DC, AC Small-Signal and Transient Analysis of Level1 N-Channel MOSFET with Modelica
闭环隧道磁电阻电流传感器仿真分析与验证
大
6
&
流向C1,故C1
的电流为负&完整的
行电流及传感器测量波
8
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9
&可 性地看出
感
的被测电流的测 果&经计算,
行时, 测电 的
0.968 3 kA,
TMR 电 感 测 的
0.967 7 kA,
值误差为0.0619%。1.5 s之后,系统切换至
故障状态时,电 急速变化至0附近,这一阶
应变化, 阻的变化
差分放大电
的输 电
,电
和导线中电
的大 一 系,因此可以通过检测输出电 电流测量的目的&此外,使用4个温度特
340
南京理工大学学报
第45卷第3期
性 的TMR电阻,可 感
很高的温度
稳定性,自身的结构特性可以很好 制温度漂
,
的结构也 制一些干扰
& [10]
1.2闭环TMR电流传
成结构
TMR电 感器通过加入磁芯和反馈
等方向 ,测得 线圈上的电 可计
算 测电流&
测电 输 电 的 函数
= ! .R _迪—=
5( < x m 1+G( <\( <
I G m!TMR a
( 3)
心 +^ < L + c +!TMR Ga!c
式中:I和*c分别为补偿线圈的等效电阻和等
电感。
2闭环TMR电流传感器仿真模型 分析
2.1 闭 TMR 电 传
线圈使TMR元件工作 磁通状态,其结构示意
2
& [14] 工作原理为:导线穿 计
柳達科 Chroma 11022 和 11025 LCR 抵抗电容线圈测试仪说明书
The Chroma 11022 and 11025 LCR Meters are passive component testers that can give you the most cost effective alternative equivalent to the high priced meters. They are designed for the demanding applications in production test, incoming inspection, component design and evaluation. Programmable test signal level settings are from10mV to 1V in a step of 10mV, and the VM/IM signal level monitor functions allow you to evaluate your devices at the level you specify. Ten test frequencies of 50Hz, 60Hz, 100Hz, 120Hz, 1kHz, 10kHz, 20kHz, 40kHz, 50kHz, and 100kHz, can be used to evaluate passive compo-nents and transformers/ LF coils.The low cost LCR meters on the market have shortcomings when used for low impedance components evaluation such as large capacitance of electrolytic capacitors and low inductance of coils. As the 11022/11025 equipped with high resolution (0.01m ) in low impedance and high accuracy (0.3%) till 100m range, it can be used to evaluate low impedance components to meet the measurement requirements.The 11025 LCR Meter can also measure DC resis-tance, turn ratio and mutual inductance of trans-former. It is suitable for pulse transformer or LF coil evaluation. Chroma A110207 Transformer Test Fixture used with the 11025, can measureboth the primary and the secondary parameters automatically by changing the internal relays of 11025. So there is no need to change the connec-tions required for measuring transformer param-eters. Adjustable internal DC bias current source can be up to 200mA(constant 25 ) which is a standard function, as the right tool for inductance inspection of telecom transformers and small power chokes under DC bias current.The 11022/11025 LCR Meter provides a powerful combination of features designed to maximize the productivity in all testing environments. The measurement speed in the SHORT integration time mode is 21mS( 100Hz). Handler interface and pin-out are compatible with 4263B. GPIB Interface and IEEE 488 commands are compatible with 4263B.In addition, the 11022/11025 have built in a comparator, 8 bin sorting, trigger delay functions and handler interface trigger function, which make them easy for system integration, and improve the measurement throughput as well as reliability.LCR METERMODEL 11022/11025198111022 : LCR Meter 11025 : LCR MeterA110104 : SMD Test Cable #17A110211 : Component Test FixtureA110212 : Component Remote Test Fixture A110232 : 4 BNC Test Cable with Clip#18A110234 : High Frequency Test Cable A110236 : Rack Mountain KitA110239 : 4 Terminals SMD Electrical Capacitor Test Box (Patent)A110242 : Battery ESR Test KitA110244 : High Capacitance Capacitor Test Fixture A110245 : Ring Core Test Fixture A133004 : SMD Test Box1. LCD Display2. LINE Switch3. Measurement Terminals4. Function Keys5. Power Code Receptacle6. LINE Fuse Holder7. LINE Voltage Selector8. GPIB Interface9. Handler Interface10. External DC Bias Terminal 11. Ground Terminal 12. Fan13. Ground Terminal14. DC Bias Trimmer Terminal711121623413*Note 1: 23 ± 5˚C after OPEN and SHORT correction. Slow measurement speed. Refer to Operation Manual for detail measurement accuracy descriptions.*Note 2: Measurement time includes sampling,calculation and judge of primary and secondary test parameter measurement.PANEL DESCRIPTIONORDERING INFORMATIONDistributed by:Worldwide Distribution and Service Network11022/11025-201108-500JAPANCHROMA JAPAN CORP .472 Nippa-cho, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa,223-0057 Japanhttp://www.chroma.co.jp E-mail:******************U.S.A.CHROMA SYSTEMS SOLUTIONS, INC.25612 Commercentre Drive, Lake Forest, CA 92630-8830 Tel: +1-949-600-6400Fax: +1-949-600-6401Toll Free: +1-866-600-6050 E-mail:*******************Developed and Manufactured by :CHROMA ATE INC.HEADQUARTERSNo. 66, Hwa-Ya 1st Rd., Hwa-Ya Technology Park, Kuei-Shan Hsiang,33383 Taoyuan County, Taiwan Tel: +886-3-327-9999Fax: +886-3-327-8898 E-mail:******************EUROPECHROMA ATE EUROPE B.V .Morsestraat 32, 6716 AH Ede,The Netherlands Tel: +31-318-648282Fax: +31-318-648288 E-mail:******************CHINACHROMA ELECTRONICS (SHENZHEN) CO., LTD.8F, No.4, Nanyou Tian An Industrial Estate, Shenzhen, China PC: 518052Tel: +86-755-2664-4598Fax: +86-755-2641-9620。
直流微网变增益专家自抗扰控制
第51卷第18期电力系统保护与控制Vol.51 No.18 2023年9月16日Power System Protection and Control Sept. 16, 2023 DOI: 10.19783/ki.pspc.221740直流微网变增益专家自抗扰控制周雪松1,王馨悦1,马幼捷1,徐晓宁1,丰美丽2,问虎龙3(1.天津理工大学,天津 300384;2.天津安捷物联科技股份有限公司,天津 300392;3.天津瑞能电气有限公司,天津 300381)摘要:直流微网在分布式发电的有效利用中发挥重大作用。
为解决直流微网中存在的实时扰动影响双向DC-DC 变换器控制效果从而恶化电能质量的问题,提出了一种变增益专家自抗扰稳压控制。
首先,在状态观测器理论下设计专家系统,将其与扩张状态观测器有机结合,并且引入动态调节因子实现观测器增益的在线优化。
其次,利用系统在抗扰过程中的观测绝对误差与控制强度需求制定专家规则与变增益自抗扰控制策略,给出动态调节因子取值范围。
并且在观测跟踪性能、抗扰频域特性、噪声抑制、时变增益对系统抗扰性的影响等方面进行了理论分析,表明所提出的控制策略能够有效提升系统性能。
最后,经过仿真和实验验证,使用变增益专家自抗扰控制在多种工况下的性能均优于传统双闭环PI与LADRC控制。
关键词:双向DC-DC变换器;自抗扰控制;观测器增益;专家系统;抗扰性Expert system-changeable gain ADRC for a DC microgridZHOU Xuesong1, WANG Xinyue1, MA Youjie1, XU Xiaoning1, FENG Meili2, WEN Hulong3(1. Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; 2. Tianjin Anjie IOT Technology Co., Ltd.,Tianjin 300392, China; 3. Tianjin Ruineng Electric Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300381, China)Abstract: The DC microgrid plays an important role in the effective utilization of distributed generation. To solve the problem that the real-time disturbance in a DC microgrid affects the control of the bidirectional DC-DC converter and worsens power quality, an expert system-changeable gain active disturbance rejection voltage stabilization control is proposed. First, the expert system is designed using state observer theory, and is organical combined with the ESO. A dynamic adjustment factor is introduced to realize the online optimization of the observer gain. Second, expert rules and changeable gain active disturbance rejection control strategies are formulated based on the observation absolute observation error and control strength demand of the system in the process of anti-interference, and the value range of the dynamic adjustment factor is given. In addition, the effects of observation tracking performance, disturbance rejection frequency domain characteristics, noise suppression and time varying gain on system immunily are analyzed theoretically.The analysis shows that the proposed control strategy can effectively improve the performance of the system. Finally, the simulation and physical experiment results show that the performance of ES-CGADRC is better than that of traditional double closed-loop PI and LADRC control in a variety of conditions.This work is supported by the General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51877152).Key words:bidirectional DC-DC converter; active disturbance rejection control; observer gain; expert system; immunity0 引言近年来,随着能源革命的推进[1],大量分布式电源[2]如太阳能、风力发电、燃料电池等广泛应用微网形式与大电网并网连接[3]。
3、用PSpice 分析电路的方法
在绘制完电路图以后就可以调用 PSpice 对电路进行模拟分析了。下面按照电路特性分类 来简要介绍具体操作方法。
3.1 静态工作点分析
静态工作点分析就是将电路中的电容开路,电感短路,对各个信号源取其直流电平值, 计算电路的直流偏置量。 例:基本放大电路如图 2.2.6 所示,求该电路的静态工作点。步骤如下: (1)用 Capture 软件画好电路图。 (2)建立模拟类型分组。建立模拟类型分组的目的是为了便于管理。OrCAD/PSpice 9 将基本直流分析、直流扫描分析、交流分析和瞬态分析规定为 4 种基本分析类型。每一个模 拟类型分组中只能包含其中的一种,但可以同时包括温度分析、参数扫描和蒙托卡诺分析等。 在如图 2.2.5 所示的电路图编辑窗口(Page Editor)下,点击 PSpice/New Simulation Profile 命令,屏幕上出现如图 2.3.1 所示的模拟类型分组对话框。 在 Name 栏键入模拟类型组的名称,本例取名为 DC。
图 2.3.5 脉冲源参数编辑栏 表 2.3.1 脉冲源的参数 参 数 V1 V2 PER PW TD TF TR 名 称 单 位 V V s s s s s TSTOP TSTOP 0 TSTEP TSTEP 内定值
起始电压 脉冲电压 脉冲周期 脉冲宽度 延迟时间 下降时间 上升时间
注:表中 TSTOP 是瞬态分析中分析结束时间参数的设置值,TSTEP 是时间步长的设置值。 下同。 例如设定参数如下:V1=0.3V,V2=3.6V,PER=20us,PW=10us,TD=2us,TF=1us,TR=1us。 可得如图 2.3.6 所示的脉冲波形。
图 2.3.3
Probe 窗口
图 2.3.4 输出文件 DC.out
一种新体制的高频地波雷达设计与实现
雷达科学与技术Radar Science and Technology第1期2021年2月Vol. 19 No. 1February 2021DOI : 10. 3969/j. issn. 1672-2337. 2021. 01. 006一种新体制的高频地波雷达设计与实现杨钊,吴雄斌,张兰(武汉大学电子信息学院,湖北武汉430072)摘要:传统高频地波雷达接收机与天线阵列由长电缆连接,存在成本高、架设难、不易维护等问题。
本文提出了 一种新体制的高频地波雷达系统,该系统将多通道接收机分为多个装配在接收机天线附近的独立的单通道接收单元,接收单元与天线之间采用短电缆连接模式,各个接收单元之间通过GPS/北斗进行 时钟同步,通过无线方式进行参数配置和数据传输。
在完成单通道接收单元设计与实现后,通过闭环实验和海边现场实验对整个新系统进行了检测,得到了稳定的海洋回波,证明了新体制雷达系统的可行性。
关键词:地波雷达;无线传输;新体制;单通道接收单元中图分类号:TN95& 93文献标志码:A 文章编号:1672-2337(2021)01-0035-05Design and Implementation of a New HF Ground Wave RadarYANG Zhao, WU Xiongbin, ZHANG Lan{School of Electronic Information ?Wuhan University j Wuhan 430072, China)Abstract : The receiver of the traditional high frequency (HF) surface wave radar (SWR) was usually con nected with the receiving array by long cables, which may increase the cost and difficulty of the installation and maintenance for the radar system. A novel HF SWR system is introduced in this paper. The receiving module of this system composes of several independent single-channel receiving units mounted near the receiving antennas, and a short cable connection mode is used between the receiving unit and the antenna. The clock synchronization between each receiving unit is realized through GPS/BDS )and parameter configuration, and data transition for the radar system are achieved through wireless transmission. The new radar system has been checked through the closed-loop experiments and field experiments and has received stable sea echoes 5 which demonstrates the feasi bility of the proposed radar system.Key words : ground wave radar ; wireless transmission ; new system ; single channel receiving unit0引言高频地波雷达可以实现对视距外海洋状态和海上目标的大范围、高精度和全天候的实时监 测m ,因此,高频地波雷达在海洋监测和国防等领 域具有独特的应用前景和优势,成为了立体化海洋信息监测的重要工具之一。
微芯片(Microchip)产品说明书
Microchip offers a broad portfolio of stand-alone analog and interface solutions that address the thermal management, power management, mixed-signal, linear, interface and safety and security markets.In addition to using low power CMOS technology, Microchip’s analog products are designed to optimize performance while minimizing power consumption.Non-volatile expertise is leveraged to achieve high accuracy specifications without additional manufacturing steps and cost. Chip select/shutdown/sleep features on many of our analog and interface parts enable systems to be selectively shut down to further reduce power consumption.Low operating voltages combined with small form factors such as SC70, DFN and SOT-23 make Microchip’s analog and interface portfolio well-suited for applications with tight power budgets.Typical Applications■Battery powered/Handheld■Consumer■PC Peripherals■Telecommunication■Automotive■IndustrialDesign Tools■CAD/CAE Schematic Symbols and Footprints/cadProduct Selection Tools■Microchip’s Advanced Product Selector/MAPS■Treelink presentation/treelinkStand-Alone Analog and Interface Portfolio Low Power Analog SolutionsPower Management LDO & Switching Regulators Charge PumpDC/DC Converters Power MOSFET DriversPWM Controllers System Supervisors Voltage Detectors Voltage References Li-Ion/Li-Polymer Battery ChargersMixed-SignalA/D ConverterFamiliesDigitalPotentiometersD/A ConvertersV/F and F/VConvertersEnergyMeasurementICsInterfaceCAN PeripheralsInfraredPeripheralsLIN TransceiversSerial PeripheralsEthernet ControllersUSB Peripheral LinearOp AmpsProgrammableGainAmplifiersComparatorsSafety & SecurityPhotoelectricSmoke DetectorsIonization SmokeDetectorsIonization SmokeDetector Front EndsPiezoelectricHorn DriversThermalManagementTemperatureSensorsFan SpeedControllers/Fan FaultDetectorsMotor DriveStepper and DC3Ф BrushlessDC Fan ControllerM i c r o c h i p T e c h n o l o g y I n c o r p o r a t e dInformation subject to change. The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo and PIC are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. © 2011 MicrochipTechnology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. 5/11DS22247B *DS22247B*Visit our web site for additional product information and to locate your local sales office.Microchip Technology Inc. • 2355 W. Chandler Blvd. • Chandler, AZ 85224-6199Low Power Analog & Interface Products/analog。
Agilent 6680A系列单输出5000W DC 电源说明书
Agilent 6680A Series Single-Output, 5000 W DC Power Supplies, GPIB Data SheetReliable DC power for manufacturing test andlong-term burn-inThis series of 5000 watt DC power supplies has the exceptional, proven reliability that test system engineers look for. It also has the features needed for easy test system integration.Programming of the DC output and the extensive protection features can be done either from the front panel or using industry standard SCPI com-mands via the GPIB. Using the serial link, up to 16 power supplies can be connected through one GPIB address. Test system integration can be further simplified by using the VXI plug&play drivers. The output voltage and currentcan also be controlled with analog signals. This is helpful for certain types of noisy environments, and also immediate reactions to process changes.The 6680A series has extremely low ripple and noise for a 5000 watt DC power supply. This helps the built-in measurement system make extremely accurate current and voltage measurements.Selectable compensation is provided for problem-free powering of inductive loads.• Low output ripple and noise• Selectable compensation for inductive loads• Analog control of output voltage and current• Fan-speed control to minimize acoustic noise• Built-in measurements and advanced programmable features • Protection features to ensure DUTsafetySpecifications23Agilent models: 6680A, 6681A, 6682A, 6683A, 6684ATopSupplemental characteristics for all model numbersDC floating voltage: Output terminals can be floated up to ± 60 VDC from chassis groundRemote sensing: Up to half the rated output voltage can be dropped in each load lead. The drop in the load leads subtracts from the voltage available for the load.Command processing time: Average time required for the output voltage to begin to change following receipt of digital data is 20 ms for power supplies connected directly to the GPIB.Modulation: (Analog programming of output voltage and current):Input signal: 0 to –5 V for voltage, 0 to +5 V for currentInput impedance: 30 kΩ or greater AC input (47 to 63 Hz):180 to 235 VAC (line-to-line, 3 phase), 27.7 A rms maximum worst case, 21.4 A rms nominal; 360 to 440 VAC, 14.3 A rms maximum worst case, 10.7 A rms nominal (maximum line current includes 5% unbalanced phase voltage condition.) Output voltage derated 5% at 50 Hz and below 200 VAC Input power: 7350 VA and 6000 W maximum; 160 W at no loadGPIB interface capabilities:SH1, AH1, T6, L4, SR1, RL1, PP0, DC1, DT1, E1, and C0. IEEE-488.2 and SCPI command set.Software driver: • IVI-COM • VXI plug&playSize:425.5 mm W x 221.5 mm H x 674.7 mm D (16.75 in x 8.75 in x 25.56 in)Weight: Net, 51.3 kg (113 lbs); shipping, 63.6 kg (140 lbs)Warranty: One yearAgilent Email Updates/find/emailupdatesGet the latest information on the products and applications you select.Agilent Channel Partnersw w w /find/channelpartners Get the best of both worlds: Agilent’s measurement expertise and product breadth, combined with channel partner convenience.For more information on AgilentTechnologies’ products, applications or services, please contact your local Agilent office. The complete list is available at:/fi nd/contactusAmericas Canada (877) 894 4414Brazil (11) 4197 3600Mexico01800 5064 800United States(800) 829 4444Asia Pacifi cAustralia 1 800 629 485China 800 810 0189Hong Kong 800 938 693India 1 800 112 929Japan 0120 (421) 345Korea 080 769 0800Malaysia 1 800 888 848Singapore 180****8100Taiwan 0800 047 866Other AP Countries (65) 375 8100Europe & Middle East Belgium 32 (0) 2 404 93 40 Denmark 45 45 80 12 15Finland 358 (0) 10 855 2100France 0825 010 700**0.125 €/minuteGermany 49 (0) 7031 464 6333Ireland 1890 924 204Israel 972-3-9288-504/544Italy39 02 92 60 8484Netherlands 31 (0) 20 547 2111Spain 34 (91) 631 3300Sweden0200-88 22 55United Kingdom 44 (0) 118 927 6201For other unlisted countries: /fi nd/contactusRevised: January 6, 2012Product specifications and descriptions in this document subject to change without notice.© Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2012Published in USA, March 14, 20125990-9307EN/find/6680Agilent Advantage Services is committedto your success throughout your equip-ment’s lifetime. To keep you competitive, we continually invest in tools andprocesses that speed up calibration and repair and reduce your cost of ownership. You can also use Infoline Web Services to manage equipment and services more effectively. By sharing our measurement and service expertise, we help you create the products that change our world./quality/find/advantageservicesQuality Management SystemQuality Management Sys ISO 9001:2008DEKRA Certified Ordering informationThe 6680A power supplies come with full documentation on CD-ROM. The CD-ROM includes user’s guide, programming guide, service manual, quick start guide, and application notes.Opt 208 180 to 235 VAC, 3 phase, 47 to 63 HzOpt 400 360 to 440 VAC, 3 phase, 47 to 63 HzOpt 602 Two bus bar spacers for paralleling power supplies (p/n 5060-3514)Opt 0L1 Printed user’s and programming guidesOpt 0B3 Printed service manual Accessories1CM028A* Rack mount flange kit 88.1 mm H (3U) and 132.6 mm H (2U) – 4 brackets (5U total)1CP014A* Double rack mount flange and handle kit 88.1 mm H (2U) and 132.6 mm H (3U)E3663AC Support rails for Agilent rack cabinetsp/n 5080-2148 Serial link cable 2 m (6.6 ft.)p/n 5060-3513 Three 30 A replace-ment fuses for 180 to 235 VAC line p/n 5060-3512 Three 16 A replace-ment fuses for 360 to 440 VAC lineApplication notes6671A/72A/81A/82A/90A System DC Power Supplies Product Overview 5988-3050ENAgilent DC Power Supplies for Base Station Testing , 5988-2386EN 10 Practical Tips You Need to Know About Your Power Products , 5965-8239E* Support rails required。
微电子电路microelectroniccircuit标准课件sedra著作
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
3
Figure 14.2 An emitter follower (Q1) biased with a constant current I supplied by transistor Q2.
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
8
Figure 14.7 Illustrating how the dead band in the class B transfer characteristic results in crossover distortion.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
19
Figure 14.18 Maximum allowable power dissipation versus ambient temperature for a BJT operated in free air. This is known as a “power-derating” curve.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith
Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
10
Figure 14.9 Class B circuit with an op amp connected in a negative-feedback loop to reduce crossover distortion.
Microchip电子产品说明书
TREE 3: POWER MANAGEMENT 2Supervisors & Voltage Detectors Unique Strengths (So What)Broad Portfolio(It's likely we have your part)Small Packages: SOT-23 and SC-70 (Saves space)Industrial Standard Crosses (Replace high priced and poor delivery suppliers)Battery Management Unique Strengths (So What)Wide variety of charging solutions for Li-Ion batteries(We have the solution for you)Small SOT-23, MSOP, DFN and QFN packages (Saves space)DC-DC Converter (So What)Low-voltage operation (Saves Power)PFM/PWM Auto switch mode (PFM at low loads reduces current, saves power)Small SOT-23 packaging (Saves space)Step-down, Step-up (Efficiently increase or decrease voltage) Charge Pumps (So What)Low-voltage operation (Battery operation)Small SOT-23 packaging (Saves space)Step-down, Step-up (Efficiently increase or decrease voltage)Doubling & Inverting (Meets V OUT needs) Low-Frequency capable (Reduces EMI)Low-Current Operation (Saves power)LDO Unique Strengths (So What)Hundreds of voltages, currents, packages (We have a match for the need)0.5% V OUT accuracy (Fills precision need)Up to 1.5A output current(Able to power high load applications)Op Amp Unique Strengths (So What)Low current versus GBWP (Saves power)TC and MCP6XXX devices RR-I/O (Expands usable voltage range)MCP604X 1.4V operation(Two alkaline cells 90% used =1.8V)MCP644X, 450 nA operation (Use the batteries even longer)Comparators Unique Strengths (So What)Low current versus propagation delay (Saves power)Integrated Features (Saves space)1.8V and 1.4V operation (That stuff about the batteries)Programmable Gain Amplifier Unique Strengths (So What)MUX inputWide bandwidth (2 to 12 MHz) (Reduces demand on MCU I/O)System control of gain(Changes easier through software configurable hardware)TREE 5: LINEARTemperature Sensor Unique Strengths (So What)Wide variety of solutions: logic, voltage and digital output products(Multiple sensor needs met)Small packages (Saves space)Low operating current(Saves power, smaller supply)Field or factory programmable (Low cost vs. flexibility)Programmable hysteresis (Stop system cycling)Multi-drop capability (Great for large systems)Beta compensation (Compatible with processor substrate diodes)Resistance error correction (Compensates for measurement error from long PCB traces)Fan Controllers Unique Strengths (So What)Closed loop fan control (Adjust to meet target speed even on aging fans)Integrated temperature sensing (Consolidate thermal management)Multiple temperature measurements drive one fan (Consolidate thermal management)Built-in ramp rate control and spin up alogorithm (Quick time to market, lower acoustic noise)Ability to detect/predict failure of less expensive 2-wire fans (Saves system cost)Unique solutions for extending fan life and reducing acoustic noise(Less power, nuisance and long fan life)TREE 6: MIXED-SIGNALADC Unique Strengths (So What)Low current at max sampling rate (Saves power, system cost)Small SOT-23 and MSOP packages (Saves space)Up to 24-bit resolution(Ideal for precision sensitive designs)Differential & single ended inputs (Able to cover various design needs)Up to 6 ADC per device(Save board space, system cost)DAC Unique Strengths (So What)Low Supply Current (Saves power)Low DNL & INL (Better accuracy)Extended Temperature Range(Suitable for wide temperature applications)Digital Potentiometers Unique Strengths (So What)64/256 tap (6-bit to 8-bit resolution)(Sufficient resolution for most applications)Non-volatile Memory(Remembers last wiper setting on power up)WiperLock™ Technology(Locks NV memory setting-better than OTP)Small SOT-23 and 2 × 3 DFN packages (Saves space)Low CostMOSFET Drivers (So What)4.5V up to 30V Supply voltages (Fills many application needs)Up to 12A Peak output current(Able to meet demanding design needs)Outstanding robustness and latch-upi mmunity (Ours work when the others burn up)Low-FOM MOSFETs(Support high-efficency applications)TREE 4: POWER MANAGEMENT 3LIN Unique Strengths(So What)Compliant with LIN Bus Specs 1.3, 2.0, 2.1 andSAE J2602 (Allows for reliable interoperability)High EMI Low EME (Meets OEM requirements)On-board V REG available(Saves space, allows for MCU V CC flexibility)CAN Unique Strengths(So What)Simple SPI CAN controller is an easy way toadd CAN Ports (Short design cycles)High speed transceiver meets ISO-11898 (Drop inreplacement for industry standard transceivers)Low-cost, easy-to-use development tools(Tools easy to buy/use, quick design)I/O Expanders Unique Strengths(So What)Configurable inputs (interrupt configuration flexibility)Interrupt on pin change, or change fromregister default (interrupt source flexibility)Can disable automatic address incrementingwhen accessing the device(allows continual access to the port)The 16-bit devices can operate in 8-bit or 16-bitmode (easy to interface to 8-bit or 16-bit MCUs)IrDA Unique Strengths (So What)IrDA protocol handler embedded on chip(Complex design issue solved)Low cost developer's kit available to assistInfrared design-in (Quick design cycle)Small, cost-effective way of replacing serial links(No more wires)Enables system to wirelessly communicatewith PDA (Wireless connectivity solution) TREE 8: INTERFACEAnalog & InterfaceQuestion TreesAnalog & Interface Development ToolsDemonstration Boards, Evaluation Kits and AccessoriesAnalog & Interface LiteratureADM00313EV: MCP73830L 2 × 2 TDFN Evaluation BoardADM00352: MCP16301 High Voltage Buck Converter 600 mA Demonstration BoardADM00360: MCP16301 High Voltage Buck Coverter 300 mA D2PAK Demonstration BoardADM00427: MCP16323 Evaluation Board (Supports MCP16321 and MCP16322)ARD00386: MCP1640 12V/50 mA Two Cells Input Boost Converter Reference DesignMCP1252DM-BKLT: MCP1252 Charge Pump Backlight Demonstration BoardMCP1256/7/8/9EV: MCP1256/7/8/9 Charge Pump Evaluation BoardMCP1630RD-LIC1: MCP1630 Li-Ion Multi-Bay Battery Charger Reference DesignMCP1630DM-NMC1: MCP1630 NiMH Battery Charger Demonstration BoardMCP1640EV-SBC: MCP1640 Sync Boost Converter Evaluation BoardMCP1640RD-4ABC: MCP1640 Single Quad-A Battery Boost Converter Reference DesignMCP1650DM-LED1: MCP165X 3W White LED Demonstration BoardMCP1726EV: MCP1726 LDO Evaluation BoardMCP73831EV: MCP73831 Evaluation KitMCP7383XEV: MCP73837/8 AC/USB Dual Input Battery Charger Evaluation BoardMCP7383XRD-PPM: MCP7383X Li-Ion System Power Path Management Reference DesignMCP7384XEV: MCP7384X Li-Ion Battery Chager Evaluation BoardMCP73871EV: MCP73871 Load Sharing Li-Ion Battery Charger Evaluation BoardTC1016/17EV: TC1016/17 LDO Evaluation BoardVSUPEV: SOT-23-3 Voltage Supervisor Evaluation BoardPowerManagementThermalManagementMCP9700DM-PCTL: MCP9700 Thermal Sensor PICtail Demonstration BoardMCP9800DM-PCTL: MCP9800 Thermal Sensor PICtail Demonstration BoardTC72DM-PICTL: TC72 Digital Temperature Sensor PICtail Demonstration BoardTC74DEMO: TC74 Serial Daughter Thermal Sensor Demonstration BoardTC1047ADM-PCTL: TC1047A Temperature-to-Voltage Converter PICtail™ Demonstration BoardSerial GPIODM-KPLCD: GPIO Expander Keypad and LCD Demonstration BoardMCP23X17: MCP23X17 16-bit GPIO Expander Evaluation BoardInterface MCP2515DM-BM: MCP2515 CAN Bus Monitor Demonstration BoardMCP2515DM-PTPLS: MCP2515 PICtail™ Plus Daughter BoardMCP2515DM-PCTL: MCP2515 CAN Controller PICtail Demonstration BoardMCP215XDM: MCP215X/40 Data Logger Demonstration BoardMCP2140DM-TMPSNS: MCP2140 IrDA® Wireless Temp Demonstration BoardLinear ADM00375: MCP6H04 Evaluation BoardARD00354: MCP6N11 Wheatstone Bridge Reference DesignMCP651EV-VOS: MCP651 Input Offset Evaluation BoardMCP661DM-LD: MCP661 Line Driver Demo BoardMCP6S22DM-PCTL: MCP6S22 PGA PICtail Demonstration BoardMCP6S2XEV: MCP6S2X PGA Evaluation BoardMCP6SX2DM-PCTLPD: MCP6SX2 PGA Photodiode PICtail Demonstration BoardMCP6SX2DM-PCTLTH: MCP6SX2-PGA Thermistor PICtail Demonstration BoardMCP6V01RD-TCPL: MCP6V01 Thermocouple Auto-Zero Ref DesignMCP6XXXDM-FLTR: Active Filter Demo BoardPIC16F690DM-PCTLHS: Humidity Sensor PICtail Demonstration BoardMixed-Signal MCP3221 DM-PCTL: MCP3221 12-bit A/D PICtail Demonstration BoardMCP3421DM-BFG: MCP3421 Battery Fuel Gauge Demonstration BoardMCP3551DM-PCTL: MCP3551 PICtail Demonstration BoardMCP355XDM-TAS: MCP355X Tiny Application Sensor Demonstration BoardMCP355XDV-MS1: MCP3551 Sensor Demonstration BoardMCP402XEV: MCP402X Digital Potentiometer Evaluation BoardMCP4725EV: MCP4725, 12-bit Non-Volatile DAC Evaluation Board (Preferred One)MCP4725DM-PTPLS: MCP4725, 12-bit Non-Volatile DAC PICtail Demonstration BoardADM00398: MCP3911 ADC Evaluation Board for 16-bit MicrocontrollersCorporate Microchip Product Line Card - DS00890Brochures Analog and Interface Product Selector Guide - DS21060Low Cost Development Tools Solutions Guide - DS51560Analog and Interface Guide (Volume 1) - DS00924Analog and Interface Guide (Volume 2) - DS21975Cards Analog Highlights Card - DS21972Microchip Op Amp Discovery Card - DS21947Analog & Interface Question Trees - DS21728Mirochip SAR and Delta-Sigma ACD Discovery Card - DS22101Software Tools MAPS - Microchip Advanced Product SelectorAnalog & Interface Treelink Products PresentationDesign Guides Analog-to-Digital Converter Design Guide - DS21841Digital Potentiometers Design Guide - DS22017Programmable Gain Amplifiers (PGAs), Operational Amplifiersand Comparators Design Guide - DS21861Interface Products Design Guide - DS21883Signal Chain Design Guide - DS21825Power Solutions Design Guide - DS21913Temperature Sensor Design Guide - DS21895Voltage Supervisors Design Guide - DS51548DS21728JPowerManagementLDO & SwitchingRegulatorsCharge PumpDC/DC ConvertersPower MOSFETDriversPWM ControllersSystem SupervisorsVoltage DetectorsVoltage ReferencesLi-Ion/Li-PolymerBattery ChargersUSB Port PowerControllersMixed-SignalA/D ConverterFamiliesDigitalPotentiometersD/A ConvertersV/F and F/VConvertersEnergyMeasurement ICsCurrent/DC PowerMeasurement ICsInterfaceCAN PeripheralsInfraredPeripheralsLIN TransceiversSerial PeripheralsEthernet ControllersUSB PeripheralLinearOp AmpsInstrumentationAmpsProgrammableGain AmplifiersComparatorsSafety & SecurityPhotoelectricSmoke DetectorsIonization SmokeDetectorsIonization SmokeDetector Front EndsPiezoelectricHorn DriversThermalManagementTemperatureSensorsFan Control& HarwareManagementMotor DriveStepper and DC3Ф BrushlessDC Motor DriverTREE 7: MOTOR DRIVE Stepper Unique Strenghts(So What)Industrial standard footprint(Footprint compatible to industrial leaders)Perfect PIC® MCU companion chip(Solid field support)Micro-stepping ready(Enhanced performance)Integration protections(Simplify software development)3-Phase BLDC Unique Strengths(So What)Full-wave sinusoidal(Quiet operation, low mechanical vibration)Sensorless operation (Minimum externalcomponents, no software required)Thin form factor(Fits space concerned applications)Information subject to change. The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, dsPIC, PIC are registered trademarks and MiWi, PICtail and ZENA are trademarks ofMicrochip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective companies.© 2012, Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.。
电子电流监测线路CM-SRS.1数据手册说明书
2C D C 251 055 V 0011Current monitoring relays CM-SRS.1For single-phase AC/DC currentsThe CM-SRS.1 is an electronic current monitoring relay that monitors single-phase mains (DC or AC) for over- and undercurrent from 3 mA to 15 A.All devices are available with two different terminal versions. You can choose between the proven screw connection technology (double-chamber cage connecting terminals) and the completely tool-free Easy Connect Technology (push-in terminals).Characteristics–Monitoring of DC and AC currents (3 mA to 15 A) –TRMS measuring principle–One device includes 3 measuring ranges–Over- or undercurrent monitoring configurable –Hysteresis adjustable (3-30 %) – 3 control supply voltage versions–Precise adjustment by front-face operating controls –Screw connection technology orEasy Connect Technology available–Housing material for highest fire protection classificationUL 94 V-0–Tool-free mounting on DIN rail as well as demounting – 1 c/o (SPDT) contact –22.5 mm (0.89 in) width – 3 LEDs for status indicationApprovals / MarksA C R E L /a bClassifcations:EN 50155, IEC 60571, NF F 16-101/102, EN 45545-2EN 50155, IEC 60571Temp. class Voltage supply Vibration and shockacc to IEC/EN 61373Coated pcb.S1S2C1C2T3nnn-Cat 1, Class BnoNF F 16-101/102EN 45545-2Flammability index Opticity and toxicity of smoke index Risk level achieved I2F2HL3Order dataCurrent monitoring relaysType Rated control supply voltage Connection technology Measuring ranges Order code CM-SRS.11P24-240 V AC/DC Push-in terminals3-30 mA, 10-100 mA, 0.1-1 A1SVR740840R0200 110-130 V AC1SVR740841R0200220-240 V AC1SVR740841R1200 CM-SRS.11S24-240 V AC/DC Screw type terminals3-30 mA, 10-100 mA, 0.1-1 A1SVR730840R0200 110-130 V AC1SVR730841R0200220-240 V AC1SVR730841R1200 CM-SRS.12S24-240 V AC/DC Screw type terminals0.3-1.5 A, 1-5 A, 3-15 A1SVR730840R0300 110-130 V AC1SVR730841R0300220-240 V AC1SVR730841R1300AccessoriesType Description Order code ADP.01Adapter for screw mounting1SVR430029R0100 MAR.12Marker label for devices with DIP switches1SVR730006R0000 COV.11Sealable transparent cover1SVR730005R01002 - Current monitoring relays CM-SRS.1 | Data sheetData sheet | Current monitoring relays CM-SRS.1 - 3Connection technologyMaintenance free Easy Connect Technology with push-in terminalsType designation CM-xxS.yyPApproved screw connection technology with double-chamber cage connecting terminals Type designation CM-xxS.yySPush-in terminals–Tool-free connection of rigid and flexible wires withwire end ferrule–Easy connection of flexible wires without wire endferrule by opening the terminals –No retightening necessary–One operation lever for opening both connectingterminals–For triggering the lever and disconnecting of wiresyou can use the same tool (Screwdriver according to DIN ISO 2380-1 Form A 0.8 x 4 mm (0.0315 x 0.157 in), DIN ISO 8764-1 PZ1 ø 4.5 mm (0.177 in))–Constant spring force on terminal point independentof the applied wire type, wire size or ambientconditions (e. g. vibrations or temperature changes) –Opening for testing the electrical contacting –Gas-tightDouble-chamber cage connecting terminals–Terminal spaces for different wire sizes–One screw for opening and closing of both cages –Pozidrive screws for pan- or crosshead screwdriversaccording to DIN ISO 2380-1 Form A 0.8 x 4 mm (0.0315 x 0.157 in), DIN ISO 8764-1 PZ1 ø 4.5 mm (0.177 in)Both the Easy Connect Technology with push-in terminals and screw connection technology with double-chamber cageconnecting terminals have the same connection geometry as well as terminal position.2C D C 253 025 F 00112C D C 253 026 F 00114 - Current monitoring relays CM-SRS.1 | Data sheetFunctions Operating controls2C D C 251 055 V 00111 Adjustment of the hysteresis (MIN = Default)2 Adjustment of the threshold value (MIN = Default)3 Indication of operational states U/T: green LED – control supply voltage R: yellow LED – relay status I: red LED – over- / undercurrent4 DIP switches (see DIP switch functions)ApplicationThe current monitoring relays CM-SRS.1 are designed for use in single-phase AC and/or DC systems for over- orundercurrent monitoring. The devices are available with different supply voltage ranges and work according to the open-circuit principle. Operating modeThe CM-SRS.1 with 1 c/o (SPDT) contact are available in 2 versions with 3 measuring ranges: 3-30 mA, 10-100 mA, 0.1-1 A (CM-SRS.11) and 0.3-1.5 A, 1-5 A, 3-15 A (CM-SRS.12). The measuring range is selected by connecting the monitored wire to the corresponding terminal B1/B2/B3-C.The units are adjusted with front-face operating controls. The selection of over- b or undercurrent monitoring a ismade with a DIP switch. Potentiometers, with direct reading scale, allow the adjustment of the threshold value I and of the hysteresis %. The hysteresis % is adjustable within a range of 3 to 30 % of the threshold value.Function diagramsOvercurrent monitoring bThe current to be monitored (measured value) is applied to terminals B1/B2/B3-C. The control supply voltage applied to terminals A1-A2 is displayed by the glowing green LED.If the measured value exceeds the adjusted threshold value, the output relay energizes and the red LED (overcurrent) andthe yellow LED (relay energized) glow.If the measured value drops below the threshold value minus the adjusted hysteresis, the output relay de-energizes and the red and yellow LEDs turn off.Undercurrent monitoring aThe current to be monitored (measured value) is applied to terminals B1/B2/B3-C. The control supply voltage applied to terminals A1-A2 is displayed by the glowing green LED.If the measured value drops below the adjusted threshold value, the output relay energizes, the red LED flashes W (undercurrent) and the yellow LED (relay energized) glows.If the measured value exceeds the threshold value plus the adjusted hysteresis, the output relay de-energizes and the red and yellow LEDs turn off.Data sheet | Current monitoring relays CM-SRS.1 - 5Electrical connectionDIP switches6 - Current monitoring relays CM-SRS.1 | Data sheetTechnical dataData at T a = 25 °C and rated values, unless otherwise indicatedInput circuitsSupply circuit A1-A2Rated control supply voltage U s110-130 V AC220-240 V AC24-240 V AC/DC Rated control supply voltage U s tolerance-15...+10 %Rated frequency50/60 Hz50/60 Hz or DC Typical current / power consumption24 V DC--30 mA / 0.75 W115 V AC24 mA / 2.6 VA-17 mA / 1.9 VA230 V AC-12 mA / 2.6 VA11 mA / 2.6 VA Power failure buffering time20 msTransient overvoltage protection varistorsMeasuring circuit B1/B2/B3-CMonitoring function over- or undercurrent monitoring configurableMeasuring method TRMS measuring principleMeasuring inputs CM-SRS.11CM-SRS.121)terminal connection B1-C B2-C B3-C B1-C B2-C B3-Cmeasuring range3-30 mA10-100 mA0.1-1 A0.3-1.5 A1-5 A3-15 Ainput resistance 3.3 Ω 1 Ω0.1 Ω0.05 Ω0.01 Ω0.0025 Ωpulse overload capacity t < 1 s500 mA 1 A10 A15 A50 A100 Acontinuous capacity50 mA150 mA 1.5 A 2 A7 A17 A Threshold value adjustable within the indicated measuring range Tolerance of the adjusted threshold value10 % of the range end valueHysteresis related to the threshold value3-30 % adjustableMeasuring signal frequency range DC / 15 Hz - 2 kHzRated measuring signal frequency range DC / 50-60 HzMaximum response time AC80 msDC120 msAccuracy within the rated control supply voltage toleranceΔU ≤ 0.5 %Accuracy within the temperature rangeΔU ≤ 0.06 % / °CTiming circuitTime delay T V noneRepeat accuracy (constant parameters)±0.07 % of full scaleUser interfaceIndication of operational statesControl supply voltage U/T: green LED V: control supply voltage appliedMeasured value I: red LED V: overcurrentW: undercurrentRelay status R: yellow LED V: output relay energized1) For usage of the current monitoring relays according to UL, following limitations for the measuring circuits are applicable: The load on any single measuring circuit should not exceed15 A at 51-150 V, 10 A at 151-300 V or 5 A at 301-600 V.This limitation is only valid for application according to UL and not for IEC applications.Data sheet | Current monitoring relays CM-SRS.1 - 7Output circuitsKind of output1115-1216/1418relay, 1 c/o (SPDT) contactOperating principle open-circuit principle (output relay energizes if themeasured value exceeds b / falls below a theadjusted threshold value)Contact material AgNiRated operational voltage U e250 VMinimum switching voltage / Minimum switching current24 V / 10 mAMaximum switching voltage / Maximum switching current250 V AC / 4 A ACRated operational current I e AC-12 (resistive) at 230 V 4 AAC-15 (inductive) at 230 V 3 ADC-12 (resistive) at 24 V 4 ADC-13 (inductive) at 24 V 2 AAC rating (UL 508)utilization category (Control Circuit Rating Code) B 300max. rated operational voltage300 V ACmax. continuous thermal current at B 300 5 Amax. making/breakingapparent power at B 3003600/360 VAMechanical lifetime30 x 106 switching cyclesElectrical lifetime AC-12, 230 V, 4 A0.1 x 106 switching cyclesMaximum fuse rating to achieve short-circuit protection n/c contact 6 A fast-acting n/o contact 10 A fast-actingGeneral dataMTBF on requestDuty time100 %Dimensions (W x H x D)product dimensions22,5 x 85,6 x 103,7 mm (0,89 x 3,37 x 4,08 in)packaging dimensions97 x 109 x 30 mm (3,82 x 4,29 x 1,18 in)Weight Screw connectiontechnology Easy Connect Technology (Push-in)net weight CM-SRS.11Version 24-240 V AC/DC0.145 kg (0.320 lb)0.137 kg (0.302 lb)Version 110-130 V AC 0.161 kg (0.355 lb)0.153 kg (0.337 lb)Version 220-240 V AC0.161 kg (0.355 lb)0.153 kg (0.337 lb)CM-SRS.12Version 24-240 V AC/DC0.137 kg (0.302 lb)-Version 110-130 V AC 0.168 kg (0.370 lb)-Version 220-240 V AC0.168 kg (0.370 lb)-gross weight CM-SRS.11Version 24-240 V AC/DC0.147 kg (0.324 lb)0.159 kg (0.351 lb)Version 110-130 V AC 0.183 kg (0.403 lb)0.175 kg (0.386 lb)Version 220-240 V AC0.183 kg (0.403 lb)0.175 kg (0.386 lb)CM-SRS.12Version 24-240 V AC/DC0.159 kg (0.351 lb)-Version 110-130 V AC 0.200 kg (0.441 lb)-Version 220-240 V AC0.200 kg (0.441 lb)-Mounting DIN rail (IEC/EN 60715),snap-on mounting without any tool Mounting position anyMinimum distance to other units10 mm (0.39 in) at measured current > 10 A Material of housing UL 94 V-0Degree of protection housing IP50terminals IP208 - Current monitoring relays CM-SRS.1 | Data sheetElectrical connectionEnvironmental dataAmbient temperature ranges operation-25...+60 °C (-13...+140 °F)storage-40...+85 °C (-40...+185 °F)Damp heat, cyclic (IEC/EN 60068-2-30)55 °C, 6 cyclesVibration, sinusoidal Class 2Shock Class 2Isolation dataRated insulation voltage U i supply / measuring circuit / output 600 Voutput 1 / output 2250 VRated impulse withstand voltage U imp supply / measuring circuit / output 6 kV 1.2/50 μsoutput 1 / output 2 4 kV 1.2/50 μsPollution degree3Overvoltage category IIIStandards / DirectivesStandards IEC/EN 60947-5-1, IEC/EN 60255-27, EN 50178 Low Voltage Directive2014/35/EUEMC Directive2014/30/EURoHS Directive2011/65/EURailway application standardsEN 50155, IEC 60571“Railway applications – Electronic equipment used on rolling stock”temperature class T3 supply voltage category S1, S2, C1IEC/EN 61373“Railway applications – Rolling stock equipment – Shock and vibration tests”Category 1, Class BEN 45545-2 Railway applications – Fire protection on railway vehicles – part 2:Requirements for fire behavior of materialsHL3and components ISO 4589-2LOI 32.3 %NF X-70-100-1 C.I.T. (T12) 0.45EN ISO 5659-2Ds max (T10.03) 104NF F 16-101: Rolling stock. Fire behaviour. Materials choosingNF F 16-102: Railway rolling stock. Fire behaviour. Materials choosing, application forelectric equipmentI2 / F2DIN 5510-2 Preventive fire protection in railway vehicles. Part 2: Fire behaviour and fireside effects of materials and partsfullfilledData sheet | Current monitoring relays CM-SRS.1 - 9Electromagnetic compatibilityInterference immunity to IEC/EN 61000-6-2 electrostatic discharge IEC/EN 61000-4-2Level 3radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field IEC/EN 61000-4-3Level 3electrical fast transient / burst IEC/EN 61000-4-4Level 3surge IEC/EN 61000-4-5Level 3conducted disturbances, induced byIEC/EN 61000-4-6Level 3 radio-frequency fieldsInterference emission IEC/EN 61000-6-3 high-frequency radiated IEC/CISPR 22, EN 55022Class Bhigh-frequency conducted IEC/CISPR 22, EN 55022Class BTechnical diagramsLoad limit curvesDC load (resistive)AC load (resistive)Derating factor F for inductive AC loadContact lifetime10 - Current monitoring relays CM-SRS.1 | Data sheetDimensionsin mm and inchesAccessoriesin mm and inchesCOV.11 - Sealable transparent coverADP.01 - Adapter for screw mounting MAR.12 - Marker label for deviceswith DIP switchesFurther documentationDocument title Document type Document numberElectronic products and relays Technical catalogue2CDC 110 004 C02xxCM-SRS.1, CM-SRS.2Instruction manual1SVC 730 610 M0000You can find the documentation on the internet at /lowvoltage-> Automation, control and protection -> Electronic relays and controls -> Measuring and monitoring relays.CAD system filesYou can find the CAD files for CAD systems at -> Low Voltage Products & Systems -> Control Products -> Electronic Relays and Controls.Data sheet | Current monitoring relays CM-SRS.1 - 11ABB STOTZ-KONTAKT GmbHP. O. Box 10 16 8069006 Heidelberg, Germany Phone: +49 (0) 6221 7 01-0Fax: +49 (0) 6221 7 01-13 25E-mail:*****************.comYou can find the address of your local sales organisation on theABB home page/contacts-> Low Voltage Products and Systems Contact usNote:We reserve the right to make technical changes or modify the contents of this document without prior notice. With regard to purchase orders, the agreed particulars shall prevail. ABB AG does not accept any responsibility whatsoever for potential errors or possible lack of information in this document.We reserve all rights in this document and in the subject matter and illustrations contained therein. Any reproduction, disclosure to third parties or utilization of its contents – in wholeor in parts – is forbidden without prior written consent of ABB AG.Copyright© 2019 ABBAll rights reserved D o c u m e n t n u m b e r 2 C D C 1 1 2 1 6 7 D 0 2 0 1 R e v D ( 0 3 / 2 0 1 9 )。
CYME 8.2 电力系统分析软件说明书
CYMEPower Engineering Software and SolutionsThe suite of advanced power system analysis tools in the forefront of grid modernizationThe CYME 8 Series, with its first version released in 2016, has promised to deliver a new generation of our software strengthening power system modeling and analytical capabilities, while taking userfriendliness to another level. CYME 8.2 continues to deliver its promise to invest in system planning and operation in the context of high distributed energy resources (DER) penetration level, and to further the development of a powerful user interface connecting simplicity with efficiency.Key new features include:• Several enhancements tothe Integration Capacity Analysis (ICA) and DER Impact Evaluation, alongwith the refinement of DER equipment models.• Enrichment of the time-series analysis capabilities through the integration of the Load Flow with Profiles Analysis and Advanced Project Manager.• Continuous improvement ofcore components such as theDynamic Data Pull and DataPush Publishing, ProtectiveDevice Analysis, AdvancedFault Locator and DistributionState Estimator.• Additional reportingfunctionalities to ease thevisualization and interpretationof simulation results.Partnering with utilities, listeningto the voice of the customerand leveraging our cutting-edgeengineering and IT expertise, theCYME team continues to servethe industry with a state-of-the-art engineering tool that bringsdependable results at users’fingertips.Efficiency gains with the rightDER analysis toolsAs the electric power systemlandscape continues to evolvewith the global trend for cleanerenergy, utilities are facing variouschallenges associated with therequirements of our modernera. Increasing workload withlimited workforce, stringentregulations and high customerexpectations trigger the needfor contemporary tools enablingthe automatic, comprehensiveanalysis of networks subjectto current and future DERdeployment.The CYME Integration CapacityAnalysis module, performingthorough distribution systemload and generation hostingcapacity analysis, becomes moreflexible in terms of simulationparameters and more informativefor results as it gets adopted byan increasing number of utilities.Feeder-level results, hostingcapacity distribution chartsand bottleneck identificationare new outputs to supportengineers with their gridassessment and planning.The CYME DER ImpactEvaluation module, automatingrepetitive, time-consuming anderror-prone verifications involvedwith system impact studies,sees its scope widen witha series of new verificationsrelated to protection schemes.The analysis is also more flexible,with an increased granularityof its simulation parametersand the ability to considermultiple dispersed installationsin a single execution.DER modeling reaches newheights with the possibilityof creating a library of AC/DCconverters, the improvementsof advanced inverter functionsand the support of single- andthree-phase power-electronicsbased shunt reactive powercompensation devices.While utilities operate inan era of rapid changeswhere new challengesrequire innovative solutions,providing clean, reliable,safe and affordable powerremains at the core of theirmission.Driven by its vast userbase, the CYME teamcontinues to enhance itsbest-of-breed power systemanalysis software, makingCYME 8.2 the essential toolfor supporting engineerswith accurate systemperformance assessment,electrical assets and capitalexpenditure optimizationand sou nd decision-making.CYME 8.2 New FeaturesFollow us on social media to get thelatest product and support information.Eaton is a registered trademark. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.Eaton1000 Eaton Boulevard Cleveland, OH 44122United States CYME International T&D 1485 Roberval, Suite 104St.Bruno, QC, Canada J3V 3P8P: 450.461.3655 F: 450.461.0966P: 800.361.3627 (Canada/USA)******************/cyme© 2018 Eaton All Rights Reserved Printed in CanadaPublication No. BR 917 085 EN December 2018Visibility and awareness on future off-peak system conditionsThe ever-increasing DER penetration levels raise the interest in hourly forecasts leveraging AMI and SCADA measurements for system analysis associated with long-term planning. As a result, the CYME Software has taken a great leap forward in terms of time-series simulationcapabilities with the integration its Load Flow with Profiles Analysis and Advanced Project Manager.The CYME Advanced Project Manager module, assisting with long-term network planning via a toolset geared for efficient as-planned system assessment and risk mitigation scenario comparison, has seen its framework evolve towards a chronology-driven architecture.Time-stamped modelmodifications, addressing future violation through traditional solutions or non-wiresalternatives, now establish the project timeline and enable calendar-based navigation.When used in conjunction with the CYME Steady State Analysis with Load Profiles module, snapshot or long-term time-range load flow analyses,ingesting feeder-level down to service-level forecasts, can be performed on an electric system model that changes over time.Profile and billing data management as well as time-series analysis result visualization have also been seamlessly integrated into the CYME Software user interface for the highest level of user-friendliness.Unprecedented model and algorithm sophistication The power system modelbeing one of the cornerstones of the CYME Software, a particular care is taken to ensure an organic evolution of its equipment and network modeling capabilities. In line with industry trends and technological advancements,CYME 8.2 features several enhancements aiming at providing the best model to emulate the network behavior under various operating conditions.• VAR Compensator – Single- or three-phase power-electronic based shunt reactive power compensation device (e.g.Varentec ENGO™, AMSC D-VAR VVO™, ABB PCS100STATCOM, IngeteamINGEGRID™ STATCOM, etc.).• AC/DC Converter – Dedicated single- or three-phase equipment allowing the creation of a library (manufacturer, model and standard information), plus enhancements to advanced inverter functions.• Cables and Conductors – Duplex service drop for detailed low-voltage secondary distribution modeling.• DER Devices – Control systems block diagram development via UDM stability model enablingvoltage ride-through analysis.• Transformers – T -T and T -TN configurations.As part of our commitment to continuously improve our analysis functions in order to stay in sync with the growing and evolving needs of ourusers, several recent additions to the software have been further enhanced.• Dynamic Data Pull and Data Push Publishing – New software development tool,CYME Studio, to support in-house development.• Protective Device Analysis –Better abnormal conditions reporting and improvements to Minimum Fault, Sequence of Operations and Arc Flash Hazards analyses.• Advanced Fault Locator – Support for additional use cases, improveduserfriendliness and revamped results reporting and display.• Distribution State Estimator –Dedicated ammeter, varmeter and wattmeter, plus a series of novel measurement attributes.As the CYME team keeps improving its calculation engines and refining its modeling capabilities, theoutcome of these multi-faceted user-driven developmentinitiatives makes CYME 8.2 a fundamental tool for all power engineering studies.For over 30 years, the CYME team has built a strong reputation with its clients by delivering the best software solutions backed by unsurpassed customer service.For information on the CYME Software, or for a web demo,please reach out to us at ******************Users can get more details on CYME 8.2 by downloading the Readme document at https:///downloads/software。
219332028_基于开关流图法Cuk_型DC
第 21 卷 第 5 期2023 年 5 月Vol.21,No.5May,2023太赫兹科学与电子信息学报Journal of Terahertz Science and Electronic Information Technology基于开关流图法Cuk型DC/DC变换器小信号建模宋久旭1,杨可1,刘红霞*2,李克艰1(1.西安石油大学陕西省油气井测控技术重点实验室,陕西西安710065;2.西安微电子技术研究所,陕西西安710054)摘要:Cuk变换器具有输入与输出电流纹波低、能量双向流动等优点,在新能源发电和直流微网中具有良好的应用前景。
在分析变换器工作原理的基础上,分别建立导通和截止状态的开关流图;引入以乘法器描述的开关支路模型,推导变换器在整个开关周期的开关流图;对开关支路施加扰动,提取变换器的小信号模型,并应用梅森公式计算变换器的传递函数。
采用PSIM软件对变换器小信号模型进行仿真,结果证明了模型的正确性,本文方法对高阶开关变换器建模具有较高的参考价值。
关键词:开关流图法;Cuk变换器;小信号模型;仿真验证中图分类号:TN712文献标志码:A doi:10.11805/TKYDA2020649Small signal modeling on DC/DC Cuk converter with switchingflow graph methodSONG Jiuxu1,YANG Ke1,LIU Hongxia*2,LI Kejian1(1.Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control Technology for Oil and Gas Wells,Xi’an Shiyou University,Xi’an Shaanxi 710065,China;2.Xi’an Microelectronics Technology Institute,Xi’an Shaanxi 710054,China)AbstractAbstract::Due to the advantages of low ripples in input and output current, and bidirectional energy flowing for the Cuk converter, it shows good application prospects both in new energy generation and DCmicro-grid. Based on the analysis of the converter's working principle, the turn-on and turn-offswitching flow graphs are established respectively. Then, the switching branch models realized withmultipliers to derive the switching flow graph in the whole switching period. Finally, the small signalmodel of the converter is obtained by imposing disturbance on the switching branches, and the transferfunctions of the Cuk converter are calculated with Mason's gain formula. The correctness of the proposedmodel is proved by simulation results of the AC analysis on the converter, which is implemented withPower Simulation(PSIM) software. The modeling method in this paper has a high reference value forinvestigations on high order DC/DC converters' modeling.KeywordsKeywords::switching flow graph method;Cuk converter;small signal model;simulation and verification开关电源具有体积小、质量轻和效率高等优点,自发明以来就得到了广泛应用。
Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Multi-Terminal
Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Multi-Terminal VSC-Based DC Transmission Systems Giddani O.Kalcon,Grain P.Adam,Olimpo Anaya-Lara,Member,IEEE,Stephen Lo,andKjetil Uhlen,Member,IEEEAbstract—A model suitable for small-signal stability analysis and control design of multi-terminal dc networks is presented.A generic test network that combines conventional synchronous and offshore wind generation connected to shore via a dc network is used to illustrate the design of enhanced voltage source converter (VSC)controllers.The impact of VSC control parameters on network stability is discussed and the overall network dynamic performance assessed in the event of small and large perturba-tions.Time-domain simulations conducted in Matlab/Simulink are used to validate the operational limits of the VSC controllers obtained from the small-signal stability analysis.Index Terms—DC transmission,offshore wind generation, small-signal stability,voltage source converter.N OMENCLATUREHVDC High-voltage direct current transmission.HV AC High-voltage alternating current transmission. VSC V oltage source converter.LCC Line-commutated converter.MTDC Multi-terminal direct current transmission. PCC Point of common coupling.DFIG Doubly-fed induction generator.FRC-WT Fully-rated converter wind turbine.SSSA Small-signal stability analysis.I.I NTRODUCTIONH IGH-VOLTAGE dc(HVDC)transmission is emergingas the prospective technology to address the challenges associated with the integration of future offshore wind powerManuscript received June07,2011;revised October03,2011,December05, 2011,and February09,2012;accepted February24,2012.Date of publication April17,2012;date of current version October17,2012.Paper no.TPWRS-00467-2011.G.O.Kalcon,G.P.Adam,and S.Lo are with the Institute for En-ergy and Environment,University of Strathclyde,Glasgow G11XW,U.K. (e-mail:giddani@;grain.adam@;k.lo@eee. ).O.Anaya-Lara is with the Institute for Energy and Environment, University of Strathclyde,Glasgow G11XW,U.K.,and also with the Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology,Norwegian University of Science and Technology,NTNU,7491Trondheim,Norway(e-mail: olimpo.anaya-lara@;olimpo.anaya-lara@ntnu.no).K.Uhlen is with the Department of Electrical Power Engineering,Norwe-gian University of Science and Technology,NTNU,7491Trondheim,Norway (e-mail:kjetil.uhlen@ntnu.no).Color versions of one or more of thefigures in this paper are available online at .Digital Object Identifier10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2190531plants[1],[2].Small-signal stability analyses(SSSA)have be-come important in the design stage of HVDC controllers to en-hance their resilience to faults,and to improve their ability to contribute to power network operation[3].Stability studies of hybrid networks comprising HVDC and HV AC transmission are discussed in[4]and[5].In[4],the authors investigate the potential interactions between multi-in-feed LCC-HVDC converters and synchronous generators’dy-namics using SSSA.However,the LCC-HVDC controllers are not modeled in detail(only current and extinction angle con-trollers are incorporated).In[5],a detailed linearized model of a point-to-point LCC-HVDC is presented,and SSSA is con-ducted using a sampled data modeling approach.However,the LCC-HVDC controllers and ac network are not represented in detail.In[6],small-signal stability analysis is used to design the controls of a point-to-point LCC-HVDC connected in parallel with an ac line to provide damping of sub-synchronous oscilla-tions.The state-space model is derived in detail including the dynamics of the network,the machine multi-mass shaft sys-tems,and the HVDC system.The authors of[1]also presented a linearized model for a hybrid system that includes compre-hensive dynamic models for point-to-point LCC-HVDC,ac net-work,and synchronous generators[7].The paper addresses the possibility of using small-signal stability analysis to investigate sub-synchronous oscillations damping in hybrid systems. Small-signal stability analysis has also been used in[8]to design the controllers of an LCC-HVDC connecting a wind farm based onfixed-speed induction generators.The results re-ported contain very high-frequency components due to the in-teraction between the HVDC converter controller and the wind farm network.In[9],a modeling platform to analyze conventional electro-mechanical oscillations and high-frequency interactions in hybrid networks,comprising an LCC-HVDC and the ac grid, using small-signal stability analysis is proposed.The linearized models of the dynamic devices and the network dynamics are combined together using Kirchhoff’s laws.Then,the resultant network dynamic models are combined with the admittance matrix of the rest of the network,using current injection models. The authors in[10]present the small-signal stability analysis of ac/dc systems with a novel discrete-time representation of a two-terminal LCC-HVDC based on multi-rate sampling.The complete state-space model of the ac/dc system incorporates suitable interfaces of the various subsystems involved.The synchronous machine and ac network use a common dq-axes reference frame.The ac and dc networks are interfaced using current injection relationships.0885-8950/$31.00©2012IEEEFig.1.Test system.In this paper,the authors present a detailed state-space model of a more elaborated4-terminal VSC-MTDC system connecting two offshore wind farms to an ac network.Small-signal stability analysis is carried out to define the ranges for the gains of the VSC controllers that ensure dynamic stability,and the results are confirmed via time-domain simulations in Matlab/Simulink. Also,a simple example to calculate the converter controller gains using root-locus is provided in the Appendix.The wind turbine generators are modeled asfixed-speed in-duction generators(FSIGs)to represent the worst-case scenario, in terms of wind turbine controllability.However,the model presented can also be used with variable-speed wind turbines such as doubly-fed induction generators(DFIGs),or fully-rated converter wind turbines(FRC-WTs),at the expense of increased modeling complexity due to the power electronic converters (and associated controllers)comprised in these type of wind turbines.II.G ENERIC T EST N ETWORKFig.1shows the network used in this research.It consists of four VSC stations connecting two offshore wind farms to the onshore grid(and).Each wind farm is rated at33kV,400MV A.The dc transmission voltage is300kV pole-to-pole(-bipolar).The length of the dc link ca-bles is150km,and the length of the auxiliary cables is5km. The onshore grid comprises conventional thermal generation aggregated and modeled by a synchronous generator,SG,with ratings of33kV,2400MV A.Due to the asynchronous con-nection,the offshore wind farms and the onshore network are treated as independent systems in the small-signal and transient stability analyses[3].III.S MALL-S IGNAL S TABILITY M ODEL D EVELOPMENT A.Assessment of Small-Signal StabilityThe most direct way to assess small-signal stability is via eigenvalue analysis of a model of the power system[11]–[14]. In this case,the“small-signal”disturbances are considered sufficiently small to permit the equations representing the system to be linearized and expressed in state-space form. Then,by calculating the eigenvalues of the linearized model, the“small-signal”stability characteristics of the system can be evaluated.The way in which system operating conditions and controllers’parameters influence dynamic performance can be demonstrated by observing the influence on the loci of the dominant eigenvalues,i.e.,the eigenvalues having the most significant influence on network dynamic performance.The linearized model of the test system in Fig.1is expressed in state-space form as[9],[15](1) where is the state vector,is the input vector,is the state matrix,and is the input or control matrix.The eigenvalues of the state matrix provide the necessary information about the small-signal stability of the system.The participation factor matrix formed from the left and right eigenvectors of matrix gives information about the relationship between the states and the modes.B.Grid-Side VSC Converter ModelFig.2shows the equivalent circuit of the grid-side converters and,which control the dc link voltage and the ac voltage at buses and,respectively.The dynamic equa-tions of these converters in the dq reference frame are(inverter operation)[8],[13],[14](2a)(2b)(3) where and are the total resistance and inductance between the VSC and the PCC;,are the voltages at the VSC ter-minals and PCC,respectively;is the dc voltage;and is the dc capacitor.Fig.2.One-phase of a VSC converter.After linearization of (2)and (3),the linearized model of the grid-side converter is(4a)(4b)(5)Fig.3shows the control system block diagram for both grid-side converters and .From Fig.3,the reference currents and are obtained from the dc voltage and ac voltage controllers (6)(7)where,,,and are the proportional and integral gains of the dc voltage and ac voltage controllers,respectively.The auxiliary variables and are used to represent the integral parts of these controllers.The voltages at buses ,,and (onshore grid),and their linearized forms are expressed as(8)(9)The linearized forms of (6)and (7)are(10a)(10b)Fig.3.Control system of the grid-side converters.From Fig.3,the VSC terminal voltage obtained from the current controllers,including the feed-forward terms,is expressed in dq coordinates as(11a)(11b)where and are the active and reactive current com-ponents;and are the proportional and integral gains of the current controller;and are auxiliary variables rep-resenting the integral parts of the controllers,whereand .After manipulation of the equations and change of variables,the final linearized differential equations of and are expressed as in (12)(the full matrix representation is provided in the Appendix):(12a)(12b)(12c)where the auxiliary variablesto introduced to represent the integral parts of the dc voltage,ac voltage and current con-trollers are(13a)(13b)(13c)(13d)C.Wind Farm-Side VSC Converter ModelThe linearized model of the wind farm-side convertersand in the dq coordinates are (recti fier operation)(14a)(14b)(14c)Fig.4.Control system of the wind farm-side converters.Fig.4shows the control system of the wind farm-side converters.Based on Fig.4,the reference currents,and ,ob-tained from the active power and ac voltage controllers (15a)(15b)whereare the ac voltage controllers’gains;represents the integral part of the ac voltage controllers.The final linear representation of each wind farm-side converter is(16a)(16b)Fig.5.Single-line diagram of the dc offshore network.(16c)(16d)(16e)(16f)The matrix form of (16)is given in the Appendix.D.DC Offshore NetworkThe dc network in Fig.1is represented by a set of quasi-steady-state equations,which are linearized as follow (the dc link voltages and currents are shown in Fig.5).The converter stations are based on simple two-level converter with common dc link capacitors,which attenuate high-frequency harmonics that may result from any transient in a similar manner as dc cable series inductance do:(17)Fig.6.Single-line diagram of the onshore network.E.Synchronous GeneratorThe synchronous generator in the onshore grid,SG,is mod-eled with a seventh-order model,including excitation and tur-bine-governor control [14],[16].F.Wind Farm Based on Fixed-Speed Induction Generator The offshore wind farms are assumed fixed-speed with fifth-order model induction generators.A detailed state-space model including the static capacitors is given in the Appendix [17],[18].Variable-speed wind turbines such as DFIG or FRC-WT can also be used,but at the expense of increased model com-plexity due to the power converters (and associated controllers),incorporated in these wind turbine generator technologies.G.Onshore NetworkThe onshore network in Fig.6is modeled using the impedance matrix (18)based on the matrix partitioning tech-nique (load buses are neglected).The current and voltage in each bus is referred to a common reference frame as described in [16],[19](18)where is the reduced impedance matrix.The voltage-current relationship is(19)The state-space representation of the onshore network is(20)where and are the currents and voltages in buses ,,and.R and X are the impedance matrix components.IV .F ORMULATION OF THE O VERALL L INEARIZED S YSTEM The complete state-space representation of the test system in Fig.1is formulated by combining the individual state-space models of the wind farms,offshore and onshore converters,dc network,onshore ac network,and synchronous generator,asshown by the block diagram in the Appendix.The dc currents and voltages in(17)are used to link the grid-side converters to the offshore converters.The synchronous generator and wind farms are linked to the converters using nodal theory.The com-plete state-space matrix has a dimension of5656.V.S MALL-S IGNAL S TABILITY A NALYSISThe small-signal stability of the test network is assessed using eigenvalue analysis.A base-case scenario is considered in order to provide a yardstick against which the influence of VSC con-trollers and network loading can be judged.The powerflow results for the base-case scenario are shown in Fig.1,and the eigenvalues associated with this case are given in Table I.As seen in Table I,all eigenvalues have negative real parts indicating a stable operating condition for the base-case sce-nario.The eigenvalues that dominate the transient response of the system are and.The participation factor matrix indicates that the synchronous generator states have a dominant effect on the complex pair(with time constant of26.3s, frequency of oscillation of1.65Hz,and0.004damping ratio). Therefore,any attempt to improve network damping must take these states into account.The participation factor matrix also indicates that the VSC states influence greatly the eigenvalues associated with super-synchronous oscillation modes to .Therefore,proper tuning of the VSC control parameters may result in fast damping of these oscillation modes.In addition,Table I shows that the complex pairs and (corresponding to fast transients,with frequencies of3169Hz, time constant of3.18ms,and0.016damping ratio)are damped out at a much faster rate.These modes are often caused by super-synchronous oscillations due to the interaction between adjacent converters,as reported in[20].For example,modes and are associated with oscil-lations of the dc voltage of the two grid-side convertersand and their effect on the direct-axis currents.Modes and are associated with the interaction between converters and,and and through their dc voltage and active current components.It is observed that modes and represent the interaction between the offshore converters and wind farms through their voltage con-trol loops and reactive current components.VI.I MPACT OF VSC C ONTROLS ON S MALL-S IGNAL S TABILITY The transient behavior of interconnected ac/dc systems is highly dependent on the characteristics of both synchronous generators and VSC converters and their rge synchronous generators have slow response during abnormal conditions due to their relatively large inertia,while VSC converters are fast-acting devices,which can respond within tens of milliseconds and influence the transient behavior sig-nificantly.Hence,during a disturbance,the transient behavior of the interconnected ac/dc system will mainly depend on the ability of the VSC converter controllers to damp out network oscillations,and to provide the necessary reactive power during the fault,allowing sufficient time for the synchronous machines to adjust their controllers to provide further support. This section investigates the suitable range for different VSC controllers’gains that ensures network stability(time-domainTABLE IE IGENV ALUES OF T EST S YSTEM FOR THE B ASE-C ASE SCENARIO simulations are also used to validate the results).To this aim,a line-to-ground fault with fault resistance isapplied at bus at with0.05s duration.A.Grid-Side VSC—Current Controller EffectThe effect of the proportional gain of the grid-side VSCs cur-rent controllers on system stability is investigated in this section.TABLE IIE FFECT OFOF THE G RID -S IDE VSC C URRENT CONTROLLERTABLE IIIE FFECT OFOF THE G RID -S IDE VSC C URRENT CONTROLLERFig.7.Active power output of for different values of and .It has been found that the range of that ensures system sta-bility over the entire operating range is between (0.6–35)with best responses obtained with .In Table II,three dif-ferent gains for the proportional gain (,1,and 10)are investigated.In this case,the pair has an oscilla-tion frequency of 211.3Hz with damping time of 0.002s and 0.345damping ratio when compared to 224Hz with damping time of 0.025s and 0.028damping ratio when .The system is unstable when .Table III shows the effect of the current controller integral gains on system stability.The small-signal stability analysis in-dicates that the system remains stable for any value ,with best responses obtained with .For example,the pair has an oscillation frequency of 3192Hz with damping time of 0.02s and 0.0025damping ratio when ,compared to 5048Hz with damping time of 0.02s and 0.0015damping ratio when .The system is unstable if is less than 10.Thetime-domain simulation in Fig.7validates the results ob-tained from the small-signal stability analysis when the line-to-Fig.8.Active power output of for different values of and .TABLE IVEFFECT OF V ARYINGOF THED C L INK V OLTAGE C ONTROLLERTABLE VEFFECT OF V ARYINGOF THED C L INK V OLTAGE C ONTROLLERground fault is applied at bus .From the participation factor matrix,it was found that the variations of in fluence the states associated with the active power control loops,while variations in affect those associated with the reactive power control loops,in both converters.B.DC Link Voltage Controller EffectIt is found that the dc voltage controller integral gains that ensure stable operation lay in the range .Table IV shows the oscillation frequency and damping time for selected eigenvalues for different values of.The best time-domain response isachieved with the integral gain ,where lower os-cillation frequencies and fast damping time are observed (see Fig.8).Table V shows the effect of the dc voltage controller propor-tional gain on system stability.It is established that large decreases the damping time.For example,when ,the damping time for the super frequency oscillations modesis 0.025s with 0.028damping ratio,while the damping time is 0.01s with 0.011damping ratio for and 0.063s withFig.9.Active power output of for different values of and .TABLE VIE FFECT OF CHANGINGOF G RID -S IDE C URRENT C ONTROLLERTABLE VIIE FFECT OF V ARYINGOF THE A C V OLTAGE CONTROLLER0.009damping ratio with .These results are also con-firmed by time-domain responses shown in Fig.8.C.AC Voltage Controller EffectThe small-signal stability analysis shows that the ac voltagecontroller proportional gainhas a wide operational range that ensures stable system as shown in Table VI.The best re-sponse is obtained with .It is noticeable that the pairhas an oscillation frequency of 224Hz,0.079s damping time,and 0.009damping ratio when compared to 220Hz,0.038s,and 0.019damping ratio for .Fig.9shows the time-domain simulation that validates the results ob-tained via small-signal stability analysis.Similarly,the best guess for the ac voltage controller integral gain,,for stable operation ranges between.The best damping response is achievedwith .With this gain,the pair oscillation frequency is 227Hz,0.02s damping time,and 0.35damping ratio compared to 225Hz and the 0.025s damping time and 0.028damping ratio with .The system becomes unstable with valuesof as shown in Table VII.The ac voltage controller integral gain corresponding to theFig.10.Active power at andduring three-phase fault at.(a)Activepower at .(B)Active power at .system breakpoint (the transition from stable to unstable)lays between 640and 650.The shaded cells of Table VII indicate eigenvalues and have positive real parts (instability).For further validation of the VSC gain limits obtained based on small-signal stability analysis,and to investigate the VSCs response during three-phase faults,a solid three-phase fault is applied at bus ,at time with a fault duration of 5cy-cles (for 50Hz).This scenario allows the robustness of VSCs controllers designs based on small-signal stability analysis to be assessed.Fig.10shows the power waveform at and .It can be seen that the system remains stable and returns to the pre-fault operating condition after the fault is cleared.This demonstrates the validity of the analysis presented in this paper.VII.C ONCLUSIONA detailed mathematical model for small-signal stability analysis of VSC-based multi-terminal dc transmission systems has been presented.The approach taken was to divide the system into smaller subsystems representing each of them by a state-space model.The individual state-space models were then integrated into a single model to give the overall representation of the network.The mathematical model developed was used to investigate the small-signal stability performance of the hybrid network utilizing the eigenvalues and the participating factors matrix.The limits for the VSC controllers’gains were established and validated using time-domain simulations under small perturbations.It was observed that using the small-signal stability model,it was possible to design improved controllers for the VSCs of the multi-terminal dc network,which ensure stable network operation and enhanced dynamic performance.Fig.11.Methodology used to obtain the complete state-space model of the test system.The modeling approach and analysis presented can be extended to larger systems with an arbitrary number of converters,syn-chronous machines,and wind farms.A PPENDIXThe complete state-space representation of the test system in Fig.1is obtained by combining the individual state-space models as shown in Fig.11.The dc currents and voltages in (17)are used to link the grid-side converters to the offshore-side converters,while the synchronous generator and wind farms are linked to the converters using current injection theory.The lin-earized models of individual subsystems are expressed in the form in the following subsections.A.Grid-Side Converters State-Space ModelSee the equation at the bottom of the next page.represents vector matrix of state variables;is the matrix that contains the interfacing variables that relate the onshore ac network and the dc network.B.Offshore Wind Farm-Side Converters State-Space Model See thefirst equation at the bottom of page1828.is the matrix that contains the offshore converter state variables;represents the vector matrix of interfacing variables that relate the converter to the offshore ac network and the dc network.C.Fixed-Speed Induction Generator[17],[18]See the second equation at the bottom of page1828.is a vector matrix of the state variable of thefixed-speed induction gen-erator;and are interfacing variables between the fixed speed induction generator and the offshore wind farm ac network;and is also an interfacing variable that relates generator mechanical input torque to mechanical output of the turbine.In this paper,is considered constant to reduce system complexity.D.Synchronous Machine State-Space Model[14]See the equation at the bottom of page1829.is the matrix that contains state variables;and are interfacing variables that relate the synchronous generator to the onshore ac network; and and also represent interfacing variables related to the synchronous machine controllers,mainly turbine and excitation systems.E.Converter Control System Design and Gains Selection The converter controller’s gains limits arefirst defined using eigenvalues analysis,and then gains which provide the best network dynamic performance are selected within these limits.The proposed approach uses the overall system linearized model(which involves56eigenvalues),making the use of root-locus for control design very complex (if possible at all).However,for demonstration purposes, in this Appendix,the control system of each converter station(using only the converter linearized model and its associated controllers)is designed using root-locus based on equations and transfer functions obtained from the linearized model of the converter(assuming a two-level voltage source converter):Current controller:Based on Fig.2,the linearized model of the converter ac side is(E1.1)(E1.2) where and.and are obtained from the proportional and inte-gral(PI)controllers as,and,whereand.After substitution in (E1.1)and(E1.2),and algebraic manipulations the following equations are obtained:(E2.1)(E2.2)(E2.3)(E2.4) After Laplace manipulation of the state-space equations (E2.1)–(E2.4),the following transfer function is obtained:(E3)With the parameters used in the paper:and ,the gains obtained from the root-locus analysis are ,,,and maximum overshoot of2.6%(these gains put the system closed-loop poles at and a zero at).These gains do not provide a satisfactory performance over all operating conditions when the converters are connected to the system under investi-gation.Thefinal gains obtained based on eigenvalue analysis of the overall system,when all possible interactions are taken into account,are,.dc voltage controller:From Fig.2and assuming a lossless converter,the converter dc-side dynamics can be expresses as(E4)1828IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS,VOL.27,NO.4,NOVEMBER2012 Using Taylor series with the higher-order terms neglected,thelinearized form of(E4)is obtained as(E5)Let andKALCON et al.:SMALL-SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-BASED DC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS1829and the variable be obtained from the dc voltage controller as and, then the linearized form of the differential equations that de-scribed the dc side,including dc voltage controller are(E6.1)(E6.2) After Laplace manipulation of equations(E6.1)and(E6.2),the transfer function for the dc voltage controller is(E7) Selection of the dc voltage controller gains can be accomplished in a similar way as that for the current controller using root-locus or frequency-domain techniques.Normally,the converter load angle(the angle of the converter terminal voltage relative to the voltage at the point of common coupling)is sufficiently small as the total impedance between the converter terminals and the point of common coupling must be kept small in order not to compromise the available dc voltage for reactive power com-pensation,and similarly .Therefore the reference current is obtained:,where and are normalized by.In the control system design,the authors rely on feed-forward terms of the current controller,which are introduced during the decoupling of from to improve system disturbance re-jection.However,the controllers’gains obtained from such de-signs are always subject to change when the converter is oper-ated in a complex power system.For this reason,the gains ob-tained from the control design are used only as a starting point; and thefinal values of the gains are selected as those that may produce the best performance taking into account all the system interactions.Gainfine-tuning is also employed in an attempt to establish the influence of voltage source converter gains and controllers on the overall network performance.A CKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors would like to thank NOWITECH for facilitating the interaction between the researchers and institutions involved in the preparation of this research paper.Dr.O.Anaya-Lara。
DC-DC converter and bi-directional DC-DC converter
专利名称:DC-DC converter and bi-directional DC-DCconverter and method of controlling thesame发明人:Matsukawa, Mitsuru,Kurio,Nobuhiro,Nakagaki, Hitoshi,Hasebe, Takaya申请号:EP02001712.5申请日:20020124公开号:EP1227571A3公开日:20040915专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图:摘要:A DC-DC converter has converter circuit portions 11 and 12, transformers Tr andT r, and rectifier circuit portions 21 and 22. Two sets of converter circuit portions 11 and 12 respectively include two pairs of switching elements Q to Q, and two pairs of switching elements Q to Q connected in full bridge configuration. series capacitors C and C are inserted and connected between the converter circuit portions 11 and 12 and the transformers Tr and Tr respectively. The switching phase of one switching element Q or Q is shifted by a 1/3n period from the switching phase of the other switching element Q or Q in the pair of switching elements. The switching phases of corresponding switching elements Q and Q in the converter circuit portions 11 and 12 are shifted by a 1/2n period from each other.申请人:Nissin Electric Co., Ltd.地址:47, Umezu Takase-cho, Ukyo-ku Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 615-8686 JP国籍:JP代理机构:Grünecker, Kinkeldey, Stockmair & Schwanhäusser Anwaltssozietät更多信息请下载全文后查看。
Fluke i310s AC DC Current Clamp 说明手册说明书
PN 2842344June 2007©2007 Fluke Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in China. ®i310sAC/DC Current ClampInstruction Sheet IntroductionThe i310s Current Clamp (“Clamp”) has been designed for usewith oscilloscopes and digital multimeters for accurate non-intrusive measurement of ac, dc and complex waveform currents. Using advanced Hall Effect technology, the Clamp canaccurately measure currents up to 450 A peak over thefrequency range of dc to 20 kHz. These features make it apowerful tool for use in inverters, switch mode power supplies, industrial controllers, automotive diagnostics, and other applications requiring current measurements and/or waveform analysis.SymbolsThe table below lists the symbols used on the Clamp and/or inthis manual.Symbol Description ~Do not dispose of this product as unsorted municipalwaste. Go to Fluke’s website for recycling information.W Important Information. See manual.X Hazardous Voltage. Risk of electric shock.T Double insulation.,Application around and removal from HAZARDOUSLIVE conductors is permissible.)Conforms to Canadian Standards Association.P Complies with the relevant European standards.;Conforms to Australian standards.Safety InstructionsPlease read this section carefully. It will make you familiar with the most important safety instructions for handling your product. In this instruction sheet, a Warning identifies conditions and actions that pose hazard(s) to the user. A Caution identifies conditions and actions that may damage the calibrator or the test instruments.WX WarningThe Clamp may only be used and handled byqualified personnel. To avoid personal injury, followthese precautions:•To avoid electric shock, use caution duringinstallation and use of this product; highvoltages and currents may be present in circuitunder test.•Do not use the Clamp if damaged. Alwaysconnect to display device before it is installedaround the conductor.•Always ensure the Clamp is removed from any live electric circuit, and leads are disconnectedbefore removing the battery cover.•Use the Clamp only as specified in theoperating instructions; otherwise the safetyfeatures may not protect you.•Adhere to local and national safety codes.Individual protective equipment must be usedto prevent the shock and arc blast injury wherehazardous live conductors are exposed.•Do not hold the Clamp anywhere beyond thetactile barrier.•Before each use, inspect the Clamp. Look for cracks or missing portions of the housing oroutput cable insulation. Also look for loose orweakened components. Pay particular attentionto the insulation surrounding the jaws.•Use caution when working with voltages above60 V dc, 30 V ac rms or 42 V ac peak. Suchvoltages pose a shock hazard.•Use of this equipment is designed to protectagainst transients in equipment in fixedequipment installations, such as distributionpanels, feeders and short branch circuits, andlighting systems in large buildings.•CAT III equipment is designed to protect against the transients in the equipment in fixedequipment installations, such as distributionpanels, feeders and short branch circuits, andthe lighting systems in large buildings.•Do not use Clamp in wet environments or in locations that hazardous gases exist. SpecificationsElectrical CharacteristicsAll accuracies stated at 23°C ± 1°C (73.4 °F ± 33.8 °F)Current Range 30 A and 300 A ac rms or ± 45 A and 450 A dcInrush Current 600 A ac rms MaxOutput Sensitivity 10 mV/A (30 A) 1 mV/A (300 A)Accuracy (30 A range) ± 1 % of reading ± 50 mA (300 A range) ± 1 % of reading ± 300 mA @25 °C, Bandwidth dc to 1 kHzBandwidth to MeetAccuracySpecification1 kHzPhase Shift below 1kHz< 2 degreesResolution ± 50 mA (30 A) ± 100 mA (300 A)Load impedance > 10 k Ω and ≤ 100 pFConductor PositionSensitivity± 1.5 % relative to center readingFrequency Range(small signal)DC to 20 kHz (-3 dB)TemperatureCoefficient± 0.01 % of reading / °CPower Supply 9 V Alkaline, NEDA 1604/PP3 IEC 6LR61Working Voltage 300 V ac rms or dcBattery Life 30 hours, low battery indicatorGeneral CharacteristicsMaximum ConductorSize19 mm (0.748 in) diameterOutput Cable and Connections Safety BNC connector supplied with safety 4 mm adapterOutput Zero Manual adjust via thumbwheelCable Length 2 metersOperating TemperatureRange-10 to +50 °C (14 to +122 °F)Storage TemperatureRange (with batteryremoved)-20 to +85 °C (-4 to +185 °F) Operating Humidity 15 % to 85 % (non-condensing) Weight 250 g (8.812 oz)Safety StandardsEN 61010-1: 2001EN 61010-2-032: 2002EN 61010-031: 2002300 V rms Category III, Pollution Degree 2Use of the Clamp on non-insulated conductors is limited to 300 V ac rms or dc and frequencies below 1 kHz.EMC StandardsEN 61236 :1998 +A1, A2, & A3Typical Performance Plotsevy01_4.epsTypical Frequency Responseevy02.epsTypical Frequency Responseevy03.epsTypical Accuracy CurveOperating InstructionsFigure 1. i310s AC/DC Current ClampWX WarningTo avoid injury, when using the Clamp, ensure thatyour fingers are behind the protective barrier asshown in Figure 1.Do not use the Clamp if any part, including the leadand connector(s), appears to be damaged or if amalfunction of the instrument is suspected.Switch OnSwitch the Clamp to the required current range, and check that the LED is lit. The LED starts flashing when the battery voltage is too low for normal operation and warns the user that it requires changing. This procedure is described below.Zero AdjustmentThe output zero offset voltage of the Clamp may change due to thermal shifts and other environmental conditions. To adjust the output voltage to zero, depress the thumbwheel and rotate. Ensure that the Clamp is away from the current carrying conductor whilst the adjustment is made.Current Measurement1.Switch on the Clamp to the required current range andcheck that the LED is lit.2.Connect the output lead to an oscilloscope, multimeter,or other measuring equipment.3.If necessary, adjust the Clamp output voltage to zero asdescribed in section Zero Adjustment.4.Clamp the jaw around the conductor ensuring a goodcontact between the closing faces of the jaws.5.Observe and take measurements as required. Positiveoutput indicates that the current flow is in the directionshown by the arrow on the Clamp.MaintenanceCleaningClean the case periodically by wiping it with a damp cloth and detergent. Do not use abrasive cleaners or solvents. Do not immerse the Clamp in liquids.Battery ReplacementWX WarningTo avoid personal injury, always ensure the Clampis removed from any live electric circuit, and leadsare disconnected before removing the battery cover.Never operate the Clamp without the battery coverfitted.The red LED will flash when the minimum operating voltage is approached. Refer to Figure 1. Use the following procedure:1.Unclamp from the conductor, turn it off using the On –Off switch and disconnect the output leads, fromexternal equipment.2.Loosen the captive screw that secures the batterycover. Lift the cover through 30° and pull it clear of theClamp body as shown in Figure 1. The battery is thenaccessible. Replace the battery and re-fit the batterycover and fasten the screw.NoteReplacement with other than the specified type ofbattery will invalidate the warranty.Fit only the type 9 V PP3 Alkaline (MN 1604).LIMITED WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY This Fluke product will be free from defects in material and workmanship for one year from the date of purchase. This warranty does not cover fuses, disposable batteries, or damage from accident, neglect, misuse, alteration, contamination, or abnormal conditions of operation or handling. Resellers are not authorized to extend any other warranty on Fluke’s behalf. To obtain service during the warranty period, contact your nearest Fluke authorized service center to obtain return authorization information, then send the product to that Service Center with a description of the problem.THIS WARRANTY IS YOUR ONLY REMEDY. NO OTHER WARRANTIES, SUCH AS FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. FLUKE IS NOT LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSSES, ARISING FROM ANY CAUSE OR THEORY. Since some states or countries do not allow the exclusion or limitation of an implied warranty or of incidental or consequential damages, this limitation of liability may not apply to you.Fluke CorporationP.O. Box 9090 Everett, WA 98206-9090 U.S.A. Fluke Europe B.V. P.O. Box 1186 5602 BD Eindhoven The Netherlands11/99。
DC-and-AC-Load-Line
Ref:080314HKN
EE3110 DC and AC Load Line
7
Q-Point (Static Operation Point)
• When a transistor does not have an ac input, it will have specific dc values of IC and VCE.
IC(sat) = VCC/(RC+RE)
• The ac load line of a given amplifier will not follow the
DC Load Line
plot of the dc load line.
IC
(mA)
VCE(off) = VCC
• This is due to the dc load of
• In other words, the ac load line will tell you the maximum possible peak-to-peak output voltage (Vpp ) from a given amplifier.
• This maximum Vpp is referred to as the compliance of the amplifier.
• When the Q-point is centered, IC and VCE can both make the maximum possible transitions above and below their initial dc values.
• When the Q-point is above the center on the load line, the input signal may cause the transistor to saturate. When this happens, a part of the output signal will be clipped off.
N2780A系列AC DC电流探头数据手册说明书
N2780A Series AC/DC Current ProbesA wide selection of current probes to meet your application's needsData Sheet• Various bandwidths: DC to 2 MHz, 10 MHz, 50 MHz, 100 MHz• DC and AC measurements• Superior 1% accuracy and high signal-to-noise ratio• Overload-protect function prevents probe damage from excessive input • Direct connection to high-impedance 1 MΩBNC input of oscilloscope • “Demagnetize” button to remove any residual magnetism that builds up in the magnetic core• External power supply (N2779A) lets you connect up to three N278xA current probes to a single power supplyCompatible with any oscilloscope with a high-impedance BNC input, the new N2780A Series current probes offer accurate and reliable solution for measuringDC and AC currents. Hybrid technology for AC and DC measurementsUsing hybrid technology that includes a Hall-effect sensor and an AC current transformer, the probes provide accurate measurement of DC or AC currents up to 500 Arms (for model N2780A) or DC–100 MHz (for model N2783A), without breaking into the circuit. Using split core construction, the probe easily clips on and off of a conductor.Wide range of applicationsThe current probes feature broad measurement ranges (up to 500 A), flat frequency response, low noise and low insertion loss that make the probes ideal for current measurements in areas such as measuring steady state or transient current of motor drives, switching power sup-plies, inverters, controllers, sensors, disk drives, LCD displays, elec-tronic ballasts and amplifiers. The high signal-to-noise ratio of theN2782A and N2783A makes them ideal for making low-level current measurements in milliampere ranges.Accurate current measurementA built-in DEMAG (demagnetize) function allows the removal of any residual magnetism that has built up in the magnetic core due to power on/off switching or excessive input current. In addition, voltage offset or temperature drift on the probe can be easily corrected by using thezero adjustment control.Figure 1 N2780A Series current probeswith N2779A power supplyFigure 2 N2783A, N2780A, N2781A and N2782A current probe (from left to right)2Figure 3 Frequency response of N2783AFigure 4 Continuous maximum input rating of N2783ACompatible OscilloscopesAny oscilloscope offering 1 MΩBNC input including Agilent 3000Series, 6000 Series, and Infiniium8000 Series oscilloscopes. Youmust select the input impedanceof the oscilloscope to be 1 MΩinorder to make accurate measure-ments. If the oscilloscope you areusing does not have a 1 MΩinputimpedance setting, you can pur-chase the Agilent E2697A 50Ωto1 MΩadapter.Ordering InformationN2780A2 MHz/500A AC/DC current probeN2781A10 MHz/150A AC/DC current probeN2782A50 MHz/30A AC/DC current probeN2783A100 MHz/30A AC/DC current probeN2779A3-channel power supply forN2780A Series current probes3For more information on AgilentTechnologies’ products, applications or services, please contact your local Agilent office. The complete list is available at:/find/contactus Phone or Fax United States:(tel) 800 829 4444(fax) 800 829 4433Canada:(tel) 877 894 4414(fax) 800 746 4866China:(tel) 800 810 0189(fax) 800 820 2816Europe:(tel) 31 20 547 2111Japan:(tel) (81) 426 56 7832(fax) (81) 426 56 7840Korea:(tel) (080) 769 0800(fax) (080) 769 0900Latin America:(tel) (305) 269 7500Taiwan :(tel) 0800 047 866 (fax) 0800 286 331Other Asia Pacific Countries:(tel) (65) 6375 8100 (fax) (65) 6755 0042Email:*****************Revised: February 5, 2007Product specifications and descriptions in this document subject to change without notice.© Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2007Printed in USA, April 3, 20075989-6432EN/find/emailupdates Get the latest information on the products and applications you select./find/quick Quickly choose and use your test equipment solutions with confidence./find/openAgilent Open simplifies the process of connecting and programming test systems to help engineers design, validate and manufacture electronic products. Agilent offers open connectivity for a broad range of system-ready instruments, open industry software, PC-standard I/O and globalsupport, which are combined to more easily integrate test system development.Microsoft ®and Windows ®are U.S. registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.Pentium ®is a U.S. registered trademark of Intel Corporation.Agilent Email UpdatesAgilent DirectAgilent OpenRemove all doubtOur repair and calibration services will get your equipment back to you, performing like new, when promised. You will get full value out of your Agilent equipment throughout its lifetime. Your equipment will be serviced by Agilent-trained technicians using the latest factorycalibration procedures, automated repair diagnostics and genuine parts. You will always have the utmost confidence in your measurements.Agilent offers a wide range of additional expert test and measurement services for your equipment, including initial start-up assistance onsite education and training,as well as design, system integration, and project management.For more information on repair and calibration services, go to/find/removealldoubt。
15A 精度调节电源PR15说明书
TAA-Compliant 15-Amp DC Power Supply,13.8VDC, Precision Regulated AC-to-DC ConversionMODEL NUMBER:PR15Provide precise DC power from an AC source with this compact and lightweight power supply. The PR15 efficiently converts 120 volts AC into 13.8 volts DC. It has a high power density that makes it ideal for a wide variety of applications, like 50 watt transmitters, VHF/UHF ham radios, low power linear amplifiers, test bench equipment, point-of-sale displays, and aquariums.DescriptionPrecision regulated DC power supplies are ideal for commercial/land-mobile, ham and CB radios, test bench supplies, base stations, tape players and amplifiers. Designed for years of reliable service and superior performance, they efficiently convert 120 volts AC into 13.8 volts DC (+/-0.5V). The Trim Line Series of DC power supplies offers a low-profile design with a footprint that matches the most popular radios on the market, such as Motorola, Radius, GE Monogram Series and EF Johnson models. Compliant with the Federal Trade Agreements Act (TAA) for GSA Schedule purchasesFeaturesSmaller footprint maximizes operating spaceqCrowbar overvoltage protection prevents damage to connected equipment due to overvoltagesqCurrent-limiting electronic foldback enables time-controlled automatic overcurrent protection in case of overloadqSolid state, integrated circuit maintains excellent regulation of output voltageqRegulated output voltage maintains up to 95% of no load valueqHigh quality filtering creates very low ripple/low noise operationqHeavy-duty power transformer provides complete isolation from noise on incoming AC powerqLarge heat sinks and vented cabinets supply cool operation for continuous use and long life of the unit qIlluminated on/off switchqConnectors: Hardwire terminals / Red positive (+), Black negative (-)qWorking Temperature Range: 0° C to 40° C (32° F to 104° F), 0 to 95% humidity, non-condensingq HighlightsSmaller footprint maximizesoperating spaceqCrowbar overvoltage protectionprevents damage to connectedequipment due to overvoltages qAutomatic time-controlledovercurrent protection in case of overloadqCompliant with the FederalTrade Agreements Act (TAA) for GSA Schedule purchaseqSpecificationsStorage Temperature Range: -15° C to 50° C (5° F to 122° F)q LED Indicators: Red LED indicates that DC output is being providedq© 2023 Eaton. All Rights Reserved.Eaton is a registered trademark. All other trademarksare the property of their respective owners.。
OMEGA 10-12W 单 双输出转换器数据表说明书
actual size.
AR TWORK/PRODUCT
AR T/ PRESSURE/P
- PSD/PSE
Dimensions: mm (inch)
63.50 (2.50) 30.48 (1.10)
3
4
5
82.55 (3.35) 81.28 (3.20)
0.040
U Wide Input Ranges U High Efficiency
To Order
Operating Temperature: -25 to 80°C (-13 to 176°F)
DC/DC Converter with Barrier Strip Style Connector
Model no.
PSD-5*
Input Range
Vdc
9 to 27
TYP 0.00 22.86 (0.90)
ACCESSORIES
3.81
(0.15)
The OMEGA® 10- and 12-watt,
DC/DC Converter with
single- and dual-output converters PC Card 22-Pin Connector
have extra-wide input ranges, allowing a single unit to operate
±12
±500
92.7 (3.65)
TOP VIEW 12345678
85.1 (3.35)
PSD-15D*
PSE-5 A PSE-12
9 to 27 12 to 36 12 to 36
±15 5 12
±400 2000 1000
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ABSTRACT
The “translation” of the SPICE capabilities into Modelica language would allow combining the best of each tool: the SPICE expertise at circuit analysis and the Modelica/Dymola expertise at object-oriented modelling and simulation of hybrid systems. This contribution intends to be a first step to achieve this goal. A reduced group of SPICE device models are translated into Modelica language for OP, AC and TRAN analyses. It includes passive components (resistor and capacitor), independent voltage and current sources, and the SPICE2 level1 n-channel MOSFET.
1. INTRODUCTION
The simulator SPICE is an essential computer-aid for circuit design. Originally, SPICE2 was conceived as a stand-alone, general purpose, analog circuit simulator. However, since the development of SPICE2 at the University of California in 1975, many commercial and freeware SPICE-compatible simulators have been developed for a variety of systems (UNIX, PC, etc). Most of these tools • run in connection with other simulation programs used in the circuit design flow, • support analog, digital and mixed analog/digital simulation, and • include improved device models, additional analyses and device model libraries. They provide some support to the multi-domain system simulation facilitating the analog behavioral modelling (ABM). Behavioral parts allow defining a circuit segment as a mathematical expression or a lookup table. PSpice (OrCAD, 1999) is a commercial, PC-version, SPICE-compatible simulator. PSpice ABM library includes math functions, limiters, Chebyshev filters, integrators, differentiators, etc. However, the SPICE-based simulators impose a hard restriction to ABM: the function continuity (OrCAD, 1999; Kielkowski, 1998). Device equations built into SPICE are continuous. For instance, voltage- or current-controlled switches are not ideal: they have a finite (very small) “on” resistance and (very large) “off” resistance. The switch resistance changes smoothly between the two
The Modelica Association 99
as its control voltage or current changes. Equally, the functions available for ABM are also continuous (for instance, the int function can not be implemented). The reason behind this requirement is the heavy use that SPICE numerical algorithms make of continuity (OrCAD, 1999; Kielkowski, 1998). In consequence, SPICE-based simulators are not suited for the simulation of hybrid models (i.e., combined continuous/discrete models) due to its inability to handle discrete events. On the contrary, general-purpose modelling languages are intended for the simulation of multidomain hybrid models. To this respect, the objectoriented modelling language Modelica (Modelica, 2000) is intended to serve as a standard format so that models arising in different domains can be exchanged between tools and users (Aström, Elmqvist and Mattsson, 1998). The “translation” of the SPICE capabilities (device models and analysis modes) into Modelica language is one of the Modelica library improvements that have been suggested (Clauss et al., 2000). It would allow combining the best of each tool: the SPICE expertise at circuit analysis and the Modelitise at object-oriented modelling and simulation of hybrid systems. This contribution intends to be a first step to achieve this goal. An important feature of SPICE device models is their variable-structure nature. A model is said to have a variable structure when its mathematical description changes during the simulation run. A different device model is formulated for each analysis mode:
Modelica 2002, March 18−19, 2002
DC, AC Small−Signal and Transient Analysis of Level 1 N−Channel MOSFET ...
Urquía A., Dormido S.
DC, AC Small−Signal and Transient Analysis of Level 1 N−Channel MOSFET ...
DC, AC Small-Signal and Transient Analysis of Level1 N-Channel MOSFET with Modelica
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