中英文版-到底美国PhD要干啥
国外博士 职业规划
国外博士职业规划概述国外博士学位是许多人追求的目标之一，它为个人提供了丰富的学术知识、研究能力和专业技能。
然而，仅仅拥有博士学位并不足以确保个人在职业领域取得成功。
本文将介绍如何规划国外博士的职业发展，并提供一些建议来帮助博士毕业生在竞争激烈的职场中脱颖而出。
确定职业目标首先，国外博士在职业规划时应该明确自己的职业目标。
对于一些人来说，他们可能希望成为大学教授或研究员，而对于其他人来说，他们可能更倾向于进入行业界。
无论个人的职业目标是什么，都需要清楚地定义并为之制定计划。
学术界发展对于那些希望在学术界发展的博士毕业生，他们应该积极寻求发布论文、参与学术会议以及申请研究资金的机会。
这些都是提高自己在学术界声誉和可见度的重要途径。
此外，建立良好的专业网络也是加强个人发展的关键。
行业界发展在行业界发展的博士毕业生也需要采取相应的措施来提高其就业竞争力。
首先，他们应该研究相关行业的需求和趋势，以了解目标行业的就业前景。
其次，博士毕业生可以寻找实习或实践机会，以增加自己在实践中的经验。
此外，发展一些与博士研究相关的技能，例如数据分析、项目管理和领导能力等，也对于进入行业界非常有帮助。
个人品牌建设无论是在学术界还是行业界，建立个人品牌对于博士毕业生都是至关重要的。
个人品牌是指个人知识、技能和声誉的集合，通过建立积极的个人形象来展示给雇主和同行。
博士毕业生可以通过撰写博客、参与社交媒体以及进行专业演讲等方式来建立个人品牌。
此外，参与志愿者工作和社区服务也是展示个人价值观和责任感的好途径。
寻求职业咨询和支持国外博士毕业生在职业规划中也可以寻求职业咨询和支持。
学校的职业指导中心通常提供职业咨询、简历撰写和面试技巧等服务。
此外，一些专业机构和社会组织也可能提供相关的职业支持和资源。
持续学习和专业发展国外博士毕业后，个人的学习和发展并没有结束。
持续学习和专业发展是一个职业生涯中必不可少的部分。
博士毕业生应该保持学习的态度，不断提高自己的知识和技能，并参与相关的培训和课程。
北美博士的物理启蒙课 中英文双版
北美博士的物理启蒙课中英文双版北美博士的物理启蒙课North American Doctoral Physics Enlightenment Course物理是一门关于自然界基本规律的科学，为了帮助初学者建立起对物理学的基本认知，我们特别设计了这门北美博士的物理启蒙课。
这门课程将向学生介绍物理学的基本概念和原则，并引导他们了解物理学在现实世界中的应用。
Physics is a science that deals with the fundamental laws of nature. In order to help beginners establish a basic understanding of physics, we have specially designed this North American Doctoral Physics Enlightenment Course. This course will introduce students to the fundamental concepts and principles of physics, and guide them to understand the applications of physics in the real world.课程大纲Course Outline第一部分：基本概念Part 1: Fundamental Concepts我们将首先介绍物理学的基本概念，包括质量、力、能量和运动。
通过解析力学和运动学的基本原理，学生将了解物体运动和力的关系，并学会运用牛顿的三大运动定律来解决各种问题。
We will first introduce the fundamental concepts of physics, including mass, force, energy, and motion. By analyzing the basic principles of mechanics and kinematics, students will understand the relationship between object motion and forces, and learn to apply Newton's three laws of motion to solve various problems.第二部分：热力学Part 2: Thermodynamics在第二部分，我们将介绍热力学的基本原理和规律。
申请美国博士的要求你都达到了吗
申请美国博士的要求你都达到了吗1.良好的学术背景：博士申请要求申请者具有优秀的学术成绩和学术能力。
我在本科和硕士期间都保持了优秀的成绩，同时积极参加学术研究和科研项目，拥有一定的学术背景和潜力。
2.学位和专业背景：申请博士学位需要具备相关学士或硕士学位，并且通常要求与申请的博士专业相关。
我的学士学位是专业相关的，并且我还在相关领域取得了硕士学位。
4. GRE考试成绩：申请美国博士学位需要参加GRE（Graduate Record Examination）考试，并获得合格的成绩。
我在参加考试前进行了系统的准备，通过了这一考试的要求。
5.语言要求：很多美国大学对于国际学生的语言能力有一定的要求，通常需要提供托福（TOEFL）或雅思（IELTS）成绩。
我在准备阶段参加了托福考试，并且获得了符合入学要求的成绩。
6.研究经历和科研能力：博士申请对于科研经历和能力有一定的要求。
在本科和硕士期间，我积极参与了一些科研项目，并在相关学术刊物上发表了几篇论文。
这些经历使我在博士申请中能够展示自己的研究能力和科研潜力。
7.推荐信：博士申请需要提供教授或研究导师的推荐信，推荐人能够对申请者的学术能力和潜力进行评价和推荐。
我在申请前找到了几位合适的推荐人，并向他们提供了我在研究和学术方面的材料，他们已经为我撰写了推荐信。
综上所述，我已经达到了申请美国博士的许多关键要求，包括良好的学术背景、学位和专业背景、满足学术文书要求、合格的GRE考试和语言考试成绩，以及拥有研究经历和推荐信等。
这些要求的满足使我有信心在申请过程中有一个竞争力强的申请。
申请美国博士流程
申请美国博士流程申请美国博士学位是许多人的梦想，但这个过程可能会让人感到困惑和不知所措。
在本文中，我将为您详细介绍申请美国博士流程的各个步骤，希望能为您提供一些帮助和指导。
首先，申请者需要确定自己所感兴趣的专业和研究方向。
在选择博士项目之前，建议申请者对自己的职业目标和研究兴趣进行深入思考，以便更好地确定申请的学校和项目。
接下来，申请者需要准备申请材料。
这些材料通常包括个人陈述、推荐信、成绩单、标准化考试成绩（如GRE、托福或雅思），以及可能还需要提交的作品集或研究计划。
申请者需要确保所有材料都完整准确地准备就绪，并且要在申请截止日期前寄出。
一旦申请材料准备就绪，申请者就可以开始申请学校了。
在申请学校时，申请者需要仔细阅读每个学校的申请要求，并确保所有的材料都按照要求提交。
此外，申请者还需要留意每个学校的申请截止日期，并确保在截止日期前提交申请。
在申请被接受后，申请者可能还需要进行面试。
面试通常是用来进一步了解申请者的研究兴趣和职业目标，以及与潜在导师进行沟通。
在面试过程中，申请者需要展现出自己的学术能力和研究潜力，以便获得录取的机会。
最后，一旦申请者被录取，就需要开始准备赴美国留学的相关事宜。
这包括申请签证、寻找住房、了解校园生活等。
申请者需要提前做好相关准备工作，以便顺利地开始自己的博士学位课程。
总的来说，申请美国博士学位是一个复杂而又充满挑战的过程。
申请者需要提前做好充分的准备，并且要对自己的职业目标有清晰的认识。
希望本文所介绍的申请流程能够为您提供一些帮助，祝您申请顺利，未来学业有成！。
博士期间学习计划 英文
博士期间学习计划英文IntroductionPursuing a PhD is a significant commitment that requires meticulous planning and a clear study plan. During my PhD, I intend to conduct in-depth research in my field of interest and contribute to the existing body of knowledge. In this study plan, I will outline my goals, objectives, and strategies for achieving academic success during my doctoral studies.Goals and ObjectivesThe primary goal of my doctoral studies is to advance my knowledge and understanding of my chosen field. I aim to become an expert in my area of specialization and make significant contributions to the academic community. In addition to this, I also have the following specific objectives:1. To develop a comprehensive understanding of the existing literature in my field of study.2. To conduct original research that addresses key issues and challenges in my field.3. To publish my research in reputable academic journals and present my findings at conferences.4. To collaborate with other scholars and researchers in my field to exchange ideas and perspectives.5. To develop the necessary skills and competencies to pursue a career in academia or industry.Study PlanTo achieve my goals and objectives, I have devised a comprehensive study plan that outlines the key activities and milestones of my PhD journey. This plan encompasses the following areas:1. Literature ReviewThe first step in my study plan is to conduct an extensive review of the existing literature in my field. This will involve reading and analyzing a wide range of scholarly articles, books, and other sources to gain a thorough understanding of the theoretical and empirical foundations of my area of study. I plan to spend the first year of my PhD focused on this activity, as it will provide the necessary background for my research.2. Research DesignOnce I have established a solid foundation in the existing literature, I will begin to develop my research design. This will involve formulating research questions, hypotheses, and a methodology for data collection and analysis. I aim to refine my research design incollaboration with my supervisory committee and other experts in my field to ensure the rigor and validity of my study.3. Data Collection and AnalysisWith a clear research design in place, I will commence with data collection and analysis. This will involve gathering empirical evidence through interviews, surveys, experiments, or other methods, depending on the nature of my research. I will use appropriate statistical or qualitative techniques to analyze the data and draw meaningful conclusions from my findings.4. Writing and PublicationThroughout my doctoral studies, I plan to write and publish my research in reputable academic journals and present my findings at conferences and symposiums. I will also seek opportunities to collaborate with other researchers and scholars in my field to exchange ideas and perspectives and to receive feedback on my work.5. Collaboration and NetworkingIn addition to my individual research activities, I will actively seek opportunities to collaborate with other scholars and researchers in my field. This may involve joining research groups, attending seminars and workshops, or participating in academic exchanges. By fostering collaborations and networks, I hope to gain valuable insights and perspectives from others and contribute to the collective knowledge of my field.6. Skill DevelopmentFinally, I recognize the importance of developing the necessary skills and competencies to succeed in academia or industry. This may include attending workshops on research methods, writing, or teaching, as well as honing my presentation and communication skills.I will also seek opportunities to gain teaching experience, mentorship, and leadership roles to prepare for my future career.ConclusionIn conclusion, my study plan for my PhD is comprehensive and ambitious, encompassing a range of activities and milestones to achieve my goals and objectives. I am committed to conducting original and rigorous research, contributing to the existing body of knowledge, and developing the necessary skills and competencies to succeed in academia or industry. I am excited about the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead and look forward to making meaningful contributions to my field.。
美国留学拿到offer后要做六件事
美国留学拿到offer后要做六件事美国留学拿到美国大学的offer后，对于从未出国留学的学生来说，第一次赴美国留学有很多的准备工作做，下面留学专家来总结一下，拿到美国offer后要准备做的六件事情。
“听”在美国大学里，老师讲课是用正常语速的英语，不会对国际学生有特别关照。
建议同学们被美国名校录取后在入学前，多熟悉美国校园英语，同学们可以在大学的大学视频栏目多花些时间，掌握美国大学有关的词汇和英语语句。
英语与中文不同，听懂英语不是要听懂每个单词，而是要建立英语语感，简单的方法是，尽量多的时间去听，一开始听不懂不要紧，只要坚持听，几个月下来就会有感觉，不建议听任何教学英语，慢速英语，把自己完全投入真实的英语环境中进步最快。
其它提高听力的渠道还包括美国电台广播(如新闻、天气、体育等)，美国电视节目(如网上节目)，最新美国大片等等。
总之，尽量把自己融入在原汁原味的美国英语环境中，几个月下来英语的听力将会有很大的起色。
“说”被美国名校录取后最应该充电的就是“说”。
在国内中文的环境下，一般来说，说英语的能力很难有大的进步。
自言自语是一个办法，但完全不会有太大的帮助，最好是与美国人直接对话，但不建议与有口音的人接触太多，因为说英语能力的提高主要是模仿对方的用词、语音和语调，就如一个小孩跟河南人学话，小孩就讲河南话，跟四川人学话就讲四川话的道理是一样的。
所以如果同学一时没有合适说的机会，不妨到美国后再学习也不迟，但是如果有与美国人接触的机会，希望能充分利用。
“读”被美国名校录取后首先考虑的是录取学校的网站，一定要花大量的时间把自己的学校搞懂，因为你在未来的四年时间里使用最多的将是这个网站。
你每天的学习生活几乎完全与学校的网站联系在一起。
如果有时间，建议登陆大学网站的留学美国栏目及扩展链接。
留学美国是大学专门为已经拿到录取通知，即将留学美国的同学专门设计的，其中内容丰富，精心安排，是众多过来人的经验的**，如到美国上学应该带什么?除了麦当劳、肯德基还有什么，美国的医院、学校、旅馆、加油站的标记是什么等等，人不出国就对美国有一个基本的了解是该栏目的初衷。
美国南加州大学之PhD项目
南加州大学（University of Southern California，缩写USC）是一所中等大小的私立综合性全国大学，成立于1880年，位于美国西部大都会洛杉矶市区，该校是加州最古老的私立研究型大学。
作为全球化大都市，洛杉矶吸引了世界各地的人，而位于洛杉矶市的南加大成为了美国大学中，国际学生最多的大学。
南加大利用洛杉矶这个有利环境预备建立亚洲与太平洋沿岸的研究与农业研究机构。
根据卡内基教育基金会2005年公布的大学分类，南加大被归类为“研究活动非常活跃的研究型大学”（very high research activity）。
360教育集团介绍
PhD项目
基本信息:。
英国博士和美国博士的区别点介绍
今天的文章内容带来英国博士和美国博士的大对比。
他们到底有哪些区别?(主要基于理工科博士的情况进行介绍)一、项目构成1.美国美国的博士项目通常为5-7年。
第一年是“轮转期”(rotations) ，在rotations期间，学生需要在3-4个实验室之间轮流学习和体验，然后再选择加入一个实验室进行科研，并确定最终的博士项目的导师。
学生须在第一年中选择大学所提供的博士课程上课。
2.英国英国的博士项目通常为3-4年。
没有“轮转期”，学生可以在自己选择的导师或大学指定的导师的指导下，直接开始研究。
大学的coursework不是强制性必修。
另外，某些英国博士项目可以进行非全日制学习(part-time)，非全日制的博士项目通常需要5到7年才能毕业。
如果你想要读非全日制的博士项目，最好是在申请的时候就决定好，以便选择可以用非全日制方式进行的博士研究项目。
二、申请过程1.美国1)博士申请要求提供一些考试成绩，如GRE。
但从2019年起，许多美国大学的博士项目取消了对GRE要求。
如果你申请的博士项目不需要提供GRE，那你可太幸运了。
2)至少三个人为你写推荐信。
3)申请下一年的秋季入学的博士项目的早申请截至日期是12月的第一周。
2.英国1)除了常规的个人陈述(SOP)，你还需要撰写文章以获取funding(资助、奖学金)。
2)至少两个人为你写推荐信，部分英国大学需要三封推荐信。
3)申请截止日期和申请funding的截止日期是分开的，申请funding的截止日期(一般是12月/1月)比申请截止日期要早得多。
三、奖学金申请1.美国美国博士项目的资助形式较为简单，大多数博士学位项目每年会发一笔津贴，可以cover 你的生活费，学费一般也可以减免。
研究经费主要来自于给主要研究人员的拨款，还有一部分经费是通过federal aid 的形式提供。
但，有些奖学金不是白给的!需要当助教(TA)或者助研(RA)才能获得。
2.英国在大多数情况下，在英国读博很少能有全奖，或者拿到津贴。
美国PhD全奖申请经验(三) 美国PhD申请的面试准备
美国PhD全奖申请经验谈（三）———美国PhD申请的面试准备作者：孙革洪金东方留学总监前两期美国PhD全奖申请经验谈分析介绍了美国博士申请的评审机制、如何和教授套磁，今天我们和大家分享美国PhD申请的面试。
历经千辛万苦，等的实际上就是美国教授给的面试机会。
不论你是“学霸”，还是“学渣”，没有任何一个PhD的申请人不经过美国大学的面试就能被录取的。
也就是说，获得面试机会，是你被美国教授录取为博士的全额奖学金的必经之路。
说到这里，我可以先给大家讲一个我亲身经历的事情。
应该是3年前，我的一个客户获得了美国UCLA PhD全奖，于是在某个申请PhD的群里去“显摆”。
要知道当年一个小本能被工科牛校UCLA录取可不是件容易的事情，特别是面试这个环节，UCLA虽然是Skype 面试，但电脑摄像头一接通，对面冒出一排人，美国教授领衔组里在读的PhD组成一个面试团，围着我这个客户一通猛问，基本上要被问死的感觉。
但这个客户好在对PhD面试准备相当充分，顺利过关。
这一显摆不要紧，一群还没有拿到面试的群里的PhD申请人都纷纷打电话来询问美国PhD申请的面试环节该如何准备，害得我不得不花大量时间给那些“非客户”提供免费的指导。
其实我对于PhD的申请一直很向往，因为我在念书的时候有“直博”机会，但自己那时目光短浅，没有报名直博，就保送了硕士，现在想想一直觉得没读个博士有点儿遗憾，但也没准儿读了更遗憾：）总之，对于学术上有追求的年轻人，我总是希望能介绍更多的经验给他们，以便他们少走弯路。
下面对面试过程中的几个重要环节进行总结，希望能给大家一个参考：一、PhD面试的时间：通常来说，在PhD申请递交后，如果你获得教授的青睐，就一定会有面试的机会。
如果你在当年的申请季节2月底之前还没有获得面试机会，你被这个学校录取为PhD全奖的机会就很渺茫了，虽然你还没有收到拒信，但那只是时间上的问题。
为什么会在2月底之前就有面试呢？是因为美国的研究生院先审理PhD申请人的资料，当然奖学金也是先发给PhD的申请人。
留学美国博士的必备申请要求
留学美国博士的必备申请要求留学美国攻读博士学位是许多人的梦想。
然而，申请过程复杂而繁琐，需要准备充分并满足一系列必备的申请要求。
以下将详细介绍留学美国博士的必备申请要求。
1.学术背景和成绩单：留学美国博士申请首先要求良好的学术背景和成绩单。
这包括一个本科学位（或相当于美国学位）和一个硕士学位（或相当于美国学位），并且要求在相关领域或专业中有杰出的表现。
此外，你还需要提供学位证书和成绩单的官方认证副本。
2.GRE（研究生入学考试）成绩：GRE成绩是大部分美国大学用来评估学生学术能力的重要因素之一、申请者需要参加GRE考试并提交最新的成绩。
许多学校要求申请者在定量和口头推理等部分获得较高的分数。
3.推荐信：申请者需要向学校提供几封推荐信，推荐人应该至少是你的教授或导师。
这些推荐信应该详细描述你的学术能力、工作经历、职业潜力和研究潜力。
推荐人应该尽量具备在相关领域的专业知识和声望。
4.研究计划陈述：研究计划陈述是你向学校展示你为什么选择攻读博士学位以及你的研究兴趣和目标的重要一步。
在这个陈述中，你需要清楚地说明你感兴趣的研究领域，你的研究问题和方法，并解释你如何与该学校的项目和教师相匹配。
5.个人陈述：个人陈述是你向学校展示你的个人经历、学术成就和职业目标的机会。
你可以在个人陈述中解释你为什么选择攻读博士学位、你的学术目标和对未来职业的期待。
此外，你还可以讲述你的独特经历、兴趣爱好和个人价值观。
6.CV/简历：你需要准备一份详细的CV或简历，其中包括你的教育背景、研究经历、学术发表、获奖荣誉、行业实习和其他相关经验。
你的CV应该清晰、简洁、易读，并突出你的学术和研究成果。
7.官方成绩单的翻译：如果你的学位证书和成绩单不是以英语为主要语言编写的，你需要提供官方的英文翻译副本。
翻译应该是由认证机构或翻译公司完成的，并应该附上官方的翻译证明信和翻译人员的签名。
8.英语能力考试成绩：大部分美国大学要求申请者提供英语能力考试成绩，以证明他们具备足够的英语水平来进行学术研究和交流。
美国签证提交简历中英文样板_-_Sample_Resume_(使馆提供)
姓名(拼音和汉字):性别:出生日期:出生地:家庭住址:单位地址:家庭电话:工作电话:手机号码:电子邮箱:教育背景–请分别列出您取得的所有学位，从最高学位写起。
月，年—月，年大学名称学位和专业论文标题/研究焦点（只对硕士和博士学位）工作经历–请列举您的所有工作经历。
月，年—月，年单位名称地址职位或职称工作职责所获奖项及加入哪些团体组织（如果适用）出版物—请列出您发表的所有出版物标题、合作者和年份（如果适用）出国经历—请列举您到访过的所有国家及到访时间国家（年）例如：美国（2002，2003）；加拿大（2008，2009）同行人–请写出和您一起赴美的所有同行人姓名及与您的关系Name(inpinyinandChinese):Gender:DateofBirth:PlaceofBirth:HomeAddress:BusinessAddress:HomePhone:WorkPhone:MobilePhone:E-mail:Education–pleaselistalldegreesattained,beginningwiththemostrecent Month,Year–Month,YearUniversityNameDegreeandMajorThesisTopic/ResearchFocus(formastersandphddegrees) WorkExperience–pleaselistallworkexperienceMonth,Year–Month,YearEmployerLocationPositionorTitleDutiesAwardsandGroupMemberships–ifanyPublications–pleaselistallpublications,ifanyTravelHistory–pleaselistallcountriesyouhavevisitedExample:U.S.（2002,2003)；Canada（2008,2009）TravellingWith–pleaseincludenamesofeveryoneyouplantotravelwithtotheU.S.。
美国读博士有什么用途
美国读博士有什么用途美国读博士有很多用途。
首先，美国的博士学位在全球范围内被广泛认可和尊重。
拥有美国博士学位可以为个人提供更广泛的职业机会和更高的薪资待遇。
其次，美国的博士教育注重培养独立思考和解决问题的能力。
在读博士期间，学生通常需要进行独立的研究项目，并撰写博士论文来展示他们的研究成果。
这种培养独立思考和解决问题的能力的经验对任何职业都非常有价值。
此外，美国的博士教育注重研究和创新。
博士学位通常要求学生进行原创性的研究，并在自己的领域做出重要的贡献。
这种研究和创新的经验可以为学生提供职业发展的竞争优势，无论是从事学术研究还是进入工业界。
在学术界，拥有美国博士学位可以为个人铺平进入大学或研究机构任教的道路。
大学教授是学术界中非常受尊重和令人向往的职业。
通过获得美国博士学位，并在博士学位期间建立自己的学术声誉，个人可以增加成为大学教授的机会。
此外，在学术界中，博士学位对于在研究机构或实验室从事研究工作也非常有用。
美国大学和研究机构通常拥有先进的实验室设备和优秀的研究资源，这为研究人员提供了许多机会和支持。
通过获得美国博士学位，并在博士学位期间参与研究项目，个人可以在研究方面取得突出的成果，并在研究领域获得国际声誉。
除了在学术界中，美国博士学位也为个人在工业界或政府部门中从事高级职业提供了机会。
许多公司和政府部门在招聘时更倾向于录取拥有高学位的人才。
美国博士学位具有证明个人深度学术和专业知识的作用，这使得个人在找工作时具有竞争优势。
此外，在某些行业中，例如医学、工程等，拥有博士学位可以提供更高级别的职业发展机会。
对于一些科技公司和研究机构来说，他们需要高水平的专业知识和研究能力，而博士学位可以满足这些要求。
总而言之，美国读博士有很多用途。
不仅可以在学术界中发展职业，还可以在工业界和政府部门中从事高级职位。
无论是在哪个领域，通过获得美国博士学位，个人都可以拥有更广泛的职业机会和更高的薪资待遇，同时还可以培养独立思考、解决问题和创新的能力。
想在美国读phd的同学必读的一篇文章
想在美国读phd的同学必读的一篇文章[英文版]最近一直在考虑是否应该读phd还是master，正好碰到这篇文章，看后获益匪浅，希望能给各位想读phd，或者还在犹豫是不是该去读phd的同学一些关于美国phd经历的insight 吧。
如果你能从头到尾看完的话，那我相信你对美国读phd所要面对的东西已经有很深的了解了。
Brief descriptionA computer science graduate school survival guide, intended for prospective or novice graduate students. This guide describes what I wish I had known at the start of graduate school but had to learn the hard way instead. It focuses on mental toughness and the skills a graduate student needs. The guide also discusses finding a job after completing the Ph.D. and points to many other related web pages."So long, and thanks for the Ph.D.!"a.k.a."Everything I wanted to know about C.S. graduate schoolat the beginning but didn't learn until later."The 4th guide in the Hitchhiker's guide trilogy(and if that doesn't make sense, you obviously have not read Douglas Adams)by Ronald T. Azumav. 1.08Original version 1997, last revised January 2003Introduction"To know the road ahead, ask those coming back."- Chinese proverbIn February 1995, on a beautiful sunny day with clear Carolina blue skies, I turned in the final, signed copy of my dissertation. The graduate school staff member did some last-minute checks on the document and pronounced it acceptable. After six and a half years of toil and sweat, I was finally done! While walking back to the C.S. department building, I was sorely disappointed that the heavens didn't part, with trumpet-playing angels descending to announce this monumental occasion. Upon hearing this observation, Dr. Fred Brooks (one of my committee members) commented, "And the sad fact is, you're no smarter today than you were yesterday.""That's true," I replied, "but the important thing is that I am smarter than I was six and a half years ago."That day was over two years ago, and since then I have had plenty of time to reflect upon my graduate student career. One thought that has repeatedly struck me is how much easier graduate school might have been if somehow, magically, some of the things I knew when I turned in my dissertation I could have known when I first entered graduate school. Instead, I had to learn those the hard way. Of course, for many topics this is impossible: the point of graduate school is to learn those by going through the experience. However, I believe other lessons can be taught ahead of time. Unfortunately, such guidance is rarely offered. While I had to learn everything the hard way, new graduate students might benefit from my experiences and what I learned. That is the purpose of this guide.Very little of this guide discusses technical matters. Technical skills, intelligence and creativity are certainly strong factors for success in graduate school. For example, I doubt there is a C.S. graduate student who didn't at one point wish he or she had a stronger mathematical background. However, it's beyond the scope of this guide to tell you how to be technically brilliant, as the following joke implies:The Feynman Problem Solving Algorithm:1) Write down the problem.2) Think very hard.3) Write down the solution. You don't have to be a genius to do well in graduate school. You must be reasonably intelligent, but after a certain point, I think other traits become more important in determining success.This guide covers the character traits and social skills that often separate the "star" graduate students from the ordinary ones. Who are the students who are self-motivated, take initiative, find ways around obstacles, communicate well both orally and in writing, and get along well enough with their committee and other department members to marshal resources to their cause? Which students seem to know "how the system works" and manage to get things done? These traits are hardly unique to succeeding in graduate school; they are the same ones vital to success in academic or industrial careers, which is probably why many of the best graduate students that I knew were ones who had spent some time working before they came back to school.This document is aimed at junior C.S. graduate students, but these observations are probably broad enough to apply to graduate education in other technical fields. My conclusions are certainly colored by my particular experiences (doing my dissertation work in interactive computer graphics in the Computer Science department of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) but I think they are fairly general in application and should be of interest to readers at other schools and other C.S. specialties. Obviously, these are only my opinions and may not represent the views of other sane individuals or organizations. Some points may be controversial, but if they weren't this would not be interesting reading. Parts of this document come from twoinformal talks I gave at UNC about "the Ph.D. job hunt" and "observations from spending one year in industrial research." Both talks had larger audiences than any informal technical talk I gave at UNC, which told me that students are definitely interested in these subjects!Why get a Ph.D.?"Being a graduate student is like becoming all of the Seven Dwarves. In the beginning you're Dopey and Bashful. In the middle, you are usually sick (Sneezy), tired (Sleepy), and irritable (Grumpy). But at the end, they call you Doc, and then you're Happy."- yours trulyThe most basic question every Ph.D. student must know the answer to is: "Why the hell am I doing this?"It's a good question. The hours are long. The pay is low, with minimal benefits. After graduation, Ph.D. salaries are higher than B.S. and M.S. salaries, but the difference doesn't make up for the income lost by staying in school longer. The M.S. has a better "bucks for the time invested" ratio than the Ph.D. does. And in terms of social status, a graduate student doesn't rank very high on the ladder.If you do not have an acceptable answer to this question, then don't get a Ph.D. I repeat: if you do not have a rock-solid reason for getting the Ph.D., then it is better that you leave with a Master's.Why? Completing a Ph.D. is a long, hard road with many potholes and washed out bridges along the way. You may run over some land mines and have to stop and turn around and explore other routes. If the goal is important enough to you, then these obstacles will not prevent you from completing your journey. But if you don't know why you are on this road, then you will get discouraged and will probably leave without finishing, having wasted years of your life.I faced this situation after the first time I took the Doctoral Written Exam (which at the time was the entrance examination into the Ph.D. program). I missed passing it by just 4 percentage points. I then had to decide whether or not to try again next semester (committing myself again to spending weeks getting ready for the test) or just leave with an M.S. degree.I didn't come to graduate school with the Ph.D. as the primary goal. So this test result forced me to answer the basic question "Why the hell am I doing this?" After much soul searching, I found my answer and decided to take the test again, passed it, and went on to get my Ph.D.I got the Ph.D. because I wanted to get a research position after leaving graduate school. I wanted to work with the state of the art and extend it. I did not want to "bring yesterday's technology one step closer to tomorrow." I wanted a job that would I find interesting, challengingand stimulating. While an M.S. would give me a chance at landing a research position, the Ph.D. would give me a much better chance. And I did not want to live with regrets. If I took the Doctoral Written Exam again and failed again, then I could say that it wasn't meant to be and move on with my life. I would have no regrets because I had given it my best shot and was not able to make it. However, if I left with an M.S. without taking the test a second time, and five years later I was in a job that was boring and uninteresting, then I would have to lie awake every night for the rest of my life wondering "What if?" What if I had taken the test again and passed? Would I then be in the job that I really wanted? That was not a situation I wanted to be in. I did not want to live the rest of my life regretting what might have been.In hindsight, I think one of the main reasons I successfully completed the Ph.D. was the fact that I didn't pass the exam on the first try. It's ironic, but life sometimes works in strange ways. That initial failure caused me to answer the basic question, providing the mental fortitude to keep going despite the hurdles and problems I would later face.My answer is you should get a Ph.D. if it is required for your goals after graduate school, such as becoming a professor or a researcher in academia, government or industry. Your answer may differ from mine. As long as you have an answer that you believe in passionately, then that's enough. If you don't have an answer, then save yourself a lot of grief and don't get the Ph.D.Academia is a business"Remember the Golden Rule: Those who have the gold make the rules."Academia is a business, and "graduate student" is a job title. This is especially true at private universities. Academia is very peculiar type of business. It is certainly not the Real World and does not work in the same way that the ordinary corporate world does. However, it is a business nonetheless and as a graduate student, you must treat it that way. Graduate school made a lot more sense and became much easier for me after I realized this. If you think of graduate school as an "Ivory Tower" free of politics, money problems, and real-world concerns, you are going to be severely disappointed. If you don't believe me, read The Idea Factory by Pepper White (listed in the references) for one account of graduate life at MIT.A few graduate students are independently wealthy or have fellowship and scholarship money that cover all their expenses for their total stay in graduate school. Such students are rare, however. Most of us needed financial support, in the form of Teaching Assistantships or Research Assistantships (RA's). In general, RA's are more desirable to students since those can directly fund the research you need to finish.Where does the money come from to fund RA's? Your professors have to raise funds from external organizations. These include government agencies such as the National Science Foundation (NSF), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Office of Naval Research (ONR), and others. Private companies also fund some university research, although this tends to be less common, in smaller amounts, and in the form of equipment donations. Theseorganizations don't just give money away as charity. They expect their money to accomplish something. Increasingly these days, this takes the form of a contract for a working demonstration that must be shown at the end. That means once the money is delivered, your professors must come through with the working demonstration. It is rare that they do this by themselves. Instead, they find some very capable, young, self-motivated people who are willing to work long hours for small amounts of pay. In other words, they fund RA's.The RA job is crucial to the academic business. If the RA's cannot successfully conduct the research, then the demonstration will not work in the end and the funding agencies may not be happy. They may choose not to fund your professor in the future, which will bring his or her research program to a halt. And there are many professors and other researchers chasing too few research dollars these days; it is a competitive market. Thus, each professor wants the best students available. These students are the most capable ones who can get the research done required to fulfill the funding contracts.That means you must treat an RA like a job. You must prove to your professors that you are capable of getting the work done, being a team player, communicating your results, and most of the other characteristics needed to do well in regular jobs. That's why many of the upcoming sections in this guide sound like ones written for the regular workplace.What do you get out of this? At the start, you may have to do tasks specifically related to the funding contracts. But eventually your professor must be flexible enough to fund your own specific research program that leads to the completion of your dissertation. Your stipend and tuition waiver should be enough to live on frugally without going into debt. You will learn the state of the art in your chosen speciality and conduct cutting-edge research on a subject that you find interesting and enjoyable. If you don't find this compensation sufficient, then you shouldn't be in graduate school in the first place.The bottom line: realize that academia is a peculiar kind of business and the role you play in this enterprise. If you do your job well (and have good negotiation and interpersonal skills, as discussed in future sections), both your needs and your professors' needs will be met. But don't enter an RA position thinking that the computers, research equipment, staff members and other resources that you are provided with are your birthright. Don't take them for granted! Most of those exist only because your professors have been able to raise the money to provide those to you. In turn, you must fulfill your end of the deal by doing great research with those resources. If you don't do your job well, don't be surprised if your professors choose not to fund you in the future. They do not have to provide you with an RA job or let you use the computing equipment they acquired. And the student who has no funding, no tuition reimbursement and no access to required computing resources is the student who leaves the university that semester.How do you make sure you are one of those best, highly desired RA's? Read on! Graduate school is a different ballgame"Don't let school get in the way of your education."- Mark Twain"The IQ test was invented to predict academic performance, nothing else. If we wanted something that would predict life success, we'd have to invent another test completely."- Robert ZajoncIf you go through a Ph.D. program, you will find graduate school a very different world from undergraduate school. If you just get an M.S., then graduate school may not be much different from undergrad (depending on where you get your degree), except that the courses are deeper and more advanced. But for a Ph.D. student, graduate school is a whole new ballgame. The students who do well are the ones who learn this earlier rather than later and make the necessary adjustments.Graduate school is not primarily about taking courses. You will take classes in the beginning but in your later years you probably won't have any classes. People judge a recently graduated Ph.D. by his or her research, not by his or her class grades. And, without any offense to my professors, most of what you learn in a Ph.D. program comes outside of classes: from doing research on your own, attending conferences, and talking to your fellow students. Success in graduate school does not come from completing a set number of course units but rather from successfully completing a research program.Graduate school is more like an apprenticeship where each student has his or her own project, and the masters may or may not be particularly helpful. It's like teaching swimming by tossing students into the deep end of the pool and seeing who makes it to the other end alive and who drowns. It's like training clock designers by locking students inside a clock factory with some working clocks and lots of clock parts and machines for building clocks. However, the instructions are at best incomplete and even the masters themselves don't know exactly how to build next year's models.Excelling in a Ph.D. program requires different skills than doing well in undergrad. Undergraduate education tests you through class projects (that do not last more than a semester), essays, midterms and finals. For the most part, you work alone. Your professor may not know your name. Every other student in your class takes the same tests or does similar projects. But in a Ph.D. program, you must select and complete a unique long-term research program. For most of us, this means you have to learn how to do research and all that entails: working closely with your professors, staff and fellow students, communicating results, finding your way around obstacles, dealing with politics, etc.I'm not saying that tests and grades are completely unimportant in graduate school. One of the two biggest hurdles in completing a Ph.D. is passing the qualifying exam. (The other is finding an acceptable dissertation topic.) But because graduate school is not nearly as exam-based as undergraduate education and requires different skills, the GRE and undergraduategrades are not as good an indicator of who will excel and who will drop out as admission committees seem to think. Those tests do not measure creativity, tenacity, interpersonal skills, oral presentation skills, and many other important traits.The next several sections discuss these traits.Initiative"The difference between people who exercise initiative and those who don't is literally the difference between night and day. I'm not talking about a 25 to 50 percent difference in effectiveness; I'm talking about a 5000-plus percent difference, particularly if they are smart, aware, and sensitive to others."- Stephen R. Covey, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective PeopleThe dissertation represents a focused, personal research effort where you take the lead on your own, unique project. If you expect that your adviser is going to hold your hands and tell you what to do every step of the way, you are missing the point of the dissertation. Ph.D. students must show initiative to successfully complete the dissertation. This does not mean that guidance from professors is unimportant, just that this guidance should be at a reasonably high level, not at a micromanaging level. If you never do any tasks except those that your professor specifically tells you to do, then you need to work on initiative.At UNC, there is a famous anecdote about a former UNC graduate student named Joe Capowski. Many years ago, UNC got a force-feedback mechanical arm to use with molecular visualization and docking experiments. The problem was how to move it to UNC. This mechanical arm is a large, heavy beast, and it was in Argonne National Labs in Chicago, IL. Unfortunately, there was a trucker's strike going on at the time. Joe Capowski, on his own initiative (and without telling anyone), flew out to Argonne, rented a car, drove the mechanical arm all the way back to North Carolina, and then handed the computer science department the bill! Many years later, Joe Capowski ran for the Chapel Hill city council and won a seat. Prof. Fred Brooks gave him an endorsement. I still remember the words Dr. Brooks said: "I may not agree with his politics, but I know he'll get things done."While the Joe Capowski anecdote is perhaps a bit extreme, it does show that it is often better to ask forgiveness than permission, provided you are not becoming a "loose cannon." Certain universities (e.g. MIT) are good at fostering a "can do" attitude among their graduate students, and therefore they become more assertive and productive. One of the hallmarks of a senior graduate student is that he or she knows the types of tasks that require permission and those that don't. That knowledge will come with experience. Generally, it's the senior graduate students who have the most freedom to take initiative on projects. This privilege has to be earned. The more that you have proven that you can work independently and initiate and complete appropriate tasks, the more your professors will leave you alone to do what you want to do.Tenacity"Let me tell you the secret that has led me to my goal. My strength lies solely in my tenacity."- Louis PasteurYou don't need to be a genius to earn a Ph.D. (although it doesn't hurt). But nobody finishes a dissertation without being tenacious. A dissertation usually takes a few years to complete. This can be a culture shock to former undergraduates who have never worked on a project that lasted longer than one quarter or semester (at the end of which, whatever the state of the project, one declares victory and then goes home). No one can tell you in advance exactly how long the dissertation will take, so it's hard to see where the "end of the road" lies. You will encounter unexpected problems and obstacles that can add months or years to the project. It's very easy to become depressed and unmotivated about going on. If you are not tenacious about working on the dissertation, you won't finish.Tenacity means sticking with things even when you get depressed or when things aren't going well. For example, I did not enjoy my first year of graduate school. I didn't tell anyone this until after leaving UNC. I was not on a project and was focused on taking classes, some of which I didn't do all that well in. I didn't feel a part of the Department, and really wondered whether or not I fit in. Still, I stuck with it and when summer rolled around and I got a job in the Department, I became much more involved in research and enjoyed graduate school much more. Part of earning a Ph.D. is building a "thick skin" so you are not so fragile that you will give up at the first sign on any difficulties.One lesson I learned as a graduate student is the best way to finish the dissertation is to do something every day that gets you closer to being done. If all you have left is writing, then write part of the dissertation every day. If you still have research to do, then do part of it every day. Don't just do it when you are "in the mood" or feeling productive. This level of discipline will keep you going through the good times and the bad and will ensure that you finish.Flexibility"Back in graduate school, I'd learned how to survive without funding, power, or even office space. Grad students are lowest in the academic hierarchy, and so they have to squeeze resources from between the cracks. When you're last on the list for telescope time, you make your observations by hanging around the mountaintop, waiting for a slice of time between other observers. When you need an electronic gizmo in the lab, you borrow it in the evening, use it all night, and return it before anyone notices. I didn't learn much about planetary physics, but weaseling came naturally."- Clifford Stoll, The Cuckoo's Egg"The Chinese call luck opportunity and they say it knocks every day on your door. Some people hear it; some do not. It's not enough to hear opportunity knock. You must let him in, greet him, make friends and work together."- Bernard GittelsonFlexibility means taking advantage of opportunities and synergies, working around problems, and being willing to change plans as required. As a graduate student, you are on the bottom of the academic totem pole. Even undergraduates can rank higher, especially at private universities (because they actually pay tuition!) You cannot order anybody to do anything. In general, you will be in the position of reacting to big events rather than controlling them. Therefore, you must be flexible in your approach and research program.For example, you may not have as much access to a piece of laboratory equipment as you would like, or maybe access is suddenly cut off due to events beyond your control. What do you do? Can you find a replacement? Or reduce the time needed on that equipment? Or come in at odd hours when no normal person uses that equipment? Or redefine the direction of your project so that equipment is no longer required?Events can be good as well as bad. The difference between the highly effective graduate student and the average one is that the former recognizes those opportunities and takes advantage of them. I had nothing to do with bringing Gary Bishop to UNC. But after he arrived I realized my research would progress much faster if he became my adviser so I made the switch and that was a big help to my graduate student career. Opportunities for synergy and serendipity do occur, but one has to be flexible enough to recognize them and take advantage of them.Interpersonal skills"For humans, honesty is a matter of degree. Engineers are always honest in matters of technology and human relationships. That's why it's a good idea to keep engineers away from customers, romantic interests, and other people who can't handle the truth."- Scott Adams, The Dilbert Principle"I can calculate the motions of the heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people."- Isaac NewtonComputer Science majors are not, in general, known for their interpersonal skills. Some of us got into this field because it is easier to understand machines than people. As frustrating as computers can be, they at least behave in a logical manner, while human beings often do not. However, your success in graduate school and beyond depends a great deal upon your ability to build and maintain interpersonal relationships with your adviser, your committee, your research and support staff and your fellow students. This does not mean you must become the "life of the party." I am not and never will be a gregarious, extroverted person. But I did make a seriouseffort to learn and practice interpersonal skills, and those were crucial to my graduate student career and my current industrial research position.Why should this matter, you may ask? If one is technically brilliant, shouldn't that be all that counts? The answer is no, because the situation is different from your undergraduate days. In both graduate school and in business, you must depend upon and work with other people to achieve your goals To put this in perspective, I have excerpted the following from an article called "Organizations: The Soft and Gushy Side" by Kerry J. Patterson, published in Fall 1991 issue of The Bent:I first learned of the capricious, human side of organizations some 15 years ago while studying the careers of engineers and scientists. The research design required that I spend eight hours a day in one-on-one interviews. For two hours I'd ask "career" questions of an engineer, chemist, physicist, or applied mathematician -- all of whom worked for a Fortune 500 firm. During these 120 minutes, the subjects talked about the perils of the organizations. Two hours was scarcely enough time to share their stories. All energetically discussed their personal careers. Most had been frustrated with the "soft and gushy" side of organizations. Some had figured out the system and learned to master it. Others had not.As part of the research design, we asked to talk to low, medium, and high performers. This in itself was an interesting exercise. To determine performance rankings, we would place in front of a senior manager the names of the 10-50 people within his or her organization. Each name would be typed neatly in the middle of a three-by-five card. After asking the manager to rank the employees from top to bottom, the managers would then go through a card sort. Typically the executive would sort the names into three or four piles and then resort each pile again. Whatever the strategy, the exercise usually took only minutes. Just like that, the individual in charge of the professionals in question was able to rank, from top to bottom, as many as 50 people. It rarely took more than three minutes and a couple of head scratches and grunts. Three minutes. Although politics may appear ambiguous to those on the receiving end, those at the top were able to judge performance with crystal clarity.This performance ranking (conducted by individuals not involved in the interviews) was then used as a dependent measure. Those of us conducting the interviews attempted to surface information (independent measures) that would predict the ranking. What about a scientist's career would lead to a top ranking? What trashed a perfectly good career? Surely scientific prowess would have an impact. And it did.But technological prowess wasn't as predictive as another factor. We discovered that we could tell what performance group the interviewees belonged to within a minute or two by their attitudes toward people and politics. Individuals who were ranked low by their managers spoke of organizational politics as if it were poison. They were exceptionally annoyed by the people side of the business. They frequently stated they would rather be left alone to conduct their research untrammeled by human emotions. They characterized the social side of organizations as "soft and gushy." They sounded like Spock turned bitter.。
博士期间规划英文作文
博士期间规划英文作文During my doctoral studies, I plan to immerse myself in research, explore new ideas, and push the boundaries of knowledge in my field. I aim to collaborate with experts, attend conferences, and publish my work in top-tierjournals to make a significant contribution to the academic community.In addition to my research, I plan to participate in teaching and mentoring activities to share my knowledge and skills with others. I believe that teaching is a valuable way to enhance my own understanding of the subject matter and to inspire the next generation of scholars.I also plan to engage in outreach activities to connect with the broader community and communicate the importance of my research. By participating in public lectures, workshops, and media interviews, I hope to raise awareness about the impact of my work and inspire others to pursue their own academic passions.Furthermore, I plan to take advantage of opportunities for professional development, such as attending workshops on grant writing, presentation skills, and academic networking. By honing these skills, I will be better equipped to succeed in my research endeavors and advance my career in academia.Overall, my goal during my doctoral studies is to challenge myself, grow as a researcher and educator, and make a meaningful impact on my field. I am excited to embark on this journey and eager to see where it will take me.。
美国经济学PhD职业计划
美国经济学PhD职业计划经济学PhD的学习Schedule：在就读的第一年，进行标准化课程的学习，包括宏观经济学，微观经济学，计量经济学等高级经济学课程，等学期终止后会组织专业性较强的资格考试，最要紧的目的确实是挑选学生。
在第二年内，学习经济学PhD的学生至少要研究两个专门领域，即开始经济学论文的创作。
导师的选择是需要导师和学生内部进行双向的选择。
在经太长达2-3年的专业领域研究后，就会有专门的负责人进行评阅学生的论文，即由三人组成的论文委员会(thesis committee)就学生的论题和论证思路进行讨论。
最终学生会进行PhD论文的预答辩(thesis proposal)，那个环节并非是必需的，最重要环节当属学生的论文答辩(thesis defense)。
和国内的答辩略有不同的是，美国的经济学PhD论文通过与否决定于有无答辩的资格，若是说学生有资格进行答辩，那么说明论文大体合格，论文是能够通过的。
但如果是不许诺答辩，说明论文尚未达到标准，不能够毕业。
经济学PhD毕业后的求职Schedule：经济学PhD的毕业生首选的求职方向是学术界，即在各个高校任教。
美国高校招聘的流程如下：Step1 在10月底，明确目标学校，进行招聘前预备;Step2 整理自己的材料，包括简历、就职论文、指导教师推荐信，在11月中旬，寄出材料给目标学校。
Step3 学校应聘面试大多在1月初，美国经济学年会提供market place，历时3天，每人次半小时。
包括：面试者的论文要点、面试者的其他经济学研究打算、到底能教授哪门经济学的课程Step4 校园访问，即申请人1月到所申请任教的学校去走访，做一些学术交流。
如：论文演讲(seminar)或求职演讲(job talk)。
要求申请人要兼顾各方面，能够与学生个别交流。
Step5 受聘协商，大约在二、3月份，最终学校会和申请人签定受聘合同。
经济学家的学术职业道路一、在学术界在美国大学中，教授职位顺序包括：faculty，助理(assistant)、副(associate)、正(full)教授。
美国研究生课程与美国phd课程分别研究些什么？
美国研究生课程与美国phd课程分别研究些什么？Master or PhD?这可能是所有申请美国的同学在留学选择上都有的困惑。
想要明白到底Master还是PhD是适合自己的留学选择，就要想搞清楚，美国研究生课程与美国phd课程分别研究些什么，并且就业方向上又有哪些区别，下面，结合多年申请经验，分别为您答疑解惑。
学习内容的区别从学习的内容上看，如果用一句简单的话来概括Master和PhD 课程的差别，那就是Master学习的是应用型内容，PhD研究的是学术型内容。
Master课程的设置讲究实用性，一般学制是1-2年，是为学生将来踏入职场打稳基础的，因此所学习的内容不仅包括了一般程度的专业知识，还包括了如何更好地去运用这些知识：教授学生获取知识的方法和技巧，帮助学生提升在这个行业中的实际操作能力，例如，商科专业会侧重培训学生的领导能力、沟通交流能力、解决难题的能力等软性实力。
Master课程是为了让学生拥有更好的实力准备和资源积累，在进入行业时具备更强的竞争力的。
PhD课程的重点则是集中在专业知识和技术的研究上，学制较长，通常需要5-7年不等，培养的是学生做学术、做研究的能力。
读PhD的学生要对所学的专业有较大的兴趣，否则专业学习的枯燥会让人很难长时间坚持下去。
此外，PhD课程会为学生提供良好的学术环境和资源，除了设有大量专业课外，教授也会带着学生投入到研究项目当中，通过实验、调研等方式对专业进行深入的探索。
就业方向的区别由于Master和PhD学习内容和培养目标的差别，相应地会对学生将来的发展道路产生完全不同的影响，这也是我们在选择学位类别时需要非常谨慎的重要原因之一。
如果你希望将来进入相关的行业和领域工作，成为一名职业人士的话，Master是更为合适的选择，它不仅让你具备了一定的专业知识，而且让你具备相应的实践技能。
如果你希望将来成为一名研究人员或者专家学者，专注在某个领域的学术研究上，那PhD无疑是最佳选择，它能为你的钻研提供良好的师资和环境。
到美国读博士如何打工赚钱
到美国读博士如何打工赚钱去美国读博士要至少五年左右的时间，如果完全自费去读，恐怕很多人无法消受如此昂贵的学费。
下面转帖一位在加州克莱蒙研究生院 (Claremont Graduate University ，California) 读教育学博士的同学的留学费用分享，以及他如何赚到学费或生活费的信息，希望帮助更多同学圆梦美国博士学位。
当时在I-20 ( 外国非移民学生签证表格) 上标明我第一年学习和生活的费用一共是$39616 。
其中包括$24196 的学杂费，$13920 的生活费，另加 $1500 的书本费等其它费用。
第一学年基本上的经济来源于以下几个方面：1. 学校提供的助学金。
助学金相当于一半学费，即每年$12098。
2 . 个人积蓄及家庭资助。
从总费用中去掉学校给我的 $12098 ，我需要向领事馆出示至少有 $27518 ( 相当于大约220000 人民币) 的银行存款。
本人工作4 年，小有积蓄，再加上父母的资助，很快搞定盘缠，顺利取得签证后，踏上求学之路。
3 . 校内打工。
校园内的工作大体上可以分为以下三种：教学助理[4]，科研助理[5]，及其它行政方面的工作[6]。
我到美第二个月，导师为我安排了一个研究助理的职位。
每周工作15-20 小时，每小时$20 。
这样每月就有了固定收入$1200 。
加州虽然以高消费著称。
实际上，第一年除了固定的$12098 学费之外，其它的费用都比预计的少得多。
房费每月约$250 ( 三个同学合租一个学校提供的一室一厅的房间) 。
学校住宿又省了车钱、油钱和其它交通费。
每月生活费约$200 。
美国的书本奇贵。
我主要以买二手书和图书馆借书为主。
书本费花去我约$200 。
到第一学年年底时，手上攒的再加上原来带来剩下的共有$20000 。
用$4000 从一位毕业的韩国学生手中买了辆二手的本田，从此也算得上是有车一族，不用再麻烦别的同学到超市购物时给我带菜，还能反过来帮助新生。
美国留学美国博士毕业之后都有哪些方向
美国留学美国博士毕业之后都有哪些方向很多人关心美国留学博士毕业之后都去干什么了，博士毕竟是学位很高了，在选择职业上有一个学历上面的相对优势，比如可以进高校任教，研究生在这方面与之相比就没有竞争力，所以本文将为大家分析一下留学美国博士毕业之后都有哪些方向：1、教授读完博士最典型的出路就是去学校做老师，尤其是tenure track assistant professor。
如果做的好的话，一般六年之后，就是associate professor，也就是终身教授，拿到铁饭碗了，不会失业，这辈子不用担心养家糊口。
有的人牛，去牛校做牛活出牛成果，虽然成不了顶级富翁，但是可以过上富裕的生活了。
作老师，就意味着要教书，同时也很可能要做科研。
大家平常看得有排名的学校，基本都是要求老师teaching, research and service 同时都要做好，这里面，teaching + research就是最累人的了。
有的小学校，没什么科研要求，教授们可能就是一辈子教书，不做什么科研。
小学校一般工资比较低，但是没有做科研的压力，所以有的人也很喜欢;牛校标准高，要求科研出成果，压力大，很辛苦，当然相应的工资待遇好，事业成就高。
成为tenure之前不容易。
要上很多课，要应付一些难缠的小本科生的疑问甚至是无理纠缠，每天光是中国人的套磁信估计都够删除一会儿的，同时还要写proposal申请funding带学生做科研写paper;极少数很变态的学校，tenure可能跟难拿，比如说招3个assistant professor，但是6年以后只留一个，这种一般是顶尖牛校，会累死。
但是绝大部分学校会根据feedback帮你改进，最终的目的是留住你，而不是 6年以后赶你走。
如果你很ambitious，要去很好的学校，那肯定累，otherwise，其实没那么恐怖，主要就是第一年刚开始的时候会累一些，熟悉了以后就好多了。
此外，每年暑假有3个月的假期，比较ambitious的老师自然是利用这段时间好好做科研，否则出去旅游或者回国短期混混，会过的很爽的。
美国博士留学就业五大方向介绍
美国博士留学就业五大方向介绍现在，不少学子们选择留学美国博士，那么，对于美国博士留学毕业就业，学子们了解多少呢?这是我们博士需要思考的问题，下面，美国博士留学就业五大方向介绍。
跟着来看看吧。
一、美国博士留学就业五大方向-终身教授(TENURE-TRACK)能够被美国大学聘用做终身教授，是一些博士的职业目标，也是衡量他们成功与否的重要指标。
做教授的好处是，宽松的学术气氛，相对自由的工作环境。
但是，在美国当教授不会一劳永逸，不断地申请科研经费和管理手下的雇员，需要高智商和好耐性。
至少是因为这两个原因，并不是所有的博士都愿做终身教授。
不过，值得自豪的是，近年来，在美国的华人教授越来越多，他们与白人还有其它族裔的教授一起构成了美国高校一道亮丽的风景线。
二、美国博士留学就业五大方向-公司的高级技术人员博士毕业后，能够直接进公司任职是一个很好的去向，也是许多人梦寐以求的理想。
在公司任职的博士收入较高，工作相对轻松，压力应该比学校的教授要小些。
但在公司工作也有弊端。
如果公司效益不好，一些员工可能会被裁掉，这多多少少会给人一种不太稳定的感觉。
三、美国博士留学就业五大方向-给大教授打工的小教授这种博士虽有助理教授职称，但他们没有自己完全独立的实验室。
他们通常附属于某位大教授门下，为他独挡一面，管理一些研究课题。
这种工作的好处是，小教授不需要为科研经费太过操心，其它的一切也都会由大老板搞定。
当然，这种工作也有不尽人意的地方。
小教授干得再好，他也只能是个给大教授卖命的打工仔，他的命运完全控制在大老板手里，大老板也可以随时让他走人。
四、美国博士留学就业五大方向-教书育人的博士们有相当一部分的博士，在美国高校当任课老师而不从事任何科研。
这种工作薪水相对较低，但工作轻松也较稳定。
老师全凭一张嘴，所以，口语不好的博士不适合这种职业。
还有一些博士，在美国中学当文理各科的老师，给孩子们当园丁。
想在中学任课的博士，通常要通过本州内的教育证书考试。
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发信人: yuanm (我爱水木.路漫漫兮), 信区: PhD标题: 中英文版：到底美国PhD要干啥?发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Fri Apr 1 16:23:07 2005), 站内hoho，简单翻译了一下，英语不好，凑活看看。
最后的警告尤其有用。
——————————————发信人: Woodchuckle (木耳), 信区: PhD标题: 到底美国PhD要干啥? Notes on the PhD Degree[zt]发信站: BBS 水木清华站 (Fri Feb 18 02:54:21 2005), 站内发信人: kissall (阿呆), 信区: Overseas标题: 到底美国PhD要干啥? Notes on The PhD Degree[zt]发信站: Unknown Space - 未名空间 (Thu Feb 17 13:47:42 2005) WWW-POST很多人在申请的时候其实不知道PhD意味着什么，要干什么。
不管怎么样，提前了解对作出正确的决定帮助很大.另一篇类似的文章《So long, and thanks for the Ph.D.!》在/~azuma/hitch4.html 太长了，就不转From /homes/dec/essay.phd.html——————————————正文——————————————Notes On The PhD Degree说说博士学位Last week at the department colloquium coffee hour, several students engagedthe faculty in a discussion about our Ph.D. program. It became clear that manyof the students did not understand the basics; they were surprised at some ofthe questions and confused by some of the answers.上周系里咖啡时间的讨论会上，几个学生跟教员讨论了我们的博士课程。
显然，多数学生对基本问题缺乏了解。
他们对一些问题很惊讶而且对答案也弄不清楚。
These notes provide basic information about the purpose of a Ph.D. program inan attempt to help students decide whether to pursue a Ph.D. degree.The Basics对于博士学位课程的目的，这些解释提供了一些基本信息，可能有助于学生决定是否读博。
A Doctor of Philosophy degree, abbreviated Ph.D., is the highest academicdegree anyone can earn. Because earning a Ph.D. requires extended study andintense intellectual effort, less than one percent of the population attainsthe degree. Society shows respect for a person who holds a Ph.D. by addressingthem with the title ``Doctor''.哲学博士，也就是PH.D，是一个人能取得的最高的学位。
因为获得博士学位需要长期的学习和强烈的心智努力。
不到百分之一的人能成为博士。
博士这一称呼表达了社会对博士学位持有者的尊敬。
To earn a Ph.D., one must accomplish two things. First, one must master aspecific subject completely. Second, one must extend the body of knowledgeabout that subject.要取得博士学位，必须做到两件事：一是完全掌握某一课题的知识，二是必须增加此课题的知识积累。
Mastering A Subject掌握一个课题To master a subject, a student searches the published literature to find andread everything that has been written about the subject. In scientificdisciplines, a student begins by studying general reference works such as textbooks. Eventually, the student must also search scholarly journals, thepublications that scientists use to exchange information and record reports oftheir scientific investigations.要掌握一个课题，学生必须检索全部与本课题相关的公开发表的文献，并且阅读。
在科学学科中，学生首先从研究通用的参考材料比如课本开始。
最后他必须研究学术期刊。
学术期刊就是科学家用来交换信息和纪录科学研究报告的地方。
Each university establishes general guidelines that a student must follow toearn a Ph.D. degree, and each college or department within a university setsspecific standards by which it measures mastery of a subject. Usually, inpreparing for Ph.D. work in a given field, a student must earn both aBachelor's and Master's degree (or their equivalent) in that field or in aclosely related field. To demonstrate complete mastery of the subject, astudent may be required to complete additional graduate-level courses,maintain a high grade average, or take a battery of special examinations. Inmany institutions, students must do all three.每个大学都有成为博士所需要执行的指导方针。
而且每个学院或者系都有专门的标准，来衡量对学科掌握的程度。
通常在准备读给定领域的博士学位之前，学生必须先拿到该领域（或者紧密相关的领域）的学士和硕士的学位（或者同等学历）。
为了证明你已经完全掌握了这个科目，学生可能需要完成附加的研究生水平（？）的科目课程，或者有很高的等级分数（学分绩？），或者参加特别的考试选拔。
很多机构要求全部这三个条件。
Because examinations given as part of a Ph.D. curriculum assess expertknowledge, they are created and evaluated by a committee of experts, each ofwhom holds a Ph.D. degree.因为考试是博士课程的一部分，是要用来评判专家级的知识，所以由一个专家委员会来命题和评判。
专家们都必须有博士学位。
Extending Knowledge扩展知识The essence of a Ph.D., the aspect that distinguishes Ph.D. study from otheracademic work, can be summarized in a single word: research. To extendknowledge, one must explore, investigate, and contemplate. The scientificcommunity uses the term research to capture the idea.博士的本质，也是博士学习区别于其他学院工作的方面，简而言之就是一个字：研究。
:)为了扩展知识，你必须探索，调查，思考。
科学共同体用这个术语——研究，来获得思想。
In scientific disciplines, research often implies experimentation, butresearch is more than mere experiments -- it means interpretation and deepunderstanding. For Computer Scientists, research means searching to uncoverthe principles that underlie digital computation and communication. Aresearcher must discover new techniques that aid in building or usingcomputational mechanisms. Researchers look for new abstractions, newapproaches, new algorithms, new principles, or new mechanisms.在科学学科里里，研究常常意味着实验。
但是研究不只是实验——它还包含解释和深刻的理解。
对于计算机科学家，研究意味着揭示数字计算和通讯之下的规律。
一个研究者必须发现新的技术来帮助建造或者使用计算设备。
研究者寻找新的概念，新的方法，新的算法，新的原理，或者新的装置。
To complete a Ph.D., each student must present results from their research tothe faculty in a lengthy, formal document called a dissertation (morepopularly referred to as a thesis). The student must then submit theirdissertation to the faculty and defend their work an oral examination.要获得博士学位，学生必须通过冗长的、正式的文件即学位论文（通常也叫thesis）来表述他的研究成果，提交给相关机构，并为论文做口头答辩。