Chapter 3-1
Exercise 1 chapter1-chapter3
A. in; on B. on; in C. of; on D. on; of
6. We are sure that ____ your prompt attention. A. meet B. will meet with C. will meet D. met
7. 8 It will be in the best _______ of both parties to set up business relations.
5. We now avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you with a view to enter into business relations with your firm.
Multiple Choices
1. Read the following sentence and point out which writing principle it breaks: I demand that you send me a copy of agreement.
A. of B. in C. with D. regarding
5. We have seen your advertisement ____ “Flying Horse” brand scissors ____ the October issue of International Trade.
11.specialize in 12. upon receipt of 13. be in the market for 14. L/C at sight 15. with a view to 16. a promising market 17. mail transfer 18. the Chamber of Commerce 19. on the basis of equality, mutual benefit
英语《阅读教程》第一册答案
P35-4 1.weather 2.slowly 3.typical 4.extreme 5.temperatures 6.storms 7.floods 8.rain 9.damage 10.worse
P53
1
1.diet 2.diet 3.fast food 4.universal 5.tacos and burrios 6.diabetes 7.low-carb diet plex carbohydrates 9.soy products 10.dairy
5) Some examples of directions from residents of the American Midwest are “Take this road here. Go straight north for two miles,” or, “Keep to the left around the curve. Then merge with Local Route 12 .”
w 7.public 8.restaurants 9.habits 10.health
Chapter 5
Part 1
5) A. family in the past
1. biometeorologists 2.atmosphere 3.rain,snow,humidity, air pressure 4.weather 5.strokes 6. sudden stopping of the heart 7.flu 8.lungs 9. emotional conditions and feelings 10. Seasonal Affective Disorder, long periods of darkness
Chapter-3-Cultural-Diversity[1]
![Chapter-3-Cultural-Diversity[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b66be7426ad97f192279168884868762caaebbed.png)
Nature
Sense of Time
Past
Activity
Being (who you are
Social
Authoritarian
Relationship
Mixture of Good and Evil Man in Harmony with Nature Present
Growing (selfdevelopment) GroupOriented
• are very proud of their five-thousand-year civilization and their intelligent and
• diligent ancestors who created such a splendid culture.
• Although culture is subject to change, the deep structure of a culture is resistant to change.
• The comparison and contrast of different cultures help understand one’s own culture and other cultures, which will ultimately enhance the effect of intercultural communication.
Culture Diversity
2024/8/7
1
Warm-up: Read the following sayings aloud, and
discuss with your partner: what do they mean to you?
chapter-3-1
经营负债会使使用中的自有经营资产减少而提高 RNOA. 一个公司能在多大程度上获得无息贷款用于营业 活动，它就能够在多大程度上减少其净经营资产 上的投资，从而提高其RNOA。 供应方提供的无息占款并非无成本，为什么?
2007-10-15 UIBE-BUSINESSCHOOL LEIGY 17
计算经营资产回报率ROOA：
将总资产报酬率剔除经营杠杆的影响后，就可以得 到净经营资产的报酬率（RNOA）。 在不考虑 经营杠杆的前提下，总资产报酬率就是净经营资产 报酬率。
总资产报酬率的进一步运用：对资产收益率进 行分解——杜邦分析法的核心
净收益＋利息费用＋所得税 总资产报酬率＝ 资产平均总额 销售净额 净收益＋利息费用＋所得税 = × 资产平均总额 销售净额 = 总资产周转率 × 销售收益率
金融资产报酬率：反映财务活动的盈利能力 净金融资产：用于金融投资活动的资产大于因融资
活动产生的金融负债的差额。
净金融负债：金融资产与金融负债之差
金融资产报酬率实际上是由财务杠杆效应来实现的。 财务杠杆反映了经营资产在多大程度上是由净金融 负债或普通权益融资形成的。
财 务 杠 杆 (FLEV) = 净 金 融 负 债 NFO = 普 通 股 东 权 益 C SE
金融资产报酬率
第二层次
营业边际利润率
总资产周转率
第三层次
销售毛利率
费用比率
各项资产周转率
2007-10-15
UIBE-BUSINESSCHOOL LEIGY
7
财务比率的英文缩写
财务报表项目： 收益＝综合收益 CSE＝普通股东权益 OI＝经营收益（税后） NOA＝净经营资产 NFE＝净财务费用 NFO＝净金融负债 财务比率
新思维朗文3B chapter3(1)
朗文3B Chapter3(1) Campingi.Words and phrases1.stay in a tent呆在家stay _________ _________呆在学校________ ________ _________2.cook a meal做午饭________ ________煮面条________ ________3.play hide-and-seek踢足球________ ________玩球________ ________4.boil water5.pick up rubbish捡起这本书pick up ________ ________捡起它pick ________ up捡起他们_____________________6.wash outside7.plant trees种花plant _________8.make a fire with banana leaves一片香蕉叶a banana _________生火________________________9.find more firewoodfind a book ________________look for a book __________________10.help to prepare lunch帮忙找盘子help _________ _________ ________ plates11.cook the noodles12.open the tin of pork一听 a _________ _______两听可乐two _________ _________ cola13.take out14.a strong winda heavy rain15.blow away16.taste yummy尝起来很好taste _________ii.Sentences1.Was camp fun? Yes, it was.2.We stayed in a tent.3.What did you do? We cooked a meal.4.There’s not enough firewood for tonight.5.What a lot of firewood!6.Judy and Dad bring a lot of firewood back to the camp.iii.Grammar1.Be动词过去式is-was are-were句型转换：肯定句：It was great fun.There were many books yesterday.否定句：It _________ great fun.There ________ many books yesterday.一般疑问句：_________ it great fun?________ there many books yesterday?练习：①It was rained yesterday.________________________________________________________②We were happy last summer holiday.________________________________________________________2.实义动词过去式stay-stayed cook-cooked句型转换：We cooked a meal.否定(借助助动词did+not，原来动词要还原)We cooked a meal. →We didn’t cook a meal.He stayed at home last Sunday. →一般疑问句(借助助动词did提前，原来动词还原)We cooked a meal. →Did you cook a meal? Yes, we did. No, we didn’t. He stayed at home last Sunday. →练习：①I looked for my books yesterday. (改为否定句和一般疑问句)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________②He started reading when he was five. (改为一般疑问句并作否定回答)________________________________________________________③Mr Green stopped talking just now. (对画线部分提问)________________________________________________________3.感叹句What +How +There are a lot of firewood.→What a lot of fire wood!The dog is very cute.→What a cute dog!→How cute the dog is!练习：She is a beautiful girl. (改为感叹句)____________________________________________________________4.with①和play with friends②用make a fire with banana leaves5.bring sb. sth = bring sth to sb./sp.Dad brings some firewood to the camp. =My mum brings me some presents. =这样句型结构还有：6.顺序词First Next Then Finally7.windwind 风（不可数）a strong wind 一阵大风rain 雨水（不可数）a heavy rain 一场大雨8.What shall we do now?shall为情态动词+ 动词原形Shall we go?Shall I use your pen?Shall用于第一人称9.taste +形容词(尝起来…)look +形容词(看起来)The food taste good.Your friend looks nice.Exercise1.What did you do? We __________(look) for our books.2.I __________(cook) fish yesterday.3.He __________(be) short ten years old.4.We __________(plant) trees on the 21st of January.5.Please __________(pick) up rubbish.6.__________ you happy last winter holiday? Yes, I __________.7.Beeno __________(be) little when he __________(be) a child.8.What __________ he __________(play) with last night?He __________(play) with his toys.9.I cooked the noodles and the vegetables. (改为否定句和一般疑问句)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10.Mum only open the tin of pork. (对画线部分提问)____________________________________________________________11.Where did you collected it? (改错)____________________________________________________________12.Judy bring a lot of firewood back to the camp. (改错)____________________________________________________________13.Mark played with Cindy. (对画线部分提问)____________________________________________________________14.完形填空I am Nancy Black. I___1__a brother, Mike. My father is a doctor and my mother is a bus driver. They don't ___2____ on Saturdays and Sundays. They sweep the floor _____3___ Saturday morning. ___4_____ Mike and I like ____5__ some magazines. Sometimes we watch TV, but my father ___6_____, he ___7__ reading a newspaper__8___my mother.( )1. A. am B. have C. has( )2. A. sleep B. work C. like( )3. A. in B. under C. on( )4. A. and B. so C. But( )5. A. reading B. looking C. buy( )6. A. don't B.doesn't C. isn't( )7. A. is B. like C. likes( )8. A. with B. and C. /。
新能源汽车专业英语3-1
n.失活，钝化
[ɪ'lektrəʊmægnət] n.电磁体，电磁铁
['enədʒaɪz]
vt.给…加电压，通电
[ֽห้องสมุดไป่ตู้lə'streɪʃn]
n.说明，插图
[lu:p]
n.圈，环，回路
[mæ g'netɪk]
adj.有磁性的，磁性的
3.2 Construction and Principle 结构与原理
electric vehicles: the direct current (DC) motor and the alternating current (AC) motor.
3.1 Types of Traction Motors 牵引电动机的类型
DC motors
In most electric industrial trucks, the serieswound DC motors, as shown in Figure 3.1a, are used. In these motors, the field and armature windings are in series. Representative torquepower-speed characteristics of this type of motor are shown in Figure 3.1b. While the efficiency of the series-wound DC motor is relatively low, it is still being used because of its simple design and low cost.
Separately excited (shunt) DC motors are also used in some electric vehicles.
Chapter.3-1
1870
Refractory materials are introduced during the Industrial revolution. Used for everything from bricks for building to lining the inside of furnaces.
high thermal resistance, electrical insulator (at high temperature, ion bond
materials are conductive)
多晶 polycrystalline compounds
Usually compound between metallic and nonmetallic elements Always composed of more than one element Bonds are partially or totally ionic, and can have combination of ionic and covalent Majority has ionic (in salt compounds) or metallic and nonmetallic elements (as in oxides Al2O3, MgO, SiO2)
Silicides – MoSi2, WSi3.
朗文2a 句型 chapter1-3
朗文第四册Chapter1-3 重点句型复习Chapter 11.I like chilli fish.我喜欢辣鱼。
2.Beeno likes chilli fish. Beeno 喜欢辣鱼。
3.Beeno doesn’t like chilli fish. Beeno 不喜欢辣鱼。
4．What do you like? 你喜欢什么？5.What does he like?他喜欢什么？6.He likes potato chips. 他喜欢薯片。
7.Do you like peanuts? Yes, I do. /No, I don’t.你喜欢花生吗？是的，喜欢。
/不，不喜欢。
8.Does Billy like cookies? Yes,he does./No,he doesn’t .Billy喜欢饼干吗？是的，他喜欢。
/不，他不喜欢。
9.May I have some lemon sweets please,Mum. 我可以要一些柠檬糖吗，妈妈？10.Can I have some chocolate,Mum? Yes ,you can. /No,you can’t.我可以要一些巧克力吗？你可以/不，你不可以。
11.It’s sweet. 它是甜的。
12.They’re salty. 它们是咸的。
13.It’s sour.它是酸的。
14.It’s hot. .它是热气的。
15.Don’t eat too much. .别吃太多。
16.Don’t eat too many.别吃太多。
17.It’s Charlie’s bedtime. 是Charlie 的睡觉时间。
18.No sweets at bedtime. 睡觉时间不吃甜食。
19.They’re not good for your teeth.他们对你的牙齿不好。
20.I love lemon sweets.我喜欢柠檬糖。
Chapter 21.Is there any butter? Yes, there is./ No,there isn’t.有牛油吗？是的，有。
国际金融英文版习题Chapter-3(1)
INTERNATIONAL FINANCEAssignment Problems (3) Name: Student#: I. Choose the correct answer for the following questions (only ONE correct answer) (2 credits for each question, total credits 2 x 25 = 50)1. Interbank quotations that include the United States dollars are conventionally given in __________, which state the foreign currency price of one U.S. dollar, such as a bid price of SFr 0.85/$.A. indirect quoteB. direct quoteC. American quoteD. European quote2. The spot exchange rate published in financial newspapers is usually the __________.A. nominal exchange rateB. real exchange rateC. effective exchange rateD. equilibrium exchange rate3. The foreign exchange refers to the __________.A. foreign bank notes and coinsB. demand deposits in foreign banksC. foreign securities that can be easily cashedD. all of the above4. The functions of the foreign exchange market come down to __________.A. converting the currency of one country into the currency of anotherB. providing some insurance against the foreign exchange riskC. making the foreign exchange speculation easyD. Only A and B are true.5. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the foreign exchange market?A. It is the place through which people exchange one currency for another.B. The exchange rate nowadays is mainly determined by the market forces.C. Most foreign exchange transactions are physically completed in this market.D. All of the above are true.6. The world largest foreign exchange markets are __________ respectively.A. London, New York and TokyoB. London, Paris and FrankfurtC. London, Hong Kong and SingaporeD. London, Zurich and Bahrain7. The foreign exchange market is NOT efficient because __________.A. monetary authorities dominate the foreign exchange market and everybody knows that by definition, central banks are inefficientB. commercial banks and other participants of the market do not compete with one another due to the fact that transaction takes place around the world and not in a single centralized locationC. foreign exchange dealers have different prices such as bid and ask pricesD. None of the reasons listed are correct because the foreign exchange market is an efficient market8. __________ earn a profit by a bid-ask spread on currencies they buy and sell. __________ on the other hand, earn a profit by bringing together buyers and sellers of foreign exchanges and earning a commission on each sale and purchase.A. Foreign exchange brokers; foreign exchange dealersB. Foreign exchange dealers; foreign exchange brokersC. arbitragers; speculatorsD. commercial banks; central banks9. Most foreign exchange transactions are through the U.S. dollars. If the transaction is expressed as the currencies per dollar, this is known as __________ whereas __________ are expressed as dollars per currency.A. direct quote; indirect quoteB. indirect quote; direct quoteC. European quote; American quoteD. American quote, European quote10. From the viewpoint of a Japanese investor, which of the following would be a direct quote?A. SFr 1.25/€B. $1.55/₤C. ¥ 110/€D. €0.0091/ ¥11. Which of the following is true about the foreign exchange market?A. It is a global network of banks, brokers, and foreign exchange dealers connected by electronic communications system.B. The foreign exchange market is usually located in a particular place.C. The foreign exchange rates are usually determined by the related monetary authorities.D. The main participants in this market are currency speculators from different countries.12. The extent to which the income from individual transactions is affected by fluctuations in foreign exchange values is considered to be _________.A. Translation exposureB. economic exposureC. transaction exposureD. accounting exposure13. Which of the following exchange rates is adjusted for price changes?A. nominal exchange rateB. real exchange rateC. effective exchange rateD. equilibrium exchange rate14. Suppose the exchange rate of the RMB versus U.S. dollar is ¥6.8523/$ now. If the RMB were to undergo a 10% depreciation, the new exchange rate in terms of ¥/$ would be:A. 6.1671B. 7.5375C. 6.9238D. 7.613515. At least in a U.S. MNC’s financial accounting statement, if the value of the euro depreciates rapidly against that of the dollar over a year, this would reduce the dollar value of the euro profit made by the European subsidiary. This is a typical __________.A. transaction exposureB. translation exposureC. economic exposureD. operating exposure16. A Japanese-based firm expects to receive pound-payment in 6 months. The company has a (an) __________.A. economic exposureB. accounting exposureC. long position in sterlingD. short position in sterling17 The exposure to foreign exchange risk known as Translation Exposure may be defined as __________.A. change in reported owner’s equity in consolidated financial statements caused by a change in exchange ratesB. the impact of settling outstanding obligations entered into before change in exchange rates but to be settled after change in exchange ratesC. the change in expected future cash flows arising from an unexpected change in exchange ratesD. All of the above18 When a firm deals with foreign trade or investment, it usually has foreign exchange risk exposure. So if an American firm expects to receive a dollar-paymentfrom a Chinese company in the next 30 days, the U.S. firm has the possible __________.A. economic exposureB. transaction exposureC. translation exposureD. none of the above19. In order to avoid the possible loss because of the exchange rate fluctuations, a firm that has a __________ position in foreign exchanges can __________ that position in the forward market.A. short; sellB. long; sellC. long; buyD. none of the above20. A forward contract to deliver Japanese yens for Swiss francs could be described either as __________ or __________,A. selling yens forward; buying francs forwardB. buying francs forward; buying yens forwardC. selling yens forward; selling francs forwardD. selling francs forward; buying yens forward21. Dollars are trading at S0SFr/$=SFr0.7465/$ in the spot market. The 90-day forward rate is F1SFr/$=SFr0.7432/$. So the forward __________ on the dollar in basis points is __________:A. discount, 0.0033B. discount, 33C. premium, 0.0033D. premium, 3322. If the spot rate is $1.35/€, 3-month forward rate is $1.36/€, which of the following is NOT true?A. euro is at forward premium by 100 points.B. dollar is at forward discount by 100 points.C. dollar is at forward discount by 55 points.D. euro is at forward premium by 2.96% p.a.23. If the spot C$/$ rate is 1.0305/15, forward dollar is 25/30 premium, the outright forward quote in American term should be __________.A. 1.0330 – 1.0345B. 1.0280 – 1.0285C. 0.9681 – 0.9667D. 0.9728 – 0.972324. If the spot C$/$ rate is 1.0305/15, forward dollar is 25/30 premium, the $/C$ forward quote in terms of points should be __________.A. 30/25B. 25/30C. – (23/28)D. – (28/23)25. The current U.S. dollar exchange rate is ¥85/$. If the 90-day forward dollar rate is ¥90/$, then the yen is selling at a per annum __________ of __________.A. premium; 5.88%B. discount; 5.56%C. premium; 23.52%D. discount; 22.23%II. ProblemsQuestions 1 through 10 are based on the information presented in Table 3.1. (2 credits for each question, total credits 2 x 10 = 20)Table 3.1Country Exchange rate Exchange rate CPI V olume of Volume of (2008) (2009) (2008) exports to U.S imports from U.S. Germany €0.75/$ €0.70/$ 102.5 $200m $350m Mexico Mex$11.8/$ Mex$12.20/$ 110.5 $120m $240mU.S. 105.31. The real exchange rate of the dollar against the euro in 2009 was __________.2. The real exchange rate of the dollar against the peso in 2009 was __________.3. The dollar was __________ against the euro in nominal term by __________.A. appreciated; 6.67%B. depreciated; 6.67%C. appreciated; 7.14%D depreciated; 7.14%4. The Mexican peso was __________ against the dollar in nominal term by __________.A. appreciated; 3.39%B. depreciated; 3.39%C. appreciated; 3.28%D. depreciated; 3.28%5. The volume of the German foreign trade with the U.S. was __________.6. The volume of the Mexican foreign trade with the U.S. was __________.7. Assume the U.S. trades only with the Germany and Mexico. Now if we want to calculate the dollar effective exchange rate in 2009 against a basket of currencies of euro and Mexican peso, the weight assigned to the euro should be __________.8. The weight assigned to the peso should be __________.9. Assume the 2008 is the base year. The dollar effective exchange rate in 2009 was __________.10. Was the dollar generally stronger or weaker in 2009 according to your calculation?11. The following exchange rates are available to you.Fuji Bank ¥80.00/$United Bank of Switzerland SFr0.8900/$Deutsche Bank ¥95.00/SFrAssume you have an initial SFr10 million. Can you make a profit via triangular arbitrage? If so, show steps and calculate the amount of profit in Swiss francs. (8 credits)12. If the dollar appreciates 1000% against the ruble, by what percentage does the ruble depreciate against the dollar? (5 credits)13. As a percentage of an arbitrary starting amount, about how large would transactions costs have to be to make arbitrage between the exchange rates S SFr/$= SFr1.7223/$, S$/￥= $0.009711/¥, and S￥/SFr = ¥61.740/SFr unprofitable? Explain. (7 credits14. You are given the following exchange rates:S￥/A$ = 67.05 – 68.75S￡/A$ = 0.3590 – 0.3670Calculate the bid and ask rate of S￥/￡: (5 credits)15. Suppose the spot quotation on the Swiss franc (CHF) in New York is USD0.9442 –52 and the spot quotation on the Euro (EUR) is USD1.3460 –68. Compute the percentage bid-ask spreads on the CHF/EUR quote. ( 5 credits)Answers to Assignment Problems (3)Part II1. 0.70 x (105.3/102.5) = 0.7 x 1.0273 = 0.71912. 12.2 x (105.3/110.5) = 12.2 x .9529 = 11.62593. B (0.7 /.75) – 1 = -6.67%4. D (1/12.2)/(1/11.8) – 1 = -3.28%5. 5506. 3607. 550/910 = 60.44%8. 360/910 = 39.569. (0.70/0.75)(60.44%) + (12.2/11.8)(39.56%) = .5641 + 0.4090 = .9731 = 97.31%10. weaker, because dollar depreciated by 2.69%.11. Since S￥/$S$/SFr S SFr/￥= 80 x 1/0.8900 x 1/95.00 = 0.946186 < 1, there is an arbitrage opportunity.Steps:①Buy ¥ from Deutsche Bank, SFr10 million x 95.00 = ¥950 million②Buy $from Fuji Bank, $950 m / 80.00 = $11.875 m③Buy SFr from UBS, $11.875 x 0.8900 = SFr10.56875 mProfit (ignoring transaction fees):SFr10.56875 – SFr10 = 0.56875 million = 568,75012. (x – 1) = 1000%; 1/11 – 1 = 90.9%13. S SFr/$ S$/￥S￥/SFr = SFr1.7223/$ x $0.009711/¥ x ¥61.740/SFr = 1.0326If transaction costs exceed $0.0326 (3.26%), the arbitrage is unprofitable.14. Given: S￥/A$ = 67.05 – 68.75S￡/A$ = 0.3590 – 0.3670So, S￥/₤ = 67.05/0.3670 = 182.70 (bid)S￡/₤ = 68.75/0.3590 = 191.50 (ask)15. Given: USD0.9442 – 52/SFrUSD1.3460 – 68/SFrSo, S SRr/€ = 1.3460/0.9452 =1.424 (bid)S SFr/€ = 1.3468/0.9442 = 1.4264 (ask)。
chapter_3-s1
§3.1 Consumer Preferences
Clothing (units per week)
The consumer prefers A to all combinations in the blue box, while all those in the pink box are preferred to A.
Apple-Cinnamon Cheerios(苹果肉桂香麦片-P63)—— how high a price should it charge? How much more? The Food Stamp Program-- established in the early 1960s(联邦食物券救济法案-P63)——Food Stamp versus Subsidy; More nutritional food or nonfood items ?
Chapter 3: Consumer Behavior
Slide 13
§3.1 Consumer Preferences
We will now add a fourth assumption regarding consumer preference: Along an indifference curve there is a diminishing marginal rate of substitution (What are the first three assumptions?). Note the MRS for AB was 6, while that for DE was 2.
30 50 20 40 20 40
Slide 5
第3章CONVERGE表面错误修复
11
Chapter_3. 表面エラーの修正
3-2-1. 移动网格固有的表面要素要求 • 移动边界面（活塞和阀门等）的处理
– 作为边界条件，指定“移动边界”这个东西。 – 根据事先指定的移动条件，移动Original的STLsurface。 – 因为‘移动边界’的节点移动，所以相邻的‘固定边界’的相邻要素的 形状会改变。“ – 流体要素会根据变更的表面STL再生成。
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19
Chapter_3. 表面エラーの修正
3-3-2. 错误诊断
• 诊断表面错误。
“診断ツールドック”が ひらきます
1
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16
Chapter_3. 表面エラーの修正
表面形状文件要求
• 表面形状必须是以下状态。
– 活塞位置是BDC（活塞BDC）位置。 – 阀门（进气、排气）是最小升程位置。 – 但是，阀门面和sheet面不能接触。在「Chapter_5．领域（region）」中说明
BDC
最小升程位置
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3-1-4. Overlapping 和Zero volume
• Overlapping在GUI中用粉色表示 • Overlapping如果不能通过诊断工具诊断的话，就不能用粉色表示。
Overlapping
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chapter3(第一课)
Lesson 5 General Enquiry & Reply 1
Specimen Letter 1 An Enquiry for Sports Shoes
Lesson 5 General Enquiry & Reply 1
At present, we are particularly interested in sports shoes. We would appreciate it if you could send us your 2015 catalogue of sports shoes in various colors, sizes and styles. Please advise us the details of your terms of payment and any special discount you are offering. And also we shall be grateful if you would send us some sample cuttings of the vamp material for our reference.
Introduction and Writing Skill
3. Indicate terms of payment, shipment, packing, quantity ,etc. Example: Terms of payment: L/C at sight.
Shipment: During September and October. 4. State validity of the offer. Example: This offer is valid for a week from today.
人教版3-1电势差课件
05 电势差的应用
CHAPTER
电源电动势与内阻的测量
测量原理
注意事项
根据闭合电路欧姆定律，通过测量电 源在不同负载下的电压和电流，计算 电动势和内阻。
实验中要保证电路连接正确，避免短 路和断路，同时要注意保护电源和电 流表、电压表等仪器的安全。
测量方法
采用伏安法、电桥法等方法进行测量 ，根据实验数据绘制U-I图像，求出电 动势和内阻。
电场线与电势差的关系
总结词
描述电场线与电势差的关系
详细描述
在匀强电场中，沿着电场线方向移动正电荷时，其电势能逐渐减少，因此该方向 上电势降低；相反，沿着电场线方向移动负电荷时，其电势能逐渐增加，因此该 方向上电势升高。因此，沿着电场线方向，电势差逐渐减小。
04 电势差的测量
CHAPTER
测量方法
电势差与电流表电压表的关系
电势差对电流表的影响
电流表的工作原理是利用通电导体在磁场中受到力的作用 ，而电势差是电流存在的必要条件。因此，电流表的指针 偏转程度与电势差的大小有关。
电势差对电压表的影响
电压表的工作原理是利用电场力来测量电压。电势差越大 ，电场力越大，电压表的指针偏转程度也越大。
注意事项
03 电势差与电场线的关系
CHAPTER
电场线的概念
总结词
描述电场中电势的分布情况
详细描述
电场线是用来描述电场中电势分布情况的假想线，它们从正电荷或无限远出发 ，终止于负电荷或无限远，不与电场线垂直的等势面上的点电势相等。
电场线的特点
总结词
描述电场线的特性
详细描述
电场线具有以下特性：越密集的地方电场强度越大，越稀疏的地方电场强度越小；电场线不会相交，因为同一时 刻不同位置的电势不可能相同；电场线不会终止于负电荷，因为负电荷周围存在负电势；电场线总是从正电荷或 无限远出发，终止于负电荷或无限远。
阅读教程3蒋静怡unit 3 internet and lifestyle-1
ta tastes”: master-
degree singles; overweight singles; African American singles; older singles; pet-lover singles.
2) What is the author’s attitude toward the issue?
3) If positive, what are the advantages?
4) If negative, what are the disadvantages?
英语阅读（三）
Unit 3-1
Step Three Reading Activities
million subscribers 2. What is the benefit of the huage
number? Saving time and energy.
英语阅读（三）
Unit 3-1
Step Three Reading Activities
Section Three: Setting Expectations Para Four 1. What are the specific qualities,
reader? Reading is process in which we search
information to satisfy our expectations. Where do the expectations come from? We set expectations while reading.
Mauchly莫奇来 and Eckert爱克特
小王子chapter1-3
Previous Story有一些人，世俗是关不住的，因为他们用心在看世界。
凭借一本《小王子》，安东尼•德•圣埃克佩苏里上了50元面值的法郎，因为它的全球阅读率仅次于《圣经》。
一个热爱飞翔的人，用一颗大人的童心勾勒出法国、乃至世界文学史上的著名形象——系着围巾的小王子。
《小王子》是一个哲理童话，但它与说教无关。
在一个许多人认为“上帝已死”的时代，《小王子》试图用爱和责任作为世界的出路。
如果你是一个孩子，愿你感受到爱意满满的世界。
如果你已长大成人，愿你学会如何肩负一种责任。
接下来的20天，我们一起用心看这一本被无数人喜爱的《小王子》。
Chapter 1Once when I was six years old I saw a magnificent (壮观的) picture in a book, called True Stories from Nature, about the primeval (原始的) forest.It was a picture of a boa (巨蟒) constrictor in the act of swallowing (吞咽) an animal. Here is a copy of the drawing.In the book it said: “Boa (巨蟒) constrictors swallow (吞咽) their prey (猎物) whole, without chewing (咀嚼) it.After that they are not able to move, and they sleep through the six months that they n eed for digestion (消化) .”图片I pondered (思索) deeply, then, over the adventures (冒险) of the jungle (丛林) .And after some work with a colored pencil I succeeded in making my first drawing. My Drawing Number One. It looked like this:图片I showed my masterpiece (杰作) to the grown-ups, and asked them whether the drawing frightened (惊吓) them. But they answered: “Frighten (惊吓) ? Why should anyone be frightened (惊吓) by a hat?”My drawing was not a picture of a hat.It was a picture of a boa (巨蟒) constrictor digesting (消化) an elephant.But since the grown-ups were not able to understand it,I made another drawing: I drew the inside of the boa (巨蟒) constrictor, so that the grown-ups could see it clearly.They always need to have things explained.My Drawing Number Two looked like this:The grown-ups’ response (反应) , this time, was to advise me to lay aside (在...旁边) my drawings of boa (巨蟒) constrictors, whether from the inside or the outside, and devote (致力于) myself instead to geography, history, arithmetic (算术) and grammar.That is why, at the age of six, I gave up what might have been a magnificent (伟大的) career as a painter.I had been disheartened (沮丧的) by the failure of my Drawing Number One and my Drawing Number Two.Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves, and it is tiresome for children t o be always and forever (永远) explaining things to them.So then I chose another profession (职业) , and learned to pilot airplanes (飞机) .I have flown a little over all parts of the world; and it is true that geography has been very useful to me.At a glance (一瞥) I can distinguish (区分) China from Arizona. If one gets lost in the night, such knowledge is valuable.In the course of this life I have had a great many encounters (邂逅) with a great many people who have been concerned with matters of consequence (重要) .I have lived a great deal among grown-ups. I have seen them intimately (熟悉地) , close at hand.And that hasn’t much improved (提高) my opinion of them.Whenever I met one of them who seemed to me at all clear-sighted,I tried the experiment (试验) of showing him my Drawing Number One, which I have always kept.I would try to find out, so, if this was a person of true understanding.But, whoever it was, he, or she, would always say:“That is a hat.”Then I would never talk to that person about boa (巨蟒) constrictors, or primeval (原始的) forests, or stars.I would bring myself down to his level.I would talk to him about bridge, and golf (高尔夫球) , and politics, and neckties (领带) .And the grown-up would be greatly pleased to have met such a sensible (通晓事理的) man.Little Prince - Chapter 1 知识点总结2016-09-01 百词斩阅读关闭• 9月1日知识点总结•Little Prince - Chapter 1下面是今天讲义的总结，方便大家保存，复习。
八年级英语上册 Chapter 1—Chapter 3重难点复习 上海牛津版
Chapter 1 A letter from a pen-friend —Chapter 3 Dealing withtrouble一. 教学内容：Revision: From Chapter One to Chapter Three二. 重难点词汇：1. be keen on 喜爱＝like doing sth.e.g.: He is keen on playing football. ＝He like playing football.2. be similar to 与……相似，其反义词：be different from 与……不同e.g.: Tom is similar to other students.3. be responsible for 对……负责e.g.: The man is responsible for sales.4. fail an exam 考试不及格，与fail有关的词组有：fail to do sth. ＝f ail in doing sth. 做某事失败5. continue doing sth. 继续做某事＝go on doing sth.6. shout at 对着……喊（不友善的）shout to 对……大喊（没有不友好的）7. stare at盯着看：look at sth. with interest8. steal sth. from sb. 从某人那里偷到什么，容易与它混淆的：rob sb. of sth. 从某人那里抢来什么东西。
rob（v. ）抢劫--- robber （n. ）抢劫犯---robbery （n. ）抢劫案9. be afraid of sth. 害怕……与此相关的词组：be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事be afraid to do sth. 担心做某事这两个词组有时可以相等，但是有时不能替换。
chapter3-联立方程法1
大型化工系统的数学模型，稀疏比一般小于1％，约为0.2～0.5％。 大型化工系统的数学模型，稀疏比一般小于 ％，约为 ～ ％。 ％，约为
1. 过程系统数学模型的特点与建立
联立方程组中微分方程的处理
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5
x1 1 1
x2 1
x3
x4
x5 1
1 1 1 1 1
1
x1 f2 f4 f1U f3U f5
x2 1 1
x3 1
x4
x5
1
1
1
（继续） 继续）
通过简化合并后的关联矩阵： 通过简化合并后的关联矩阵： 每一行 —— 表示一个子方程组 这个不相关子方程组是由最初矩阵中的几行（几个方程） 这个不相关子方程组是由最初矩阵中的几行（几个方程） 合并组成的
线性的，在迭代过程中随时更新方程参数， 线性的，在迭代过程中随时更新方程参数，以保持各迭代点附件近似模型与严 格模型的等效性） 格模型的等效性）
1. 过程系统数学模型的特点与建立
初值的选取
困难：－变量维数大 困难：－变量维数大 ：－ －迭代的收敛稳定性对初值要求苛刻 产生初值的方法： 产生初值的方法： 利用严格模型在基点附近产生一组简化模型， － 利用严格模型在基点附近产生一组简化模型，利用序贯模块 法产生一组初值 产生一组近似线性模型， － 产生一组近似线性模型，联立求解线性方程组得到初值 直接用严格模型按序贯模块法直接迭代数次后， － 直接用严格模型按序贯模块法直接迭代数次后，得到初值
事件矩阵的行、列调换， 事件矩阵的行、列调换，识别出不相关子方程组
Chapter 3 Unit 1-Liaison Interpreting
B: Excellent! What about visits to Shanghai Free Trade Zone? A: 根据您的要求，我们把您访问中国（上海）自由贸易试验区的时间安排在后
天上午。届时您可以有充足的时间了解洽谈。而您的回城飞机正好在后天晚上， 到时候我们直接把您送到机场。
9
© ZHU Peifen, ZHOU Yuan
INTERPRETING PRACTICE
场景一：机场迎宾 Greetings at the Airport A: 先生，请问您是从西雅图来的琼斯先生吗？
B: Yes, I am David Jones from Seattle, U.S.A.. If I'm not mistaken, you must be Miss Zhou from Datong Group.
BUSINESS ENGLISH INTERPRETING 商务英语口译
朱佩芬 周媛
CHAPTER THREE
UNIT ONE
Liaison Interpreting
© ZHU Peifen, ZHOU Yuan
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After learning this chapter, students should be able to: know different categories of liaison interpreting know the requirements for interpreters be familiar with key words and phrases do liaison interpreting
英语词汇学chapter3wordformation(1)
The percentage of firmly
established new words since World
War II
1. The three major processes of word-formation: 2. a) Compounding or composition (about 27%): raindrop, snow-white, baby-sit; (b) Derivation or affixation (about 17.5 %): Prefixation: deescalate（逐步缓和，逐渐降级）,
and less about them. ③
③ The encyclopedia provides a comprehensive survey of formal education and lifelong learning.
④ Given China's long history, the new gender balance is something recent.
(h) Others (about 3%): pizzazz(时髦派头), gazump(索高价).
Words formed by these minor processes account for 26.5% of the new vocabulary. The remaining 18.5% is from borrowing, e.g. discotheque,
1) “negative” prefixes (un-, non-, in-, dis-, a-); 2) “reversative or privative”(“非” “缺”)
prefixes (un-, de-, dis-); 3) “pejorative” prefixes (贬损) (mis-, mal-);
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练习2：请解释为什么CH3I与简单脂肪胺在甲醇中的反应比 在苯中慢，尽管这是一个应为极性溶剂加速的SN2型反应。 24
2、反应中间体的确定
练习3：请解释以下化合物的醋酸解是立体专一性的反应， 产物唯一。
练习4：在醋酸中i的醋酸解比ii快2×103倍
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2、反应中间体的确定
例如：
一级 过渡态中 C-H键完全断裂 无 决定反应速度 步骤中无H离去 实验中，动态同位素效应可用H、D在分子内或分子间的竞 争反应获得。
分子间：
23
2、反应中间体的确定
分子内：
都可得到：
kH kD = 2
练习1：请解释化合物(1)和(2)进行SN1水解时，相对速率 (1):(2) = 1: 10-10。
8
（5）卡宾、乃春
三、 关于试剂的一般规定
1、 无机物和有机物之间的反应，无机物为试剂
2、 带电荷有机物与中性分子反应，前者为试剂
3、 中性分子间的反应，易给出电子的为试剂
离子型有机反应都是亲核与亲电试剂之间的反应。
9
四、反应速率理论
1、反应的热力学
G = H - TS = -RTlnk
二、有机试剂的分类
1、 亲核试剂（Nucleophile） 具有较大的负电密度，反应中给出电子与反应物分子中正电 密度较高的位置结合的试剂。 （1）所有的阴离子 OH-、NH2-、RO-、RS-、CN-、X-、(ROOC)2CH-等 （2） 具有未共亨电子对的物质 H2O ROH RSH NH3 RNH2 R2NH R3N 等 （3）烃基金属化合物 RNa RMgX （4）金属还原剂 R2CuLi RC≡CNa等
17
2、反应中间体的确定
用化学或物理的方法，分离、捕获，并进行定性和定量研 究，是确定反应机理的有力证据之一。 （1）中间体的离析 对较稳定的，可使反应中途停止或用特定的手段离析出中间体。
18
2、反应中间体的确定
（2）中间体的检测 不能离析的，可用物理方法检测：IR、NMR、ESR等 例如，在硝化反应中，检出了NO2+的存在。 （3）中间体的捕获 为了证明预想的中间体，可加入某一化合物发生特定的反应。
Arrow pushing
Arrow pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms. The arrows illustrate the movement of electrons as bonds between atoms are broken and formed. Arrow pushing is also used to describe how positive and negative charges are distributed around organic molecules through resonance.
反应机理中常用的各种箭头和等号的含义
反应进行 的趋势
描述共 振式
反应可逆
电子对 的转移
单电子 反应定量 转移 反应式要配平
4
Arrow pushing
5
§3.1 有机反应中考虑的几个因素
一、有机反应类型 1、按原料和产物的关系分 (Reactants and Products)
取代(subsitituion)、加成(addition)、消除(elimination)、周环 （pericyclic）、重排(rearrangement)、氧化还原(re 能供出电子的烯烃和芳烃等
二、有机试剂的分类
2、亲电试剂（Electrophile） 具有较高的正电密度，反应中接受电子与其它分子中负电密 度较高的位置结合的试剂。 （1）所有的阳离子 H+ 、 +NO2、ArN2+、 R+等 （2）可以接受未共用电子对的物质 RX、(RO)2SO2、RCHO、 R2CO、RCOOR’等 （3）氧化剂 Fe3+、 X2、NO2、H2O2、SO3等 （4）酸类 BF3、AlCl3等 :CCl2
2、按价键裂解方式分(Breaking bonds)
亲电反应 离子反应 亲核反应 自由基反应 周环反应 异裂、极性溶剂、取代效 应、酸碱催化
均裂、光和热为动力、引发剂 协同、光和热为动力、立体专一
6
3、人名 4、官能团 5、机理
/wiki/Organic_reaction
CH2 = CH CH = CH2 + H Cl
CH2=CH-CH-CH3 fast reversible CH2=CH-CH-CH3
Cl
CH2-CH=CH-CH3 slow irreversible CH2-CH=CH-CH3
Cl
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四、反应速率理论
1，3-丁二烯与HBr加成的势能图
可逆反应的产物比例通过控制条件 （极性、温度、时间等）可实现
（1）放热反应（焓变<0），反应可发生，平衡偏向于产 物一方。 （2）熵是系统无序度的度量，因熵的增大，即使焓变>0， 反应也可发生。 ① 液固反应，产生气体的反应 ② 产物的分子数大于反应物的分子数 ③ 环的开链反应
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四、反应速率理论
2、反应的动力学 动力学主要解决反应速率以及反应条件对反应速率的影响。
You can visit: /wiki/Reaction_mechanism
2
反应机理 (Reaction Mechanism)
Account for:
(1) All reactants used (2) The function of a catalyst (3) stereochemistry (4) All product formed and the amount of each (5) What the relative rates of the steps are. Reaction intermediate •Chemical species •Unstable and short-lived •Temporary products •Often radicals or ions TS are commonly molecular entities involving an unstable number of bonds and/or unstable geometry which may be at 3 chemical potential maxima
例如：
+
19
2、反应中间体的确定
(4) 立体化学研究 包括对映异构和顺反异构的研究，可获得有力的证据。 例如：
20
2、反应中间体的确定
（4）同位素标记法
（5）反应的动力学研究
① 一个反应的速度由机理中最慢的基元反应控制。 ② 任何基元反应的级数与该反应中的分子数相同。
21
2、反应中间体的确定
（6）同位素效应 （isotope effect） 当反应底物中的一个原子被它的同位素取代，对它的化学 反应性没有影响，但其反应速率有明显的变化。常用的元 素是氘代替氕。 由于C-H键的断裂活化能比C-D键的小，因此反应速度快。 同位素效应 = kH/kD 一级同位素效应：反应中被断裂的那个键上的同位素效应， 即与同位素相连的键发生断裂的反应所观察到的效应。 二级同位素效应：反应中本身不断裂，但受到断裂键的影响 （削弱、重新杂化或其它）的那个键上的同位素效应。即与 同位素直接相连的键不发生变化，而是分子中其它化学建变 22 化所观察到的效应。
13
四、反应速率理论
Reaction examples e.g.1
e.g.2
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§3.2 反应机理的研究
一、研究反应机理的意义
1、有机合成方面，可指导实验的选择性，从而获得较 高的产率。 2、预示反应中可出现的副反应。 3、设计新的反应。 4、通过反应机理，寻找有机反应规律，提高学校效率。
(1) Reacts with the magnesium and in the process strips off any oxidised surface layers exposing fresh more reactive surface. (2) The MgI2 thus formed is hygroscopic and scavenges the solvent for traces of water which would inhibit RMgX formation and/or destroy it when formed. (3) MgI2 also catalyses RMgX formation by a radical process: Mg + MgI2 ---> 2 MgI radicals 15 MgI + RI ---> R* + MgI2 R* + MgI ---> RMgI
---March, Jerry (1985), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions,
Mechanisms, and Structure (3rd ed.), New York: Wiley, ISBN 0471-85472-7
Description:
(1) What take place at each stage of an chemical reaction (2) Reaction intermediate (3) Activated complex (4) Transition State (5) Which bonds are broken/formed (in what order)
二、研究反应机理的基本原则
1、反应机理既要简单，又 要能解释全部实验事实。 2、提出的反应机理在能量 要合理。 3、提出的反应机理在化学 上是合理的。 4、机理中包含的基元反应 应是单分子反应或是双分子 反应。