张卫星---放弃治疗的法律与伦理英文2
学术英语(医学)Unit1~4课文翻译
Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多，最后一次 DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验，这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行 30 分钟的事。
糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。
也许留到下一次再说吧？她家里的情况怎么样呢？她现在是否有常见的生活压力？亦或她有可能有抑郁症或焦虑症？有没有时间让她做个抑郁问卷调查呢？健康保养：她最后一次乳房 X 光检查是什么时候做的？子宫颈抹片呢？ 50 岁之后是否做过结肠镜检查？过去 10 年间她是否注射过破伤风加强疫苗？她是否符合接种肺炎疫苗的条件？奥索里奥夫人打断了我的思路，告诉我过去的几个月里她一直背痛。
新世纪研究生公共英语教材第二版阅读B第三单元课文翻译
Unit 3 Doctor's Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?1. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。
然而，对于他们中不少人而言，现代医学已成为一把双刃剑。
2. 医生采用一系列航空时代技术进行治疗的能力已超过人体本身的治愈能力。
从医学的角度来说，有更多的疾病能够得以诊治，可对于许多病人而言，复原的希望却微乎其微。
甚至生死之间的基本差别也难以界定清楚。
3. 不少美国人身陷医学囹圄，形同南韩拳击手金得九（Duk Koo Kim）的境遇。
金得九在一次打斗中受到重击，人事不省，大脑停止运转，只能依靠人为方法赖以存活。
经其家人允许，拉斯维加斯的医生切断了维持其生命的器械，死神便接踵而来。
4. 医疗技术进步了，是力求生存还是注重生命质量，哪个目标更为重要，这一问题在全美的医院和疗养院里引发了激烈的争论。
5. “归根结底，问题在于，医疗的宗旨是什么？”位于纽约哈德逊河上黑斯廷斯的社会、伦理及生命科学学会主席丹尼尔·卡拉汉说，“是真的要挽救生命还是要为病人谋取更大的利益？”6. 医生、病患、家属，通常还有法庭都不得不在医疗方面作出艰难的抉择。
而这些道德难题往往最容易产生于生命的两个极端——生命开初的重病新生儿和生命终端的垂死病患。
7. 这些因现代医学技术而产生的两难问题已不断催生出生物伦理学的新准则。
如今，全美 127 家医学院中已有不少机构开设了医学伦理学课程，要在十年前，根本没人会去注意这个领域。
不少医院的员工队伍都包含了牧师、哲学家、精神病医师以及社会工作者，以求帮助病人作出关键性抉择，而有二十分之一的机构专门成立了伦理委员会解决这些难题。
8. 在所有特护病房的垂死病人当中，有约莫 20%的病例，其当事人面临艰难的道德抉择——是继续尽力挽救生命还是改变初衷、听凭病患死去。
对于是否要维持生命的治疗，不少病房每周大约要作三次决定。
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第二册Unit8-课文原文Animals or children
Animals or children? —A scientist's choice1 I am the enemy! I am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involved in animal research. These rumors sting, for I have never thought of myself as an evil person. I became a children's doctor because of my love for children and my supreme desire to keep them healthy. During medical school and residency, I saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury —circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but still has a long way to go. More importantly, I also saw children healthy thanks to advances in medical science such as infant breathing support, powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medical research.2 My accusers have twisted the truth into a fable and cast me as the devil. They claim that I have no moral compass, that I torture innocent animals for the sole purpose of career advancement, and that my experiments have no relevance tomedicine. Meanwhile, an uncaring public barely watches, convinced that the issue has no significance, and publicity-conscious senators and politicians increasingly give way to the lobbying of animal rights activists.3 We, in medical research, have also been unbelievably uncaring. We have allowed the most extreme animal rights protesters to creep in and frame the issue as one of "animal fraud" and hatred. We have persisted in our belief that a knowledgeable public would consent to the importance of animal research for public health. Perhaps we have been mistaken in not responding to the emotional tone of theargument. Perhaps we should have responded to those sad slogans and posters of animals by waving equally sad posters of children dying of cancer or external wounds. 4 In the animal rights forum, much is made of the volume of pain these animals experience in the name of medical science. Activists deny that we are trying to help and say it is evidence of our evil and cruel nature.A more reasonable argument, however, can be advanced in our defense. Life is often cruel to animals and human beings. Teenagers are flung from trucks and suffer severe head injuries. Young children barely able to walk find themselves at the bottom of swimming pools while a parent is occupied with something else. From everyday germs to gang violence, no life is free of pain. Physicians hoping to relieve the eternal suffering of these tragedies have only three choices: 1) create an animal model of the problem to understand the process and test new therapies; 2) experiment on human beings (some experiments will succeed, most will fail); or 3) leave medical knowledge static, hoping that accidental discoveries will lead us forward.5 Some animal rights activists would suggest an optional fourth choice, claiming that computer models can create animal experiments, thus omitting actualexperiments. Computers can imitate the effects of well-understood principles on complex systems, as in the application of the laws of physics to airplane and automobile design. However, when the principles themselves are in question, as is the case with the complex biological systems of human life under study, computer modeling alone is of little value.6 One of the terrifying effects of arresting the use of animals in medical research is that the impact will not be felt for years or even decades. Drugs to cure infection will remain undiscovered, surgical and diagnostic techniques will remain undeveloped, and fundamental biological processes that might have been understood will remain mysteries. There is the danger that quick decisions by well-meaning politicians will create resolution to diplomatically satisfy the small minority ofloud protesters while the consequences and damaging impact of those decisions will not be apparent until long after.7 Fortunately, most of us enjoy good health, and the agony of watching one's child die has becomea rare experience. Yet our good fortune should not make us unappreciative. Protection from serious sickness and drugs to combat heart disease, high blood pressure and stroke are all based on animal research. Most complex surgical procedures such as heart or hip surgery and organ transplantation surgeries were initially developed in animals. Techniques to replace defective genes, the cause of so much disease, as well as the development of synthetic organs are presently undergoing animal studies. These studies, and any subsequent advances, will effectively end if animal research is severely restricted.8 In America today, death has become an event isolated from our daily existence. As a doctor who has watched many children die and seen their parents' infinite grief, I am particularly angered by any minute expression of caring for the sufferingof creatures and so little for sick and dying human beings. People are too protected from the reality of human life and death and what it means.9 Make no mistake, however. I would never advocate needless cruel treatment of animals. The animal rights movement has made a contribution in making us more aware of animals' needs and the need to search harder for suitable alternatives. But if the more radical members of this movement are successful in threatening further research, their efforts will bring about a tragedy that will cost many lives. Hence the real question is whether an uncaring majority can be aroused to protect its future against a loud, but misdirected, minority.。
翻译 - 副本
The Mental Health of Crime Victims:Impact of Legal Intervention1犯罪受害者的心理健康：法律Intervention1的影响In the aftermath of crime, victims must decide whether to seek justice. An encounter with the legal system offers major potential benefits to crime victims, but also exposes them to significant risks. Victims who file civil or criminal complaints are subject to the rules and procedures of a complex legal system, where their mental health and safety may be of marginal concern, and where the potential for retraumatization may be high. This paper reviews the social and psychological barriers that discouragevictim participation in the legal system, and existing studies that document the impact of participation on victims’ mental health. Prospective longitudinal research focusing on victims in the legal systemis recommended.KEY WORDS: crime victims; legal system.在犯罪发生后，受害者必须决定是否要讨回公道。
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第二册Unit 4 A Heroes among us课文翻译
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第二册Unit 4 A Heroes among us课文翻译After the mass shooting in Tucson。
Arizona。
many hailed 20-year-old political associate Daniel Hernandez as a hero。
During the tragic event。
he fearlessly risked his life to save his boss and friend。
congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords。
Daniel held her head up so she could breathe and applied pressure to her wounds。
He comforted her with kind words。
assuring her that he would find her husband and parents and that everything would be alright。
He remained by her side throughout the ambulance ride to the hospital.Heroes come in all shapes and sizes。
They can be ordinary people who do extraordinary things。
like the firefighters and first responders who risk their lives to save others in emergencies。
They can also be everyday individuals who demonstrate acts of kindness and n。
研究生基础英语综合课文翻译unit2-unit7
UNIT 2 课文译文Text A结婚礼物伊莉莎白·埃科诺莫我一直有这样的梦想：星光灿烂的晚上，在一家巴黎咖啡馆能有人向我求婚。
那个咖啡馆就像凡高所画的“夜晚的咖啡馆”，我的工作室墙上就挂着一幅此画的翻印本。
然而，我男朋友却在我用“稳得新”擦洗卫生问镜子的时候叫我嫁给他。
我已经上40岁，是该轮到我了。
我已经体面地让开，眼看着孪生妹妹还有小妹在我之前出嫁。
我做过女傧相7次，伴娘3次。
我的淡颜色塔夫绸衣服比寄物店都多。
我的未婚夫乔治和我都是希腊裔美国人，但是我们想办一个简朴、大方的婚礼。
不需要很多伴娘伴郎。
也不放映幻灯片，展示求婚的细节，那太傻了。
这会是一次很温馨的聚会，请的人不多也不铺张，100个左右的宾客吧。
在我们的家族，那算是小圈子内的聚会。
我为一位偏执狂的管弦乐队指挥做公关刚刚结束，因而我有很多时间投入到我这个新的项目上。
乔治是药剂师，每周工作60小时，现在又有一份工作：听我抱怨婚礼一事。
这毕竟是我表现的时候，得由我说着算。
但是，我投入的时间和精力越多，万事就越和我过不去。
没有请到我想要的洛杉矶希腊乐队。
我到教堂时所戴面纱的针线活也很糟，不是我原来所要求的。
我订的象牙色的丝绸礼服被隔离在新加坡的某个地方。
眼看婚礼也就没有几个礼拜了，我邀请的客人大部分在最后期限之后才回信，让我很是烦恼。
之后，我接到妈妈的电话。
她个头娇小，68岁却依然精力饱满。
几天前还为我即将举行的婚礼感到兴奋不已。
她刚去医院做例年的身体检查。
虽然感觉还不错，但被诊断是胃癌。
接下来的几天，问题不再是“举行什么样的婚礼?”，而是“还办婚礼吗?”我把这看成是我的大喜日子。
我认识到没有妈妈的大喜日子不可思议。
爸爸已经在三年前过世，不可能牵着我的手到教堂圣坛完婚，这已经让我觉得凄苦。
但是一想到妈妈那天也不能在教堂就让我觉得无法忍受。
几天后，我从纽约市搬回西雅图，延迟了婚礼。
我从操办婚礼转向指导保健。
我已经挑选好歌曲，准备作为我们夫妻的首个舞曲，但现在压力那么大，我已经记不起来是哪首了。
新视野大学英语第三版book2unit8课后翻译
英翻中The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment. The organization was originally named the World Wildlife Fund in 1961. In 1986, it changed its name to World Wide Fund for Nature to better reflect the scope of its activities. With over five million supporters worldwide, it is the world's largest independent conservation organization, working in more than 100 countries and supporting about 1,300 conservation and environmental projects. Its mission is to stop destroying the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. Currently, much of its work focuses on the conservation of oceans and coasts, forests, and freshwater. Among other issues, it is also concerned with endangered species, pollution and climate change. They now need, above all, money to carry out its missions and handle conservation emergencies.世界自然基金会（WWF）是一个致力于有关保护、研究和修复环境议题的国际性非政府组织。
新视野大学英语2（第三版）unit8textA课文翻译
Unit 8 Sectio n A Animals or childr en?—A scient ist's choice动物还是孩子？——一位科学家的选择1 I am the enemy! I am one of thosecursed, cruel physic ian scientistsinvolv ed in animal research. Theserumors sting, for I have neverthough t of myself as an evil person. I became a children's doctor becaus e of my love for childr en and my suprem e desire to keep them health y.During medica l school and reside ncy, I saw many childr en die of cancer and bloods hed frominjury—circum stanc es agains t whichmedici ne has made greatprogre ss but stillhas a long way to go. More import antly, I also saw childr en health y thanks to advanc es in medica l scienc e such as infant breath ing suppor t, powerf ul new medici nes and surgic al techni quesand the entire fieldof organtransp lanta tion. My desire to tip the scales in favorof health y, happychildr en drew me to medica l resear ch.1 我就是那个敌人！我就是那些被人诅咒的、残忍的、搞动物实验的医生科学家之一。
死亡与医学伦理
生物学死亡期三个阶段 “自我意识（self-consciousness）的消失”
二、正确对待死亡 treat death correctly
（一）历史上的死亡观 1、儒家积极入世的理性主义死亡观 2、道家超然物外的自然主义生死观 3、佛家逃避现实的出世主义死亡观
（三）珍惜生命，正视死亡 waste life, envisage death
1、树立自然归宿信念 Build the belief of
natural end-result 2、积极充实人生价值 Enrich the life
value actively 3、坦然、无畏惧地面
education
拒绝死亡－－非理智的选择 Refuse death 听任死亡－－放弃治疗的伦理缺陷 Defer death 接受死亡－－死亡文明的转折点
Accept death 死亡教育
death education
第二节 死亡标准与医学伦理 death standard and its’ medical ethics
——泰戈尔
一、死亡的本质 the essence of death
（一）死亡的神秘性 the mystery of death 亵渎死亡，就是蔑视生命。 死亡的界定
the definition of death
（二）人们对死亡本质的认识
people’s understanding to the essence of death
第一节 科学的死亡观
Section 1, the scientific view of death 一、死亡的本质(the essence of death) 二、正确对待死亡treat death correctly 三、开展死亡教育develop the education
英语听力教程第三版（张民伦主编）Unit2WildlifeConservatin听力原文
英语听⼒教程第三版（张民伦主编）Unit2WildlifeConservatin听⼒原⽂Listen this way 听⼒教程第三册-2Unit 2 Wildlife ConservationPart Ⅰ Getting readygravely：严重species：物种extinct：灭种on the brink：在边缘can't afford to wait any more：不能再等待take action：采取⾏动abbreviations ：缩写acronyms：⾸字母缩略词IUCN -- International Union for the Conservation of Nature：世界⾃然保护联盟convention：会议;全体与会者;国际公约;惯例，习俗，规矩CITES -- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species：华盛顿公约，濒危野⽣动植物种国际贸易公约conservation：保存;保护;避免浪费;对⾃然环境的保护UNEP -- United Nations Environmental Program：联合国环境规划署WWF -- World Wide Fund for Nature ：世界⾃然基⾦会regulate：调节;控制，管理promote the conservation：促进保护under the auspices of：在…的帮助或⽀持下;有…赞助的prohibit：禁⽌endangered species：濒危野⽣动植物种encourage partnerships in doing sth：⿎励伙伴partnership：伙伴关系;合伙⼈⾝份;合作关系;合营公司inspiring information：⿎舞⼈⼼的信息improve their quality of life：改善⽣活品质without compromising：不妥协enable sb to do sth：使……能raise funds for ：筹款giant panda：⼤熊猫a global network：全球⽹Gland：格兰德Switzerland：瑞⼠biological diversity：⽣物多样性ecosystem services：⽣态系统服务variety：种类a breathable atmosphere：洁净的（能够呼吸的）空⽓reduce in number ：数量减少role：任务negligible：以忽略的;微不⾜道的apes：猿whales：鲸seals：海豹marine turtles：海龟walrus：海象dolphins：海豚crocodiles：鳄鱼bludgeon：攻击;威胁，强迫campaign：运动sanctuaries：庇护所sea sanctuary：海洋保护区protected-nesting sites ：受保护的营巢区nesting site：营巢区;筑巢区;巢址pollute：污染ivory：象⽛porpoise：动⿏海豚come into force：开始⽣效habitat：（动物的）栖息地，住处compromise：妥协roll off：辗轧;下降breed：繁殖public appeal：公众诉求;呼吁slaughter：屠宰（动物）;⼤屠杀make a donation：捐款Wild animals and wild plants and the wild places where they live are gravely threatened almost everywhere. One species has become extinct in each year of this century; and many hundreds are now on the brink. We can't afford to wait any more. It is time that we take action.A The following words and phrases will appear in this unit. Listen carefully and study the definitions.1. habitat: the natural home of a planet or animal2. species: a group of plants or animals of the same kind, which are alike in all important ways and can breed together3. bludgeon: hit with a heavy object4. census: a count of a total population5. logistics: the planning and implementation of the details of any operation6. degrade: bring down7. adversely: in the manner of going against, opposing8. refuge: a place that provides protection or shelter from danger9. aquatic: living in or on water10. mussel: a small sea animal living inside a black shell whose soft body can be eaten as food (淡菜)11. staple food: basic food or main food that one normally eats12. picky eater: someone who is very careful about choosing only what they like to eat13. shrink: to become or cause to become smaller in size14. case study: a detailed analytical study of a person or something with a view to making generalizationsB Listen to some abbreviations and acronyms of some organizations and some information about them. Fill in the blanks.Audioscript:1. IUCN -- International Union for the Conservation of Nature, is the organization established by the United Nations to promote the conservation of wildlife and habitats as part of the national policies of member states.2. CITES -- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. is an international agreement under the auspices of the IUCN with the aim of regulating trade in endangered species of animals and plants. The agreement came into force in 1975 and by 1991 had been signed by 110 states. It prohibits any trade in a category of 8,000 highly endangered species and controls trade in a further 30,000 species.3. UNEP -- United Nations Environmental Program, aims to provide leadershi p and encourage partnerships in caring for the environment by inspiring information and enabling nations and people to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.4. WWF -- World Wide Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund), is an international organization established in 1961 to raise funds for conservation by public appeal. Projects include conservation of particular species, for example, the tiger and giant panda. With almost five million supporters distributed throughoutfive continents, WWF has a global network active in over 90 countries. Its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland.Biological diversity provides us with a variety of special "ecosystem services", such as clean water, a breathable atmosphere and natural climate control. However, many kinds of wild animals have been so reduced in number that their role in the ecosystem is negligible. Animals like the great apes, the whales, seals, and marine turtles are under particular pressure.C Listen to the conversation. Match column A, which is alist of the names of some endangered animals, with column B, which gives the information about those endangeredanimals. Then anwser the questions.Column A1. Whales2. Seals3. Turtles4. Crocodiles5. 'Walruses (海象.) 2451.63Column Bbludgeoned to death for fur coatskilled to make handbags and shoeshunted for their ivoryhunted to extinctioneggs rolled off and slaughtered for meat and oilQuestions:1. What do people at the World Wildlife Fund work for according to the woman?They work to conserve natural areas that contain endangered wildlife.2. What are they doing in order to protect those endangered animals? They are campaigning to provide sea sanctuaries for some of these endangered species. Protected-nesting sites for turtles have been set up.3. Can you guess the meaning of "sea sanctuaries"?It refers to the places of safety in the sea where sea animals are protected and allowed to live freely.Audioscript:A: Hello, I'm calling on behalf of the World Wildlife Fund.B: The what?A: The World Wildlife Fund. If you've got a few minutes I'd like to tell you what that means.B: Oh, all right.A: We work to conserve natural areas that contain endangered wildlife. The seas, for example, have become polluted by the industrialized world; whales are being hunted to extinction;turtles are rolled off their eggs when they come ashore to breed or are slaughtered for their meat and oil...B: Oh.A: Crocodiles are killed to make handbags and shoes; walruses are hunted for their ivory.B: I see.A: Seals are bludgeoned to death to provide fur coats and the threat of extinction hangs over several species of whale, dolphin and porpoise.B: Really.A: We are now campaigning to provide sea sanctuaries for some of these endangered species.B: Very interesting.A: Aided by our campaign, protected nesting sites for turtles have already been set up. As you can see, this is very valuable work and I wonder therefore if you'd like to make a donation?Part II Christmas bird countsbe deemed：（被）认为，视为，断定fortunes ：命运critically：危急;严重perilous：危险的，冒险的at risk of ：有……危险imminent extinction：即将灭绝lose a species：丧失⼀个物种residents：居民maintaining：保持sustain：维持;⽀撑;忍受sustaining the quality of lives ：维持⽣活质量John James Audubon ：约翰·詹姆斯·奥杜邦，1785年4⽉26⽇-1851年1⽉27⽇)，美国画家、博物学家，他绘制的鸟类图鉴被称作“美国国宝”illustrate：说明；描绘；画插图in their natural habitats：⾃然居住地conservationist：⾃然资源保护者，⽣态环境保护者feather：⽻⽑，翎⽑manufacture：制造sponsored by ：赞助;发起the National Audubon Society：全国奥杜邦（鸟类保护）协会Bermuda：百慕⼤群岛（北⼤西洋西部群岛）Pacific islands：太平洋岛屿volunteer：志愿者bird count：鸟类的清点experienced：有经验的bird watcher：野鸟观察者，鸟类观察家diameter：直径observe：观察actually ：实际上，实质上，事实上，⼏乎longest-running：播放时间最长的census：⼈⼝普查，统计;⼈⼝财产调查ornithology：鸟类学;鸟学scheduled：排定，进度表logistics：组织⼯作ideal：理想；⽬标virtually：实际上，实质上，事实上，⼏乎identify ：识别，认出Panama：巴拿马esthetic value：审美价值indicator：指⽰器habitat alteration：栖息地变更signal：信号，暗号;预兆，征象degrade：降低，贬低;使降级degradation：退化;堕落;降级adversely：反对;不利地;有害地annual：每年Christmas bird counts：对诞（岛）数鸟decline：下降One in eight of the world's bird species is deemed globally threatened and the fortunes of 198 critically endangered species are now so perilous that they are at risk of imminent extinction. Many people feel that every time we lose a species, the world becomes a poorer place. The more successful we are at maintaining or improving the living conditions of the Earth'smany residents, the better our chances will be of sustaining the quality of all species' lives on Earth.A Listen to a news report. While listening for the first time, add more key words in the notes column according to the following cues. While listening for the second time, supply the missing information.Event: Christmas bird countsTime: from Christmas to Jan. 3rdSponsored by: the National Audubon SocietyParticipants:Numbers:more than 40,000 volunteersBackground: from all 50 states of the U.S., every Canadianprovince, parts of Central and SouthAmerica', Bermuda, the West Indiesand Pacific islandsNumber of bird counts this year: more than 1 600 separate bird countsThe logistics of bird counts: Each individual count is in a 15 mile diameter circle around the exact center point.Origin of the National Audubon Society: It was named after an American artist John James Audubon, who illustrated birds in their natural habitats. The Society was founded in the late1800s by conservationists concerned with the decline of birds.B Now try this: listen to a more authentic version of the report. Complete the summary of this year's Christmas bird counts.Christmas bird counts will start from Christmas to January 3rd., sponsored by the National Audubon Society. This year more than 40 000 volunteers from the U.S., Canada, parts of Central and South America, Bermuda, the West Indies and Pacific islands will be outside counting birds. The counts are not only for experienced bird watchers but anyone that is interested or concerned as well.This year more than 1 600 separate bird counts have been scheduled. Some would have as few as 10 people taking part, others with hundreds. Every individual count is in a 15 mile diameter circle around the exact center point. Bird counters can get a good idea of the total bird populations within the count circle based on t he number of birds they actually see.The traditional Christmas bird count is the longest-running bird census in ornithology.Audioscript:John James Audubon was an American artist in the early 1800s, who illustrated birds in their natural habitats. The Society named after him was founded in the late 1800s by conservationists concerned with the decline of birds, which were being killed so their feathers could be used in the manufacture of women's hats.Sponsored by the National Audubon Society, more than 40 000 volunteers will be outside counting birds from today until January3rd. Volunteers from all 50 states of the United States, every Canadian province, parts of Central and South America, Bermuda, the West Indies and Pacific islands have begun to count and record every individual bird and bird species observed during the two and one half week period of the count.Jeffrey LeBaron is the National Audubon Society's Christmas Bird Count editor. He says the count is the longest-running bird census in ornithology.This year, according to Mr. LeBaron , more than 1 600 separate bird counts have been scheduled. Some would have as few as 10people taking part, others with hundreds. The logistics of the Christmas bird count, he adds, are simple."Each individual count is in a circle. It's a 15 mile diameter circle, um, around the exact center point. And it's always the exactly same area that's done every year, usually, even on the same weekend during the count period. And what the ideal would be, which is virtually impossible, is this census: every single individual bird within that circle on the count day."Mr. LeBaron says experienced bird counters can get a good idea of the total bird populations within the count circle based on the number of birds they actually see. The editor points out, however, that the counts are not only for experienced bird watchers."Anybody that is interested or concerned can become involved. Beginners will go out in a party with experienced individuals who know both the area and the birds in the area, in the field where more eyes and ears are better. And then anybody can point out a bird, and someone in the field will always be able to identify the bird."C Now listen to what Mr. Lebaron says about the information concerning birds. Complete the outline.OutlineI. Total number of known species -- about 9 300II. HabitatA. Larger numbers living in the warmer climatese.g. more than 300 different species counted in PanamaB. far fewer species native to colder climatesIII. ValueA. importance to the environment1. indicator of the quality of environment2. sensitive to habitat alterationB. esthetic value1. getting pleasure out of looking at birds andlistening to birds2. mental quality of life degraded without birds IV. Birds' populationA. some species -- decliningB. many types -- increasingAudioscript:Mr. LeBaron says there are about 9 300 different known species of birds. Larger numbers of them live in the warmer climates. For example, more than 300 different species have been counted in Panama, while far fewer species are native to colder climates. Aside from their esthetic value, Mr. LeBaron says birds are important to the environment because they can signal changes in it."Birds are one of the best indicators that we have of the quality of the environment within the given area. Whether it is a relatively local area, or even primarily on the worldwide bases, they are one of the first things to be altered. They are quite sensitive to a habitat alteration or to other threats. And often times when birds are disappearing out of the area, it just means there is a degradation of the quality of the habitat within that area which will adversely affect everything in there including humans."National Audubon Society editor Jeffrey LeBaron calls the world's bird populations a source of wealth that humans must protect. "People get so much pleasure out of looking at birds and listening to birds. And if they start disappearing just the er, the quality of life,um, may be not physically, but the mental quality of life can be degraded quickly."Jeffrey LeBaron says that while the National Audubon Society's annual Christmas bird counts show a decline in some species, many types of birds are actually increasing their populations.Part III Dolphin captivityin captivity：养在笼⼦（或池⼦，等）⾥；囚禁announcer：播⾳员thesis statements：⽂意，简述论⽂，论⽂主题Colorado Public Radio：科罗拉多州公共⼴播电台aquatic park：⽔上公园Denver：丹佛（美国科罗拉多州）ire：愤怒dolphin ：海豚instigate：教唆;煽动;激起a former navy dolphin trainer ：前海军海豚训练员Florida：佛罗⾥达州ranges：范围family-oriented：⾯向家庭的；群居的concrete tank：混凝⼟⽔箱，混凝⼟油罐，混凝⼟贮⽔池。
euthanasia 完整辩论版
A:Hello ！welcome to our discussion . I’m joined today by B and C.i’m soleil B:And I’m BC:I’m C.A:oh , Hello, C. do you know about Euthanasia ?B:Yes.that is people who are attacked by incurable disease can’t surffer fromthepains anddecidetoemploy a humaneway toendtheir lives withoutpain.C：do you think Euthanasia Should Be Legalized正方： We think it’s necessary. On one hand, we can save our limiting medical resources for those who need treatment thanany other people. Ontheother hand, we can keep patients from endless paint.我们认为这是有必要的。
一方面，我们可以节约有限的医疗资源给其他更需要的治疗的病人。
另一方面，我们可以解脱这些受着无尽的痛苦的病人。
补充观点：1.Euthanasia canrelease the stress of the society,if the patients can’tdoany contribution.如果那个病人无法做出任何贡献，那么安乐死可以减轻社会的负担。
2. Euthanasiacan free the patients who are under heavy paint. 安乐死可以解脱那些正承受着巨大痛苦的病人。
3. A person’s life belongs to himself, he has access to end his life. 一个人的生命属于他自己，他有权结束自己的生命。
eHealth系列报道之二eHealth远景有多远
eHealth系列报道之二eHealth远景有多远
刘杰
【期刊名称】《中国医院院长》
【年(卷),期】2010(000)012
【摘要】@@ 在英国NHS的网站上有一个"安娜eHealth体验"的科幻小故事,点击率高居不下,英国公民对它的热度不逊于阅读<哈利·波特>.
【总页数】4页(P78-81)
【作者】刘杰
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
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2.eHealth系列报道之三解决方案随需而定2010年医疗卫生信息与管理协会(HIMSS)亚太区博览会综述 [J], 刘杰;张文燕
3.Toward Energy-Efficient and Trustworthy eHealth Monitoring System [J], Ajmal Sawand;Soufiene Djahel;Zonghua Zhang;Farid Na(i)t-Abdesselam
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5.A Mobile Cloud-Based eHealth Scheme [J], Yihe Liu;Aaqif Afzaal Abbasi;Atefeh Aghaei;Almas Abbasi;Amir Mosavi;Shahaboddin Shamshirband;Mohammed A.A.Al-qaness
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
新视野大学英语第三册Unit5testB
Cons
Arguments Against Euthanasia: Euthanasia devalues human life Euthanasia can become a means of health care cost containment Physicians and other medical care people should not be involved in directly causing death There is a "slippery slope" effect that has occurred where euthanasia has been first been legalized for only the terminally ill and later laws are changed to allow it for other people or to be done non-voluntarily.
sal52privilege为allow的宾语我依然握着她的手渐渐地我意识到我并不害怕这种感情之战意识到这实际是她赐予我的特殊荣幸而且我还乐意再来一次
新视野大学英语第三册
Unit5
Decisions of the heart
In this Unit ,you will…
★Pre-reading
task ★ Text-analysis ★ Words and expressions ★ Class assignments ★ Writing skills ★ Homework
Think deeply…
There is not an absolute answer
医学人文英语 第二版 (2)
医学人文英语第二版简介《医学人文英语第二版》是一本专门针对医学领域的人文英语教材。
本书包含了医学文化、医学伦理、医学历史和医学法律等方面的内容，旨在培养医学学生的英语沟通能力和医学人文素养。
内容概述第一章：医学文化•医学领域的文化特点•不同国家的医学文化差异•医学文化的价值观和伦理准则第二章：医学伦理•医学伦理的基本原则•患者权益和隐私保护•医疗资源分配的伦理问题第三章：医学历史•医学发展的里程碑事件•著名医学家和他们的贡献•医学史上的伦理争议第四章：医学法律•医学法律的基本概念和原则•医患关系中的法律问题•医学研究和药品监管的法律规定适用对象《医学人文英语第二版》适用于医学院校的本科和研究生学生，以及从事临床实践和医学研究的医学专业人士。
本书的内容结合了医学和人文学科知识，有助于培养学生在医学领域的跨学科思考能力。
特色和优势1.全面覆盖医学人文领域：《医学人文英语第二版》涵盖了医学文化、医学伦理、医学历史和医学法律等方面的内容，为学生提供了全面了解医学领域的人文知识的机会。
2.结合实际案例和讨论：本书通过引入实际案例和讨论问题的方式，帮助学生将理论知识应用到实际情境中，提高学生的实际应用能力。
3.注重培养跨学科思考能力：医学人文英语是医学学科与人文学科的结合，通过培养学生的跨学科思考能力，帮助学生在解决实际问题时能够综合运用不同学科的知识。
4.语言表达与交流技巧：本书除了介绍医学人文知识，还注重培养学生的英语沟通能力，包括口语表达、写作、听力和阅读等方面的技能。
使用方法《医学人文英语第二版》可作为医学院校的教材，也适合个人自学使用。
建议学生在学习过程中结合相关医学案例和材料，进行讨论和实践，以加深对医学人文知识的理解和应用能力的提升。
结语医学是一门应用科学，但也离不开人文关怀和伦理价值的引领。
《医学人文英语第二版》旨在引导医学学生更好地理解和应用医学人文知识，提高其沟通能力和跨学科思维能力，为未来的医学实践和研究奠定坚实的基础。
高一英语astronomy-the-science-of-the-stars课件6
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Stepwise process of treatment abandonment
resuscitation” DNR condition ► Medicine choice：sedation, analgesia ► Cancel all invasive therapy ► Comfortable and palliative therapy ► Nutrition and nursing care
Case two
► Case
two 72 year-old female. admission to ICU for paraplegia after cervical surgery , serious pulmonary infection and renal failure. Diabetes Mellitus with Coronary Heart Disease for 10 years ► Patient was paraplegia after cervical surgery four years ago and stayed in Orthopaedics for treatment. She recurrently admitted to ICU for pneumonia and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. ► Patient readmitted to ICU for serious pneumonitis and abdominal distention, renal failure this time ► tracheotomy with mechanical ventilation and maintenance circulation stability in ICU. Patient and her relatives proposed rejection of invasive emergency therapy ．
ICU中的放弃治疗
有中国模式吗？
2012.3.9
Ethical thinking and Legal Perspective of Abandoning Treatment
Zhang Wei-xing
Peking University Shenzhen Hospital ICU
Definition of abandoning treatment
Goals of stopping medical measures
► Improve
patient’s comfort and respect patient’s will ► Improve relatives’ comfort ► Recover and maintain patient’s ability of communication ► Stop unaffordable medical measures ► Permit death
Case one
► Case
one，female，92-year old，Chinese American， addermission for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage and coma．Two times of cerebral hemorrhage in history. ► A larger-amount hemorrhage this time, deep coma, Dilated both Pupils, disappearance of light reflex, no spontaneous respiration with Mechanical Ventilation. ► No surgical operation by Neurosurgery and maintaining circulation stability in ICU. Other condition didn't show any improvement . ► Her relatives advocated treatment abandonment according to her will after being informed poor prognosis.
Measures of treatment abandonment
► Following
reasonable principles ► Fulfilling procedures of information, agreement and signature ► Stepwise process of abandoning measures
Premise of treatment abandonm： brain death；permanent coma；Persist Vegetative State ． ► Good Doctor-patient Communication ： Objective Information Disclosure ；family background，economy．
► Judicial
Law limitation on doctors
► The
article 6 of “The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ” ：Everybody has the right to live. Human life deserves to be protected legally． Law of China ：doctors should take emergency measures to diagnose and treat for emergent patients, no permission for rejection to emergency treatment.
Case three
► Case
three 42 year-old male. Hospitalization for severe brain injury by traffic accident, rib, pelvis and Upper and Lower Limbs fracture and hemorrhagic shock. ► The patient transferred to ICU after Combined operation with multiple departments and trauma in control . ► Patient with coma, renal failure and trauma wet lung, was treated in ICU for 7 days. No obvious improvement was seen. His families proposed giving-up treatment because of economic difficulty.
► “cancel
Summaries
► Withdrawing
in ICU
treatment should be Performed
► The
main body performing it should be doctors needing protection in Law
► More
The influence of Ethic Morality
► Confucianism
in China： Faithfulness and fidelity to family and parents ► Ideas of Chinese Buddhism: metempsychosis ► Western Christianity ：Philanthropism ► other denominations：prohibition of transfusion; restriction on operation
Law limitations on doctors
► The
article 9 of Doctor law of Japan: doctors who engaged in medical work can’t reject examination and treatment without justified reasons precedent of England court: no matter how serious his/her disease is, he/she has the right to enjoy every minute of life legally and couldn’t be handled by anyone．
Current situation of treatment abandonment
stats： Law of brain death permission to giving-up treatment ► Japan：no law of brain death， no permission to giving-up treatment ► Britain： Law of brain death ， no permission to giving-up treatment ► China： no law of brain death ， no definitive opinion to giving-up treatment
► Doctor
Law limitations on patient
► Right
of Consent for Patients Renouncing Medical Treatment is an important content of Autonomy right ► Limited autonomy for special diseases ► Continental Legal System States and legal precedent law countries: Autonomy right ► Civil law, Contract law in China: contract dissolution ► Regulations on hospital management in China: informing obligation