learning target language, the target language also will influence their thinking style. When writing composition, the students always think of in Chinese and then write in English .In this way, the expression may become "Chinglish".There are another two factors that influence writing ability. Writing skills are mainly refers to "the ability of Discourse” at the level of content, that is the sentence level of knowledge, such as: writing style. Grammar ability and text capability are complementary. Without grammar knowledge, there will be no writing. Without the context ability, the context will be loose. Weak coherence ability is the main inferior point of students' writing. Many students can't master the cohesion ability, so their work theme can be clearly expressed. So in teaching writing skills, teachers should develop students' writing ability.B. The Methods of Improving Our Writing AbilityWhen teachers develop students' English writing ability, they should notice two sides.Firstly, using text linguistics theory and learning context knowledge. As a branch of knowledge, text linguistics develops from 1950s. Its appearance makes up the insufficiency of linguistic. Linguists analyze texts through studying the structure oftext and the cohesion of paragraphs. Students master the whole content in limitation class is not practical. We should make students learn the knowledge according to their own situation and master the main viewpoint of text linguistics. That will achieve effective results.Secondly, in order to make students master much more text knowledge ,it is ineffective to learn theory only .To deepen the knowledge of these theories guiding role ,we must be with the help of teaching methods. So we advocate the teaching mode. The basic feature of this teaching method is that the teaching should choose appropriate mode in according with students' own condition. In the process of teaching, the teacher should anal the context structure. The students can imitate at first and then the teachers should encourage the students to write by themselves. The four parts are step by step and complementary. In practice deepening the understanding of the theory, the students not only can improve the ability of using language but also can improve the teacher's text consciousness.English writing is a complicated process. For teachers, it is not enough to study at the level of skill, they must do further studies from psychology cognition, cultural communication level. Only in this way, it is possible to improve their writing ability fundamentally.。

中英文论文写作(摘要)

· Write the paper before you write the abstra
1 基本特性 2 时态 3 语态 4 语法修辞 5 一个典型示例 6 化学常用句式
2 时态
以一般现在时为主, 也使用一般过去时和现在完成时从理论上讲: 说法一: 一般现在时
通过科学实验取得的研究结果、结论，揭示自然界的客观规律一般过去时
Objective 动词不定式开头 To investigate … To study … To explore … To examine … To determine … To report … To review … 使用第一人称时，用凡指的we, the author, the authors ,不用I。如: In this paper we conclude …
Result: The contents of the components of midecamyc A1 and leucomycin A6 was 30%～ 50% and 10%～20% respectively, the contents of the rest components w lower, different manufactures produces have differ components. Conclution: To revise the specificati meleumycin for quality control.
指示性文摘（indicative abstract）
This type of abstract is designed to ind the subject of a paper, making it easy fo potential readers to decide whether to r the paper.

英语硕士论文LiteratureReview范文.doc

英语硕士论文Literature Review范文----文献综述论文-->正如上面提到的，短期事件研究可以在实证检验的有效市场假说被应用。

在另一方面，使用长地平线（1-5年收购后的）数据事件的研究可以应用到评估并购对企业的长期股市表现一个事件的影响。

这密切关系到著名的“合并后的绩差谜”在阿格拉瓦尔及谢斐（2000 ）提出的。

在这篇文章中，他们记录了各种的研究人员对在股市收购公司的长远表现不佳的结论。

不过，本节着重在研究长远的性能使用不同的经验方法。

Literature Revieentioned above, short-run event study can be applied in the empirical test for EMH. On the other hand, event studies using long horizon (1-5 years post acquisition) data can be applied to evaluate the effect of M A event on long-term stock market performance of firms. This closely relates to the famous “post-merger underperformance puzzle”proposed in Agrap; Jaffe (2000). In that article, they documented the conclusions made by various researchers on the long-run underperformance of acquiring firms in the stock market. Hopirical methods used by various authors in examining the long-run performance. The first difficulty encountered in long-run event studies is the calculation of expected returns. Different choices of benchmark models could lead to exactly opposite conclusions, since small measurement errors accumulate in the long-run (Kothari and itchell and Stafford(2000) also shoes higher than the appropriate t-statistics. Fama (1998) advocates the use of calendar time portfolio in correcting for cross-sectional correlation problem. On the other hand, Barber and Lyon (1997) proves that the use of reference portfolio or asset pricing model in calculation of abnormal returns suffers three types of biases in long-run study. The proposed solution is to match sample firms to non-sample parable firms of similar market capitalization and market-to-book ratios. The usefulness of another benchmark model -- the Fama- French three-factor model –seems to be less efficient than the previous tethods (Barber and Lyon 1997, Brav 2000).Another difficulty arises from houlate abnormal returns over time. It is mon to use cumulated abnormal returns (CAR) for short-run study, but Barber and Lyon (1997) argues that this measure is conceptually flaeasure ore sensible based on conceptual grounds is the buy-and-hold abnormal returns (BHAR) etric sums of abnormal returns rather than arithmetic sums as in CAR. Ho simulation shoal returns more often. To correct f-->or such bias, Lyon, Barber and Tsai (1999) proposes the bootstrappedskepirical study in the current paper is focused on short-run period around the event date. Tine the significance of abnormal returns. The first one is to test ent of M A on share performance is significant or not, ation content of MA announcement. This is done by testing for the significance of abnormal returns on single days. The second one is to test for the significance of the event over a short period. This closely relates to the leakage of information ahead of such events and the question of hoarket responds to such events. This is done by testing for the significance of cumulative abnormal returns for a short interval. Since ance of all the sample panies, the individual abnormal return during the event period is averaged across 91 firms, as ulative abnormal return.Define t as the day measured in event time. The date that each acquiring firm announces its merger/acquisition corresponds to t = 0. For each firm, closing share price and contemporaneous FTSE All share index data from t = -100 (100 trading days before the firm’s merger announcement) until t = +5 (5 days after the announcement) are collected. Let and denote the simple daily return for security i and market index at day t, respectively. In the current paper, the estimation period runs from t = -100 to t = -10, and the event period runs from t = -5 to t = +5.The first step is to measure abnormal return, denoted by , for firm i at day t in the event period. Ordinary least squares (OLS) is applied to estimate the market model for firm i, that is, OLS is used to estimate alpha () and beta () parameters for each firm using daily returns from the estimation period, and the abnormal return for each day in the event period is calculated using the folloal return is often affected by firm-specific characteristics, the abnormal returns from equation (1) are averaged for analysis based on the ple of firms. For a given day t in the event period, let denote the average daily abnormal return over all the sample firms, and denote the cumulative average daily abnormal return from the first day in event period (-5) till day t. Similarly, the cumulative daily abnormal return for a specific firm i, denoted by , can be defined. Therefore,Folloal return is then normalized by the sample standard deviation for the daily return--> of corresponding security, denoted by , to yield a standardized abnormal return, (See also Serra 2002):Averaging it over all sample firms, the average standardized abnormal return for day t, denoted by , can be calculated. The test statistic for a given day in the event period (-5 through +5) is as follople size of firms, the central limit theorem that under the independent and identically distributed condition, the statistic in equation (6) should be standard normally distributed asymptotically. The null hypothesis for the first testis that the average standardized abnormal return for day t is 0, i.e. =0. The hypothesis test can also be constructed concerning a period of time. Let , (-530). The null hypothesis for the second test is that the cumulative average abnormal return during the period [,] is 0, i.e. =0.。

学术写作文献分析的英文

学术写作文献分析的英文A Literature Analysis" with more than 1,000 words, without any additional title or punctuation marks in the main body.Academic writing is a crucial aspect of the scholarly landscape, serving as the primary means of disseminating research findings, exchanging ideas, and advancing knowledge within various academic disciplines. The process of academic writing involves a complex interplay of skills, strategies, and conventions that scholars must navigate to effectively communicate their work to the broader academic community. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive literature analysis of the key elements and considerations associated with academic writing, drawing insights from various scholarly sources.One of the fundamental aspects of academic writing is the importance of clarity and concision. Effective academic writing requires the author to convey their ideas and findings in a clear, coherent, and well-structured manner, ensuring that the reader can easily follow the narrative and understand the key points being made. Researchers such as Sword (2012) emphasize the need for academic writers to adopt a straightforward and accessible writing style,avoiding overly complex language and jargon that may hinder the reader's comprehension. Additionally, the organization and structure of the written work play a crucial role in enhancing the clarity and coherence of the content, as highlighted by Swales and Feak (2012).Another essential element of academic writing is the incorporation of relevant and credible sources to support the author's arguments and claims. Academic writing is inherently based on the synthesis and analysis of existing literature, requiring the writer to engage with and critically evaluate the work of other scholars in the field. The effective use of citations and references not only strengthens the credibility of the written work but also demonstrates the author's engagement with the broader academic discourse (Hyland, 2015). Proper citation practices, such as those outlined in style guides like the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) or the Modern Language Association (MLA) style, are crucial in ensuring the accurate and ethical use of sources.Closely related to the use of sources is the importance of maintaining objectivity and impartiality in academic writing. Scholars are expected to approach their research and writing with a critical and unbiased perspective, avoiding the introduction of personal biases or subjective opinions that may undermine the credibility of the work (Booth et al., 2016). This objectivity is often achieved through the use of formal and impersonal language, as well as thecareful consideration of multiple perspectives on a given topic.Another significant aspect of academic writing is the need to adhere to disciplinary conventions and genre-specific requirements. Different academic disciplines may have their own unique writing styles, formatting guidelines, and expectations regarding the structure and content of written works. For instance, the conventions for a research article in the natural sciences may differ from those of a literature review in the humanities (Swales & Feak, 2012). Understanding and adhering to these disciplinary norms is crucial for ensuring that the written work is perceived as credible and appropriate within the specific academic context.The development of academic writing skills is not a straightforward process but rather a continuous journey of learning and refinement. Researchers have highlighted the importance of providing explicit instruction and targeted feedback to students and early-career scholars to help them develop the necessary skills and strategies for effective academic writing (Hyland, 2016). This may involve the use of writing workshops, peer-review processes, and the incorporation of writing-focused assignments within academic curricula.In addition to the technical aspects of academic writing, the role of language proficiency and cultural considerations cannot be overlooked. For scholars whose first language is not the language ofpublication, the process of academic writing may present additional challenges related to vocabulary, grammar, and the nuances of academic discourse (Curry & Lillis, 2004). Addressing these linguistic and cultural barriers through language support services, collaborative writing, and the cultivation of a diverse and inclusive academic community can contribute to the overall success and accessibility of academic writing.Finally, the ethical considerations surrounding academic writing, such as the avoidance of plagiarism, the accurate representation of research findings, and the responsible use of data, are of paramount importance. Adherence to ethical standards not only preserves the integrity of the academic enterprise but also fosters trust and credibility within the scholarly community (Resnik, 2015).In conclusion, academic writing is a multifaceted and complex endeavor that requires the mastery of a range of skills, strategies, and conventions. From the importance of clarity and concision to the ethical considerations surrounding the use of sources and the adherence to disciplinary norms, the literature analysis presented in this essay highlights the key elements that contribute to effective academic writing. By understanding and applying these principles, scholars can enhance their ability to communicate their research findings, engage with the broader academic discourse, and ultimately advance knowledge within their respective fields.。

分析类英文作文模板范文

分析类英文作文模板范文英文回答：Introduction。

The written analysis is a crucial academic genre in higher education, demanding meticulous thought, organization, and clarity. This structured essay template aims to provide a comprehensive framework for crafting an effective analysis essay, ensuring a coherent and well-argued response to the given prompt.Paragraph 1: Introduction。

Begin with a captivating hook that establishes the topic's significance.State the main argument or thesis statement, which should clearly articulate the analysis's focal point.Provide a brief overview of the structure of the essay, outlining the key points to be addressed.Paragraph 2: Body Paragraph 1。

Present the first point of analysis, providingrelevant evidence and specific examples.Explain how this point supports the main thesis statement.Engage in critical thinking, offering insightful analysis and drawing connections.Paragraph 3: Body Paragraph 2。

英语语言学毕业论文范文

英语语言学毕业论文范文Abstract:This paper explores the dynamic nature of the English language from a sociolinguistic perspective, examining how societal changes have influenced its development over time.It delves into the historical, cultural, and technological factors that have shaped the English language, resulting in its current status as a global lingua franca.Introduction:The English language has evolved significantly from its roots in the early Germanic dialects to its modern form, which is spoken by over a billion people worldwide. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the sociolinguistic factors that have contributed to its evolution, focusing on key historical periods and the impact of globalization.Literature Review:Previous studies have highlighted the influence of various sociolinguistic factors on the English language, such as the Norman Conquest, the Industrial Revolution, and the advent of the internet. This section reviews the existing literature, providing a foundation for the subsequent analysis.Historical Development:This section traces the historical development of the English language, beginning with its Old English roots and moving through the Middle English period, the Early Modern Englishera, and into the present day. It discusses the linguistic changes that occurred during each period, including the Great Vowel Shift and the Standardization of English.Cultural Influences:Cultural factors have played a significant role in shaping the English language. This section examines the impact of literature, art, and other cultural expressions on language use and change, with a particular focus on the role of the English-speaking diaspora in spreading the language globally.Technological Advancements:The advent of new technologies, such as the printing press and the internet, has had a profound impact on the English language. This section explores how these technologies have facilitated the standardization and dissemination of English, as well as the emergence of new linguistic forms, such as internet slang and texting language.Globalization and English as a Lingua Franca:The final section of the paper discusses the role of English in the context of globalization. It examines the factors that have contributed to the rise of English as a global lingua franca and the implications of this for language diversity and cultural identity.Conclusion:The paper concludes by summarizing the key findings and reflecting on the future trajectory of the English language. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the sociolinguistic factors that influence language change inorder to appreciate the richness and complexity of the English language as it continues to evolve.References:A comprehensive list of academic sources, including books, journal articles, and online resources, is provided to support the arguments and analysis presented in the paper.。

论文剽窃的英语作文

论文剽窃的英语作文Title: Understanding and Addressing Academic Plagiarism。

Plagiarism, the act of using someone else's workwithout proper citation or acknowledgment, is a significant issue in academia that undermines the integrity ofscholarly research and erodes the trust within the academic community. In this essay, we will explore the various forms of plagiarism, its consequences, and strategies to prevent it.Firstly, it's crucial to understand the different types of plagiarism. Direct plagiarism involves copying verbatim from a source without quotation marks or proper citation. Paraphrasing without proper attribution is another form, where the ideas of the original author are presented in different words without acknowledgment. Self-plagiarism occurs when a writer reuses their own work without citation, which can be deceptive if not properly disclosed. Additionally, mosaic plagiarism involves combining varioussources without proper citation, creating the illusion of original work.The consequences of plagiarism can be severe, ranging from academic penalties such as failing grades or expulsion to reputational damage for researchers and institutions. Moreover, plagiarism undermines the credibility of academic publications and diminishes the value of original research. In the long term, it erodes the foundation of scholarly discourse and innovation.To address plagiarism effectively, institutions and educators must implement robust policies and educational programs. Firstly, clear guidelines on academic integrity should be communicated to students, emphasizing the importance of proper citation and originality. Additionally, educators can incorporate discussions on plagiarism and ethical writing practices into their curriculum to raise awareness among students. Furthermore, utilizing plagiarism detection software can help identify instances ofplagiarism and deter students from engaging in unethical practices.Beyond punitive measures, fostering a culture of academic integrity is essential. Encouraging students to develop their critical thinking and research skills can reduce the temptation to plagiarize. Providing support and resources for proper citation and referencing can also empower students to engage in ethical scholarship.In conclusion, plagiarism is a pervasive issue in academia that undermines the integrity of scholarly research. By understanding the different forms of plagiarism, recognizing its consequences, and implementing preventive measures, we can uphold the principles of academic integrity and ensure the credibility of scholarly work. It is incumbent upon both educators and students to cultivate a culture of honesty and originality in academic writing.。

分析论述类写作英语范文

分析论述类写作英语范文Title: The Impact of Technology on Education: ACritical Analysis.In the modern era, the influence of technology on education is profound and multifaceted. From the introduction of digital classrooms to the utilization ofAI-powered learning tools, technology has revolutionized the way we teach and learn. However, this transformation is not without its complexities and challenges. Therefore, a critical analysis of the impact of technology on education is crucial to understand its full implications.Firstly, let's examine the positive aspects of technology in education. One of the most significant benefits is the increased access to information. With the advent of the internet, students can now access vast amounts of knowledge and resources from anywhere in the world. This not only broadens their horizons but also encourages independent learning and critical thinking.Additionally, digital classrooms and e-learning platforms provide flexibility in learning, enabling students to study at their own pace and from the comfort of their homes.Moreover, technology has also enhanced the teaching process. Teachers can now utilize a range of interactive tools and software to engage students more effectively.。

AnAnalysisoftheC...

小说《飘》中女主角的人物性格分析An Analysis of the Character of the Heroine in the Novel Gone with the WindContentsAbstract (1)Key words (1)I. Introduction (2)1. The background of era and the writer (2)2. My brief analysis to this novel (2)II. Literature Review (4)III. Different Reasons for Scarlett’s to Form Her Characters (5)1. The special natural and social environment (5)2. The Scarlett’s love between Ashley and Rhett (6)3. The process of changing character (7)IV. These Factors Interacting with Each Other (8)V. Conclusion (10)References (11)An Analysis of the Character of the Heroine in the novelGone with the WindAbstract: This thesis comes up with several reasons of forming heroine’ special character as follows: the special environment creates the special character that is thenatural environment and the social character that doomed her special fate. Onthe other hand, Scarlett’s love between Ashely and Rhett is so passionable thatshe gets nothing at last. The writer writes a story which happened in the CivilWar of the America. Although Mitchell never participated in any campaign,this spirit had affected her. This thesis describes the process and the reason ofchanging Scarlett’s character in order to show that women should beindependent in society. Scarlett’s character in order to show that women shouldbe independent in society. Scarlett manages to overcome adversity throughbrute strength of will. She rebuilds Tara after Y ankee invasion and works herway up in the new political order, taking care of helpless family members andfriends along the way.Key words: Scarlett; character; love摘要：这篇论文从以下几个方面来分析主人公性格形成的原因。

有关文学作品分析文章的英语作文

有关文学作品分析文章的英语作文Literary works have long been a source of fascination and inspiration for readers around the world. Through the power of words, authors are able to transport us to different worlds, evoke deep emotions, and challenge our perceptions of the world. In this essay, I will analyze the themes, characters, and writing style of three iconic literary works: "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen, "1984" by George Orwell, and "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee.First, let's take a closer look at "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen. This novel, published in 1813, is a classic example of romantic fiction. The central theme of the novel revolves around the obstacles faced by the protagonist, Elizabeth Bennet, as she navigates the social hierarchy of 19th-century England. Through Austen's witty and insightful writing style, we are able to delve into the complexities of human relationships, class discrimination, and the pursuit of true love.Next, let's explore George Orwell's dystopian masterpiece, "1984." Published in 1949, this novel paints a chilling picture of a totalitarian society governed by the oppressive Party. The character of Winston Smith serves as a symbol of resistance against the Party's surveillance and propaganda tactics. Orwell'sstark and uncompromising writing style forces readers to confront uncomfortable truths about power, control, and the erosion of individual freedoms.Finally, we come to Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird," a novel that confronts issues of racial injustice and moral courage in the American South. Published in 1960, the novel follows the journey of young Scout Finch as she learns about the complexities of racism and prejudice through the trial of Tom Robinson. Lee's poignant and evocative writing style forces readers to confront the uncomfortable realities of discrimination and injustice.In conclusion, literary works offer us a window into the human experience, allowing us to explore complex themes, empathize with diverse characters, and engage with different perspectives. Through the analysis of themes, characters, and writing styles in iconic literary works such as "Pride and Prejudice," "1984," and "To Kill a Mockingbird," we are able to deepen our understanding of the world and ourselves.。

英文analysis作文

英文analysis作文Analysis of the novel "1984" by George Orwell reveals the author's bleak vision of a totalitarian society. The novel portrays a dystopian world where the government controls every aspect of people's lives, including their thoughts and beliefs. Orwell's use of vivid imagery and powerful language effectively conveys the oppressive atmosphere of the society he depicts.The character of Winston Smith serves as a symbol of resistance against the oppressive regime. His struggle to maintain his individuality and his quest for truth in a world of lies and manipulation resonates with readers. Through Winston's experiences, Orwell highlights the importance of freedom of thought and the dangers of unchecked government power.The novel's exploration of surveillance and propaganda is particularly relevant in today's society. Orwell's depiction of constant surveillance and the manipulation ofinformation serves as a warning about the potential abuse of technology and media. The novel prompts readers to reflect on the implications of living in a surveillance state and the importance of safeguarding individual privacy and freedom.Orwell's use of Newspeak, a language designed torestrict freedom of thought, is a powerful commentary on the manipulation of language for political control. The concept of Newspeak serves as a reminder of the power of language in shaping our perceptions and beliefs. It also underscores the importance of preserving a diversity of language and ideas as a means of resisting oppressive ideologies.The novel's chilling portrayal of the Thought Police and their ruthless suppression of dissenting views is a stark reminder of the dangers of authoritarianism. Orwell's depiction of the Thought Police's tactics, includingtorture and psychological manipulation, serves as a cautionary tale about the erosion of individual rights and the potential for unchecked state power to lead to tyranny.In conclusion, "1984" remains a powerful and thought-provoking work that continues to resonate with readers. Orwell's exploration of totalitarianism, surveillance, language manipulation, and the importance of individual freedom serves as a stark warning about the dangers of unchecked government power and the erosion of fundamental human rights.。

论文剽窃英语看作文

Moreover, students must take responsibility for their own academic integrity in English composition. This means dedicating time and effort to properly research, write, and cite sources for their papers. It also means seeking help from teachers or peers if they are struggling with the writing process. By taking ownership of their academic work, students can avoid the pitfalls of plagiarism and develop into skilled and ethical writers.
论文剽窃ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ语看作文
As a student, I understand the high expectations and pressures that come with writing academic papers. It is important to uphold academic integrity and avoid plagiarism at all costs. However, in today's digital age, the temptation to plagiarize from online sources is ever-present. In this essay, I will discuss the issue of plagiarism in English composition and its consequences.

如何写一篇作文评析文章

如何写一篇作文评析文章英文回答：How to Write a Critical Analysis Essay.1. Introduction.Begin with a strong hook that captures the reader's attention.State the thesis statement, which is your main argument about the text you're analyzing.Provide a brief overview of the text's content and structure.2. Body Paragraphs.Each body paragraph should focus on a specific aspect of the text that supports your thesis.Provide evidence from the text to support your claims.Use transitions to connect your ideas and ensure smooth flow.3. Analysis.Go beyond summarizing the text. Analyze the author's purpose, style, and the impact of their choices on the reader.Consider the text's historical, cultural, or literary context.Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the text's argument.4. Interpretation.Offer your own insights and interpretations of the text.Consider how the text relates to other works or themes.Discuss the implications of the text for society or contemporary issues.5. Evaluation.Evaluate the text's credibility, accuracy, and overall effectiveness.Consider the author's biases and how they influencethe text.State your overall judgment of the text.6. Conclusion.Restate the thesis statement in a fresh way.Summarize your main points and analysis.Offer a final thought or insight that leaves a lasting impression.中文回答：如何写一篇作文评析文章。

论文剽窃英语作文

论文剽窃英语作文Plagiarism in English Essays: A Closer Look。

The academic world runs on original thoughts and honest efforts. Yet, sometimes, the line between these gets blurred, with students unknowingly or otherwise stepping into the realm of plagiarism. When it comes to writing essays, this becomes especially tricky, as the task often involves quoting from existing sources.One might argue that a certain amount of borrowing is inevitable in any academic work. After all, language itself is a shared tool, and it’s not always possible to express every idea uniquely. However, the key lies in proper attribution and acknowledging the source of one’s ideas. This is where the real challenge lies for many students—making sure their essays reflect their own voices while respecting the intellectual property rights of others.The consequences of plagiarizing an essay can rangefrom mild reprimands to severe penalties depending on the institution’s policies. It not only reflects poorly on the student’s character but also undermines the entire purpose of academic pursuits—which is to foster critical thinking and innovation. Therefore, it’s crucial for every student to understand what constitutes plagiarism and how to avoid it when writing their essays.Fortunately, there are numerous resources available online and offline that guide students through the intricacies of proper citation styles like MLA, APA, Chicago etc., which serve as safeguards against accidental plagiarism. Additionally, many schools now use software tools to detect instances of unauthorized copying within submitted assignments. While these measures certainly help, they shouldn’t replace fundamental ethical principles about honesty and integrity in academic work.In conclusion, while the偶尔的 temptation to borrow may be present, it’s ultimatel y up to each individual student to uphold the standards of academic integrity byensuring their essays are original works reflecting their unique perspectives and efforts. Remembering this simple。

大学英语考试比较文学作品的写作

大学英语考试比较文学作品的写作英文回答:Comparative Essay for College English ExamsIn college English exams, comparative essays are often assigned as a way to assess students' ability to analyze and compare different topics or viewpoints. This type of essay requires students to examine similarities and differences between two or more subjects and present a well-structured argument.To begin with, a comparative essay should have a clear thesis statement that states the main purpose of the essay. This thesis should be followed by a brief introduction that provides background information on the subjects being compared. The body paragraphs should then present specific points of comparison, using evidence and examples to support each point. It is important to ensure that the essay remains balanced, giving equal attention to each subject being compared.One effective approach to writing a comparative essay is to use a point-by-point structure. This means that each paragraph focuseson a specific aspect or point of comparison. For example, if comparing two novels, one paragraph could discuss the themes in each novel, while another paragraph could focus on the character development. This structure allows for a more organized and logical presentation of ideas.In addition, it is crucial to provide a clear and concise conclusion that summarizes the main points made in the essay. This conclusion should not introduce any new information, but rather restate the main arguments and offer a final thought or analysis.Overall, writing a comparative essay for a college English exam requires careful analysis, organization, and evidence-based argumentation. By following a clear structure and providingwell-supported points of comparison, students can effectively demonstrate their ability to critically analyze and compare different subjects or viewpoints.中文回答:大学英语考试比较性作文在大学英语考试中，比较性作文常常被作为一种评估学生分析和比较不同主题或观点能力的方式。

An Analysis of the Subtitle Translation of Crouchi

An Analysis of the Subtitle Translation of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon from the Perspective of Communicative Translation TheoryBy Tan XufengAbstractWith the development of film and culture industry and technology, we can enjoy films easily through cinema, television, VCD, DVD and Internet. Because of the growing demand for films, the importance of film translation has been increasingly exposed to us. As a special translation mode, subtitles translation is playing a more and more important and indispensable role in both the practice of translation and intercultural communication. In many European countries, the principles and theories of subtitle translation have been well developed because of the peculiarities of their own languages. But in China, the studies on subtitles translation for Chinese movies have relatively lagged behind other countries. Therefore, it is necessary for us to explore the profound significance of subtitles translation of Chinese films from a new perspective.Newmark’s communicative translation attempts to produce on its reader an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Its essence is free translation, naturalization and appropriate re-creation and it transmits information according to the target language instead of faithfully reproducing the original text. Under the guidance of the communicative translation, the translator has more freedom to explain the original text to produce smooth and understandable translation. Therefore, this theory pays attention to effect of the information. Under this theory, to achieve his communicative purpose, the translator must break the limitation of the original text to complete his translation.The film, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, directed by Ang Lee, intends to convey the boxing culture in a way that different from others in the Asia film market. And according to the communicative translations theory, the film titles are expected to sever the audiences of different languages in the way of combining the characteristics of the titles themselves and the information of the original text to reduce the negative affects of the language barrier. That is to say ,to make the audiences of different languages to appreciate the film smoothly. In order to achieve this aim, the translators should adapt all kinds of translation techniques to ensure the cohesive of the subtitle of the film, no matter in what way adding or omitting.The originality of the present research is its inquiry into subtitle translation of Chinese films in the light of the theory of communicative translation on the basis of relevant case study. In the paper, at first the author reviews the literature on subtitle translation in the world, then the author introduces the theoretical framework with communicative translation as the key concept. With Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon as the case study, the author analyses strategies in the subtitle translation as well as their objectives and different effectsunder the guidance of communicative translation. Through the analysis, the paper comes to a conclusion that the theory of communi- cative translation develops a theoretical framework for subtitles translation. It is helpful for us to understand the nature of subtitle translation and sum up the relevant subtitling strategies.Key Words: subtitle translation; communicative translation;Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon; translation strategy内容摘要随着影视文化业及信息科技的发展，人们可以便捷地通过影院、电视、VCD、DVD 以及互联网欣赏影视作品。

时光机英语作文

If you were to write an English essay about a time machine,you might consider the following structure and content:Title:The Time Machine:A Journey Through TimeIntroduction:Begin with a hook to capture the readers interest,perhaps a quote from H.G.Wells novel or a rhetorical question about the possibility of time travel.Briefly introduce the concept of a time machine and its significance in science fiction and popular culture.Body Paragraph1:Theoretical FoundationsDiscuss the theoretical basis for time travel,including Einsteins theory of relativity and the concept of wormholes.Mention the challenges and paradoxes associated with time travel,such as the grandfather paradox.Body Paragraph2:Technological PossibilitiesExplore the current state of technology and the potential for developing a time machine. Discuss the role of advanced materials,quantum mechanics,and other scientific advancements that could contribute to the creation of a time machine.Body Paragraph3:Ethical and Societal ImplicationsConsider the ethical dilemmas that might arise from the existence of a time machine, such as the potential for altering history or exploiting knowledge of the future. Discuss how society might be affected by the ability to travel through time,including changes in our understanding of history and the potential for misuse.Body Paragraph4:Personal Reflections and SpeculationsShare personal thoughts on what it would be like to have access to a time machine. Speculate on the potential benefits and drawbacks of time travel from a personal perspective,such as revisiting past moments or witnessing future events. Conclusion:Summarize the main points discussed in the essay.Conclude with a personal reflection on the desirability of time travel and the potential impact it could have on humanity.Sample Essay:In the realm of science fiction,few concepts have captured the imagination quite like the time machine.The idea of traveling through time,whether to the distant past or the far future,has long been a staple of literature and film.While the theoretical foundations laid by Einsteins theory of relativity suggest that time travel may be possible under certain conditions,the technological hurdles remain immense.The concept of a time machine hinges on our understanding of the fabric of spacetime. Wormholes,for instance,are theorized to be shortcuts through spacetime,potentially allowing for instantaneous travel across vast distances.However,the energy required to create or stabilize a wormhole is currently beyond our reach.Advances in quantum mechanics and the development of new materials could one day make such feats possible, but for now,they remain in the realm of speculation.The ethical and societal implications of time travel are equally complex.The potential to alter history raises numerous moral questions,such as whether it is right to change past events or to exploit knowledge of the future.Moreover,the societal impact of time travel could be profound,potentially reshaping our understanding of history and our relationship with the past.On a personal level,the allure of a time machine is undeniable.The chance to revisit cherished memories or witness the future is tantalizing.However,the potential for misuse is also clear.The power to change history could be wielded for personal gain or to alter the course of events in a way that benefits the traveler at the expense of others.In conclusion,while the time machine remains a captivating concept,it is one fraught with theoretical,technological,ethical,and societal challenges.The journey through time, as fascinating as it may be,is not without its perils.As we continue to explore the boundaries of science and technology,the dream of time travel may one day become a reality,but for now,it remains a fascinating topic for our musings and stories.。

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SMy deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Su, my supervisor, the Dean of English department, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesisCONTENTSChapter 1 Introduction (3)Chapter 2 Thesis Format (4)2.1 Folklores of the origins of vampires (4)2.2 Old folklore (5)2.3 Modern beliefs (7)3 Reason ......................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Similar feelings .. (8)3.2 Sprit pursuit (10)3.3 New means of spreading (11)Chapter 4 Conclusion (12)BIBLIOGRAPHYSilver & Ursini, pp. 22-23.Cohen, Encyclopedia of Monsters, pp. 271-274.McNally, Raymond T.; Florescu, Radu. (1994).In Search of Dracula. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 117.Marigny , V ampires, pp. 24-25.Marigny , V ampires, pp. 14.Summers, "The Vampire in Greece and Rome of Old", in The Vampire in Europe.Hurwitz, Lilith.Bronznick, Norman; Mark Jay Mirsky , David Stern & Allan Humm.Marigny , V ampires, pp. 17-19.Patai, Raphael (1990) [1978]. The Hebrew Goddess (3rd enl. ed.). Detroit: WayneState University Press. pp. 222.Hurwitz, Lilith, pp. 40-41.A Brief Analysis on The Current Popularity of Vampire CultureZhao JiaAbstract: This content is talking about vampire culture, the folks of the vampire origins and different beliefs of vampires in different times. Also it gives some reasons for the popularity of vampire culture in recent times. Contrast demonstrates, verification and literature data collection are the used methods. They can help the readers take the topic easily and get a clear clue to understand the theme. The study of this subject is to aim at learning to take the right attitude towards new trend, especially new culture. We shall think deeply about what we can get from other nations’ culture . Meanwhile as a Chinese, we must take great efforts to develop our own special culture. We shall never forget our old folks and traditions in this diversity culture world.Keywords: V ampire, V ampire culture, Culture摘要：本文讨论的是部分吸血鬼文化，民间传说中的吸血鬼起源以及不同时代人们对于吸血鬼概念的不同理解。

本文论述了部分当代吸血鬼文化流行的原因。

论述手法有对比论证，举例论证和文献采集。

这些论述手法很容吸引读者，让他们对主题的理解有清晰的脉络。

本文旨在面对新趋势，特别是新文化时，我们应该采取理性的态度。

我们理应深入思考我们可以从别人的文化中吸取什么。

同时，作为一个中国人，我们应该尽可能的去发展我们自己的特色文化。

在文化多元化的当今时代，我们决不能忘记自己的传统。

关键词：吸血鬼，吸血鬼文化，文化Chapter 1 IntroductionThe vampire, to believe or not, to go against religion or not, is one real kind of culture. Culture is like universe, mysterious and expansive. It attracts us all. The more we want to explore, the more addicted we will be. Y ou are like a lost sailor, sailing alone under the beautiful dark night sky, to find your own lighthouse. As soon as we can understand better about one culture, less mistakes will be made. And it’s easier to choose the right way when roads diverged in a wood.①“V ampires aremythological or folkloric beings who subsist by feeding on the life essence (generally in the form of blood) of living creatures, regardless of whether they are undead or a living person”. ②To afraid of vampires, to scold them, then some start to see good things inside them, it’s a slowly proceed for vampire culture to grow up.Things happened in reasons. So there must be hidden reasons why vampire culture is becoming more and more popular currently. Now we just take a deep look at vampires, to know better about vampire culture, and to improve our ability to make use of one kind of culture.Chapter 2 Thesis Format2.1 Folklores of the origins of vampiresNo official statements about the creating of vampires is written, the causes of vampiric generation were many and varied in original folklore. In Slavic and Chinese traditions, any corpse that was jumped over by an animal, particularly a dog or a cat, was feared to become one of the undead. A body with a wound that had not been treated with boiling water was also at risk. In Russian folklore, vampires were said to have once been witches or people who had rebelled against the Russian Orthodox Church while they were alive.Cultural practices may have influenced later vampire folklores, they often arose that were intended to prevent a recently deceased loved one from turning into an undead revenant. Burying a corpse upside-down was widespread, as was placing earthly objects, such as scythes or sickles near the grave to satisfy any demons entering the body or to appease the dead so that it would not wish to arise from its coffin. This method resembles the Ancient Greek practice of placing an obolus in the corpse's mouth to pay the toll to cross the River Styx in the underworld; it has been argued that instead, the coin was intended to ward off any evil spirits from entering the body. This tradition persisted in modern Greek folklore about the vrykolakas, in which a wax cross and piece of pottery with the inscription "Jesus Christ conquers"were placed on the corpse to prevent the body from becoming a vampire. Other methods commonly practiced in Europe included severing the tendons at the knees or placing poppy seeds, millet, or sand on the ground at the grave site of a presumed vampire; this was intended to keep the vampire occupied all night by counting the fallen grains, indicating an association of vampires with arithmomania. Similar Chinese narratives state that if a vampire-like being came across a sack of rice, it would have to count every grain; this is a theme encountered in myths from the Indian subcontinent, as well as in South American tales of witches and other sorts of evil or mischievous spirits or beings. In Albanian folklore, the dhampir is the son of the karkanxholl or the lugat. If the karkanxholl sleeps with his wife, and she is impregnated with a child, the offspring is called dhampir and has the unique ability to discern the karkanxholl; from this derives the expression the dhampir knows the lugat. The lugat cannot be seen, he can only be killed by the dhampir, who himself is usually the son of a lugat. In different regions, animals can be revenants as lugats; also, living people during their sleep. Dhampiraj is also an Albanian surname.2.2 Old folkloreA lot of myths surrounding vampires were created during the medieval period. The 12th century English historians and chroniclers Walter Map and William of Newburgh recorded accounts of revenants, though records in English legends of vampiric beings after this date are scant. The Old Norse draugr is another medieval example of an undead creature with similarities to vampires.V ampires proper originate in folklore widely reported from Eastern Europe in the late 17th and 18th centuries. These tales formed the basis of the vampire lege nd that later entered Germany and England, where they were subsequently embellished and popularised. One of the earliest recordings of vampire activity came from the region of Istria in modern Croatia, in 1672. Local reports cited the local vampire Giure Grando of the village Khring near Tinjan as the cause of panic among the villagers. A former peasant, Guire died in 1656, however, local villagers claimed he returned from the dead and began drinking blood from the people and sexuallyharassing his widow. The village leader ordered a stake to be driven through his heart, but when the method failed to kill him, he was subsequently beheaded with better results.During the 18th century, there was a frenzy of vampire sightings in Eastern Europe, with frequent stakings and grave diggings to identify and kill the potential revenants; even government officials engaged in the hunting and staking of vampires. Despite being called the Age of Enlightenment, during which most folkloric legends were quelled, the belief in vampires increased dramatically, resulting in a mass hysteria throughout most of Europe. The panic began with an outbreak of alleged vampire attacks in East Prussia in 1721 and in the Habsburg Monarchy from 1725 to 1734, which spread to other localities. Two famous vampire cases, the first to be officially recorded, involved the corpses of Peter Plogojowitz and Arnold Paole from Serbia. Plogojowitz was reported to have died at the age of 62, but allegedly returned after his death asking his son for food. When the son refused, he was found dead the following day. Plogojowitz supposedly returned and attacked some neighbours who died from loss of blood. In the second case, Paole, an ex-soldier turned farmer who allegedly was attacked by a vampire years before, died while haying. After his death, people began to die in the surrounding area and it was widely believed that Paole had returned to prey on the neighbours. Another famous Serbian legend involving vampires concentrates around a certain Sava Savanović living in a watermill and killing and drinking blood from millers. The character was later used in a story written by Serbian writer Milovan Glišić and in the Serbian 1973horror film Leptirica inspired by the story.The two incidents were well-documented: government officials examined the bodies, wrote case reports, and published books throughout Europe. The hysteria, commonly referred to as the "18th-Century V ampire Controversy", raged for a generation. The problem was exacerbated by rural epidemics of so-claimed vampire attacks, undoubtedly caused by the higher amount of superstition that was present in village communities, with locals digging up bodies and in some cases, staking them. Although many scholars reported during this period that vampires did not exist, andattributed reports to premature burial or rabies, superstitious belief increased. Dom Augustine Calmet, a well-respected French theologian and scholar, put together a comprehensive treatise in 1746, which was ambiguous concerning the existence of vampires. Calmet amassed reports of vampire incidents; numerous readers, including both a critical V oltaire and supportive demonologists, interpreted the treatise as claiming that vampires existed.[79] In his Philosophical Dictionary, V oltaire wrote: These vampires were corpses, who went out of their graves at night to suck the blood of the living, either at their throats or stomachs, after which they returned to their cemeteries. The persons so sucked waned, grew pale, and fell into consumption; while the sucking corpses grew fat, got rosy, and enjoyed an excellent appetite. It was in Poland, Hungary, Silesia, Moravia, Austria, and Lorraine, that the dead made this good cheer.The controversy only ceased when Empress Maria Theresa of Austria sent her personal physician, Gerard van Swieten, to investigate the claims of vampiric entities. He concluded that vampires did not exist and the Empress passed laws prohibiting the opening of graves and desecration of bodies, sounding the end of the vampire epidemics. Despite this condemnation, the vampire lived on in artistic works and in local superstition.2.3 Modern beliefsIn modern fiction, the vampire tends to be depicted as a suave, charismatic villain. Despite the general disbelief in vampiric entities, occasional sightings of vampires are reported. Indeed, vampire hunting societies still exist, although they are largely formed for social reasons. Allegations of vampire attacks swept through the African country of Malawi during late 2002 and early 2003, with mobs stoning one individual to death and attacking at least four others, including Governor Eric Chiwaya, based on the belief that the government was colluding with vampires.In early 1970 local press spread rumors that a vampire haunted Highgate Cemetery in London. Amateur vampire hunters flocked in large numbers to the cemetery. Several books have been written about the case, notably by SeanManchester, a local man who was among the first to suggest the existence of the "Highgate V ampire" and who later claimed to have exorcised and destroyed a whole nest of vampires in the area.[101] In January 2005, rumors circulated that an attacker had bitten a number of people in Birmingham, England, fuelling concerns about a vampire roaming the streets. However, local police stated that no such crime had been reported and that the case appears to be an urban legend. In 2006, a phys¬ics pro¬f¬es¬sor at the University of Central Florida wrote a paper arguing that it is mathematically impossible for vampires to exist, based on geometric progression. According to the paper, if the first vampire had appeared on January 1, 1600, and it fed once a month (which is less often than what is depicted in movies and folklore), and every victim turned into a vampire, then within two and a half years the entire human population of the time would have become vampires. The paper made no attempt to address the credibility of the assumption that every vampire victim would turn into a vampire.In one of the more notable cases of vampiric entities in the modern age, the chupacabra ("goat-sucker") of Puerto Rico and Mexico is said to be a creature that feeds upon the flesh or drinks the blood of domesticated animals, leading some to consider it a kind of vampire. The "chupacabra hysteria" was frequently associated with deep economic and political crises, particularly during the mid-1990s. In Europe, where much of the vampire folklore originates, the vampire is considered a fictitious being, although many communities have embraced the revenant for economic purposes. In some cases, especially in small localities, vampire superstition is still rampant and sightings or claims of vampire attacks occur frequently. In Romania during February 2004, several relatives of Toma Petre feared that he had become a vampire. They dug up his corpse, tore out his heart, burned it, and mixed the ashes with water in order to drink it.3 Reason.3.1 Similar feelingsV ampires, that really scared people in the old days, step onto the stage oftimes. V ampires are cursed since the moment they turn into night monsters. It is such an extravagant hope to watch the sun rising, to feel the light warm your heart, and to walk at ease under the sun. Night, full of darkness, is the eternal setting for sad stories. V ampires walk alone in the moonlight shadow, like the cold winter wind, desperately and deadly. They have the immortal life, but their teeth need to bite deeply into human’s skin. V a mpires smell the blood. Pulsation of the heart us the only beautiful music, as the drop falls into the dying flower in the golden desert. V ampires fight each other, like furious animals, for the preys, for the territory. They meet, they fight, to kill each other, to kill the nature? They hate themselves more then that of the same kind. They see others, they see themselves, the cruel bloody monsters alone. V ampires behave as the damned demons, to drink the blood, to kill. It’s easier to be bad then to be the good. Because they will has less time to think and to feel. Once they stop, they feel they ware buried only with loneliness. They are eager so much to meet someone special, vampire or human, who can read their souls, which are hidden in the dead heart. They need to talk, to share. They need friends to company them to hold their hands to walk across the bridge when they feel lonely or blue. It’s the most difficult when one owns the soul, but he pretends he doesn’t have. So most of time, they pray, if God permits, they ware just animals, no thinking, no feeling and not that souls, just to kill and to be killed. V ampires are not afraid of the hell, since they themselves seem already in hell. Why they are made to enjoy the immortal life alone, is that a joke by God?We, humans, start to our own lives when we are in the name of adult. Our bodies work and work regularly, like programmed machines. Sometimes we wonder that why we are created, why we are here. We just live for life because we are told to cherish ever y minute. It’s a little pessimistic, but in fact, how many people are sure about the value of their existences, how many people are doubting the value of their existences. We are list in our own question world. We are so confused, so scared that we are starting to question ourselves again and again. Finally we are in the circle made by ourselves. We sit in the corner of a café, against a busy street, numb and vague, counting the faces coming and going untill our coffee turns cold. Theseinnocent faces are feeling lonely like me? We are still in our doubt mood. Then we can fully understand the lonely feelings of vampires. However, we need to end this doubt, like vampires in films and books will get their true love at last. Though it takes time, you may find your answer maybe after you save a little bird or you take home the homeless little girl. We must say to ourselves that we are here in this world because we are needed to be here.3.2 Spirit pursuitModern life not only brings the fulfillment of material life, but also the endless challenges. With the fast development of society, spirit needs can’t keep up with the content of materialism. And some only addicted to the joy of material life.V ampires are much stronger than humans. We don’t really mean to be a vampire, we just want to be more powerful, more different. V ampirism and the V ampire lifestyle also represent a relevant part of modern day's occultist movements. The mythos of the vampire, his magickal qualities, allure, and predatory archetype express a strong symbolism that can be used in ritual, energy work, and magic, and can even be adopted as a spiritual system. Some envy the vampire speed, some envy the vampire power, while most want the immortality. And we even have the plan what can be done when we are immortal. This is can’t be realized, at least not now. People just have spirit pursuits which are far more important then material life.For me, it is not a concrete idea to get a spirit pursuit. It’s about dreams. A dream is something that you think about and hope for. We all have no doubt about the unbelievable strength of dreams. However, we just stop to dream in realistic society. Why vampire culture is becoming so popular currently? It is not because it gives us new spirit pursuit, it is because it makes us dream again.We were asked what we wanted to be when we were kids, we would probably answer like musician, painter or president. We still held dreams that time. We hoped we could be what we wanted to be and we were some kind sure. Now when are asked what we want to be, less answers will be got because we are busy in thinking practically. We left dreams in the corner. Some may say we can’t live indreams only all our life. That’s pretty sure. When we grow older and older, we become more and more realistic. It is the primary condition for us to become one member of society. Innocence is lost little by little with ages. For those fighting for dreams, like artists and musicians, most live a poor life. So people are more sure that there is a deep invisible river to cross between dreams and life. When the sun rises again, we give up the courage to realize our dreams at once. Thus, so many beautiful dreams fade away quietly. We are losing the ability to dream. Blank in virtue is so terrible. The cruel real world has driven us crazy. One is still rich even he lost everything but dreams. What we have then?3.3 New means of spreadingthe term vampire was not popularized until the early 18th century, after an influx of vampire superstition into Western Europe from areas where vampire legends were frequent, such as the Balkans and Eastern Europe, although local variants were also known by different names, such as vrykolakas in Greece and strigoi in Romania. This increased level of vampire superstition in Europe led to mass hysteria and in some cases resulted in corpses actually being staked and people being accused of vampirism. It was the success of John Polidori's 1819 novella The V ampyre that established the archetype of charismatic and sophisticated vampire; it is arguably the most influential vampire work of the early 19th century, inspiring such works as V arney the V ampire and eventually Dracula. However, it is Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula that is remembered as the quintessential vampire novel and which provided the basis of modern vampire fiction. Dracula drew on earlier mythologies of werewolves and similar legendary demons and "was to voice the anxieties of an age", and the "fears of late Victorian patriarchy".We can see that message is hardly to be spread in the past, let alone culture. Distance is always the physical reason, coming in the way. People have created land paths, also sea approaches. Rich people use horses and boats to go to the distant, while the poor can only walk to their destination, near or far. They can never capture the sky, but just envy the birds flying. So it may take years to tell the east what ishappening in the west. A young girl can be an old lady when she received the letter from her young love. Book is the best represent of culture. They were expensive and heavy in the past. Common people have little chance to read a book. Most famous cultures are always staring with folks. They were handed down by folks generation by generation. Some have changed a lot during this spr eading. Now it’s the 21stcentury, many new means, compared to the past, have been widely used in daily life, such as films, video games, and television shows. Owing to the development of internet, distance is no longer the obstacle. Internet provides the services of information, communication, data transfer, access, social impacts and so on. It is easier to find the light when you are lost in the darkness with the help of net. New fashion will always be more popular in net. It is like giving it the wings to fly more high. Vampire movies and books occupied a great market firstly in the Europe, the original place. But they appeared suddenly in east countries, for example, China, Korea and Japan. The internet has contributed a lot.4 ConclusionFrom the folk origin of vampires to different views of different times towards them, I get some reasons for its popularity. Despite of the visible reason of the development of high technology, which gives a perfect access for vampire culture to grow faster, the invisible reasons outweigh. Culture comes from life but overtops it. When one kind of culture meets the need of the new society, it will become stronger and stronger, even in the leading role. Human is the origin model set in novels or films. We can understand the vampire culture for sometimes we see ourselves in them. Some same feelings between we and vampires, the leading role in the culture, help us understand it better. When we confront a new thing, especially a new culture, we may try our best to make use of it instead of agreeing blindly or disagreeing totally. The German philosopher Hegel said: that is reasonable. We shall never doubt the existence of ourselves even if we are having the worst times. We shall never give up the right to dream. We may change the way our live when we are feeling lonely all the time. We may grasp every chance to realize our dreams. In a word, these are part of reasons forthe popularity of the vampire culture in today’s society.NOTES①Set-off quotations: Robert Frost (1874–1963). Mountain Interval. 1920 1The Road Not Taken②Direct quotations: he V ampire, by Philip Burne-Jones, 1897BIBLIOGRAPHYSilver & Ursini, pp. 22-23.Cohen, Encyclopedia of Monsters, pp. 271-274.McNally, Raymond T.; Florescu, Radu. (1994).In Search of Dracula. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 117.Marigny, V ampires, pp. 24-25.Marigny, V ampires, pp. 14.Summers, "The Vampire in Greece and Rome of Old", in The Vampire in Europe. Hurwitz, Lilith.Bronznick, Norman; Mark Jay Mirsky, David Stern & Allan Humm.Marigny, V ampires, pp. 17-19.Patai, Raphael (1990) [1978]. The Hebrew Goddess (3rd enl. ed.). Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 222.Hurwitz, Lilith, pp. 40-41。