翻译 (5)
高级英语5全部句子翻译
高级英语5全部句子翻译U11) (drive something home)在举出许多事例并列出一些统计数字后,他终于把他的论点说清楚了。
After citing many facts and giving a number of statistical figures, he finally drove home his point.2) (more or less)差不多花了半年功夫,我们才完成了那研究项目。
It took us half a year more or less to carry through the research project.3) (subtle)他说的话如此微妙我们很难理解他的真实意图。
What he said was so subtle that we could hardly make out his true intention.4) (squarely)他的新书明确无误地审视当代的社会问题。
His new book looks squarely at the contemporary social problems.5) (be alive to)今日的年轻一代对互联网上的最行新信息很敏感The younger generation today are very much alive to the latest information found on the Internet.6) (a matter of)外语是不是在童年更容易学好?这是一个观点问题。
It is a matter of opinion whether a foreign language is more easily learned in one’s childhood or otherwise.7) (take courage )在挫折面前千万不要丧失信心;鼓起勇气坚定不移地去克服它。
翻译 5
1．第1题张先生腋下夹着一本字典，手里端着茶杯，一边踱着步一边哼着一首流行歌曲。
A.Mr. Zhang carried a dictionary under his arm, held a cup in his hand, paced and hummed a tune.B.With a dictionary under his arm and a cup in his hand, Mr. Zhang was humming a popular tune as he paced.C.With a dictionary under his arm and a tea cup in his hand, Mr. Zhang was pacing while he hummed a popular tune.答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.02．第2题学校不会管这样的事情。
A.The school does not bother about such things.B.The school authority will not bother about such things.C.Such things will not be managed at this school.答案:B标准答案：B您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.03．第3题She is an absolutely one-man wife.A.她是一个绝对地只要一个男人的妻子。
B.她是一个忠实的妻子，绝对地只有一个男人。
C.她是一个忠实的妻子，坚信从一而终的信念。
答案:C标准答案：C您的答案：题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.0War was avoided by a master stroke of statesmanship.A.战争被高度的政治策略避免了。
B.由于运用了高超的政治策略，战争才得以避免。
C.战争的被避免是由于运用了高度的政治策略。
5月 翻译
5月翻译
"5月"的英文翻译是“May”。
以下是一个例子：
1.中文句子：“我生日是在5月份，所以我有很多庆祝活动。
”
英文翻译：“My birthday is in May, so I have a lot of celebrations.”2.“May is a beautiful month with blooming flowers and warm
weather.”
（“5月是一个有着盛开花朵和温暖天气的美丽月份。
”)
3.“I have a vacation planned in May to visit my family.”
（“我计划在5月份休假去看望家人。
”)
4.“May is a busy time for students with final exams and graduation
ceremonies.”
（“5月对于学生们来说是一个忙碌的时间，有期末考试和毕业典礼。
”)
5.“The International Workers’Day is celebrated on May 1st.”（“五一国际劳动节在5月1日庆祝。
”)
6.“I love taking long walks in the park during the mild evenings of
May.”
（“我喜欢在5月的温和夜晚里在公园里散步。
”)。
翻译5句
11.我因为他们的善良而感动，并且表达了对 他们的感谢。 12.寒假即将来临,我打算参加志愿者工作。 13.最近，网络越来越受欢迎。这让人们交流 起来很方便。 14.突然，他看到了像小船一样的东西，向海 滩边移动过来。 15.过了一会儿后（随着时间的推移），他累 了，睡着了。
16.他大脑一片空白，手僵住了。然后，情不 自禁地大哭起来。 17.让我惊讶的是，他游览了巴西, 并且经历 了坠机后在丛林中求生. 18.之后使得她成功的是善良和考虑周到而不 是其他。(主语从句) 19.让我印象最深的是，他毫不犹豫地帮助我 逃生。（survive） 20.这家旅馆离海滩很近。因此，你能很清楚 地看到大海。（reach）
• 31.
好句： 1. On that occasion, she heard some strange sound, and she looked around with fear. to her astonishment, the killer whale which Jack had saved appeared, and thanks to the waves it made, Tonya moved to the direction where the beach was. (By Cao Guoqun) 2. Not knowing what to do, she started shouting for help. Jack was walking along the beach and suddenly he saw Tonya coming close to him. Tonya was saved. They hugged tightly and they were deeply touched by Lucky and its fellows. It seems that there is no difference between human and animals, even beasts. We are all emotional. (by Xu Yang)
常用翻译技巧(五)
• 真主语从句不提前，it 一般不需要译出来。 • It is strange that she should have failed
to see her own shortcomings. • 真奇怪，她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。 • It is rumored that the meeting will be held in June. • 据传，这个会将在六月举行。
•
• 译成并列分句。省略英语先行词。 • 1）A good deal went on in the
steppe which he---her father---did not know. • 草原上发生了许多事情，他――她的 父亲――并不知道。 • 2）It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle. • 是他接到那封信，说你叔叔去世了。
• 限制性同位语以及用形容词、数词等作进
一步说明的同位语在英语中往往放在本位 语后面，汉译时一般毋需改变位置。 • I have been to all the cinemas in the city, big or small. • 这个城市里的电影院我都到过，大的也罢， 小的也罢。 • We two like to go there. • 我们两个想去。
•
•
• It is a consolation to know that they will
surely carry on the cause for which Edgar Snow strove so faithfully all his life. • 了解到他们一定会把斯诺终身为之奋斗不 渝的事业继承下来，这是一件令人快慰的 事情。 • The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. • 在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。
Unit5课文原文与翻译(素材)牛津译林版七年级英语下册
译林版七年级下册英语课文及翻译UNIT 5英中对照版Comic Strip– Hey, Hobo. Look at that.嗨，荷布。
看那里。
– What is it?那是什么？– It’s a UFO, Hobo.是不明飞行物，荷布。
– Come on, Eddie. It’s just a plane. I saw one yesterday.得了吧，埃迪。
它就是一架飞机。
我昨天也看到了一架。
– No. It’s a UFO. Look at its bright light.不，它是不明飞行物。
看它上面的亮光。
– They’re only the light on the plane.只是飞机上的灯。
– It’s not a plane. Look, it’s so small.它不是飞机。
看，它那么小。
Welcome to the unitKitty: Do you know any fun facts about the world,Amy? Amy: Yes.The sun is about 1,300,000 times larger than theEarth.Kitty: That’s interesting! What about fish,Amy?Amy: Fish sleep with their eyes open.Kitty: Oh,really?Amy: Yes. Isn’t that amazing?七下· p58ReadingThe ghost in the park公园里的鬼One Sunday morning, Millie and Amy went to Sunshine Park.As usual, they sat under a big tree.周日的早上，米莉和艾米去阳光公园。
她们像平常一样坐在一棵大树下面。
Suddenly, they heard a whisper from the bushes behind the tree.They turned around but saw nothing.’Is anybody there?’ Millie asked. Nobody replied.”That’s strange,” the two girls were very afraid. They left the park quickly.On their way home, they met Andy.突然，她们听到低语声从大树后面的灌木丛传出来。
翻译5
在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。
人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。
这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。
开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。
吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。
愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。
于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。
这是因为，第一，开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态，而饿的吃糠甜加密，饱了吃蜜也不甜。
第二，你初到一个餐馆，开始举筷时有新鲜感，新盖的茅房三天香，这也是以叫做“陌生化效应”吧。
一、用异化法翻译下列表达。
1.窄路、障碍—瓶颈2.猫哭老鼠—洒鳄鱼泪3. 全副武装—武装到牙齿4.纸老虎5.找麻烦6. 狼吞虎咽7.旧瓶装新酒8. 君子协定9. 门户开放政策10. a stick-and-carrot policy11. In the county of the blind the one-eyed man is king.12. All the rivers run into the sea，yet the sea is not full.13. We lead, others copy.14. No business too small, no problem too big.15．Poetry in motion, dancing close to me.16．M＆M’s melt in your mouth, not in your hand.17. While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add somewhat to Mr. Alistair Cooke’s excellent articl e.18. 舞动的北京是中华民族图腾的延展。
它有着龙的身形,就如同龙的蜿蜒弯曲和富有活力的性格,反映了中国文化几千年沉淀的美丽和庄严。
19. They're not black in China, Emily, you ought to know better than that, they'reyellow.20．be like splitting bamboo二、用归化法翻译下列表达。
Unit5课文原文与翻译牛津译林版八年级英语上册
译林版八年级上册英语课文及翻译UNIT 5英中对照版UNIT 5ic stripWould you like to live in the wild, Eddie?你想要住在荒野吗，艾迪？No.不想。
Why not? Wild animals are free and happy.为什么不？野生动物很自由也很快乐。
I don't think so. They may bee dishes on the table any time.我不这样认为。
它们随时都可能成为餐桌上的美食。
So could you please not eat them?所以你能不吃它们吗？No way!不可能！Please have pity on them, Eddie.请怜悯一下它们吧。
I may die without them.没有它们我可能会死的。
In fact, these are not wild animals, Hobo.事实上，这些不是野生动物，荷布。
ReadingThe story of Xi Wang希望的故事I first saw the baby panda when she was only ten days old.我第一次见到这只小熊猫的时候，她只有十天大。
We called her Xi Wang.我们叫她希望。
This means "hope".它的意思是“希望”。
When Xi Wang was born, she weighed just 100 grams and looked like a white mouse.希望出生的时候，她只有100克重，看起来像只小白鼠。
At four months old, she weighed about eight kilograms and started to go outside for the first time.四个月的时候，她重约八公斤，并且第一次外出。
【精选】人教pep版五年级上册英语第五单元Unit5课文翻译
【精选】人教pep版五年级上册英语第五单元Unit5课文翻译A.Let's talk 说一说Your room is really nice!你的房间真漂亮！Thanks.谢谢。
There is a big bed.（这儿）有一张大床。
Yes.I like my bed.是的。
我喜欢我的床。
There is a nice photo,too.（这儿）还有一张漂亮的照片。
Wowi You look cool！哇！你看起来真酷！Thank you.Hey,my computer is here.谢谢你。
嘿，我的电脑在这儿的桌子上。
on the desk.Let's play!让我们（一起）玩吧！A.Let's learn 学一学This is my room.There is a clock,a...这是我的房间。
（这儿）有一个钟、一个······clock时钟；钟photo照片；相片plant植物water bottle水瓶bike自行车；脚踏车B.Let's talk 说一说This is the living room.这是客厅。
Wow! There ore so many pictures here. 哇！这儿有这么多图画。
Yes.My father can draw very well.是的。
我爸爸很会画画。
There are so many plants here,too.这儿还有这么多的植物。
They’re my grandmother's plants.它们是我奶奶的植物。
My grandparents have a garden in我爷爷奶奶的房子前面有一个花园。
front of their house.There are lots of flowers in it.里面有许多花。
英语5翻译
Every time I saw the straw hat(每当我看到那顶草帽)the most wonderful time that I have ever had(我度过的最美好的时光)I’m honored to attend the closing ceremony of the conference (我很荣幸能参加大会闭幕式)have a hope of making peace(有希望调解)quit his/her well-paid but demanding position(辞去那份工资高但要求也高的工作)Once know as the Pairs of the Middle East(曾经拥有中东巴黎的美誉)for the purpose of appointing a new manager(是为了任命一位新经理)said to have been killed (据说已经遇害)It is still unclear (仍然不清楚)at the thought of the date and barbecue(一想到约会和烧烤) except that she had a very lovely dog and a good character (除了她有一只非常可爱的小狗而且人品不错之外)in awe of the director because of his position(因为他是主任就敬而远之)he remains modest (他仍然很谦虚)The moment we met (我们相逢的那一刻)I couldn’t afford not to take the subway to work不坐地铁上班我可承受不了Aspirin has an efficacy as good as if not than阿司匹林要消耗不逊于If she could get the same prescription from the school doctor 如果她能从校医那里开到同样的处方It’s up to a doctor 由医生决定One of the forehead one of the back of the headand one of each side of the head一张拍额头一张后脑两张脑侧。
5 中英文翻译
外文参考文献全文及译文英文原文4.1 DefinitionA durable lining is one that performs satisfactorily in the working environment during its anticipated service life. The material used should be such as to maintain its integrity and, if applicable, to protect other embedded materials.4.2 Design lifeSpecifying the required life of a lining (see Section 2.3.4) is signifi-cant in the design, not only in terms of the predicted loadings but also with respect to long-term durability. Currently there is no guide on how to design a material to meet a specified design life, although the new European Code for Concrete (British Standards Institution, 2003) addresses this problem. This code goes some way to recommending various mix proportions and reinforcement cover for design lives of 50 and 100 years. It can be argued that linings that receive annular grouting between the excavated bore and the extrados of the lining, or are protected by primary linings, for example sprayed concrete, may have increased resistance to any external aggressive agents. Normally, these elements of a lining system are considered to be redundant in terms of design life. This is because reliably assessing whether annulus grouting is complete or assessing the properties or the quality of fast set sprayed concrete with time is generally difficult.Other issues that need to be considered in relation to design life include the watertightness of a structure and fire-life safety. Both of these will influence the design of any permanent lining.4.3 Considerations of durability related to tunnel useLinings may be exposed to many and varied aggressive environments. Durability issues to be addressed will be very dependent not only on the site location and hence the geological environment but also on the use of the tunnel/shaft (see Fig. 4.1).The standards of material, design and detailing needed to satisfy durability requirements will differ and sometimes conflict. In these cases a compromise must be made to provide the best solution possible based on the available practical technology.4.4 Considerations of durability related to tunnel4.4.1 Steel/cast-iron liningsUnprotected steel will corrode at a rate that depends upon the temperature, presence of water with reactive ions (from salts and acids) and availability of oxygen. Typically corrosion rates can reach about 0.1 mm/year. If the availability of oxygen is limited, for example at the extrados of a segmental lining, pitting corrosion is likely to occur for which corrosion rates are more difficult to ascertain.Grey cast-iron segments have been employed as tunnel linings for over a hundred years, with little evidence as yet of serious corrosion. This is because this type of iron contains flakes of carbon that become bound together with the corrosion product to prevent water and, in ventilated tunnels, oxygen from reaching the mass of the metal. Corrosion is therefore stifled. This material is rarely if ever used in modern construction due to the higher strength capacities allowed with SGI linings.Spheroidal-Graphite cast iron (SGI) contains free carbon in nodules rather than flakes, and although some opinion has it that this will reduce the self-stifling action found in grey irons, one particular observation suggests that this is not necessarily so. A 250 m length of service tunnel was built in 1975 for the Channel Tunnel, and SGI segments were installed at the intersection with the tunnel constructed in 1880. The tunnel was mainly unventilated for the next ten years, by which time saline groundwater had caused corrosion and the intrados appeared dreadfully corroded. The application of some vigorous wire brushing revealed that the depth of corrosion was in reality minimal.4.4.2 Concrete liningsIn situ concrete was first used in the UK at the turn of the century. Precast concrete was introduced at a similar time but it was not used extensively until the 1930s. There is therefore only 70 to 100 years of knowledge of concrete behaviour on which to base the durability design of a concrete lining.The detailed design, concrete production and placing, applied curing and post curing exposure, and operating environment of the lining all impact upon its durability. Furthermore, concrete is an inherently variable material. In order to specify and design to satisfy durability requirements, assumptions have to be made about the severity of exposure in relation to deleterious agents, as well as the likely variability in performance of the lining material itself. The factors that generally influence the durability of the con-crete and those that should be considered in the design and detailing of a tunnel lining include:1.operational environment2.shape and bulk of the concrete3.cover to the embedded steel4.type of cement5.type of aggregate6.type and dosage of admixture7.cement content and free water/cement ratio8.workmanship, for example compaction’ finishing, curing9.permeability, porosity and dijfusivity of the final concrete.The geometric shape and bulk of the lining section is important because concrete linings generally have relatively thin walls and are possibly subject to a significant external hydraulic head. Both of these will increase the ingress of aggressive agents into the concrete.4.5 Design and specification for durabilityIt has to be accepted that all linings will be subject to some level of corrosion and attack by both the internal and external environment around a tunnel. They will also be affected by fire. Designing for durability is dependent not only on material specification but also on detailing and design of the lining.4.5.1 Metal liningsOccasionally segments are fabricated from steel, and these should be protected by the application of a protective system. Liner plates formed from pressing sheet steel usually act as a temporary support while an in situ concrete permanent lining is constructed. They are rarely protected from corrosion, but if they are to form a structural part of the lining system they should also be protected by the application of a protective system. Steel sections are often employed as frames for openings and to create small structures such as sumps. In these situations they should be encased in con-crete with suitable cover and anti-crack reinforcement. In addition, as the quality of the surrounding concrete might not be of a high order consideration should be given to the application of a protec-tive treatment to such steelwork.Spheroidal-Graphite cast iron segmental tunnel linings are usually coated internally and externally with a protective paint system. They require the radial joint mating surfaces, and the circumferential joint surfaces, to be machined to ensure good load transfer across thejoints and for the formation of caulking and sealing grooves. It is usual to apply a thin coat of protective paint to avoid corrosion between fabrication and erection, but long-term protective coatings are unnecessary as corrosion in such joints is likely to be stifled.It is suggested that for SGI segmental linings the minimum design thicknesses of the skin and outer flanges should be increased by one millimetre to allow for some corrosion (see Channel Tunnel case history in Chapter 10). If routine inspections give rise to a concern about corrosion it is possible to take action, by means of a cathodic protection system or otherwise, to restrain further deterioration. The chance of having to do this over the normal design lifetime is small.(1)Protective systemsCast iron segmental linings are easily protected with a coating of bitumen, but this material presents a fire hazard, which is now unacceptable on the interior of the tunnel. A thin layer, up to 200 um in thickness, of specially formulated paint is now employed; to get the paint to adhere it is necessary to specify the surface preparation. Grit blasting is now normally specified, however, care should be taken in the application of these coatings. The problem of coatings for cast iron is that grit blasting leavesbehind a surface layer of small carbon particles, which prevents the adhesion of materials, originally designed for steelwork, and which is difficult to remove. It is recommended that the designer take advice from specialist materials suppliers who have a proven track record.Whether steel or cast iron segments are being used, consideration of the ease with which pre-applied coatings can be damaged during handling, erection and subsequent construction activities in the tunnel is needed.(2) Fire resistanceExperiences of serious fires in modern tunnels suggest that temperatures at the lining normally average 600-700 °C, but can reach 1300 °C (see Section 4.5.3). It is arguable that fire protection is not needed except where there is a risk of a high-temperature (generally hydrocarbon) fire. It can be difficult to find an acceptable economic solution, but intumescent paint can be employed. This is not very effective in undersea applications. As an alternative an internal lining of polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete might be considered effective. 4.5.2 Concrete liningsAll aspects of a lining’s behaviour during its design life, both under load and within theenvironment, should be considered in order to achieve durability. The principle factors that should be considered in the design and detailing are:1.Material(s)2.production method3.application method (e.g. sprayed concrete)4.geological conditions5.design life6.required performance criteria.(1) CorrosionThe three main aspects of attack that affect the durability of concrete linings are:corrosion of metalschloride-induced corrosion of embedded metalscarbonation-induced corrosion of embedded metals.Corrosion of metalsUnprotected steel will corrode at a rate that depends upon temperature, presence of water and availability of oxygen. Exposed metal fittings, either cast in (i.e. a bolt- or grout-socket), or loose (e.g. a bolt), will corrode (see Section 4.5.4). It is impractical to provide a comprehensive protection system to these items and it is now standard practice to eliminate ferrous cast in fittings totally by the use of plastics. Loose fixings such as bolts should always be specified with a coating such as zinc.Chloride-induced corrosionCorrosion of reinforcement continues to represent the single largest cause of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. Whenever there are chloride ions in concrete containing embedded metal there is a risk of corrosion. All constituents of concrete may contain some chlorides and the concrete may be contaminated by other external sources, for example de-icing salts and seawater.Damage to concrete due to reinforcement corrosion will only normally occur when chloride ions, water and oxygen are all present.Chlorides attack the reinforcement by breaking down the passive layer around the reinforcement. This layer is formed on the surface of the steel as a result of the highly alkaline environment formed by the hydrated cement. The result is the corrosion of the steel, whichcan take the form of pitting or general corrosion. Pitting corrosion reduces the size of the bar, while general corrosion will result in cracking and spalling of the concrete.Although chloride ions have no significant effect on the per-formance of the concrete material itself, certain types of concrete are more vulnerable to attack because the chloride ions then find it easier to penetrate the concrete. The removal of calcium alumi- nate in sulphate-resistant cement (the component that reacts with external sulphates), results in the final concrete being less resistant to the ingress of chlorides. To reduce the penetration of chloride ions, a dense impermeable concrete is required. The use of corrosion inhibitors does not slow down chloride migration but does enable the steel to tolerate high levels of chloride before corrosion starts.Current code and standard recommendations to reduce chloride attack are based on the combination of concrete grade (defined by cement content and type, water/cement ratio and strength, that is indirectly related to permeability) and cover to the reinforcement. The grade and cover selected is dependent on the exposure condition. There are also limits set on the total chlorides content of the concrete mix.Carbonation-induced corrosionIn practice, carbonation-induced corrosion is regarded as a minor problem compared with chloride- induced corrosion. Even if carbonation occurs it is chloride-induced corrosion that will generally determine the life of the lining. Carbonated concrete is of lower strength but as carbonation is lim-ited to the extreme outer layer the reduced strength of the concrete section is rarely significant.Damage to concrete will only normally occur when carbon dioxide, water, oxygen and hydroxides are all present. Carbonation is unlikely to occur on the external faces of tunnels that are constantly under water, whereas some carbonation will occur on the internal faces of tunnels that are generally dry. Carbonation-induced corrosion, how-ever, is unlikely in this situation due to lack of water. Linings that are cyclically wet and dry are the most vulnerable.When carbon dioxide from the atmosphere diffuses into the concrete, it combines with water forming carbonic acid. This then reacts with the alkali hydroxides forming carbonates. In the presence of free water, calcium carbonate is deposited in the pores. The pH of the pore fluid drops from a value of about 12.6 in the uncarbonated region to 8 in the carbonated region. If this reduction in alkalinity occurs close to the steel, it can cause depassivation. Inthe presence of water and oxygen corrosion of the reinforcement will then occur.To reduce the rate of carbonation a dense impermeable concrete is required.As with chloride-induced corrosion, current code and standard recommendations to reduce carbonation attack are based on the combination of concrete grade and reinforcement cover.Other chemical attackChemical attack is by direct attack either on the lining material or on any embedded materials, caused by aggressive agents being part of the contents within the tunnel or in the ground in the vicinity of the tunnel. Damage to the material will depend on a number of factors including the concentration and type of chemical in question, and the movement of the ground-water, that is the ease with which the chemicals can be replenished at the surface of the concrete. In this respect static water is generally defined as occurring in ground having a mass permeability of <10-6m/s and mobile water >10-6 m/s. The following types of exchange reactions may occur between aggressive fluids and components of the lining material:●sulphate attack●acid attack●alkali-silica reaction (ASR).Sulphates (conventional and thaumasite reaction)In soil and natural groundwater, sulphates of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium are common. Sulphates can also be formed by the oxi-dation of sulphides, such as pyrite，as a result of natural processes or with the aid of construction process activities. The geological strata most likely to have a substantial sulphate concentration are ancient sedimentary clays. In most other geological deposits only the weathered zone (generally 2m to 10m deep) is likely to have a significant quantity of sulphates present. By the same processes, sulphates can be present in contaminated ground. Internal corro-sion in concrete sewers will be, in large measure, due to the presence of sulphides and sulphates at certain horizons dependent on the level of sewer utilisation. Elevated temperatures will contribute to this corrosion.Ammonium sulphate is known to be one of the salts most aggressive to concrete. However, there is no evidence that harmful concentrations occur in natural soils.Sulphate ions primarily attack the concrete material and not the embedded metals. They are transported into the concrete in water or in unsaturated ground, by diffusion. The attackcan sometimes result in expansion and/or loss of strength. Two forms of sulphate attack are known; the conventional type leading to the formation of gypsum and ettringite, and a more recently identified type produ-cing thaumasite. Both may occur together.Constituents of concrete may contain some sulphates and the concrete may be contaminated by external sources present in the ground in the vicinity of the tunnel or within the tunnel.Damage to concrete from conventional sulphate reaction will only normally occur when water, sulphates or sulphides are all present. For a thaumasite-producing sulphate reaction, in addition to water and sulphate or sulphides, calcium silicate hydrate needs to be present in the cement matrix, together with calcium carbonate. In addition, the temperature has to be relatively low (generally less than 15 °C).Conventional sulphate attack occurs when sulphate ions react with calcium hydroxide to form gypsum (calcium sulphate), which in turn reacts with calcium aluminate to form ettringite. Sulphate resisting cements have a low level of calcium aluminate so reducing the extent of the reaction. The formation of gypsum and ettringite results in expansion and disruption of the concrete.Sulphate attack, which results in the mineral thaumasite, is a reaction between the calcium silicate hydrate, carbonate and sulphate ions. Calcium silicate hydrate forms the main binding agent in Portland cement, so this form of attack weakens the con-crete and, in advanced cases, the cement paste matrix is eventually reduced to a mushy, incohesive white mass. Sulphate resisting cements are still vulnerable to this type of attack.Current code and standard recommendations to reduce sulphate attack are based on the combination of concrete grade. Future code requirements will also consider aggregate type. There are also limits set on the total sulphate content of the concrete mix but, at present, not on aggregates, the recommendations of BRE Digest 363 1996 should be followed for any design.AcidsAcid attack can come from external sources, that are present in the ground in the vicinity of the tunnel, or from within the tunnel. Groundwater may be acidic due to the presence of humic acid (which results from the decay of organic matter), carbonic acid or sulphuric acid. The first two will not produce a pH below 3.5. Residual pockets of sulphuric (natural andpollution), hydrochloric or nitric acid may be found on some sites, particularly those used for industrial waste. All can produce pH values below 3.5. Carbonic acid will also be formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water.Concrete subject to the action of highly mobile acidic water is vulnerable to rapid deterioration. Acidic ground waters that are not mobile appear to have little effect on buried concrete.Acid attack will affect both the lining material and other embedded metals. The action of acids on concrete is to dissolve the cement hydrates and, also in the case of aggregate with high calcium carbonate content, much of the aggregate. In the case of concrete with siliceous gravel, granite or basalt aggregate the sur-face attack will produce an exposed aggregate finish. Limestone aggregates give a smoother finish. The rate of attack depends more on the rate of movement of the water over the surface and the quality of the concrete, than on the type of cement or aggregate.Only a very high density, relatively impermeable concrete will be resistant for any period of time without surface protection. Damage to concrete will only normally occur when mobile water conditions are present.Current code and standard recommendations to reduce acid attack are based on the concrete grade (defined by cement content and type, water/cement ratio and strength). As cement type is not significant in resisting acid attack, future code requirements will put no restrictions on the type used.(2) Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR)Some aggregates contain particular forms of silica that may be susceptible to attack by alkalis originat-ing from the cement or other sources.There are limits to the reactive alkali content of the concrete mix, and also to using a combination of aggregates likely to be unreactive. Damage to concrete will only normally occur when there is a high moisture level within the concrete, there is a high reactivity alkali concrete content or another source of reactive alkali, and the aggregate contains an alkali-reactive constituent. Current code and standard recommendations to reduce ASR are based on limiting the reactive alkali content of the concrete mix, the recommendations of BRE 330 1999 should be followed for any design.(3) Physical processesVarious mechanical processes including freeze-thaw action, impact, abrasion and cracking can cause concrete damage.Freeze-thawConcretes that receive the most severe exposure to freezing and thawing are those which are saturated during freezing weather, such as tunnel portals and shafts.Deterioration may occur due to ice formation in saturated con-crete. In order for internal stresses to be induced by ice formation, about 90% or more by volume of pores must be filled with water. This is because the increase in volume when water turns to ice is about 8% by volume.Air entrainment in concrete can enable concrete to adequately resist certain types of freezing and thawing deterioration, provided that a high quality paste matrix and a frost-resistant aggregate are used.Current code and standard recommendations to reduce freeze- thaw attack are based on introducing an air entrainment agent when the concrete is below a certain grade. It should be noted that the inclusion of air will reduce the compressive strength of the concrete.ImpactAdequate behaviour under impact load can generally be achieved by specifying concrete cube compressive strengths together with section size, reinforcement and/or fibre content. Tensile capacity may also be important, particularly for concrete without reinforcement.AbrasionThe effects of abrasion depend on the exact cause of the wear. When specifying concrete for hydraulic abrasion in hydraulic applications, the cube compressive strength of the concrete is the principal controlling factor.CrackingThe control of cracks is a function of the strength of concrete, the cover, the spacing, size and position of reinforce-ment, and the type and frequency of the induced stress. When specifying concrete cover there is a trade-off between additional protection from external chloride attack to the reinforcement, and reduction in overall strength of the lining.4.5.3 Protective systemsAdequate behaviour within the environment is achieved by specify-ing concrete to thebest of current practice in workmanship and materials. Protection of concrete surfaces is recommended in codes and standards when the level of aggression from chemicals exceeds a maximum specified limit. Various types of surface protection include coatings, waterproof barriers and a sacrificial layer.(1) CoatingsCoatings have changed over the years, with tar and cut-back bitumens being less popular, and replaced by rubberised bitumen emulsions and epoxy resins. The fire hazard associated with bituminous coatings has limited their use to the extrados of the lining in recent times. The risk of damage to coat-ings during construction operations should be considered.(2) Waterproof barriersThe requirements for waterproof barriers are similar to those of coatings. Sheet materials are commonly used, including plastic and bituminous membranes. Again, the use of bituminous materials should be limited to the extrados.(3) Sacrificial layerThis involves increasing the thickness of the concrete to absorb all the aggressive chemicals in the sacrificial outer layer. However, use of this measure may not be appropriate in circumstances where the surface of the concrete must remain sound, for example joint surfaces in segmental linings.(4) Detailing of precast concrete segmentsThe detailing of the ring plays an important role in the success of the design and performance of the lining throughout its design life. The ring details should be designed with consideration given to casting methods and behaviour in place. Some of the more important considerations are as follows.4.5.5 Codes and standardsBuilding Research Establishment (BRE) Digest 330: 1999 (Building Research Establishment, 1999), Building Research Establishment (BRE) Digest 363: 1996 (Building Research Establishment, 1996)，BRE Special Digest 1 (Building Research Establishment, 2003) and British Standard BSEN 206-1: 2000 (British Standards Institution, 2003) are the definitive reference points for designing concrete mixes which are supplemented by BS8110 (British Standards Institution, 1997) and BS 8007 (British Standards Institution, 1987). BSEN 206-1 also references Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures (European Commission,1992).(1) European standardsEN206 Concrete - Performance, Production and Conformity, and DD ENV 1992-1-1 {Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Part 1) (British Standards Institution, 2003 and European Commission，1992).Within the new European standard EN 206 Concrete - Perfor-mance, Production and Conformity，durability of concrete will rely on prescriptive specification of minimum grade, minimum binder content and maximum water/binder ratio for a series of defined environmental classes. This standard includes indicative values of specification parameters as it is necessary to cover the wide range of environments and cements used in the EU member states.Cover to reinforcement is specified in DD ENV 1992-1 -1 (Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Part 1 - European Commission, 1992).(2) BRE 330:1999This UK Building Research Establishment code (Building Research Establishment, 1999) gives the back-ground to ASR as well as detailed guidance for minimising the risks of ASR and examples of the methods to be used in new construction.(3) Reinforcement BRE 363: 1996This UK Building Research Establishment code (Building Research Establishment, 1996) discusses the factors responsible for sulphate and acid attack on concrete below ground level and recommends the type of cement and quality of concrete to provide resistance to attack. (4) BRE Special Digest 1This special digest (Building Research Establishment, 2003) was published following the recent research into the effects of thaumasite on concrete. It replaces BRE Digest 363: 2001. Part 4 is of specific reference to precast concrete tunnel linings.(5) BS 8110/BS 8007Guidance is given on minimum grade, minimum cement and maximum w/c ratio for different conditions of exposure. Exposure classes are mild, moderate, severe, very severe, most severe and abrasive related to chloride attack, carbonation and freeze-thaw. The relationship between cover of the reinforcement and concrete quality is also given together with crack width (British Standards Institution, 1987a and 1997a).(6) OthersChemically aggressive environments are classified in specialist standards. For information on industrial acids and made up ground, reference may be made to a specialist producer of acid resistant finishes or BS 8204-2 (British Standards Institu-tion, 1999). For silage attack, reference should be made to the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.中文翻译4.1 定义耐用的衬砌指的是在衬砌的预期服务寿命内提供令人满意的工作环境。
英语翻译（5）
I．下面有十个英语句子，每个句子均提供了三个译文（分别标为A,B,C），请选择你认为最好的一个译文。
（每小题2分，20分）1. It is a long lane that has no turning.A. 只有不会拐弯的巷子才是长巷子。
B. 即使是长巷子也会拐弯。
C. 天无绝人之路。
2. She could get away with anything, because she looked such a baby.A. 她能渡过任何风险，因为她看上去简直还像是个娃娃模样。
B. 她能渡过任何风险，因为她看上去如此的单纯。
C. 因她看上去简直是个娃娃，所以什么麻烦也落不到她头上。
3. A Southwest Airlines Boeing 737 carrying 142 people overshot the runway on landing at Burbank airport on Sunday, hitting a car with a woman and child in it before coming to rest at the edge of a gas station, officials said. A. 官方人士称，一架载有142人的西南航空公司的波音737飞机，星期日在Burbank机场降落时冲出跑道，撞到了一辆准备停在加油站边的小车，车里有一个妇女和一个孩子。
B. 一架载有142人的西南航空公司的波音737飞机，星期日在Burbank机场降落时冲出跑道，撞到了一辆准备停在加油站边的小车，车里有一个妇女和一个孩子，官方人士称。
C．官方人士称，一架载有142人的西南航空公司的波音737飞机，星期日在Burbank机场降落时冲出跑道，撞上了一辆小车，车内有一个妇女和一个孩子。
飞机最后停在一个加油站边上。
4. Casualties, were taken to several hospital in southwestern Georgia, some of which operated on backup generators.A. 伤亡人员被送往佐治亚州西南部的几所医院里，其中有几家医院是靠备用发电机维持运作的。
王安石诗词注解5篇翻译
王安石诗词注解5篇翻译王安石(1021年12月18日-1086年5月21日)，字介甫，号半山，汉族，临川(今江西抚州市临川区)人，北宋著名的思想家、政治家、文学家、改革家。
下面就是本店铺给大家带来的王安石诗词注解，希望能帮助到大家!伤仲永朝代：宋朝|作者：王安石金溪民方仲永，世隶耕。
仲永生五年，未尝识书具，忽啼求之。
父异焉，借旁近与之，即书诗四句，并自为其名。
其诗以养父母、收族为意，传一乡秀才观之。
自是指物作诗立就，其文理皆有可观者。
邑人奇之，稍稍宾客其父，或以钱币乞之。
父利其然也，日扳仲永环谒于邑人，不使学。
余闻之也久。
明道中，从先人还家，于舅家见之，十二三矣。
令作诗，不能称前时之闻。
又七年，还自扬州，复到舅家问焉。
曰：“泯然众人矣。
”王子曰：仲永之通悟，受之天也。
其受之天也，贤于材人远矣。
卒之为众人，则其受于人者不至也。
彼其受之天也，如此其贤也，不受之人，且为众人;今夫不受之天，固众人，又不受之人，得为众人而已耶?翻译/译文译文金溪有个叫方仲永的百姓，家中世代以耕田为业。
仲永长到五岁时，不曾认识书写工具。
忽然有一天仲永哭着索要这些东西。
他的父亲对此感到诧异，就向邻居那里把那些东西借来给他。
仲永立刻写下了四句，并自己题上自己的名字。
这首诗以赡养父母和团结同宗族的人为主旨，给全乡的秀才观赏。
从此，指定事物让他作诗，方仲永立刻就能完成，并且诗的文采和道理都有值得欣赏的地方。
同县的人们对此都感到非常惊奇，渐渐地都以宾客之礼对待他的父亲，有的人花钱求取仲永的诗。
方仲永父亲认为这样有利可图，就每天带领着仲永四处拜访同县的人，不让他学习。
我听到这件事很久了。
明道年间，我跟随先父回到家乡，在舅舅家见到方仲永，他已经十二三岁了。
我叫他作诗，写出来的诗已经不能与从前的名声相称。
又过了七年，我从扬州回来，再次到舅舅家去，问起方仲永的情况，回答说：“他的才能消失了，和普通人没有什么区别了。
”王安石说：方仲永的通达聪慧，是先天得到的。
Unit5课文原文与翻译(素材)译林版九年级英语上》
译林版八年级上册英语课文及翻译UNIT 5英中对照版UNIT 5Comic stripWhat are you doing, Eddie?艾迪，你在干什么？I'm painting. You know I love art.我在画画。
你知道我是喜欢艺术的。
You love art?你喜欢艺术?Yes. Art is something pleasant and ...是啊，艺术能让人愉快，让人……And what? Why do you stop there?还让人什么？你为什么停下来了？Because I've found something more pleasant than art.因为我发现还有比艺术更让人愉快的事情。
Welcome to the unitWhat art form do you like?你喜欢哪种艺术形式？I like music.我喜欢音乐。
Really? What kind of music do you like best?是吗？那你喜欢哪种音乐？I prefer pop music.我喜欢流行音乐。
Who's your favourite singer?你喜欢哪个歌手？I just love Michael Jackson!我喜欢迈克·杰克逊。
Why do you love him?你为什么会喜欢他？Because he was the King of Pop. His musical talent was amazing.因为他是流行音乐之王啊。
他的音乐天赋太令人惊叹了。
ReadingMusic without boundaries音乐无国界Each time a medal was presented to a winner at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, the award music was played. Themusic was written by Tan Dun, a world-famous composter.在北京2008年奥运会上，每当奖牌颁发给比赛胜利者时，颁奖音乐随即就会响起。
九年级英语Unit5课文翻译
Unit5 What are the shirs made of ?Section A 2d帕姆：中国的茶很有名，是吗？刘俊：是的，过去和现在都很出名。
帕姆：中国的那些地方产茶呢？刘俊：哦，很多不同地区都产茶。
像安溪和杭州都是著名的产茶地。
帕姆：茶叶是怎样生产的？刘俊：嗯，就我所知，茶叶种植在山坡上，叶子长好后，人们就手工把叶子摘下来，然后送去加工。
帕姆：接下来呢？刘俊：接下来将加工好的茶叶打包，然后运往不同的国家和中国周边地区。
帕姆：全世界好多人都好像在喝中国茶。
刘俊：是的，大家都说茶对健康和生意都有好处。
Section A 3a在美国买美国的产品困难搜寻如果你想去另外一个国家，你想买哪类东西呢？在日本你会买相机吗？在法国买漂亮的衣服，在瑞士买手表？无论你买什么，也许你认为那些产品一定是在那些国家制造的。
可是，你可能想错了。
康健是一名来自上海的17岁地学生。
去年他去旧金山拜访了自己的叔叔婶婶。
他发现了一个有趣的现象，当地商店里许多产品都是中国制造的。
“我想给堂弟卖一辆玩具车。
可是，尽管多数玩具是美国的牌子，但他们都是中国制造的。
”不光玩具是中国制造的。
“我想买一双篮球鞋。
”他解释道，“我找了五到六个商店才找到一双美国制造的！他感觉美国人想不买中国产品几乎不可能。
他接着说：“事实上，那里太多中国制造的东西————足球、手提包、宠物食品、手机，甚至美国国旗都是中国制造的！”康健觉得中国能制造这些日用品是件好事，不过他希望将来有一天中国更擅于制造高科技产品，让世界各地的人们都能买到。
Section B 2b普通物件中的美中国每个不同地区都有自己独特的传统艺术品。
这些艺术品通常表达的是那些生活中重要的东西，诸如爱、美和家庭。
最普通的东西，从纸到黏土到竹子，都能变成美丽的物品。
根据中国历史，孔明灯最早就是诸葛孔明在身处困境的时候来寻求帮助的。
现在，孔明灯用于过节和其他庆祝活动。
孔明灯用竹子做成，竹子外面用纸包裹。
新闻原文及翻译 (5)
Scripts for the News Cited in This LectureNews item 1China's gross domestic product (GDP) expanded 6.8% during the first half of 2018 to 41.8961 trillion yuan, or some 6.27 trillion U.S. dollars. (CRI)2018年上半年，中国国内生产总值增长了6.8%，达到41.8961万亿元人民币，约合6.27万亿美元。
News item 2A tour boat turned over off the coast of Nicaragua, killing at least 13 people and leaving more passengers missing, officials said. (CET4)据官方表示，一艘观光船在尼加拉瓜的海岸附近翻了船，造成至少13人死亡，有更多的乘客失联。
News item 3The company spent the last five years developing solar panels that are only about a quarter of inch thick. (CET4)在过去的五年里，Colas公司一直致力于研发一种太阳能电池板，该板只有四分之一英寸厚。
News item 4Germany is out of the World Cup. The defending champions lost to South Korea 2-0 on Wednesday. (VOA Special)德国队无缘世界杯。
周三，这支卫冕冠军队以0：2输给韩国队。
New Item 5The area's average temperature for the month of July was 42.28 degrees Celsius. (VOA Special)该地区7月份的平均温度是42.28摄氏度。
仁爱英语八年级下册unit5课文翻译
仁爱英语八年级下册unit5课文翻译优化英语翻译教学、提高学生的英语翻译能力,已经成为现阶段八年级英语教学工作的一项重要内容。
下面是小编为大家精心整理的仁爱英语八年级下册unit5课文翻译，仅供参考。
仁爱英语八年级下册unit5课文翻译(一)处理(消除)悲伤(情绪)没有人所有时候都快乐，有时你也会变得不开心，例如，当你考砸了考试;或者当你失去了你的一位朋友，你也许变得悲伤;有这些感受是很正常的。
假如你不知道如何处理这些难题，你也许可以从Jeff 。
身上学到一些东西。
当Jeff的哥哥在一次小车车祸中丧命时，Jeff变疯了。
他拒绝踢足球或者跟他的朋友去看电影，相反，他只是坐在他的卧室里而没有与任何人交谈，甚至他的父母。
Jeff 觉得这个世界不公平。
他是相当地生那位司机的气，因为他的小车撞到了他的哥哥，尽管那只是一场意外事故。
几个月之后，Jeff 开始明白生气是没用的。
现在，他一直想念他的兄弟，但他不再恨那位司机。
他开始跟他的父母交谈，那使得他们重新快乐起来。
他不在独自一人呆在自己的房子里。
取而代之的是，他去看电影或者跟他的朋友做运动。
他现在感觉好多了。
(P15) Michael: 喂，康康吗?我是迈克尔。
Kangkang: 喂，迈克尔!你(的声音)听起来都不自在。
Michael: 也许我得了非典。
这使得我感到紧张。
我想我要死啦。
Kangkang: 镇定下来听我说，迈克尔。
你像这样感觉多久了?Michael: 一天。
Kangkang: 为你的病我感到抱歉，但那不可能是非典。
你需要看医生。
Michael: 我讨厌去医院。
我怕吃苦药。
Kangkang: 别害怕!勇敢点!听医嘱，你会很快好起来的。
Michael:希望如此。
谢谢您，康康。
晚安!Kangkang:晚安。
(P17)仁爱英语八年级下册unit5课文翻译(二)Kangkang: 我为迈克尔感到非常开心。
他现在感觉好多啦。
Jane: 太棒了!我们应该做些事来重新使他振作起来。
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3.5 刀具成本的检测加工成本是加工工具成本和切削成本的总和。
机床成本由闲置费用，加工费用和工具改变费用组成。
当改变切削速度的情况下闲置费用保持不变。
从机械数据手册[24]上表明机械设备成本的公式如下：为了优化切割条件,必须确定切割深度大小和切割速度的数学关系式.在我们学习的泰勒模型将被用于确定切削速度对切削刀具寿命的影响:VT" =C .......................................................................... 3-2 V=切削速度T=切割时产生的标准金额侧翼磨损(例如.0.2毫米)N和C都是由被使用的材料或者工作条件所决定的常数. ,为了确定进给时的常数‘n’和‘C’我们以4140钢在实验的条件下进行研究，以LogV和LogT为坐标进行作图，画出了三种类型的进给图形，图3-8A、图3-8B是对KC313为研究对象在干和湿的条件下分别做出的图形，图3-9A和图3-9B是对KC732为研究对象在干和湿两种状态下所做的图形，另外,图3-10A、图3-10B是以KC5010为研究对象在干和湿两种状况下所做的图形. 从上述的图形可以看出不管测量的次数有多少,其结果都是呈直线分布的形式下降,从曲线我们能够看出，在相同的切削速度的条件下，增加磨损标准和对KC313和KC732使用冷却液都可以提高工具的使用寿命。
然而，对于KC5010来说提高磨损标准和降低使用冷却液对提高KC5010工具寿命有好处。
冷却乳液的这种抑制作用和对磨损机构的效果我们把它列入到了第五章。
以及其他类型的磨损也将插入到那里研究。
金属的切削研究主要集中在刀具的磨损、刀具的寿命和磨损机理。
不过,未来的研究应该更加关注其他因素的影响:●通过工厂体系建立磨损标准，基本的刀具磨损开端取决于工厂的产品。
●使用刀具的类型，向碳素钢刀具和高速切削刀具。
这对于研究在干和湿的条件下研究影响刀具寿命的因素常数（C，n）是有用的。
这将提高刀具的寿命，因为它也将影响到切削的经济性[24]。
为了确定切削液在选择磨损标准时所起的作用，不同的磨损标准和经常的进给成本在HMS 下必须被研究。
不同切削标准的刀具寿命常数在表（3-7）所列的表格中被摘录和划分。
从图3-8A/B。
图3-9A/B、图3-10A/B的常数（C，n）的价值在表3-8和表3-9中被反映出来。
在以后的图中说明这些参数和磨损标准的关系。
图3-11描述了‘n’和磨损标准的关系。
当提高n时磨损标准的变化。
（a）以Log（T）和Log(V)为坐标在不同的磨损标准的情况下所做的图形（干条件）（b）以Log（T）和Log(V)为坐标在不同的磨损标准的情况下所做的图形（湿条件）图3-8 KC313在不同的磨损标准下由时间（T）和速度（V）为坐标所做的图形（a）以Log（T）和Log(V)为坐标在不同的磨损标准的情况下所做的图形（干条件）(b) 以Log（T）和Log(V)为坐标在不同的磨损标准的情况下所做的图形（湿条件）(a)以Log（T）和Log(V)为坐标在不同的磨损标准的情况下所做的图形（干条件）(b)以Log（T）和Log(V)为坐标在不同的磨损标准的情况下所做的图形（湿条件）图3-9 KC732在不同的磨损标准下由时间（T）和速度（V）为坐标所做的图形（a）以Log（T）和Log(V)为坐标在不同的磨损标准的情况下所做的图形（干条件）(b) 以Log（T）和Log(V)为坐标在不同的磨损标准的情况下所做的图形（湿条件）(a) 以Log（T）和Log(V)为坐标在不同的磨损标准的情况下所做的图形（干条件）(c)以Log（T）和Log(V)为坐标在不同的磨损标准的情况下所做的图形（湿条件）图3-10 KC5010在不同的磨损标准下由时间（T）和速度（V）为坐标所做的图形（a）以Log（T）和Log(V)为坐标在不同的磨损标准的情况下所做的图形（干条件）(b) 以Log（T）和Log(V)为坐标在不同的磨损标准的情况下所做的图形（湿条件）表3-7 刀具寿命常数的范围划分表3-8 在三种刀具材料下由‘C’和‘n’所做的磨损标准图（干条件下）表3-9 在三种刀具材料下由‘C’和‘n’所做的磨损标准图（湿条件下）在这两种条件下价值能够得到提高，另外，湿润条件‘n’的价值要比干燥条件‘n’的价值低，直到磨损标准达到0.38以后，干燥条件的‘n’开始大于湿润条件的‘n’。
图3-11B可以看出‘C’在磨损标准所做的图形中，在干和湿的条件下磨损标准提高时‘C也随之提高。
然而，湿的条件下‘C’的价值要比干的条件下高。
这证明在整个切削过程中通过使用冷却液提高刀具的寿命和提高磨损标准都可以一直的保护切削刀具材料。
接下来，图3-12A描述了KC732材料在干和湿的条件下‘n’与磨损标准之间的关系。
磨损价值随着‘n’的提高而提高。
此外，湿曲线要比干曲线高。
图3-12B描述的一个常数‘C’和磨损价值的比例关系。
然而，湿条件的‘C’曲线比干条件下的曲线高，这表面对于材料KC732来说使用冷却液是有益处的。
更为重要的这有利于提高磨损标准。
‘C’的价值越高，刀具的使用寿命也就变的越高。
图3-13A表明冷却液对刀具性能的影响。
因此。
‘n’越高，刀具的使用寿命就越低。
图3-13B可以看出通过使用冷却液和提高磨损价值可以降低‘C’，这说明刀具在湿润的条件下，刀具的使用寿命比较短。
之前研究的都是材料KC313和材料KC732，提高‘n’就意味着刀具的寿命将被缩短。
然而。
大幅度的提高湿曲线‘C’超过干曲线‘C’的补偿下降，KC313和KC732的使用寿命将延长。
与次相反。
KC5010对此正好相反。
图3-14A和图3-14B是没有被碳包裹的情况（KC313）。
他表面了在干和湿的切削条件下不同磨损标准的切削速度的价值的关系。
（a）n与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（干和湿条件下）（b）（b）C与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（干和湿条件下）图3-11 KC313的以泰勒常数与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（a）n与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（干和湿条件下）(b) C与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（干和湿条件下）(a)n与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（干和湿条件下）(b) C与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（干和湿条件下）图3-12 KC732的以泰勒常数与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（a）n与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（干和湿条件下）(b) C与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（干和湿条件下）(a)n与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（干和湿条件下）(b) C与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（干和湿条件下）图3-13 KC5010的以泰勒常数与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（a）n与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（干和湿条件下）(b) C与磨损标准为坐标建立的关系图（干和湿条件下）10这两个条件表明当磨损标准增加的同时机床的成本下降。
尽管如此，当成本增加的速度达到再增加就叨叨最佳时。
图3-15A和图3-15B是由磨损标准在（0.4-0.6毫米）时，干和湿条件下经济性的比较。
干切削的最佳切削速度是90米/分而湿切削的最佳切削速度是120米/分。
在图3-16A和图3-16B中列出了在干和湿的条件下含有KC732涂层的速度与成本的函数关系。
再次，当磨损标准增加的时候，成本下降。
此外，干切削的最佳切削速度是260米/分，而湿切削的最佳切削速度是360米/分。
这表面冷却液对这种材料很重要，它不仅可以降低成本，而且还可以提高生产率。
图3-17A和图3-17B概括了在干和湿的条件下，对涂有TIALN的材料KC5010的切削速度和成本之间的关系。
当切削速度提高时，切削成本也随之提高，当磨损标准提高，切削成本下降。
在这两种切削条件下，最佳的切削成本是在速度最低达到210米/分的时候。
图3-18A和图3-18B描述的是在不同的磨损标准和不同的切削条件下KC732和KC5010的切削成本的比较。
它可以明确地反映出对于KC732来说，冷却液可以延长刀具的寿命。
切削速度从260米/分到360米/分为最佳的切削速度。
不过，对于KC5010来说在高速加工的情况下冷却液可以使它的刀具寿命降低而且使切削成本提高。
从上面这些数据可以看出对于KC732来说，在速度为210米/分-310米/分的速度范围内干切削要比湿切削的经济效率高。
当速度达到310米/分是效率最高。
对于切削材料KC5010来说在干条件下速度为210米/分时切削成本有效。
因此，不管KC732的成本，它的磨损都远远的超过没有处理的KC313和KC5010。
表3-10总结了干和湿条件下的最佳切削速度和最佳的切削成本。
图3-19A和图3-19B列出的是没有经过处理的KC313在干和湿的条件下，不同的切削速度下切削成本和磨损标准之间的关系。
图3-20A和图3-20B列出了处理后的KC732在干和湿的条件下的磨损标准函数。
图3-21A和图3-21B列除了KC5010在干和湿的条件下的磨损标准函数。
曲线表面在切削速度相同的条件下，增加磨损标准，切削成本下降。
在图3-22A表明在湿的条件下改变KC313的性能要比在干的条件下改变其性能使刀具的寿命降低。
在图3-22B可以看出KC732和KC5010经过表面处理后的结果和侧面的磨损情况。
这清楚的表明在湿润的条件下KC372表面涂TIN-TICN-TIN要比在干的条件下效果明显。
在湿的条件下对KC5010表面涂TIALN会减少它的刀具寿命。
最后，KC732在所有条件下它的切削性能都要远远的超过KC5010。
(a)在不同磨损标准下，切削速度与成本的关系图干切削条件下）（b）在不同磨损标准下，切削速度与成本的关系图（湿切削条件下）图3-14 KC313的速度与切削成本的变化（a）在不同磨损标准下，切削速度与成本的关系图（干切削条件下）(b) 在不同磨损标准下，切削速度与成本的关系图（湿切削条件下）(a) 在磨损标准为0.4毫米时，成本与切削速度的关系图(a)在磨损标准为0.6毫米时，成本与切削速度的关系图图3-15 以成本和速度为坐标轴，在干和湿两种情况下分别在两种磨损标准下的比较。
13 （a）在磨损标准为0.4毫米时，成本与切削速度的关系图(b) 在磨损标准为0.6毫米时，成本与切削速度的关系图(a)在不同的磨损标准的情况下，切削速度和成本的关系图（干条件下）(b)在不同的磨损标准的情况下，切削速度和成本的关系图湿条件下）图3-16 KC732的切削速度和成本的关系图（a）在不同的磨损标准的情况下，切削速度和成本的关系图（干条件下）(b) 在不同的磨损标准的情况下，切削速度和成本的关系图（湿14 条件下）(a) 在不同的磨损标准的情况下，切削速度和成本的关系图（干条件下）(b) 在不同的磨损标准的情况下，切削速度和成本的关系图（湿条件下）图3-17 KC5010的切削速度和成本的关系图（a）在不同的磨损标准的情况下，切削速度和成本的关系图（干条件下）(b) 在不同的磨损标准的情况下，切削速度和成本的关系图（湿条件下）15(a)在磨损标准为0.4毫米的情况下，成本和速度的关系图(b)在磨损标准为0.6毫米的情况下，成本和速度的关系图图3-18 在不同的磨损标准的情况下，对KC732和KC5010的切削成本的比较。