Chapter 13美国文学第二学期
美国文学(本杰明富兰克林)
American literatureChapter 1 The Embryo of American Literature1、Benjamin FranklinA Brief Introduction of Benjamin FranklinFranklin was one of the leading founding fathers of the United States of America. He was a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence and was one of its signatories(签名人)。
He also signed the Constitution of the United States, and served as the new nation’s ablest diplomat. Franklin was also unequaled in America as an inventor until Thomas Edison. He invented the Franklin stove(火炉，窖，温室)，bifocal eyeglasses and the lightning rod.※BiographyBenjamin Franklin was born on January 17,1706 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the youngest child ,and tenth boy of 17 children. Franklin’s formal schooling ended early but his education never did. He believed that “the door to wisdom are never shut,” and read every book he could get his hands on. Franklin taught himself simple algebra and geometry ,navigation, logic, history, science, English grammar and a working knowledge of five other languages.Franklin had a simple formula for success. He believed that successful people worked just a little harder than other people. Benjamin Franklin certainly did. He built a successful printing and publishing business in Philadelphia; he conducted scientific studies of electricity and made several important discoveries; he was an accomplished diplomat and statesman; he helped establish Pennsylvania’s first university and America’s first city hospital. He also organized the country’s first subscription library.Franklin had strong belief that good citizenship included an obligation of public service. Franklin himself served the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the new United States of America, in one way or the other, for most of his life. To Benjamin Franklin there was no greater purpose in life than to“live usefully.”※The Works·Poor Richard’s Almanac.1733·The Way to Wealth,1758·Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ，1791·Benjamin Franklin’s Thirteen Virtues1TEMPERANCE. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.2SIlENCE. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.3ORDER.Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.4RESOLUTION.Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.5FRUGALITY. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e.,waste nothing.6INDUSTRY.Lose no time;be always employeed in something useful; cut off all unneccessary actions.7. SINCERITY. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly.8. JUSTICE. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.9. MODERATION. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.10. CLEANLINESS. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes, or habitation.11. TRANQUILLITY. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.12. CHASTITY. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dulness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation.13. HUMILITY. Imitate Jesus and Socrates.※Selected ReadingToo Dear for the WhistleWhen I was a child of seven years old , my friends , on a holiday ,filled my pocket with coppers . I went at once to a shop where they sold toys for children . Being charmed with the sound of a whistle that I had seen by the way , in the hands of another boy , I handed over all my money for one . I then came home , went whistling all over house , much pleased with my whistle , but disturbing all my family .My brother and sister and cousins ,when I told of the bargain I had made,said I had given four times as much as the whistle was worth . They put me in mind of what good things I might have bought with the rest of the money, and laughed at me so much for my folly that I cried with vexation(n.苦恼，恼怒，令人烦恼的事) . Thinking about the matter gave me more chagrin than the whistle gave me pleasure.This , however , was afterwards of use to me , for the impression continued on my mind . so that often , when I was tempted to buy something I do not need . I said to myself . “Don't give too much for the whistle ,”and I saved my money . As I grew up , came into the world，and observed the actions of men . I thought I met with many ,very many ,who “gave too much for the whistle .”When I saw some man too eager for cout favour, wasting his time at court getherings ,giving up his rest , his liberty ,his virtue, and perhaps his friends ,for royal favour , I said to myself “This man gives too much for the whistle.”When I saw another fond of popularity , constantly taking part in political affairs ,neglecting his own business ,and ruining it by neglect , “He pays , indeed ,”said I , “too dear for his whistle .”If I knew a miser（守财奴，吝啬鬼）who gave up every kind of comfortable living , all the pleasure of doing good to others , all the esteem of his fellow citizens and the joys of friendship , for the sake of gathering and keeping wealth —“Poor man.”said I , “you pay too dear for your whistle .”When I met a man of pleasure , who did not try to improve his mind or his fortune but merely devoted himself to having a good time ,perhaps neglecting his health ,“Mistaken man,”said I , “you are providing pain for yourself , instead of pleasure ; you are paying too dear for your whistle .”If I saw someone fond of appearance of who had fine clothes , fine houses , fine furniture , fine earrings , all above his fortune , and for which he had run into debt ,and ends his career in a prison .“Alas,”said I , “he has paid dear , very dear , for his whistle . ”In short the miseries of mankind are largely due to their putting a false value on things —to giving “too much for their whistles”.。
Chapter 13 the US Literature
1.1.4 Benjamin Franklin He was a completely worldly man. His Poor Richard’s Almanac (《穷理查的年 鉴》) is both a literary achievement and a profitable business. His most famous work is his Autobiography （《自 传》）.
2.1.4 Nathaniel Hawthorne He was a pioneer in psychological description. His most famous novel is The Scarlet Letter (《红字》). His other works include The House of the Severn Gables (《有七个尖角阁楼的房子 》), The Blithedale Romance (《福谷传奇 》) and The Marble Faun (《大理石雕像 》).
One of his great contributions is that he made colloquial白话 speech an accepted, respectable medium in American literary. Some 20th-century writers such as Sherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemingway and T.S. Eliot acknowledge their indebtedness to Mark Twain.
III. The Realistic Period (18651900)
This period stressed truthful treatment of material. It expressed concern for the world of experience, for the commonplace, for the familiar and the low.
(完整版)美国文学课后答案
（完整版）美国文学课后答案1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography?Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed?His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother.3.How did he arrive in Philadephia?First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf.4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection?It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的).二、Questions1.How many characters does Poe include in The Cask of Amontillado? What are these names? Montresor, Fortunato and Luchesi2. What drink are the French most famous for?Wine3.Does Montresor have something of great value to him which we might consider to be his treasure? His pride and the pride of his French family heritage. Perhaps his devious plot of revenge.4.Does Montresor seem to have much respect for Italians?Montresor does not have much respect for Italians. He feels the French are superior, especially with respect to wine.5.What was Fortunato's insult?Poe does not tell us directly, but only implies it in the third paragraph6.Which wine does Montresor use to lure Fortunato into the catacombs?"Amontillado" (the Spanish wine; Montresor's ruse to lead Fortunato down into the catacombs.7.Why does Montresor entertain Fortunato with wines from his collection?Montresor wants to get Fortunato drunk enough to be able to trap him in his plan of vengeance.8.In what two ways does Montresor imprison Fortunato?He fetters (chains and locks) Fortunato to the wall of the catacombs.He builds a wall to close Fortunato off in a small corner of the catacombs, where Montresor will leave him to die.9.In what ways is The Cask of Amontillado grotesque? First, which of Montresor's actions are abnormal? The whole obsessive plot of vengeance.The fettering and entombment of Fortunato.Montresor's sick sense of humor.10.Is there anything grotesque about Fortunato?His obsession with alcohol.His drunkenness.His tendency to berate Luchesi (he may have been drunk and may have insulted Montresor in a similarHis manic laughter.Questions1.Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?Montresor.Fortunato,one of wine experts insulted him, so he wanted to murder him.2.What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar?He baits Fortunato by telling him he has obtained what he believes to be a cask of Amontillado a rare and valuable sherry wine.Fortunato is anxious to determine whether or not it is truly Amontillado, so he goes to the vault with Montresor.3.What happens to Fortunato in the end?He was walled up alive behind bricks in a wine cellar.4.Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Fortunato as contrasts?Poe uses color imagery to characterize them. Montresor face is covered in a black silk mask, In contrast, Fortunato dresses the motley-colored costume of the court fool, who gets literally and tragically fooled by Montresor's masked motives.The color schemes here represent the irony of Fortunato's death sentence.Through the acts, words, and thoughts of Fortunato,we know He is greedy, he was lured into the dark and somber vaults just because a cask of Amontillado.This is also due to his bad habit of bibulosity(酗酒）. He losthimself on hearing the wine.At the same time, he was cheated by his enemy, which reflected his ignorance.When he heard the pretended compliment from Montresor, he became very boastful and arrogant.He was easily confused by the superficial phenomena and failed to watch out for others. He couldn’t tolerate that others were stronger than him.For example, Montresor always stimulated him with Luchresi who was good at connoisseur（鉴赏）in wine. Under the impulse of vanity, he fell into Montresor’s terrible trap.In fact, he was careless and foolish and didn’t find that the danger was approaching him.He looked down upon Montresor and others.He didn’t realize his foolishness until the death was coming.Talking from the appearance, Monstresor was a well-educated and “kind” businessman.He enjoyed the honor and respect in the city. But in fact, he was an evil and awful person.His inner feelings were so cruel that they even made people tremble.Under his rich appearance was the dirty soul and despicable character.We couldn’t see any glorious virtues in his mind. Instead, his heart was cold and dark.It was the revenge that threw Montresor into the deep evil valley.红字Questions :1.Why is the prison the setting of Chapter 1 ?No matter how optimistic the founders of new colonies may be, they are quick to establish a prison and a cemetery in their“Utopia,” for they know that misbehavior, evil, and death are unavoidable.This belief fits into the larger Puritan doctrine, which puts heavy emphasis on the idea of original sin—the notion that all people are born sinners because of the initial transgressions of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. he is therefore using the prison building to represent the crime and the punishment which are aspect of civilized lifeWhat is the implication of the description of the roses?The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man's activities.The narrator suggests that roses offer a reminder of Nature's kindness to the condemned; for his tale, he says, it will provide either a “sweet moral blossom” or else some relief in the face of unrelenting sorrow and gloom.2.Describe the appearance of Hester Prynne and the attitude of the people towards her.The second paragraph on page 30.The crowd in front of the jail is a mixture of men and women, all maintaining severe looks of disapproval. Several of the women begin to discuss Hester Prynne, and they soon vow that Hester would not have received such a light sentence for her crime if they had been the judges.One woman, the ugliest of the group, goes so far as to advocate death for Hester.3.What has happened to Hester?As a young woman, Hester married an elderly scholar, Chillingworth, who sent her ahead to America to live.While waiting for him, she had an affair with a Puritan minister named Dimmesdale, after which she gave birth to Pearl.The scarlet letter is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy.Why does she make the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate?It seems to declare that she is proud, rather than ashamed, of her sin.In reality, however, Hester simply accepts the “sin” a nd its symbol as part of herself, just as she accepts her child.And although she can hardly believe her present “realities,” she takes them as they are rather than resisting them or trying to atone for them.How does this tell us about her character?Throughout The Scarlet Letter Hester is portrayed as an intelligent, capable. It is the extraordinary circumstances shaping her that make her such an important figure.白鲸Questions1.What are the stories Ismael tells about Moby Dick?Ishmael compares the legend of Moby Dick to his experience of the whale.He notes that sperm whale attacks have increased recently and that superstitious sailors have come to regard these attacks as having an intelligent, even supernatural origin.In particular, wild rumors about Moby Dick circulate among whalemen, suggesting that he can be in more than one place at the same time and that he is immortal. Ishmael remarks that even the wildest of rumors usually contains some truth.Whales, for instance, have been known to travel with remarkable speed from the Atlantic to the Pacific; thus, it is possible for a whale to be caught in the Pacific with the harpoons of a Greenland ship in it. Moby Dick, who has defied capturenumerous times, exhibits an “intelligent malignity”（狠毒）in his attacks on men2.Why does Ahab react so violently against the white whale?First, he lost one of his legs because of the white whale.Second,He considers Moby Dick the embodiment of evil in the world, and he pursues the White Whale，because he believes it his inescapable fate to destroy this evil.Ishmael suggests that Ahab is “crazy”and call him “a raving lunatic.” Do you agree with him? Why or why not?Ishmael describes Ahab as mad in his narration, and it does indeed seem mad to try to fight the forces of nature or God.3.What narrative features can you find in the selected chapter?In the selected charpter, Melville employed the technique of multiple view of his narrative to portray Moby Dick to achieve the effect of ambiguity and let readers judge the meaning.瓦尔登Questions1.Where indeed did Thoreau live, both at a physical level and at a spiritual level?He lived in a cabin on Walden Pond, which belonged to Emerson’s property.2.Had Thoreau ever bought a farm? Why did he enjoy the act of buying?No, he hadn’t.He avoided purchasing a farm because it would inevitably tie him down financially and complicate his life. Thoreau didn’t see the acquisition of wealth as the goal for human existence, he saw the goal of life to be an exploration of the mind and of the magnificent world around us.He regarded the places as an existence free of obligations and full of leisure.3.Is it significant that Thoreau mentioned the Fourth of July as the day on which he began to stay in the woods? Why?Yes, it is.Because The Fourth of July is known as Independence Day,the birthday ot the United States.Here Thoreau uses the day to express his beginning of regeneration at Walden.It also means a symbol of his conquest of being.4.How could you answer the question Thoreau asked at the end of this selection?三、。
《美国文学选读》第二版
《美国文学选读》第二版Selected Reading in American Literature内容简介：《美国文学选读》第二版(Selected Reading in American Literature)是高等院校英语专业教材，也可供师范校、教育学院、广播电视大学及社会上英语自学者学习使用。
本书以20世纪美国重要作家的作品为主，同时收有l8、19世纪的经典作家的作品，在体裁上兼顾小说、诗歌、戏剧与散文。
本书的序言简要介绍美国文学发展的历史、各阶段重要的文学流派及代表性作家与作品。
文部分共26个单元，每单元包括“作者简介”、“赏析”、“选文”、“注释”和“问题”等五个方面。
如果选文为长篇作的选段，每一单元后面还附有该作家的一些箴言名句。
目录：Unit 1Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)The Autobiography (Excerpt)Unit 2Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)The Cask of AmontilladoUnit 3Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)Self-Reliance (Excerpt)Unit 4Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)The Scarlet Letter-- Chapter 2Unit 5Herman Melville (1819-1891)Moby Dick -- Chapter 41Unit 6Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) Walden -- Chapter 2 (Excerpt)Unit 719th-Century American PoetsHenry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807- 1882) Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)Walt Whitman (1819-1892)Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)Unit 8Mark Twain (1835-1910)The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County Unit 9Henry James (1843-1916)The Jolly CornerUnit 10 Stephen Crane (1871-1900)The Open BoatUnit 11 Willa Cather (1873-1947)Miss JewettUnit 12 Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941)The Triumph of the EggUnit 13 Katherine Anne Porter (1890-1980)The Jilting of Granny Weatherall 143Unit 14 F.Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)The Great Gatsby -- Chapter 9Unit 15 William Faulkner (1897-1962)Barn BurningUnit 16 Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)A Clean, Well-Lighted PlaceUnit 1720th-Century American Poets (I)Ezra Pound (1885-1972)Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)William Carlos Williams (1883-1963)Robert Frost (1874-1963)Langston Hughes (1902-1967)Archibald MacLeish (1892-1982)Unit 18Eugene Glastone O'Neill (1888-1953) Desire Under the Elms -- Scene IVUnit 19 Elwyn Brooks White (1899-1985)Once More to the LakeUnit 20Tennessee Williams (1911-1983)A Streetcar Named DesireUnit 21Ralph Waldo Ellison (1914-1994) Invisible Man -- ChapterUnit 2220th-Century American Poets (II)Robert Lowell (1917-1977) Elizabeth Bishop (1911-1979) ……Unit 23Arthur Miller(1915- ) Unit 24Saul Bellow(1915-2005) Unit 25 Joseph Heller(1923-1999) Unit 26 Toni Morrison(1931- )。
概况美国文学浪漫主义诗歌chapter13.2.2
惠特曼（1819-1892），
1855年《草叶集》的第1版问 世,共收诗12首，最后出第9版 时共收诗383首，其中最长的 一首《自己之歌》共 1,336行。 这首诗的内容几乎包括了作者 毕生的主要思想，是作者最重 要的诗歌之一。惠特曼诗歌的 艺术风格和传统的诗体大不相 同。他一生热爱意大利歌剧、 演讲术和大海的滔滔浪声。西 方学者指出这是惠特曼诗歌的 音律的主要来源。他的诗歌从 语言和题材上深刻地影响了二 十世纪的美国诗歌。
• because of the failure of her love affairs, she began to isolate herself from others and lived a solitary life. • The only contact she had with family was in whimsical, epigrammatic letters. • She often lowered snacks and treats in baskets to neighborhood children from her window, careful never to let them see her face. • She almost always wore white. • Dickinson seldom left her house and visitors were scarce. • All through her life, she did not get married and lived a very quiet, lonely life in a village.
Walt Whitman(华尔特· 惠特曼)
Emily Dickinson(爱米莉· 迪金森)
外研社美国文学史及选读(第三版)(第二册)教学课件0 Part V-Introduction
Waste Land, the most significant American poem of the 20th century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.
ICnhatprtoerd3uction
American society. Early in the century Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot published works that would change the nature of American poetry, but their impact (and that of other modernist writers) on the general reading public was slight. The genteel tradition and popular romanticism still dominated the nation’s literary tastes.
Toni Morrison
Major Works
The Bluest Eye (1970)
Sula (1973) Song of Solomon (1977) Tar Baby (1981) Beloved (1987)
Song of Solomon (2部15章)
Brief introduction
Hero:Milkman Friend:Guitar Aunt:Pilate Why would he try to kill me before I got it or even found out what happened to it? (p835) And the skin of shame that he had rinsed away in the bathwater after having stolen from Pilate returned. But now it was as thick and as tight as a caul. (p848 para3)
1989 MLA Commonwealth Award in Literature 1993 Nobel Prize for Literature 1993 Commander of the Arts and Letters, Paris 1994 Condorcet Medal, Paris 1994 Pearl Buck Award 1994 Rhegium Julii Prize for Literature 1996 Jefferson Lecture 1996 National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters 2000 National Humanities Medal 2002 100 Greatest African Americans, list by Molefi Kete Asante 2005 Honorary Doctorate of Letters from Oxford University 2009 Norman Mailer Prize, Lifetime Achievement 2010 Officier de la Lé gion d'Honneur 2011 Honorary Doctor of Letters at Rutgers University Graduation Commencement 2011 Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of Geneva 2012 Presidential Medal of Freedom 2013 The Nichols-Chancellor's Medal awarded by Vanderbilt University
美国文学史chaptertwo(sectionI)
Major Writers and Literary Works
--- several names attached to Irving (1) the first American writer who gained international fame (2) started short story as a literary genre (3) father of American literature
• Characteristics of Romanticism • 1. subjectivity • (1) feeling and emotions, finding truth • (2) emphasis on imagination • (3) emphasis on individualism –
(Rousseau: French Philosopher)
American Romanticism
• Background • (1) Political background • a. economic boom • b. calling for culture independence • c. eagerness in literary expression • (2) Romantic movement in European
• Major work:
• The Sketch Book , including his best-known short stories The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle
countries
Features
• (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience” and blended with “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.
《美国文学》课件十三
The Plot of The Fall of the House of Usher
• The story begins with the unnamed narrator arriving at the house of his friend, Roderick Usher, having received a letter from him in a distant part of the country complaining of an illness and asking for his help. Although Poe wrote this short story before the invention of modern psychological science, Roderick's condition can be described according to its terminology.
The Plot
• The bedroom door is then blown open to reveal Madeline standing there. She falls on her brother, and both land on the floor as corpses. The narrator then flees the house, and, as he does so, notices a flash of light causing him to look back upon the House of Usher, in time to watch it break in two, the fragments sinking into the tarn.
《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南
《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南时间：2011年2月使用教材：《美国文学史》（第二版）常耀信著Chapter 1 Colonial America★1607 Jamestown, Virginia：the first permanent English settlement in America★1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts: the second permanent English settlement in America★Captain John Smith: the first American writer writing in English★Anne Bradstreet: the first American woman poetMajor work: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)Contemplations (9) on P. 17 （熟悉这首诗歌）To My Dear and Loving Husband《致我亲爱的丈夫》★Philis Wheatley: the first black woman poet in American literature★Edward Taylor: the most famous poet in the colonial periodHuswifery on P. 19 （熟悉这首诗歌）★Roger Williams: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience (1644)Translated the Bible into the Indian tongue★John Winthrop: “Model of Christian Charity”（〈基督慈善之典范〉）The History of New England (two volumes, 1825, 1826)(〈新英格兰史〉) 1630 --- 1649 in diary★Thomas Paine: Common Sense, The American Crisis, The Rights of Man, The Age of Reason★Philip Freneau: Poet of the American RevolutionThe Wild Honeysuckle, The Indian Burying Ground, The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi★Charles Brockden Brown: the first important American novelistWieland, Edgar Huntly, Ormond, Aurthur MervynChapter 2 Edwards, Franklin, Crevecoeurthe 18th century: Age of Reason and EnlightenmentJonathan Edwards: America’s first systematic ph ilosopherThe Freedom of the Will, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac熟悉37页的引文Hector St. John de Crevecoeur: Letters from an American FarmerChapter 3 American Romanticism, Irving, CooperWashington Irving: the first American writer to win international acclaimThe Sketch Book: Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy HollowJames Fenimore Cooper: Leatherstocking Tales (五个故事的题目)Natty Bumpo (人物形象)Chapter 4 New England Transcendentalism, Emerson, ThoreauRalph Waldo Emerson: Nature (the Bible and manifesto of New England Transcendentalism)The American Scholar (America’s Declaration of IntellectualIndependence)Henry David Thoreau: Walden, or Life in the WoodsChapter 5 Hawthorne, MelvilleNathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter, Twice-Told Tales, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun, Young Goodman BrownHerman Melville: Moby Dick, Omoo, Mardi, Redburn, White Jacket, PierreChapter 6 Whitman, DickinsonWalt Whitman: Leaves of Grass; free verse; Song of MyselfEmily Dickinson: Of the 1775 poems, only 7 poems were published in her lifetime.熟悉教材中98至102页所选的诗歌Chapter 7 Edgar Allan Poe★Edgar Allan Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition, The Poetic Principle, The Raven，To Helen熟悉教材中107页所选的The Raven中的部分诗行Chapter 8 The Age of Realism, Howells, JamesWilliam Dean Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham, Criticism and FictionHenry James: important writings listed on P. 125the international themeChapter 9 Local Colorism, Mark TwainHamlin Garland: Crumbling Idols, Veritism (真实主义)Bret Harte: The Luck of Roaring CampMark Twain: 主要作品, vernacular literature, colloquial styleHarriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人& her Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Louisa May Alcott 路易莎·梅·奥尔科特& her Little Women 《小妇人》Kate Chopin 凯特·肖班& her The Awakening 《觉醒》Chapter 10 American Naturalism, Crane, Norris, Dreiser, RobinsonStephen Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (the first naturalistic novel in American literature), The Red Badge of Courage (the first anti-war novel in American literature),Famous short stories: The Open Boat, The Bride Comes to the Yellow SkyFrank Norris: The Octopus, McTeagueTheodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie, Jennie Gerhardt, the Desire Trilogy, The GeniusEdwin Arlington Robinson: Richard CoryJack London: The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea Wolf, Martin EdenO. Henry (William Sidney Porter): famous for his short stories such as The Gift of the Magi Upton Sinclair: The Jungle, the Muckraking MovementChapter 11 The 1920s, Imagism, PoundThe first American Renaissance: the first half of the 19th centuryThe second Renaissance: the 1920sThe three principles of the Imagist Poetry熟悉四首意象派诗歌：In a Station of the Metro, Oread, The Red Wheelbarrow, Fog, 并会分析其中的第一和第四首Ezra Pound: The Cantos, Hugh Selwyn MauberleyChapter 12 T. S. Eliot, Stevens, WilliamsT. S. Eliot: The Waste Land （五个部分的题目）, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock其他主要作品founder of New Criticism: depersonalization, objective correlativeWilliam Carlos Williams: PatersonChapter 13 Frost, Sandburg, Cummings, Hart Crane, Moore★Robert Frost: New England poet, lyrical poet, the unofficial poet laureate, won the Pulitzer Prize four timesThe Road Not Taken (熟悉此诗), Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Mending Wall, Apple-picking <<摘苹果>>Carl Sandburg: Fog, The Harbor (two famous Imagist poems)E. E. Cummings: the most interesting experimentalist in modern American poetryHart Crane: The BridgeChapter 14 Fitzgerald, Hemingway★F. Scott Fitzgerald: the spokesman of the Jazz AgeThe Great GatsbyErnest H emingway: Hemingway hero with “grace under pressure”, the iceberg principle“I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show. ”冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为它只有八分之一在水面上。
美国文学史及选读Chapter 13 Williams Frost Sandburg Cummings[1]
![美国文学史及选读Chapter 13 Williams Frost Sandburg Cummings[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/abc612746c175f0e7cd137b5.png)
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A Witness Tree 1942
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Robert Frost (1874-1963)
Features of his poem: Full of wit and wisdom, peace and
harmony, serenity and enjoyment.
Order: In “Birches” he reveals his concern for order
and admits that when he feels “weary of considerations” and “life is too much like a pathless wood”, he would like to get away from the earth for a while, going back to be a swinger, and wishes that fate would willfully misunderstand him and snatch him away not to return. “The Wood Pile” is likewise a metaphor for order.
The Road Not Taken
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;
美国文学第13章Frost,sandburg,cummings,crane)
• Frost was not inclined to take sides when confronted by paradoxes of life. He seemed universally calm and controlled, standing in the middle of the road viewing good and evil, beautiful and ugly. He did not stoop to answer, to explain, leaving conclusions to be drawn by the reader, or even, by future time.
• Two volumes—A Boy’s Will, named for one of Longfellow’s best poems, and North of Boston---were published in 1913and 1914 and were well enough received to create favorable repercussions (echo) in the US.
•
2. Features of Twain’s Works Part II: Features of Frost’s He uses old forms in new ways. He Poetry
rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new.” He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.
美国文学chapter-13
2021/4/9
1
The Major writers
Eudora Welty (1909-2001)
Eudora Welty was born in Jackson, Mississippi. As the title of her most recent book suggests, One Writer’s Beginnings (1983) describes the significant roles played by her family and home in shaping Welty’s artistic sensibility. Her formal education included attendance at Mississippi State College for Women, the University of Wisconsin, and the Columbia University School of Business.
文学史Chapter 13
Chapter 13Williams. Frost . Sandburg . CummingsWilliams Carlos Williams (卡洛斯.威廉斯)He worked all his life as a physician in America and loves and remains faithful to the world of reality and things.Williams is noted for his fidelity to the facts of life. He feels strongly that poetry must be grounded in everyday experience and in the speech of the common man. It must use the common meters of living speech. It must rid itself of all encrustation and ornamentation, and include the rough, the ugly, and the commonplace.Famous poem:Paterson (帕特生)1.An unusual poem. “Paterson” is the name of both a town and adoctor in the town. It describes the pastoral of Paterson of early days,and displays his intense love for his homeland.2.In technique, it faithfully reproduces the quiet, serene rhythm of lifein its natural flow. The form of the poem is highly flexible toaccommodate the variety of themes.The Red Wheelbarrow (红色手推车) read p.225多有意思瞧那辆红色的手推车浇淋着雨水闪闪发亮在一群白色的雏鸡旁。
美国文学大纲
苏州科技学院外国语学院___美国文学史___(课程名称)课程考试大纲一、课程性质与特点美国文学史为“英语”和“英语（师范）”专业任意选修课，属于考查课，共24学时，1.5学分。
本课程涵盖美国文学史上从殖民地时期、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义、后现代主义至当代各个时期重要的文学思潮、流派及其发生的社会、文化、哲学背景以及各个时期重要作家的代表性作品。
本课程所讲授的知识是英语专业本科生知识结构不可或缺的一部分，是英语专业学生人文素养必要的组成成分，也是英语专业八级考试“人文知识”部分考核的内容之一。
鉴于本课程学时短，内容多，本课程的特点是以史为经，以作家作品为纬，详讲浪漫主义、现实主义和现代主义部分，略讲其它部分。
二、课程目标与基本要求学生在学习本课程后应该对美国文学史上殖民地时期、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义、后现代主义至当代各个时期重要的文学思潮、流派及其发生的社会、文化、哲学背景以及各个时期重要作家的代表性作品有个宏观的了解，能解释相关的名词，熟悉各个时期的主要特点和重要作家及其重要作品，并能结合文学外在与内在因素对文学作品做出初步评论。
三、教材及主要参考书教材：童明：《美国文学史》[增订版] ( A History of American Literature, Revised and expanded edition).北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2010.主要参考书：常耀信：《美国文学简史》[第二版](A Survey of American Literature,2nd edition).天津：南开大学出版社，2003.四、考核内容与考核目标Part 1Early American Literature: Colonial Period to 1815Chapter 1 The literature of the New World1. “discoverer” of America: Christopher Columbus, 1492; Amerigo Vespucci ( Hence“America”,1507 world map) （识记，次重点）2.Native (Indian) American Oral literature: origin stories, trickster tales , historical narratives (理解，次重点)Chapter 2The Literature of Colonial America: 1620-17633. Jamestown: first English settlement in North America（识记，重点）5. Captain John Smith: First author in the history of American literature (about Jamestown) （识记，一般）6.William Bradford: Father of American history, author of Of Plymouth Plantation（识记，一般）7. In 1620, the Bradford party sailed on the Mayflower and came to Cape Cod, Massachusetts.（识记，次重点）8. Anne Bradstreet: the first poetess in the colonial period: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up inAmerica（识记，一般）9.Jonathan Edwards: the great thinker of the “Great Awakening” （识记，一般）Chapter 3 Literature and American Revolution:1764—181510. American Puritanism (重点，理解)11. The 18th century, in America, as in Europe, is known as the Age of Reason and Enlightenment.（识记，次重点）12. Enlightenment in America （理解，次重点）13. Deism and Unitarianism（理解，一般）14. Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanacs; Autobiography（理解，重点）15.Thomas Paine: Common Sense; The American Crisis; The Rights of Man（识记，重点）16. Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of Independence（理解，重点）17. Alexander Hamilton: The Federalist Papers (co-author) （识记，一般）18. Philip Freneau: the poet of “American Revolution”: The Wild Honey Suckle, The IndianBurying Ground（识记，重点）Part 2American Romanticism 1815—1865Chapter 4The Age of American Romanticism1.definition and characteristics of American Romanticism （应用，重点）2.First flowering of American literature（识记，次重点）Chapter 5Early Romanticism1.The three early romanticists: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William CullenBryant （识记，重点）3.Washington Irving: The Sketch Book, in which two of Irving’s best known stories“Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” are included（理解，重点）; A History of New York（识记，一般）; A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus（识记，一般）4.James Fenimore Cooper: The Leather-stocking Tales ( The Pioneers, The Last ofthe Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer), the mythic hero of this series is Natty Bumppo (理解，重点)5.William Cullen Bryant: Poems : Thanatopsis (meaning meditation on death); Toa Waterfowl (about Nature’s power) (识记，次重点)Chapter 6Transcendentalism and Symbolic Representation1.The Transcendental Club: 1) published 16 issues of The Dial; 2) establishedBrook Farm, a utopian community （识记，一般）2.Transcendentalism as a philosophy （应用，重点）3.Ralph Waldo Emerson:1)the leading spokesman for Transcendentalism(识记，重点).2)Nature: “the manifesto of American transcendentalism” (理解，重点).;3)Essays (First serirs,1941, Second series,1844): “The Over-soul”,“Compensation”, Self- Reliance ( from which comes the idea “Trust thyself’);“The Poet”.（识记，一般）4)Representative Men（识记，一般）5)Address: “The American Scholar”( called America’s “ intellectualDeclaration of Independence”); “Divinity School Address”. (识记，次重点)6)His poetry（识记，一般）7)His style（识记，一般）4.Margret Fuller: first editor of The Dial, author of Woman in the NineteenthCentury (advocating for women’s rights) （识记，一般）5.Henry David Thoreau:1)today primary remembered for two of his works: Walden and the essay “CivilDisobedience”. (识记，重点)2)Nature and Implications of Thoreau’s revolt as revealed in Walden and“Civil Disobedience”（理解，重点）3)Thoreau’s style: thinking in imagery （理解，一般）Chapter 7Hawthorne, Melville and Poe1.Hawthorne, Melville and Poe are masters of “negative capability”. （理解，重点）2. Nathaniel Hawthorne1)Hawthorne’s moral vision（理解，次重点）2)Hawthorne’s themes: sin and evil, internal contradiction, male withdrawalfrom marriage（识记，重点）3)Hawthorne’s style: 1) elevated in diction and restrained in rhetoric, thusgraceful and polished; 2) allegory and symbol; 3) irony and ambiguity（识记，重点）4)Novels: Scarlet Letter （应用，重点）; The House of Seven Gables（识记，一般）; The Blithedale Romance（识记，一般）; The Marble Faun（识记，一般）5)Short stories: Young Goodman Brown; The Minister’s Black Veil; MajorMolineux; Rappcinni’s Daughter; The Birthmark（识记，一般）3.Herman Melville1)His major works: Moby Dick（应用，重点）2)Other works: Typee; Omoo; Mardi; Redburn（识记，一般）; Billy Budd（理解，次重点）4.Edgar Allen Poe1)Father of American detective stories（识记，重点）;2)His only novel: Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym（识记，一般）3)Gothic fiction: E.g. The Fall of the House of Usher（识记，一般）;4)Short stories: Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque（识记，一般）5)Theme of his poems: Beauty associated with sadness (melancholy)（应用，重点）. E.g. The Raven; To Helen; Ulalume; Annabel Lee（识记，一般）Chapter 8Whitman and Dickinson1.Walt Whitman1) free verse （理解，重点）2) Collected poems: Leaves of Grass（识记，重点）E.g.Song of Myself (celebrating the Self and Individualism) （理解，重点）O Captain! My Captain! (in mourning of Lincoln) （识记，次重点）2. Emily Dickinson; wrote nearly 2000poems,but fewer than 20 were published1) Recluse of Amherst（识记，重点）2) Themes of her poems: individualism and spirituality; suffering, dying and death（识记，次重点）3) style: short words and phrases separated and joined by dashes. （识记，一般）Chapter 9A House Divided: Writing Against Slavery1. Harriet Beecher Stowe (Lincoln called her “the little lady who made this big war), author ofUncle Tom’s Cabin (1851-1852) （理解，重点）2. Frederick Douglass: Narrative of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845) （识记，次重点）3. Harriet Ann Jacobs : Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) （识记，一般）Part 3American Realism 1865—1914Chapter10The Age of Realism1. subdivided into two periods: the period of an expanding continental nation from 1865 till the1890s and the “progressive period” from the 1890s to 1914. （识记，一般）2. Realism as a broader term is also inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing.（识记，一般）3. Parameters (characteristics ) ofRealism （运用，重点）Chapter 11 Regional and Local color Writing1. Mark Twain1) Four Types of his writing:A) personalized fiction ( The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; The Adventures of HuckleberryFinn; The Gilded Age: A Tale of To-day; The Tragedy of Puddd’nhead Wilson) （理解，重点）B) Travel fiction (The Innocents Abroad; Roughing It; A Tramp Abroad; Life on theMississippi; Following the Equator) （识记，一般）C) Historical romance ( T he Prince and The Pauper; A Connecticut Yankee in KingArthur’s Court; Personal Reflections of Joan of Arc by the Sieur Louis Conte) （识记，一般）D) Tall tales (The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County; The Man that CorruptedHadleyburg) （识记，次重点）2）“All Modern literature come from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.”(Ernest Hemingway) （识记，重点）Chapter 12Henry James and William Dean Howells1.William Dean Howells1)held a central position in the development of American realism,representative of Mid-western realism. （识记，重点）2)His long essay of criticism: Criticism and Fiction（识记，一般）3)Novels: The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885) （识记，重点）; A Hazard of New Fortune(1890) （识记，一般）2.Henry James1) Themes of his novels: （识记，重点）A. The international theme;B. the emotion-of-life theme;C. The artist theme;D. psychological realism2) Novels: Three of the best: The Wings of Dove; The Ambassadors; The Golden Bowl（识记，次重点）3) The two best-known novellas: Daisy Miller; The Turn of the Screw（识记，一般）4) Other works: The American; The Portrait of a Lady（识记，次重点）Chapter 13Literary Naturalism1. Philosophical elements and literary characteristics of Naturalism（应用，重点）2. Hamlin Garland’s “veritism” （理解，次重点）3. Stephen Crane (1871-1900)1) Two of his well-known novels: Maggie of the Streets（理解，次重点）; The Red Badge ofCourage（理解，重点）2) Three well-known short stories: The Open Boat; The Monster; The Bride Comes to YellowSky. （识记，一般）4. Frank Norris(1870-19020: American Zola1) The naturalist characteristics of Frank Norris’s “Romance “（理解，次重点）2) Novels: McTeague（理解，重点）; Octopus（识记，一般）; The Pit（识记，一般）5. Jack London(1876-1916)1) London’s naturalist view of life and Man（应用，重点）2) Works：The Call of the Wild（应用，重点）; White Fang（识记，一般）; The Sea Wolf（识记，一般）; Martin Eden（识记，一般）; Iron Heel（识记，一般）6. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)1) Major theme of Dreiser’s fiction（应用，重点）2) Works: Sister Carrie（应用，重点）; Jennie Gerhart;The Genius（识记，一般）; An American Tragedy（理解，次重点）;Trilogy of Desire: a. The Financier; b. The Titan; c. The Stoic（识记，次重点）Chapter 14Women Writing on the “Woman Question”1. “Woman question” in the late 19th century and early 20th century（理解，一般）2. Kate Chopin (1851-1904)1) Her theme （理解，一般）2) Her work: The Awakening（理解，重点）3. Edith Wharton (1862-1937)1) Her theme（理解，一般）2) Works: The Age of Innocence（应用，重点）; The House of Mirth（理解，次重点）; T he GreatInclination（识记，一般）; Ethan Frome（识记，一般）Part 4American ModernismChapter 15Modernism in American Grain1.American modernism: Second flowering of American Literature（识记，次重点）2.General observation （理解，一般）3.The formal dimensions（理解，一般）4. Philosophical paradigms for modernism（理解，次重点）5.Two short-hand definitions（理解，一般）Chapter 16The Evolution of Modernism1.Robert Frost (1874-1963)1)His vision and Style（理解，一般）2)Poems: The Road Not Taken (depicting a choice made that makes all thedifference)（理解，重点）; Mending Wall ( criticizing the famous line: Good fencesmake good neighbors) （理解，重点）; “ Stopping by the woods on a Snowy Evening（理解，重点）; A Boy’s Will（识记，一般）;After Apple-picking（识记，一般）; The Overn Bird（识记，一般）; Ice and Fire（识记，一般）2.Willa Cather (1873-1947): Author of My Ántonia（识记，重点）3.Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941): “The grotesques”in Winesburg, Ohio（理解，重点）.Chapter 17American Modernism in Europe1.Gertrude Stein (1874-1946): the coiner of “The lost Genration”.2.Ezra Pound (1885-1972)1)Imagist movement (eg. “In a Station of the Metro”) （运用，重点）2)The Cantos （some themes）（理解，次重点）Chapter 18Modern Fiction Between the Wars1.William Faulker (1897-1962)1）Style and Themes ( perspectivism / polyphonic novel; psychoanalysis/ “stream of consciouness”; types of families and characters in the South) （理解，次重点）2）Novels: The Sound and Fury（应用，重点）; As I Lay Dying（理解，次重点）; Light in August（理解，次重点）; Absalom, Absalom!（理解，次重点）3）Short story: “A Rose for Emily”（应用，重点）2.Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)1）recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954,one of the finest literary stylist of the 20th century.（识记，一般）2）Spokesman for “The Lost Generation”（应用，重点）3）His style (diction and syntax; the Iceberg Principle) （理解，重点）4）Hemingway Code Hero （应用，重点）5）Works: The Sun Also Rise（a fine example for “The Lost Generation”，理解，重点）s;A Farewell to Arms（理解，重点）;For Whom the Bell Tolls（理解，重点）; The Old Man and the Sea（理解，重点）; In Our Time（识记，一般）; Deathin the Afternoon（识记，一般）;The Green Hills of Africa（识记，一般）;A Clean,Well-lighted Place（识记，一般）;The Snow of Kilimanjaro（理解，一般）;To haveand Have not（识记，一般）;Indian Camp（识记，一般）3. F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)1）spokesman for “The Jazz Age” and “The Roaring Twenties”.（识记，重点）2）Works: The Great Gatsby（应用，重点）; Tender is the Night（识记，重点）4.John Dos Passos (1896-1970): author of USA, a trilogy consisting of TheForty-second Parallel; 1919, and The Big Money (理解，次重点)5.John Steinbeck (1902-1968): recipient of Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962,primarily remembered for three of his many novels: In dubious Battle; （识记，一般）Of Mice and Men; （识记，一般）The Grapes of Wrath(理解，重点)Chapter 19Modern American Poetry1.T.S. Eliot (1888-1965)1）His visionary of The Waste Land （理解，重点）2）His poems: The Waste Land（应用，重点）; The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock（应用，重点）; Ash Wednesday（识记，一般）; The Hollow Men（识记，一般）; FourQuartets（识记，一般）2.Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)1)“ Of Modern Poetry” is Stevens’s carefully considered statement ofmodernism. （识记，一般）2)“Sunday Morning” is one of the best-known poem by Stevens (depicting awoman not going to church but enjoy the sunshine and contemplating whatdivinity is.) （识记，一般）3.William Carlos Williams (1883-1963)1)His themes（理解，一般）2)The Red Wheelbarrow（应用，重点）4. e.e.cummings (1894-1962): His themes and style（eg. “ Buffalo Bill’s）(识记，一般）Chapter 20African American Literature and Modernism1.Harlem Renaissance (理解，重点)ngston Hughes ( 1902-1967): leading writer of the Harlem Renaissance, andone of the most original and versatile black writers in the 20th century;remembered for his poetry. (识记，一般）3.Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960)1) a major figure in the Harlem/New Negro Renaissance; (识记，一般）2)Her most important novel: Their Eyes were Watching God (1937) (识记，一般）5.Richard Wright (1908-1960): Author of Native Son(理解，重点); Black Boy(识记，一般）; The Man Who Lived Underground(识记，一般）.Part 5 American Literature Diversified: 1945 to the New MillenniumChapter 21Literature Diversified Under New Conditions1.Existentialism （理解，一般）2.Postmodernism（理解，一般）Chapter 22American Theater: Three Major Playwrights1.Eugene O’Neill, Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller are unanimously the bestspecimens of American theater in the 20th century.（识记，重点）2.Eugene O’Neill (1888-1953): Winner of 1936 Nobel Prize for Literature（识记，一般）1）Expressionism（理解，一般）2）His plays: The Hairy Ape (理解，重点); The Emperor Jones(理解，次重点);Desire Under the Elms(理解，次重点);Beyond the Horizon（识记，一般）; The Iceman Cometh （识记，一般）;Long Day’s Journey into Night（识记，一般）3.Tennessee Williams （1911-1983）: the most important dramatist that emerged after WWII.1）The Glass Menagerie: Tennessee Williams’s autobiographical play. （识记，重点）2）A Streetcar Named Desire（识记，重点）4.Arthur Miller (1915-2005): Author of All My Sons（识记，一般）; Death of a Salesman（理解，重点）;The Crucible（识记，一般）Chapter 23 Major Fiction Writers: 1945 till 1960s1.Ralph Ellison(1914-1994): Black novelist, author of Invisible Man（识记，重点）2.James Baldwin (1924-1987): black writer, author of Go Tell it on the Mountain（识记，一般）3.Flannery O’Conner (1925-1964): a southern writer, author of Wise Blood. （识记，一般）4.Saul Bellow (1915-2005): Jewish writer1)winner of 1976 Nobel Prize for Literature.2)Works: Dangling Man（识记，重点）; The Victim（识记，一般）; The Adventures ofAugie March（识记，重点）; Henderson Rain King（识记，重点）;Seize the Day（识记，一般）;Herzog（识记，重点）;Humbolt’s Gift（识记，重点）;Mr. Sammler’s Planet （识记，重点）;The Dean’s December（识记，一般）; More Die of Heartbreak.（识记，一般）5.Bernard Malamud (1914-1986): Jewish writer, author of The Natural; TheAssistant; The Tenants; The Fixer; Dubin’s Lives（识记，一般）6.J.D. Salinger (1919-2010): author of The Catcher in the Rye（理解，重点）.7.Joseph Heller (1923-1999)1)Black Humor（理解，重点）2)Catch-22（理解，重点）Chapter 24Poetic Tendencies Since 19451.Sylvia Plath (1932-1963): a confessional poet（识记，一般）2.Allan Ginsberg (1926-1997)1)Beat Generation （应用，重点）2)Best and most influential poem: “Howl”（理解，重点）Chapter 25Fictional Inclinations Since the 1960s1.John Barth (1930-): postmodern writer, related with the term “metafiction”（识记，一般）2.Thomas Pynchon (1938-): postmodern writer, author of V（识记，重点）;Gravity’sRainbow (识记，重点）;The Crying of Lot 49（识记，一般）3.John Updike（1932-2009）: author of the Rabbit series: Rabbit, Run (1960) （识记，重点）;Rabbit Redux (1971) （识记，重点）; Rabbit is Rich (1981) （识记，重点）;Rabbit at Rest (1990) （识记，重点）Chapter 26Contemporary Multi-ethic literature and Fiction1.Toni Morrison (1931-)1)African American novelist, winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Literature.（识记，一般）2)Novels: The Bluest Eyes（识记，重点）; Sula（识记，一般）; Song of Solomon（识记，一般）;Tar Baby（识记，一般）;Beloved（识记，重点）.2.Alice Walker (1944-): African American novelist, author of The Color Purple（识记，次重点）.3.Maxine Hong Kingston (1940-): Chinese American writer, author of The WomanWarrior（识记，重点）;China Men（识记，重点）;Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book （识记，一般）4.Amy Tan (1952-): Chinese American writer, author of The Joy Luck Club（识记，重点）Chapter 27Globalization of American Literature: Diasporic Writers1.Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977): author of Lolita（识记，重点）2.Issa Bashevis Singer (1904-1991): 1978 winner of The Nobel Prize for Litearture,author of The Magician of Lublin; Gimpel the Fool（识记，重点）五，考试方式及试卷结构1．考试类型：闭卷、笔试2．记分方式：五级等级制（五等）3．考试时长：考查课、100分钟4．试题类型及比例：填空：20%；选择：30%；名词解释：20%；问答题：30%5．难度等级及比例：易：50%，中等难度：30%，难：20%；识记：50%，理解：30%，应用：20%6．课程总评成绩构成：平时成绩占60%，期末考试占40%。
美国文学chapter 15
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Forward
Social Background
Charles W. Chesnutt (1858-1932) did have four novels published but despite an enthusiastic recommendation by the leading critic of the period, William Dean Howells, Chesnutt’s novels met with little success and he wrote no more during the last twenty-seven years of his life. Dunbar, whose poetry we have noted, also wrote a number of short stories and four novels. Only one of the latter dealt with Negro life and none were either important or commercially successful. The most valuable and influential work of the early twentieth-century black writers was, in fact, not fiction. One of the most important themes in twentieth-century American history is the struggle of black Americans for their human and social rights. In 1863, during the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln had ended the slavery of blacks. But their position in American society remained very bad. In the South, especially government laws were used to keep black Americans in a low social position. There was also a powerful organization called the Ku Klux Klan which often used violence against blacks. Around the Turn of the Century, large numbers of blacks began moving from the South to the cities of the North. In such cities as New York, their situation was somewhat better. In the North, young black artists and writers began their long struggle for social justice for their people.
美国文学chapter_2
“Arminian” Theology
As we have seen, one of the “glues” that held American settlers together in the colonial period, was religion. We saw how Christianity knit together the fabric of medieval society and how bitterly it was debated and fought over in 17 th century England. Although there was no such cohesive church-state connection anywhere in British North America (indeed, thousands had fled to the New World to avoid just such a connection) still, religion p r o v i d e d m a n y, e v e n m o s t , Americans with a comprehensive a n d s h a r e d w o r l d - v i e w. In the 1740s, however, there were increasingly bitter arguments over religion. Such arguments, over the respective roles of reason and emotion in religion, were set aside temporarily during the American Revolution, but picked up again in the 1790s. By the early 19th century, religion had been fragmented into scores of different sects and denominations, authority loosened, and individual piety and local autonomy stressed above the leadership of an educated clergy.
美国文学ll课件
1a. Look, listen and say
Michael: Hello, Jane! What are you doing now? Jane: Guess!
Michael: Are you doing your homework?
Jane: No, I’m not. Michael: Are you watching TV? Jane: Yes, I am. What are you doing? Michael: I’m making cards, but it’s boring.
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project english uint5 topic2 sectionA
Tom
is playing basketball.
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Mr.Smith
is working.
project english uint5 topic2 sectionA
What are they doing?
B: No, they ___a_r_e_n.’t
A: What are they doing?
B: They are __p_l_a_y_i_n_g__s_o__c.cer
playground/ playing basketball/ playing soccer
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project english uint5 topic2 sectionA
is swimming
project english uint5 topic2 sectionA
A: Where are they?
B: They are ___o_n__t_h_e__p_l_a_y_g.round A: Are they _p_l_a_y_i_n_g__b_a__s_k?etball
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Stephen Crane (1871-1900)
American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist As a representative of American Naturalism and Impressionism, Stephen Crane is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.
Philosophical factor Darwinism (Charles Darwin) ; Social Darwinism (Herbert Spencer) A human is merely a higher-order animal whose character and behavior is entirely determined by two kinds of forces, heredity and environment → Determinism
Determinism heredity→ the human beast → A person inherits compulsive instincts—especially hunger, the drive to accumulate possessions, and sexuality； environment → the survival of the fittest → A person is subject to the social and economic forces in the family, the class, and the milieu into which that person is born. milieu: an environment, esp. social surroundings
More Characteristics of (American) Naturalism amoral →because freedom of will does not exist, ethical choices are illusory. Naturalism thus eliminates the ethical problem that lies at the heart of the realist novel. Since human behavior is determined, it cannot be judged in terms of right or wrong, good or bad. Underclass →the characters are often the lowest in the social stratum. pessimistic: the naturalist stories are often about those rendered helpless by uncontrollable forces. The mood is dark and pessimistic.
American Naturalist writers Hamlin Garland (1860-1940 ) Stephen Crane (1871-1900 ) Frank Norris (1870-1902 ) Jack London (1876-1916 ) Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945 )
Determinism Among the force which sweep and play throughout the universe, untutored man is but a wisp in the wind. Our civilization is still in a middle stage, scarcely beast in that it is no lonБайду номын сангаасer wholly guided by instinct; scarcely human, in that it is not yet wholly guided by reason. (From Sister Carrie) Chapter one: The magnet attracting--a waif amid forces
Girl Of The Streets
1895- second novel, The Red Badge Of Courage brought him international fame June 5, 1900- Crane died of tuberculosis
His Major Works
When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse. Of an inter’mediate balance, under the circumstances, there is no possibility. The city has its cunning wiles, no less than the infinitely smaller and more human tempter. There are large forces which allure with all the soul fullness of expression possible in the most cultured human. （From Sister Carrie）
Stephen Crane
Born November 1, 1871 in NJ
1891- Moved to New York as a free-lance writer and journalist.
1893- lived among the poor in the Bowery slums of New York to research his first novel, Maggie: A
Philosophical foundations But unlike the realists, they were more conscious of their philosophical foundations which draw on scientific or socioeconomic determinisms for its view of humanity. (p 166)
Chapter 13
Literary Naturalism
topics: Background to American Naturalism Characteristics of American Naturalism American Naturalist writers Stephen Crane Theodore Dreiser
American Naturalism
Significance • (1) Breaking through some forbidden area in literature (violence, death, sex etc.) • (2) Greatly influencing the 20th century writers such as Hemingway and Faulkner
Emil Zola
• his 'scientific' vision expressed in fiction • "I chose characters completely dominated by their nerves and their blood, deprived of free will, pushed to each action of their lives by the fatality of their flesh."
Tragedy
Hamlin Garland Veritism 写真主义 Garland proposes that American fiction should explore truth for its underlying meaning, and that it should deal with the unpleasant as well as the pleasant aspects of life.
amoral: unconcerned with or outside morality immoral: not conforming to accepted moral standards No free will﹦no choice; be forced to act Maggie: a streetwalker Sister Carrie: an oppor’tunist Frank Cowperwood: unscrupulous business magnate. magnate: a wealthy and influential person, esp. in business
Novels
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 《街头女郎玛吉》 The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》
Short Stories
The Open Boat 《海上扁舟》 The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky 《新娘来到黄天镇》
Some representative works Stephen Crane→ Maggie：A Girl of the Streets;