4. The American Civil War 1861-5
#115 - 译文The American Civil War Election of 1864
THE MAKING OF A NATION #115- The American Civil War: Election of 1864译文林肯赢得1864年总统大选1864年，内战进行的同时，美国总统林肯也在为参选连任做准备。
他希望打赢南北战争，重建联邦。
林肯所在的共和党出现了分裂。
温和派共和党人希望战争一结束立即着手重建，他们认为，应该张开双臂，欢迎南方各州的归来，让他们享受所有权利。
但是激进派共和党人强烈反对。
他们要求对南方反叛者进行严厉惩罚。
林肯花了好几个月的时间，设法组建一个叫“国家统一党”的政治多数派，其中包括温和派共和党人和一些民主党人。
林肯得到了一些州和地方领导人的支持。
形势很快就明朗化了，林肯将作为这个党的候选人参加选举。
几百名激进派共和党人在俄亥俄的克利夫兰召开了自己的代表大会，成立了一个叫激进民主的新政党。
与会代表提名探险家约翰·弗里蒙特代表该党参加大选。
弗里蒙特八年前曾经是共和党的总统候选人。
美国国会大多数激进派共和党并没有参加在克利夫兰召开的代表大会，他们拒绝支持弗里蒙特，觉得他根本没有胜选的机会。
与此同时，林肯新组建的国家统一党在马里兰的巴尔的摩召开代表大会。
与会代表迅速批准了政党声明，支持联邦统一和战争，反对奴隶制度。
随后，代表们开始推举总统和副总统候选人。
第一次投票，林肯就被提名为总统候选人，副总统候选人是田纳西的民主党人安德鲁·约翰逊。
竞选过程中，林肯的助手们建议他开始跟南方讲和，结束战争，让南方各州重返联邦，奴隶制度的问题以后再说。
然而，林肯坚信自己的政策是对的，就算是落选，也不言放弃。
林肯痛恨这场战争，但是除非是通过军事胜利结束奴隶制度，保证国家统一，否则他绝不停战。
1864年8月，林肯写道：“从最近这些日子看来，现任政府似乎不会再度当选。
如果真是那样的话，我有职责协助当选总统，共同挽救联邦统一。
我们一定要在总统大选日和总统就职日期间完成这项工作，因为新总统当选所基于的理由，使他不可能在就职后再去做这件事情。
(部编)《美国内战》ppt课件
《解放黑人奴隶宣言》
意1叛8义乱63：各年州元的旦奴起隶，制废，除并 ①允调许动奴了隶黑作人为奴自隶由的人参 加北积方极军性队，。他们踊跃
参军。
②从长远来看，提供 了自由劳动力，扩 大了国内市场，为 资本主义发展扫清 了障碍。
《解放黑人奴隶宣言》对战局的影响
1.黑人在南部联盟的后方发动起义，展开游击战争，牵 制敌人4万兵力；
二、内战爆发
探究1：为什么林肯当选总统会成为美国内战的导火线?如
果林肯落选，内战还会爆发吗？为什么？
林肯
Abraham Lincoln
1809-1865
政治主张： 希望联邦避免分裂，维护国家统一， 反对奴隶制。
“一幢裂开的房子是站立不住的。我相信这个政府不能永远维持半奴隶和半
自由的状态。我不期望联邦解散，我不期望房子崩塌，但我的确希望它停止分
作用：调动了农民和黑人奴隶的积极性， 1美8国65内年战，初北期方双军方队力围量攻对“比南表部联盟”的“首都”里士满，不久，南方军队投降，北方取得了南北战争的最后胜利。
（2）北方发展资本主义工商业，南方种植园经济 探如究果1为：了为拯什救么联林邦肯需当要选解总放统一会部成分为奴美隶国而内保战留的另导一火部线分?，如我果也林愿肯意落这选样，做内。战还会爆发吗？为什么？
局面 当34前岁南竞部选与国北会部议之员间失的败斗争不是别的，而是两种社会制度之间的斗争……这个斗争之所以爆发，是因为这两种制度不能在北美大陆上
和美平国共 南处北。战争粉碎了奴隶主的反动势力,从而维护了美国的统一。 ①18一10定-1程81度9取上自满西足班了牙西部农民的土地要求，调动了他们的积极性。
（1）导火线：主张限制奴隶制发展的林肯当选为美国总统 第3课 美国内战
The American Civil War (1861–1865)
Nature of the war
The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars in human history. Railroads, steamships, mass-produced weapons, and various other military devices were employed extensively. The practices of total war, developed by Sherman in Georgia, and of trench warfare around Petersburg foreshadowed World War I in Europe.
Background of the war
Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America, also known as "the Confederacy". Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the United States (the Union), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states.
To the west, the Union gained control of the Mississippi River after their capture of Vicksburg, Mississippi, thereby splitting the Confederacy in two. Confederate resistance collapsed after Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.
The American Civil War
The American Civil WarThe American Civil War (1861–1865) was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ("the Confederacy"); the other 25 states supported the federal government ("the Union"). After four years of warfare, mostly within the Southern states, the Confederacy surrendered and slavery was outlawed everywhere in the nation. Issues that led to war were partially resolved in the Reconstruction Era that followed, though others remained unresolved.In the presidential election of 1860, the Republican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campaigned against expanding slavery beyond the states in which it already existed. The Republicans strongly advocated nationalism, and in their 1860 platform they denounced threats of disunion as avowals of treason. After a Republican victory, but before the new administration took office on March 4, 1861, seven cotton states declared their secession and joined to form the Confederate States of America. Both the outgoing administration of President James Buchanan and the incoming administration rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion. The other eight slave states rejected calls for secession at this point. No country in the world recognized the Confederacy.Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state to recapture federal property, which led to declarations of secession by four more slave states. Both sides raised armies as the Union seized control of the border states early in the war and established a naval blockade. Land warfare in the East was inconclusive in 1861–62, as the Confederacy beat back Union efforts to capture its capital, Richmond, Virginia, notably during the Peninsular Campaign. In September 1862, the confederate campaign in Maryland ended in defeat at the Battle of Antietam, which dissuaded the British from intervening. Days after that battle, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal.In 1863, confederate general Robert E. Lee's northward advance ended in defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg. To the west, the Union gained control of the Mississippi River after the Battle of Shiloh and Siege of Vicksburg, splitting the Confederacy in two and destroying much of their western army. Due to his western successes, Ulysses S. Grant was given command of the eastern army in 1864, and organized the armies of William Tecumseh Sherman, Philip Sheridan and others to attack the Confederacy from all directions, increasing the North's advantage in manpower. Grant restructured the union army, and put other generals in command of divisions of the army that were to support his push into Virginia. He led the Overland Campaign to seize Richmond, though in the face of fierce resistance he altered his plans and led the Siege of Petersburg which nearly finished off the rest of Lee's army. Meanwhile, Sherman captured Atlanta and marched to the sea, destroying Confederate infrastructure along the way. When the Confederate attempt to defend Petersburg failed, the Confederate army retreated but was pursued and defeated, which resulted in Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The practices of total war, developed by Sherman in Georgia, and of trench warfare around Petersburg foreshadowed World War I in Europe. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Historian John Huddleston estimates the death toll at ten percent of all Northern males 20–45 years old, and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18–40. Victory for the North meant the end of the Confederacy and of slavery in the United States, and strengthened the role of the federal government. The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war decisively shaped the reconstruction era that lasted to 1877.。
美国的南北战争的资料
美国的南北战争的资料南北战争(American Civil War)即美国内战，是美国历史上唯一一次内战，参战双方为北方美利坚合众国和南方的美利坚联盟国，最终以北方联邦胜利告终。
下面是店铺分享的美国的南北战争的资料，一起来看看吧。
美国南北战争的资料简介总体来说，南北战争过程可以被分为两个阶段，第一阶段是被称为“有限战争”阶段，是双方在东部战场上集中兵力争夺对方首都的过程;第二阶段被称为“革命战争”阶段，是以北军的胜利，美国南北统一而告终。
在战争前夕，北方无论是经济还是军事方面的实力，都超过南方，但是南方刚刚经历过美墨战争，军队的素质较强，最主要的是，他们有充分的战前准备。
“有限战争”阶段一般是指1861年4月至1862年9月之间的南北之间的战争，在这个阶段中，南方的军事将领是美国著名的罗伯特·李，他采取了以攻为守的战略方针，连续几次击败北方的军队。
而北方军队由于作战准备不够充分，而且部分消极作战，因此在战斗中几次输给了南方的军队。
1861年7月，双方进行了马那萨斯会战，北方军队被南方击败，因此林肯总统将战略的重心开始移到了西部战线。
在西部，麦克莱兰和罗伯特·李展开了一场争夺里士满的大会战，史称“半岛战役”，或为“七日会战”。
在战争中，罗伯特·李击败了麦克莱兰，大获全胜。
1862年9月22日，林肯总统发表了解放宣言，这标志着南北战争过程中的第一个阶段结束，从而进入了第二个阶段——“革命战争阶段”。
1862~1863年，林肯总统推行了一系列的解放黑奴的战争，并允许黑人加入军队，因此使北方军队的实力得到了很大的加强。
1863年7月1日，北方军队在葛底斯堡之战，击溃了南方军队的主力，从而掌握了战场的主动权。
第二年，北方军队又开始对东西两线全面进攻，南方的东北部与西南部的联系被切断。
1865年4月9日，南方军队的统帅罗伯特·李被北军包围后，宣布投降，南北战争宣告结束。
美国文学填空填空题练习
Part I. The Literature of Colonial America1. The most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature was American Puritanism11. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the Puritan values that dominated much of the early American writing.Part II. The Literature of Reason and Revolution3. Benjamin Franklin also edited the first colonial magazine, which he called the General Magazine.4. Benjamin Franklin's best writing is found in his masterpiece Autobiography9. The most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century was Philip Freneau10. Philip Freneau's famous poem The British Prison Ship was written about his imprisoned experience.11. Philip Freneau was considered as the " poet of the American Revolution. "12. Philip Freneau has been called the "Father of American Poetry."14. In American literature, the eighteenth century was an Age of Reason and Revolution.Part III. The Literature of Romanticism1. In the early nineteenth century, Washington Irving wrote The Sketch Book which became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.2. In 1828, Noah Webster published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.3. In 1755, Samuel Johnson published his remarkable dictionary named Dictionary of the English Language.4. The Civil War of 1861—1865 ended in the defeat of the Southerners and the abolition of Slavery5. The American Transcendentalists formed a club called the Transcendental Club.6. The Transcendental Club often met at Ralph Waldo Emerson's Concord home.7. Washington Irving was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanticism.8. At nineteen,Washington Irving published in his brother's newspaper, his "Jonathan Old style" satires of New York life.9. In Washington Irving's work The Sketch Book appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.10. In Paris, Washington Irving met John Howard Payne, the American dramatist and actor, with whom Irving wrote his brilliant social comedy Charles the Second, or The Merry Monarch.11. The short story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is taken from Washington Irving's work named The Sketch Book.12. Washington Irving was the first American to achieve an international literary reputation after the Revolutionary War.13. Washington Irving' s first book appeared in 1809. It was entitled The History of New York.14. Washington Irving also wrote two biographies, one is The Life of Oliver Gol d¬ smith, and the other is Life of Washington.15. The first important American novelist was James Fenimore Cooper16. James Fenimore Cooper's novel The Spy was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War.17. The best of James Fenimore Cooper's sea romances was The Pilot. The hero of the novel represents John Paul Jones, the great naval fighter of the Revolutionary War.18. The central figure in the Leather stocking Tales is Natty Bumppo , who goes by the various names of Leather stocking, Deer slayer, Pathfinder and Hawkeye.19. To a Waterfowl" is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant' s work, it has been called by an eminent English critic " the most perfect brief poem in the language. "20. William Cullen Bryant was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet in the world literature.21. Among William Cullen Bryant's most important later works are his translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey into English blank verse.22. Edgar Allan Poe's poem The Bells is perhaps the best example of onomatopoeia in the English language.23. Edgar Allan Poe's poem The Raven was published in 1845 as the title poem of a collection.24. Ralph Waldo Emerson was responsible for bringing transcendentalism to New England.25. Ralph Waldo Emerson's truest disciple, the man who put into practice many of Emerson's theories, was Henry David Thoreau26. In 1845, Henry David Thoreau began a two-year residence at Walden Pond.27. A superb book entitled Walden came out of Henry David Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden Pond.28. From Henry David Thoreau's Concord jail experience, came his famous essay Civil Disobedience.29. Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter.30. Herman Melville's novel Moby Dick is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.31. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's first collection of poems entitled Voices of the Night appeared in 1838.32. The most scholarly of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's writings is his translation of Dante's Divine Comedy.33. Besides lyrics and longer poems Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote dramatic works, among which Michael Angelo is the most conspicuous.34. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Lowell are the only two American poets commemorated in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey.35. After his death, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey.36. The American Romantic period stretches from the end of the eighteenth century through the outburst of the Civil War.37. The English author named Sir Walter Scott was, in a way, responsible for the romantic description of landscape in American literature and the development of American Indian romance. His Waverley novels were models for American historical romances.38. Published in 1823, The Pioneers was the first of the Leather stocking Tales, in their order of publication time, and probably the first true romance of the frontier in American literature.39. In The Pioneers, Natty Bumppo represents the ideal American, living a virtuous and free life in God' s world.40. In 1836, a little book came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. It was entitled Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson41. Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay The American Scholar has been regarded as "America's Declaration ofIntellectual Independence". It called on American writers to write about America in a way peculiarly American.42. Another renowned New England Transcendentalist was Henry David Thoreau a friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson' s and his junior by some fourteen years.43. The way in which Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American puritan moralism.44. Herman Melville's world classic novel Moby Dick was dedicated to Nathaniel Hawthorne a novelist.45. It is said that in his late years, Herman Melville stopped writing novels and stories and turned to poetry, Clarel is his most famous poetic work.46. Herman Melville is best known as the author of one book named Moby Dick which is, critics have agreed, one of the world's greatest masterpieces.Part IV. The Literature of Realism1. Realism had originated in the country France as a literary doctrine that called for "reality and truth" in the depiction of ordinary life.2. The arbiter of nineteenth century literary realism in America was William Dean Howells.3. Henry James probed deeply at the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.4. Mark Twain, breaking out of the narrow limits of local color fiction, described the breadth of American experience as no one had ever done before, or since.5. Darwinism had an evident influence on naturalism. It seemed to stress the animality of man, to suggest that he was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution.6. The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called free verse , that is poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.7. In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass, Walt Whitman gave America its first genuine epic poem.8. There is no doubt that the solitary Emily Dickinson of Amherst, Massachusetts, is a poet of great power and beauty.9. There was only one female prose writer in the nineteenth century. That was Harriet Beecher Stowe10. Harriet Beecher Stowe's masterpiece is Uncle Tom's Cabin.11. Samuel Langhorne Clemens is better known by the pen name Mark Twain .12. One of Samuel Langhorne Clemens' best books Life on the Mississippi is built around his experiences as a steamboat pilot.13. The result of Mark Twain's European trip was a series of newspaper articles, later published as a book called Innocents Abroad.14. Mark Twain was the first literary giant born west of the Mississippi.15. Mark Twain's work The Mysterious Stranger tells of the visits of an angel to the village of Eseldorf in Austria in 1590.16. William Sidney Porter, whose pen name was O. Henry, was the author of The Cop and the Anthem.17. Many of O. Henry's stories tell about the life of poor people in New York.18. 0. Henry sympathized with the poor's lot and hated those rich who exploited and despised them. This is especially seen in his story entitled An Unfinished story.19. It is said that O. Henry imitated a French author named De Maupassant as a model, and there is indeed much in common between these two writers.20. The title of one of O. Henry's books The Four Millions indicates that he considered all the people of New York City worth writing about, instead of only the upper class.21. Henry James' first novel is Watch and Ward, which failed to make him famous.22. The novel which was described by an American critic as "an outrage to American girlhood" is Henry James' Daisy Miller .23. Henry James' first important fiction was A Passionate Pilgrim in which he took up for the first time the theme of The American in Europe.24. In 1881, Henry James published his novel The Portrait of a Lady, which is generally considered as his masterpiece.25. Henry James is considered the founder of Psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator.26. The name of the heroine in The Portrait of a Lady is Isabel Archer.27. In 1902 Jack London published his first novel A Daughter of the Snows .28. Martin Eden is the novel into which Jack London put most of himself.29. The first novel of Theodore Dreiser was Sister Carrie.30. The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Theodore Dreiser's masterpiece An American Tragedy.31. The protagonisw of Theodore Dreiser's Trilogy of Desire is Frank Cowperwood.32. Theodore Dreiser visited the Soviet Union in 1927 and published Dreiser Looks at Russia the following year.33. Theodore Dreiser's novel Sister Carrie , a commercial and critical failure when first published in 1900, was reissued in 1907 and won high praise for its grim, naturalistic portrayal of American society.34. Mark Twain's first novel,The Gilded Age was an artistic failure, but it gave its name to the America of the postbellum period which it attempts to satirize.35. Three years' life on the Mississippi left such a fond memory with Mark Twain that he returned to the theme more than once in his writing career. His book Life on the Mississippi relates it in a vivid, moving way.36. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was Mark Twain' s masterpiece from which, as Hemingway noted, "all modern American literature comes. "37. The best work that Mark Twain ever produced is The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , which wasa success from its first publication in 1884, and has always been regarded as one of the great books of western literature and western civilization.38. Stephen Crane is the pioneer who wrote in the naturalistic tradition.39. Stephen Crane's novel Maggi; A Girl of the Streets relates the story of a good woman' s down¬ fall and destruction in a slum environment.40. War in the novel The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane is a plain slaughter-house. There is nothing like valor or heroism on the battlefield, and if there is anything, it is the fear of death, cowardice, the natural instinct of man to run from danger.41. Benjamin Frank Norris' novel McTe ague has been called "the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel" and "a consciously naturalistic manifesto".42. Jack London's masterwork Martin Eden is somewhat autobiographical.43. O. Henry's The Gift of the Magi is a very moving story of a young couple who sell their best possessionsin order to get money for a Christmas present for each other.Part V. Twentieth Century Literature (I) Before WWII1. The First World War stands as a great dividing line between the nineteenth century and the contemporary American literature.2. American writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a "Lost Generation " , devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization.3. The most significant American poem of the twentieth century was The Waste Land.4. The publication of The Waste Land, written by Thomas Stearns Eliot, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.5. In 1920, Sinclair Lewis published his memorable denunciation of American small-town provincialism in Main Street .6. F. Scott Fitzgerald summarized the experiences and attitudes of the 1920s decade in his masterpiece novel The Great Gatsby7. The Great Depression of the 1930s greatly weakened the American nation's self-confidence.8. An American woman writer named Gertrude Stein who had lived in Paris since 1903, welcomed the young expatriates to her literary salon, and gave them a name "the Lost Generation".9. William Faulkner wrote about the disintegration of the old social system in the American Southern States, and its effect on the lives of modern people, both black and white.10. Ezra Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the "Imagist" movement.11. Ezra Pound's major work of poetry is the long poem called The Cantos.12. One of Edwin Arlington Robinson's early books, Captain Craig, once came to the attention of President Theodore Roosevelt.13. Edwin Arlington Robinson produced a large body of works and was honored with the Pulitzer Prize in 1922, 1925 and 1928.14. Robert Frost' s first book A Boy's Will brought him to the attention of influential critics, such as Ezra Pound, who praised him as an authentic poet.15. Robert Frost's second volume of poems was North of Boston16. "After Apple-Picking" is a well-known poem written by Robert Frost17. New Hampshire, one of Robert Frost's longest poems, is a very witty and wise anecdotal discussion about the values of life and character.18. At one time, Sandburg's reputation mainly rested on a multi-volume biography of Abraham Lincoln including "The Prairie Years" and "The War Years".19. Carl Sandburg' s love of folklore developed in time into a rather modern tendency to represent it in literature such as in his The People,Yes .20. Wallace Stevens was successful in two fields of activity which did not seem compatible with one another; he was a very successful businessman and a very re¬markable contemporary poet at the same t ime.21. At the age of 44, Wallace Stevens was finally persuaded to publish a book of poems, entitled Harmonium.22. The Necessary Angel is a collection of Wallace Stevens' s occasional lectures on poetry.23. For the publication of his Collected Poems, Wallace Stevens received the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize.24. After his death, Wallace Stevens' s previously uncollected works appeared under the title Opus Posthumous.25. In 1915, Thomas Stearns Eliot published his Prufrock and Other Observations.26. In 1920, Thomas Stearns Eliot published his The Sacred Wood, containing, among other essays, "Tradition and the Individual Talent", the earliest statement of his aesthetics.27. In 1920, Thomas Stearns Eliot began to write his masterpiece The Waste Land, one of the major works of modern literature.28. As Thomas Stearns Eliot declared, he followed strictly the advice of his close friend Ezra Pound in cutting and concentrating The Waste Land.29. Thomas Stearns Eliot's later poetry took a positive turn toward faith in life. This was demonstrated by Ash-Wednesday, a poem of mystical conflict between faith and doubt.30. In his work The Hollow Men, Thomas Stearns Eliot satirized the straw men, the Guy Fawkles men, whose world would end "not with a bang, but a whimper."31. Few men of letters have been more fully honored in their own day than Thomas Stearns Eliot, and even those who strongly disagree with him seemed content with his selection for the Nobel Prize in 1948.32. Thomas Steams Eliot wrote seven plays, the best of which is Murder in the Cathedral, a verse play on an ancient historical subject, written in 1935.33. Thomas Stearns Eliot's last important work was Four Quartets, a profound meditation on time and timelessness, written in four parts.34. F. Scott Fitzgerald's first novel This Side of Paradise, with its portrayal of casual dissipations of "flaming youth" , was an immediate commercial success.35. In 1925, F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote his best novel The Great Gatsby. It is the story of an idealist who was destroyed by the influence of the wealthy, pleasure-seeking people around him.36. F. Scott Fitzgerald' s second novel The Beautiful and the Damned describes a handsome young man and his beautiful wife, undoubtedly modelled after himself and Zelda.37. The hero in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel Tender is the Night is a psychiatrist who marries a rich patient. The author condemns the wasted energy of misguided youth.38. F. Scott Fitzgerald's last novel The Last Tycoon remained unfinished.39. With the publication of The Sun Also Rises,Ernest Hemingway became the spokes¬ man for what Gertrude Stein had called "a Lost Generation".40. Emest Hemingway's stature as a writer was confirmed with the publication of his novel A Farewell to Arms in 1929. The novel portrayed a farewell both to war and to love.41. Set in Spain during the Civil War, the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls stated again Hemingway ' s view of love found and lost, and described the indomitable spirit of the common people.42. In the story The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway portrayed an old fisherman named Santiago, who shows triumphant even in defeat.43. In 1954, Ernest Hemingway was awarded a Nobel Prize for his "mastery of the art of modem narration".44. Numerous parallels exist between the events of Ernest Hemingway's life and those of his characters, but fewer were closer than those of Richard Cantwell, the hero of the work Across the River and into the Trees.45. In 1952, Ernest Hemingway published a successful novel entitled The Old Man and the Sea, which won the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and occasioned the award of the Nobel Prize in 1954.46. In the same way that F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tales of the Jazz Age became the symbol for an age, Ernest Hemingway' s novel The Sun also Rises painted the image of a whole generation, the Lost Generation. 47. Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms can be read as a footnote to The Sun Also Rises in that it explains how people, like Jake Barnes, come to behave the way they do.48. The Spanish war was conductive to Ernest Hemingway's writing The Fifth Column, a play which was universally deplored.49. John Steinbeck was the foremost novelist of the American Depression of the 1930s.50. In the short novel Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers.51. In the work The Long Valley John Steinbeck described the fate of the lowly whose instinctive responses to life led only to destruction.52. The Grapes of Wrath is generally regarded as John Steinbeck's masterpiece.53. In 1935, John Steinbeck published Tortilla Flat, a collection of short stories which vividly described the life of poor Mexican-Americans with affection and humor.54. John Steinbeck's post-war novel The Pearl reflected his bitter feelings against those greedy, rapacious elements of society which made the war possible.55. Quentin is a character in William Faulkner's novel The Sound and the Fury56. Joe Christmas is a character in William Faulkner's novel Light in August.57. The works written by William Faulkner may be viewed as a culmination of the development of twentieth-century southern fiction.58. Katherine Ann Porter's novel Ship of Fools consists of three parts, "Embarkation", "High Sea" , "The Harbors"59. In her essay "Place in Fiction" , Eudora Welty emphasizes the importance of for literary creations. She is noted for her fidelity to the American South, so her major theme relate to place, traditional southern family relationships.60. Carson McCullers was said to touch William Faulkner in writing, and her well-known novels are and The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, The Ballad of the Sad Cafe61. One of the important figures in the 1930s who tried to adapt European avantgardism to American writing is Nathanael West62. The New Criticism first emerged in 1920s as a reaction against the prevailing time-honored critical tendency to focus on the theme often in disregard of the form of the work. The name is given by John Crowe Ransom's collection of critical essays The New Criticism .Part VI. Twentieth Century Literature (II) After WWII2. In poetry, Postmodernism strives to go against the vogue of the New Critical poem and its parent style, the High Modernism of the previous decades.4. Allen Ginsberg is the spokesman of postwar Beat Generation in American literary history.17. J. D. Salinger is probably best known for his novel The Catcher in the Rye26. Joseph Heller's Catch-22 is one of the most famous novels dealing with the subject of absurdity in typical "obscure" techniques.Part VII. American Drama1. Eugene O' Neill is the first master in the American history of drama.2. In 1916, Eugene O' Neill's first play Bound East for Cardiff was put on by the Province-town Players, which was significant not only for him but for American Drama.5. Eugene O' Neill received the Pulitzer Prize for his Beyond the Horizon and Anna Christie between 1920 and 1922, and Nobel Prize in 1936.10. The Theater of the Absurd in the 1950s and 1960s refers to some plays, some of which center on the meaninglessness of life with its pain and suffering that seems funny, even ridiculous. Edward Albee is one of the representatives.Part VIII. Multi-ethnic Literature1. African American literature centers on a myth, though also biblical, quite different from that on which mainstream American literature is based.2. African American literature is patterned on a myth of_ deliverance from slavery, that of the Hebrew prophet Moses leading the Jews in their flight from the bondage in Egypt.3. African American literature has undergone a long process of evolution. Its early form was oral, including songs, ballads and spirituals, in short, folk literature in its various manifestations.6. In the 1940 Richard Wright's Native Son came out as a watershed in the tradition of the African American novel.7. Toni Morrison and Alice Walker are two of the most important female African American novelists.14. By far the most important person in the Harlem Renaissance was Langston Hughes known as African Americans' poet laureate, who ultimately outgrew the movement, and developed into one of the major African American authors to help make African American culture.15. Langston Hughes was one of the founders of the black theater in the Federal Theater Project during the Depression.18. Native Son by Richard Wright is a story about an African American adolescent's growth of awareness. It consists of three sections, namely "Fear", "Right" and "Fate".19. African American literature attained a higher degree of maturity in 1952 when Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man appeared in print.21. Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon is seen as another milestone in African American literature after Native Son and Invisible Man. It tells the story of an African American trying to recover his family roots.29. Another important Asian American writer is Amy Tan, whose first novel,The Joy Luck Club, made quitea stir on the contemporary American literary scene and brought Asian American literature to the intensive scrutiny of readers and critics alike.。
美国文学史及选读2复习笔记
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅡ)美国文学史及选读2PartⅣ The Literature Of Realism现实主义文学1.美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was,, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote.2.现实主义一词来源于法语realism, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。
Realism had originated in France asrealism, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life. “现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William Dean Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life” as being the more “American”, insisting that Americ an was truly a land of hope and of possibility that should be reflected in its literature.3.美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实伟大的现实主义大师亨利·詹姆斯、马克·吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。
高英一册第九课词语解释
Unit NineMark Twain---Mirror of AmericaHis houseMark Twain’s Original House in Hartford, ConnecticutKeelboatPlatboatGold Rush:1830s-1860s3. every bit: from the beginning to the end, completely 从头至尾的，完全的The ending is every bit as good as the beginning.He wanted to be elected every bit as much as his brother.He has eaten every bit of his dinner.4. cynical: a. believing that people are motivated in all their actions only by selfishness, without any sincerity.Sarcastic, sneering 愤世嫉俗的，玩世不恭的，Eg. A sarcastic remarkCynicism 玩世不恭,犬儒主义; cynicallyn. Cynic5. deal: I vt. giveDeal sb. a blowHe dealt the boy a blow on the ear.II. n. 买卖，交易 Eg. a business deal6.Obsess: vi. haunt; preoccupied with a single emotion or topic1) 被．．．困饶Eg. He was obsessed with/by fear of future./Fear of future obsessed him.2) be obsessed with: 对…着迷He is obsessed with money.He was obsessed with a wish for power.n. obsession, a, obsessive cf. obese 肥胖的7. frailty: weakness, being frail 脆弱性，弱点Frail: a. physically weakAfter the illness, the boy turned to be frail.Her frail hands can’t hold the cupPa.28. tramp: n. a journey on foot, hike ; a wanderer步行, 徒步旅行; 徒步旅行者; 流浪者10. Confederate: n. a member of the ConfederacyDuring the American Civil War, it referred to the 11 states in the South: The Confederate States of America南部邦联 Confederate Army vs. Union Army11. guerrilla: 游击队员，cf. gorilla:大猩猩guerrilla war游击战12. prospector: n. a person who prospects勘探者，淘金者Prospect: vi.勘13. starry-eyed: with sparkling eyes, idealistic 过于理想的14. acid-tongued: sarcastic in tone 尖酸的，尖刻的Cf. sweet tongued15. range : vt. wander or travel across the countryHe ranged the whole world in search of excitements.走遍山中漫游: The children ranged the hills.2) 排列 to range chairsRange:II. n.a range of buildings, 一排a range of tools / mountain range(一系列) 山脉the range of vision 目视范围one’s range of responsibility 职责范围come into range 进入射程16. the new American experience:He lived in the stirring years: the American-Mexican War, the Civil War, the Gold Rush, the westward expansion and the American Spanish War.17. attest: (fml) v. prove to be trueEg. They tried to attest the truth of the statement.Eg to attest a signature,His success attested his industry.I can attest to the truth of his words.The child’s good health attests his mother’s care.n. attestation; attestorPa.319. artery: n. the main road or channel动脉，主干线22. commerce: commoditiesabstract for the concrete23. lumber: n. processed wood, beams, planks, boards, of convenient sizeCf. timber: unprocessed wood24. delta: n. mouth of a river 三角洲25. The climax of westward expansion:In the 19th. C. America expanded its territory. In this westward expansion, there happened the massacre of Indians, the Louisiana Purchase (1803), etc.In 1848, gold was found in Calif. The news spread far and wide. People rushed there to seek their fortune. That was ―Gold Rush.‖ It reached its climax in the 1860s.26. basin: 流域The Amazon basinThe Yellow River basindrain: v. 排水，Drain the water from the pool.A swamp was drained to grow vegetables.n. 排水沟Eg The drains are blocked up.drainage area流域面积，drainage system排水系统Here: to flow throughPa.427. cub:n. an inexperienced awkward ill-mannered youth 幼兽，年轻人，新手eg cub pilot 见习领航员28. cast: n. 演员表a cast of: a set of, a series of30. feud: a bitter and continued quarrel between families 世仇, 夙怨31. piracy: n. robbery of ships at the sea, the act of piratepirateEg a pirated book, pirated discs, pirate label 非法录制的唱片，磁带等32. lynch:I.n. II. V. to kill a person without lawful trial私刑处死33. medicine shows: shows given by fake doctors or Indians who travel from town to town to sell their medicine游医卖药e.g. snake bite medicine35. soak: vt. To immerse in liquid 浸泡Eg Your coat is soaking in the sink.她把脏衣服泡在水里。
American Civil War
North
23 States, ¾ of the entire territory Union Industrial economy
South
11 States Confederate Agricultural economy
justice
injustice
The lack of preparation Adequate preparation A large population of 22 9 million people million people including 3.8 million slaves
(1861-1865)
• The American Civil War is one of the biggest internal wars happened in 1860. Two divided organizations : • The United states mainly located on north of American • Confederate states mainly located on south
3. In 1860, Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected the president of United States.
(direct cause) Jefferson Davis
The Process of the War
• 1. The advantages and disadvantages of both sides in the war. • 2. The war's turning • 3. The influences of the war
介绍一下美国内战英文作文
介绍一下美国内战英文作文The American Civil War was a pivotal moment in American history, lasting from 1861 to 1865. It was a conflict between the Northern states, known as the Union, and the Southern states, known as the Confederacy. The war was fought over issues such as slavery, states' rights, and the power of the federal government.The war began with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in South Carolina in April 1861. This attack led to the secession of several Southern states from the Union, and the formation of the Confederacy. The Union, under the leadership of President Abraham Lincoln, fought to preserve the Union and end slavery. The Confederacy, led by President Jefferson Davis, fought for the right to secede and maintain the institution of slavery.The war was marked by several significant battles, such as the Battle of Gettysburg and the Battle of Antietam. These battles resulted in massive casualties on both sides,and the war became increasingly brutal as it continued. The Union eventually emerged victorious, with the Confederacy surrendering in April 1865.The end of the war resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States. However, the aftermath of the war was marked by continued tensions between the North and South, as well as the struggle for civil rights for African Americans.Overall, the American Civil War was a defining moment in American history, shaping the country in profound ways that still resonate today. It was a conflict that tested the very foundations of the United States, and ultimately led to the creation of a more just and equal society.。
美国历史的英语作文
美国历史的英语作文The history of the United States is a fascinating and complex narrative that spans centuries and encompasses a diverse array of experiences, achievements, and challenges. As one of the world's most influential nations, the United States has played a pivotal role in shaping the global landscape, both politically and culturally.The story of the United States begins with the arrival of European settlers in the early 17th century, who sought to establish new colonies and explore the vast and untamed lands of the New World. The early years were marked by struggles for survival, conflicts with indigenous populations, and the establishment of the original 13 colonies. The American Revolution, which took place from 1775 to 1783, was a defining moment in the nation's history, as the colonies fought for independence from the British Empire and established the United States of America as a sovereign nation.The Constitution, ratified in 1788, laid the foundation for the new country's democratic system of government, outlining the powers and responsibilities of the federal government and the rights of the people. The early decades of the 19th century were marked by westward expansion, the Louisiana Purchase, and the War of 1812,which solidified the country's boundaries and strengthened its international standing.The mid-19th century was a tumultuous period, as the nation grappled with the issue of slavery and the growing divide between the North and the South. The American Civil War, fought from 1861 to 1865, was a pivotal moment in the nation's history, as the Union fought to preserve the country and end the practice of slavery. The aftermath of the war saw the ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution, which abolished slavery, granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States, and secured the right to vote for all male citizens regardless of race.The late 19th and early 20th centuries were marked by rapid industrialization, the rise of big business, and the emergence of the United States as a global economic and military power. The country's involvement in World War I and World War II cemented its status as a superpower, and the postwar period saw the United States take on a leading role in the global political and economic order.The latter half of the 20th century was a time of significant social and political change, as the civil rights movement, the women's rights movement, and the environmental movement all gained momentum and transformed the country. The Cold War, which pitted the United States against the Soviet Union, was a dominant force in shaping thecountry's foreign policy and domestic politics.Today, the United States continues to grapple with a range of complex challenges, from income inequality and racial injustice to climate change and global security threats. Despite these challenges, the country remains a beacon of democracy and a leader on the world stage, with a rich and diverse cultural heritage that has influenced and shaped the lives of people around the globe.The history of the United States is a testament to the resilience, determination, and ingenuity of the American people, who have overcome countless obstacles and forged a nation that continues to inspire and captivate the world. From the earliest days of European settlement to the present day, the story of the United States is one of triumph and tragedy, progress and setbacks, but ultimately, a story of a nation that has consistently strived to fulfill its promise of liberty and justice for all.。
高级英语 Everyday Use 背景资料
5
About the story
Through the title of her short story, Alice Walker conceptually expresses her wariness of the Black Power Movement. During the mid-1960’s, young black African Americans proclaimed they would no longer be oppressed by their current lifestyle and began to celebrate African culture by exploiting it for exotic names and ethnic appeal.
4
About the story
Everyday use, a story addresses itself to the dilemma of African Americans who, in striving to escape prejudice and poverty, risk a terrible deracination（隔 离）, a sundering from all that has sustained and defined them.
16这是一名黑人妇女在华盛顿职业介绍会上收集工作介绍材料这是2005年6月10日美国东南部一名无家可归的黑人男子在的迈阿密南海滩钻进塑料袋里躲避飓风袭击17这是2005年10月8日在美国路易斯安那州新奥尔良市波旁大街的一家酒吧外几名白人警察正在殴打一名老年黑人男子
of Everyday Use
Background
英语1091 姚莉 胡慧
1860年美国南北战争
1860年美国南北战争南北战争，又称美国内战(英语：American Civil War)，是美国历史上一场大规模的内战，参战双方为北方的美利坚合众国(简称联邦)和南方的美利坚联盟国(简称邦联)。
下面是店铺分享的1860年美国南北战争，一起来看看吧。
1860年美国南北战争这场战争的起因为美国南部十一州以亚伯拉罕·林肯于1861年就任总统为由而陆续退出联邦，另成立以杰斐逊·戴维斯为“总统”的政府，并驱逐驻扎南方的联邦军，而林肯下令攻打“叛乱”州。
此战不但改变当时美国的政经情势，导致奴隶制度在美国南方最终被废除，也对日后美国的民间社会产生巨大的影响。
内战起因美国各州与中央政府之间自共和成立初期曾有过一场持续的纷争，不管是对于中央的权力或者公民的效忠。
例如1798年的肯塔基及维基尼亚决议案(Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions)便公然反对客籍法和镇压叛乱法(Alien and Sedition Acts)，另外在哈特福特会议(Hartford Convention)中，新英格兰表示反对麦迪逊总统与1812年战争。
于1828年与1832年，国会通过了提高对欧洲工业产品的关税以利北方各州的工业。
由于这项关税政策将对倚重对欧洲大量外销农产的南卡罗莱那州及其它南方各州造成经济上之冲击，美国南方农业州担心欧洲各国会报复美国而提高对美国农产的关税，因此被讥为“嫌恶关税”。
对此南卡罗莱那州议会召开州代表大会，通过了联邦法令废止权条例(Ordinance of Nullification)，宣布1828及1832年的关税法于该州内无效作废。
州议会并通过相关法令以贯彻该项条例，包括授权组织军队与购置武器。
为回应南卡罗莱那州的威胁，国会通过了“军力动员法”(Force Bill)，而杰克森总统于1832年11月派遣七艘小型海军船只与一艘武力军舰前往查理斯顿。