about the English Bill of Rights
Constitutional Monarchy君主立宪制
Constitutional Monarchy in England • The history background
• The glorious revolution of 1688, overthrew the autocratic rule of the feudal restoration dynasty. • The proclamation of the English Bill of Rights.
Mary married to Dutch Protestant William of Orange Anne married to Protestant Prince of Denmark
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
After the birth of a Catholic son (who would inherit the throne), James II fled England for France Parliament invited his daughter Mary and her husband William to rule England as joint sovereigns Laws were passed to ensure a Protestant succession
The English Bill of Rights
• Time : in 1689 • Purpose : limit the power of the king ensure the rights of the people. • Influence : provide legal guarantee for the limitation of kingship; the establishment of parliamentary monarchy powerful than the kingship, and gradually established a constitutional monarchy of the bourgeois revolution
《英语国家概况》补充材料
《英语国家概况》补充材料A：名词解释补充The Pilgrim Fathers（英国清教徒）: This is given to those members who made the first crossing on the famous Mayflower, which landed at Plymouth harbor in December 1620.Jacksonian democracy（杰克森式民主）:It is used in American politics to describe the period when the “common man” participated in the government, occurring after Jeffersonian democracy. The Progressive Movement（革新运动）:It was a reform movement that reached its height in the early 20th century. This arose as a response to the vast changes brought by industrialization.The Union Flag（英国国旗）:Also known as the Union Jack. It is the national flag of the UK. It symbolizes the 4 administrative nations, the England, Scotland, Wales and the Northern Ireland. The red cross stands for England, the diagonal Red Cross stands for Ireland and the diagonal white cross stands for Scotland.British Commonwealth（英联邦）:Also known as the Commonwealth of Nations. It includes the UK and the 40 or so former British colonies that are now sovereign states. It was formally established in 1931.European Union（欧盟）:It is an economic and political union established in 1993. The establishment of the European Union expanded the political scope of the European Economic, especially in the area of foreign and security policies, and provided for the creation of a central European bank and the adoption of a common currency. Domesday Book（末日审判书）: The written record of a census and survey of English landowners and their property made by order of William the Conqueror in 1085-1086.Stonehenge（巨石阵）:A group of standing stones on a plain in the southern England. The arrangement of the stones suggests that it was used as a religious center and also as an astronomical observatory.Julius Caesar（凯撒大帝）:He is a roman general, statesman and historian. He invaded British, conquered the army of his political enemy Pompey, and pursued other enemies to Egypt. He returned to Rome, and was given a order by the people to rule as dictator until he was murdered.Protestantism（新教）: One of the 3 major branches of Christianity, originating in the 16th century Reformation in Europe.Margaret Thatcher（撒切尔夫人）: She is the first British female Prime Minister who held the office of PM Longer than anyone else in the 20th century. She was elected in 1979, shored up a Conservative-led government, favored privatization plans. Her nickname is “The Iron Lady”; she was elected to three consecutive terms and resigned in1990Keynesian（凯恩斯主义）: The economic theories of economist Keynes, who advocate government monetary and fiscal programs, designed to increase employment and stimulate business activity.Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）:A famous church located in London, where English monarchs are crowned and distinguished English subjects are buried. The Poets’ Corner conta ins the graves of great English writers.Grammar school: Originally meant to educate the young in Latin grammar and that of another European language. These schools in modern UK are intended to teach a highly academic class and teach students to deal with abstract concepts.The American Revolution（独立战争）: Also known as the War of Independence, it began in 1775 and ended in 1783. It ended 2 centuries of British rule for most of the North American colonies and created the United States of America.The Confederacy（联邦）: This refers to the 11 states in the south that seceded from the Union to establish what the called the Confederate States of America.Monroe Doctrine（门罗主义）: This proclaimed the US’ opinion that European powers should no longer colonize the Americas or interfere with the affairs of sovereign nations located in the Americas.The Truman Doctrine（杜鲁门主义）:This was part of the US’ political response to perceived aggression by the Soviet Union in Europe and the Middle East.W ASP（盎格鲁撒克逊系白人清教徒）:As a term, it refers to people of English descent who believe in Protestantism. All of them share a common heritage that has been a powerful force in shaping the values and beliefs of Americans. One of the most important values associated with American Protestantism is value of self-important.NAACP（有色人种协进会）: It is an organization founded in 1909, aiming to use legal redress in the courts to end racial discrimination. Today, it still remains as the most influential black organization in the USA.The Articles of Confederation（联邦宪法）: It is the first law to unite the new states, it is necessary to define the relative powers of the Continental Congress. It was drafted by Dickinson and was ratified in 1781. But 8 years later, it was replaced by the Constitution of the United States.Watergate Scandal（水门事件）: It refers to the Watergate Hotel in Washington DC. The Watergate Burglars broke into the Democratic Party’s National Committee offices in 1972 and got arrested. The president Nixon resigned due to this storm.B：本学期两次重点作业What is the historical meaning of Norman Conquest in British history?1、The Norman Conquest was in effect a French conquest and the imposition upon England a ruling French aristocracy.2、The Norman-French replaced English as an authoritative language in England. English becamea lower-class language.3、It was one of the most decisive events in English history, which caused a fundamental change in the way of life of the English people.4、It tied England’ s civilization closely to that of continental Europe.What are the causes for Henry Ⅷ’ s re ligious reformation? And what is the effect of the reformation?Reasons:1、The Church of the Middle Ages had not been only a religious body, but also apolitical and legal power.2、Henry Ⅷbecame the King, he felt his marriage was displeasing to God, becausehe had offended in marring his brother widow, Catherine, who didn’t give birth to a son. He decided to divorce.3、The Pope was in the control of Emperor Charles Ⅴ，Catherine’s nephew anddidn’t dare to help him. Henry wanted a reformed national Church wit hin the Catholic framework.Effect:It would be the actions of his heirs to make any significant changes in the doctrines and ceremonies of his independent church. In the 1530s, Henry Ⅷ’s power was greatly enlarged and by new clerical taxes. Toward the end of his reign, Wales and Ireland were officially incorporated into England in 1536 and 1541, respectively, creating a union of the Crowns. The king moved away from the medieval idea of ruler as chief lawmaker and overseer of civil behavior, to the modern idea of ruler as the idea logical icon of the state.What is the importance of the Bill of Rights(权利法案) in British history?1、It gave political supremacy to Parliament and severely limited the Crown’spower.2、It marked the beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England.What are the similarities and differences between British parliament and American Congress?At the head of Parliament is the British Sovereign, with the other two being the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Sovereign’s role, however, is merely ceremonial. The three elements meet together only on occasions of symbolic significance.The 7 main Functions of British Parliament:(1).create all UK laws.(2).provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work ofgovernment.(3).protect the public and safeguard the rights of individuals.(4).examine government policy and administration, including proposals forexpenditure.(5).examine European proposals before they become law.(6).hear appeals in the House of Lords, the highest Court of Appeal in Britain.(7).debate the major issues of the day.Congress: the legislative branch consists of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives.Congress has the power to make any laws that are considere d “necessary and proper”. It has the power to impose and collect taxes, decide the expenditures of the government, control trade with foreign nations and among the states, establish and protect a monetary system and borrow money on the credit of the US. It alsohas the power to raise and maintain an army and a navy and declare war upon other countries.What are the causes and effects of American Civil War?Causes:The American Civil War was a conflict during 1861-1865 in the USA between the Southern or Confederate State of America and the Northern or Union States, in which two great power of the states and the central government; and the existence of black slavery.Other causes leading to the American Civil War include sectional rivalry, moral indignation aroused by the Abolitionists, the question of the extension of Slavery into new territories, and a fundamental disagreement about the relative supremacy of federal control of state’s rights. The issue of slavery had brought to head long-standing social and economic differences between the two oldest sections of the country.Effects:The outcome of the war placed the northern capitalists in solid control of the federal government. It also swept away the last obstacle to the development of the US capitalism. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which freed all slaves throughout the United States.What are the causes and effects of American Revolution?Causes:The British government tried to make the colonials pay a larger share toward the expenses of the empire. The colonials had hitherto paid only local taxes（地方税）. American merchants, for example, commonly imported sugar from the French West Indies （法国西印度群岛）, contrary to law, and even shipped in return the iron wares（铁器）which it was against the law for Americans to manufacture for export.Effects:The American Revolution is the movement that destroyed the first British Empire, establishing the US. And, indirectly, Canada, a much larger event than the War of Independence (1775-1783), the Revolution developed from the issue of whether parliament had the power to tax the North American colonies directly. But more was involved than constitutional dispute, and the Revolution left America a transformed place.What are the elements and their respective function of the American government?(1). The President has the right to veto or cancel laws of Congress.(2). These laws can be passed anyway by the Congress by a two-thirds majority after the President’s veto;The Senate has the authority to approve appointments made by the President by a majority vote.(3) (6). The laws may still be cancelled if the Supreme Court decides that the laws go against the Constitution.(4).The President can appoint Federal judges and Supreme Court justices who share his ideas about law.(5) (6). Congress has the power to fix the number of judges of judges sitting on the court and ,within limits, decide what kind of cases it may harm, but if cannot change the powers given to the Supreme Court by the Constitution itself.。
US Political System
• The constitutions and laws of any state must not conflict with the laws of the federal constitution.
Successful Amendments
• The Constitution has twenty-seven amendments. The first ten, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified simultaneously by 1791. The following seventeen were ratified separately over the next two centuries.
• The great weakness of the system is that it makes government slow and complicated which is a huge disadvantage in a world of fast-moving political and economic developments.
• This is also known as 'checks and balances‘.
Terms of Office
• The President has a term of 4 years. • Members of the Senate serve for 6 years. • Members of the House of Representatives
英语国家概况(1)(2)100问及答案
英语国家概况（1）（2）100问1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ?3. Describe Wales' unification with Great Britain.4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ?5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?6. What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today?7. Different parties and groups in the United Kingdom have different solutions to the political problem in Northern Ireland. Please sum up their different attitudes.8. Has the author offered a solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?9. What is the oldest institution of government?10. What is the name of the charter of liberty and political rights granted by King John in 1215?11. Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature? Who is the most important figure in Elizabethan Drama? What are some of his major works?12. What do we call the group of important Parliamentarians?13. Which party forms the government and who becomes Prime Minister?14. What are some of the changes that have take place recently in the Chinese attitude towards sports? How do you account for these changes?15. For how many years is a general election held once in the UK?16. Who can stand for election as an MP?17. What are the three major parties? Which party is the party that spent most time in power?18. Which party does Tony Blair belong to?19. When was the British economy dominant in the world?20. By what time was the UK overtaken by other countries, such as the US and Germany?21. Which country does it refer to as "the Jewel in the Crown"? When did it gain its independence?22. What are some of the positive and negative effects of non-white immigrants on British society according to the author?23. What is the general situation of racial relations in the UK?24. Why is Geoffrey Chaucer, who wrote in Middle English, still read and studied today?25. When was the term "parliament" first used officially?26. The author says that "the media are central to British leisure culture", why does the author say so?27. What are some of the characteristics of British newspaper culture? In what way is it different from the United States?28. Is the British press free from the government control and censorship? What is the relationship between the British press and politics or business?29. How does the BBC operate? How is it different from American broadcasting systems?30. What are some of the features of Romantic Literature?31. What is Modernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?32. What is Postmodernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?33. How has the Christian church influenced British sports? Please pick up some examples from the text.34. What is the origin of football?35. How is the violence of "football hooligans" related to the British history of football?36. Why is cricket very English? Why does the author believe that cricket was associated with a set of English moral values?37. Christmas is the biggest and best-loved British holiday? How do the British celebrate thisholiday?38. How do the British celebrate the Queen's Birthday? What is the origin of this holiday?39. Bonfire Night is one truly English holiday. How and why do the English celebrate this holiday?40. How do the Protestants and Catholics celebrate their own holidays in Northern Ireland? What traditions are behind their celebrations?41. How is Hogmanay celebrated in Scotland? What other festivals are celebrated in Scotland?42. Which are the two most important and famous universities in Britain?43. What is the goal of education in the U.K.?44. Is the British education system run by the state or the private sector?45. Where do British universities receive their funds besides students tuition?46. Why does the author say that "the way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society"?47. What are the four main types of home in Britain? How do they reflect the cost and status of homes? What are some of the major types of home in China?48. How are people in the UK divided into different classes?49. Is the class system similar with the United States?50. What and how did the British empire end? How did the British react to this reality?51. What are the foundations of Britain's foreign policy?52. How is Britain's foreign policy made? Does the government's foreign policy represent the desires of British citizens?53. Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remains controversial in Britain?54. Why does the author think that Britain has the "special relationship" with the United States? Does this relationship still exist?55. What are some of the general characteristics of Australia in terms of land, people and culture?56. Discuss the climate in Australia. What are some of the major differences between Australia and China in terms of the climate?57. What are the six states of Australia? What are some of the major similarities or differences in terms of population, early settlement and economy in the six states?58. Can you point out some main differences between the Australian government system and the British government system?59. Discuss the Australian education system. What are some of the features in the system that are specifically Australian?60. What are some of the distinct features of New Zealand's geography? Find out similarities and differences in terms of geography between New Zealand and Australia.61. What are some of the similarities between New Zealand and Britain in the government system?62. How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?63. What was the unique American phenomenon ? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in today's American society?64. In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?65. What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different?66. What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution?67. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the new nation of the United States at the time?68. What is a federal system? What are some of the major differences between a federal system and a confederation?69. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?70. It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business. Why do you think there are still so many people involved in it?71. What promotes the diversity in American religion?72. In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?73. What is the relationship between government and religion in America?74. What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?75. What is the main theme in American literature according to the author? How does the author illustrate his point?76. Why did Mark Twain win so many readers both at home and abroad?77. What are the major characteristics of education in America?78. What are some of the major themes in novels written by the "Lost Generation"?79. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.80. What does an American student learn?81. What were the major social movements of the 1960s? And what was the historical background of the social movements of that decade?82. The black political movement that began as a force for integration changed course in the mid-1960s and began to emphasize black uniqueness and even black separatism. What caused this transformation?83. Draw analogies between the black revolution and the women's movement. What common assumptions do they share?84. The author says that the United States was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice the nation has fallen far short of that ideal. Illustrate this point with what you have learned from this book.85. What does poverty mean in the United States ? Why is poverty a social problem in America?86. Why does the author emphasize that the invention of one technology has to be supported by a number of related technologies which form a supporting system? Give examples.87. When are the American football matches held?88. Why did a musical form of black origin gain acceptance in all classes in America and spread throughout the country?89. What are the contributions made by Louis Armstrong to the early jazz music?90. Why Canada is regularly rated as having the best standard of living in the world?91.What is the distinct feature in Canadian modern literature?92. Discuss the similarities and differences in the government systems between the U.K. and Canada.93. What are some of the characteristics of the Canadian party system?94. What are some of the things that make Canada a unique and interesting country?95. How do you understand "multiculturalism"?96. Why do you think the author says that Canada has avoided the worst excesses of intolerance and prejudice?97. What is the Canada's Place in the World Economy?98. Do you think the Canadian government should subsidize the inefficient Canadian farmers or import foodstuff from neighbouring American states?99. Why is the idea of survival thought of as the central symbol of Canadian literature? What does cultural survival mean in Canadian literature?100. What are the major reasons for Canada's active role in international organizations? And how does Canada play its active role?外国语学院：曾倩英语国家概况（1）（2）问题库答案1. British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferociou s Vikings, threatened Britain's shores….2. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again.Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (The Highlands), and in the south (The Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow, in the west of this zone. Scotland's capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast forty miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty, and dominated by its great castle on a high rock in the centre of the city. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century.3. Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours, particularly after the Norman conquest, when Norman barons set up castles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English Crown. Some brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation.4.Yes, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for "England and Wales". However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language—the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use.5. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, andone of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.6. Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.7. Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".8. The problem lay in the "commitment to peaceful methods" aspect of the possible talks. Province-wide elections are planned under a complex formula to ensure a wide range of representation on the body which will carry out these talks, in an attempt to give them legitimacy. Without the participation of Sinn Fein and the IRA it is hard to see them succeeding. Northern Ireland is poised on the brink—a new peaceful future, or a return to the violence that has claimed 3150 lives so far.9. The oldest institution of government is the Monarchy (rule by the king).10. It was a gang of feudal barons and the Church which opposed some of King John's (1199—1216) policies. This opposition was so powerful that the king finally granted them a charter of liberty and political rights, still known by its medieval Latin name of Magna Carta. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britain's key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.11. Shakespeare is the most important figure at that time. He excels in each kind. The tragedies include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Among the comedies are The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, and The Tempest. His history plays, based on English history, include Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V.Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra are tragedies on classical themes.12. The House of Commons.13. The party that wins most votes in general election and the leader of this winning party would become Prime Minister.14. They more and more like sports….15. For five years.16. Anyone who is eligible vote to can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds (a quite easily obtainable amount in the UK) which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.17. There are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats, who usually receive up to about 20% of the votes: not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so. The Conservative Party spent most time in power18. Tony Blair belong to Labor Party.19. By the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world's manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, half its cotton.20. But even by 1900 this was no longer the case, the UK having been overtaken by both the United States and Germany; and certainly from 1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline.21. India, popularly known as "The Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947.22. This has a number of consequences for British society, mainly positive, though with some indirect negative effects. On the positive side such immigrant groups bring their culture with them,which increases the variety and interest within British culture: for example, the UK, which used to have a bad reputation for food, now has a cuisine as varied as any, with Indian and Chinese restaurants in every community, as well as many other varieties in bigger cities. This variety in restaurant food has resulted in more experimentation at home, so that shops now carry a much wider variety of goods to supply the demand, and there are many TV programmes and books devoted to all kinds of different cooking. The negative side of things lies largely in the attitude of some of their white neighbours.23. While there is a growing ethnic minority middle-class, and many individual success stories, by most measures the immigrant population is worse-off economically speaking than the white population as a whole. Individuals from ethnic minorities are more likely to be unemployed; and they are under-represented in politics too, though there are now a number of black and Asian MPs. But there are also a number of small political parties in the UK with overtly racist policies.24. With the Norman Conquest in 1066 Britain entered the Middle Ages (1066—1485), and the language of the royal court became French. So literature of that period was written in French or Latin. But one work from these times often studied today by middle school and college students is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1343—1400). He was the first court poet to write in English.25. The word "parliament" comes from the verb "to parley", that is, to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money.26. On an average day, 90 per cent of Britons over the age of 15 read a national or local paper. And in the evening, most Britons settle down to watch some television: 96 percent of the population watch TV at least once a week, making it Britain's most popular leisure activity. The third most popular pastime, after watching telly and reading newspapers, is listening to the radio, an activity in which 73 per cent of the population engages in on a weekly basis. It is obvious, then, that the media are central to British leisure culture.27. British newspaper culture is unusual in the extent to which class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read. In other developed countries like Japan and the United States, newspaper reading is a mainly middle-class habit, but in Britain the "lower classes" are also regular readers.28. While officially speaking the British press is "free" from government control and censorship and can print what it likes, there are limits to what will appear in the daily paper.29. The British Broadcasting Corporation - more familiarly known as the BBC or even "the Beeb" - is Britain's main public service broadcaster The BBC is funded by licence fees and viewers must buy a license each year for their TV set.30. Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature's romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason, which marked the 18th century. Perhaps the rather violent and ugly world about them drove 19th-century writers to a literary refuge.31. Modernism in literature can be seen as a reaction against the nineteenth century forms discussed above, which can be thought of as assuming understanding between writer and reader, resulting in the simple communication of an agreed version of the "world". This approach to writing is known as "Realism." Instead, Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, therefore, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action….32. Postmodernists can be thought of as abandoning that search. Meaning does not exist outside of the human head, likewise it does not exist inside a book, waiting to be discovered, instead it is made in the process of reading a book, or of making sense of the world….33. Tennis was invented in Britain and it owes its origins, literally, to the Church. Church records indicate that by the mid-fifteenth century, people were making a game of bouncing a ball off the side of their local churches or cathedrals, first using the hand, and later a racquet. This was called "tenys". Such antics sometimes offended the clergy who complained that the dignity and tranquility of the church was shattered by such games, but they also illustrate how central the church was to community life.34. There are legends that suggest that games like football and rugby actually derived from the "sport" of ancient warriors celebrating victory by kicking around the decapitated head of an enemy.There is a similar grisly tale told about origins of bowling: it is said that in ancient times, Scottish warriors rolled the skulls of their enemies along the grass for sport.35. Today, violence is still associated with football. "Football hooligans", supporters of rival teams, sometimes clash before, during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town, breaking windows and beating each other up. Some football fans paint their faces and sing or chant football songs and it is not too difficult to imagine their warrior-ancestors.36. As generations of public school boys grew up to become the civil servants and rulers of the UK and its colonies, cricket became associated with a set of moral values, in particular the idea of "fair play" which characterised British government. Sir Ian Bancroft, a high level civil servant in the 1980s, remembered that when he began his career in Whitehall, one day his government minister was so angry that he threw the telephone at him. Sir Ian said he knew exactly how to respond: "having played cricket I was able to catch it and hand it back to him politely."37. Yes. Nowadays, Christmas is celebrated by most Britons by exchanging gifts and Christmas cards, preparing holiday foods, and decorating homes and workplaces with coloured lights, Christmas trees and ornaments.38. One of Britain's most impressive and colourful festivals happens on the second Saturday in June when the Queen's Birthday is officially celebrated by "trooping the colour" around Buckingham Palace in London.39. The English do not celebrate their famous writers or battles or patron saints, although they have all these things. However, one truly English holiday is Bonfire Night—sometimes called Guy Fawkes Night—celebrated in the early autumn.40. Another festival which comes from the 17th century battles between Catholics and Protestants is the Protestant celebration of their victory at the Battle of the Boyne (12 July) in 1690. Northern Irish Catholics celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland, St Patrick, on March 17 each year.41. While most British people welcome the coming of the New Year with parties, in Scotland, New Year's Eve called Hogmanay (31 December)—is the major winter celebration, and overshadows Christmas (called Yule in Scotland) which is a very quiet affair. How Hogmanay iscelebrated varies throughout Scotland, but one widely practised custom is "first footing". There is a superstitious belief that the first person to cross the threshold of a household in the New Year can bring luck and prosperity: the appearance of a young, preferably dark haired and handsome man, is considered particularly lucky. First footers often bring a bottle of spirits, alcohol, a lump of coal or a peat as a gift and are given a "dram of whisky" as their reward.42. Cambridge University and Oxford University.43. The goal of British education is to socialize children.44. The British education system run by the state.45. In the UK, the amount of funding each university receives is based on its size, the number of students it teaches, and the research it conducts. So far, the UK has only one privately funded university, the University of Buckingham.46. For individual members of any society the home they live in is of great importance in their lives. The way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society—its standard of living, its social and familial structure, the distribution of wealth in a society—both in terms of geography and social hierarchy—and even something about that society's values and dreams.47. There are, broadly speaking, four main types of home. The first kind are "flats" (or apartments), of varying size, often in modern multi-storey purpose-built buildings, though sometimes made by sub-dividing big old houses. Flats are often publicly owned. The second kind are "terraced" houses: that is, individual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace or row. The second kind are "terraced" houses: that is, individual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace o r row; the fourth one is “detached.”48. The British people are divided into classes economically, culturally, educationally and etc.49. What is distinctive about the British class-system, and which marks it as different from the American or Chinese social structure, is that it has also retained a hereditary aristocracy.50. Two world wars had seriously influenced its empire position. The end of the great British empire was surprisingly rapid. In 1946, Jordan, in the Middle East, was granted independence.The following year, India and Pakistan followed suit. In 1948, Burma and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) were granted independence and left the Commonwealth as well, refusing to recognise the British monarch as the head of their new states. Throughout the next few decades, the process of decolonisation continued as other territories and possessions received their independence or were returned to their rightful rulers.51. The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.52. The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain's foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government's decisions.53. The decision to join the EEC was very controversial; and today, Britain's participation in the European Union, as it is now called, remains controversial. At the centre of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear what the European Union(EU) is and what it will become. The UK has always been very interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.However, the UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty (that is, its control over national decision-making) to a European government.54. Another major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationship with the United States. This was quite natural, as the two were closely allied during World War II, and continued to work together closely in the post war years because they shared many of the same worries about the Soviet Union. Even today, in many respects British and American policy-makers agree generally on, for example, how the global economy should be managed, how a warlike state should be dealt with, issues about arms control and so on.55. Australia is the world's smallest continent and largest island, a relatively young nation established in an ancient land. Its development represents a triumph over remoteness and a harsh landscape…56. Australia is the driest inhabited continent and its rainfall varies extremely geographically and。
英国概况复习题
英国概况复习题英国概况复习题(5题×4’)Explain the following terms1. Norman Conquest:(1)Duke William of Normandy set sail across the English Channel on 28th September 1066, with a fleet of knights, archers and horses.(2) He was crowned King of England, established a Norman aristocracy.(3) The conquest of England ushered in a new era in English history with the introduction of feudalism.2. Magna Carta(1) Magna Carta for Great Charter’, is the most famous document of British constitutional history, issued by King John in 1215.(2) The purpose of it was to insure the rights of the Church and the customs of the town, to curb the king’s exploitation of the tax system and financial privileges and to guarantee that the king could not encroach on baronial privileges.(3)Magna Carta is a landmark in English constitutional history.3. The Hundred Years War(1) The Hundred Years’ War broke out between England and France in 1337, and it lasted until 1453.(2) Bordeaux was in French hands.(3) England ceased thinking of itself as a continental power and began to develop its own identity and culture.4. Glorious Revolution(1) Leading politicians invited William of Orange, Mary’shusband and ruler of the Netherlands, to invade England with Dutch forces and restore English liberties.(2) William and Mary became joint rulers of England after accepting whatbecame known as the Bill of Rights.(3) The Bill of Rights stated that no Roman Catholic would rule England; it gave inviolable civil and political rights to the people and political superemacy to Parliament.5. Tripartite System(1) Tripartite system was an educational system of Britain Act 1944.(2) It was divided into three parts: secondary modern, technical and grammar schools.(3)It was abolished in 1960s.6. GCSEIt was the General Certificate of Secondary Education, and was taken at the end of compulsory education at the age of 16. Any number of individual subjects may be taken. It replaces the former O-level and GSE examination.7. welfare state(1) It can be defined as ‘ a state with a government which assumes responsibility for the well-being of its citizens throughout life, through a range of interventions in the market economy.(2) The welfare state would aim to offer its citizens: a life with certain specified standards of living which it considers reasonable and possible for all, and protection against the unexpected hazards of life.8. NHSA short form for national health service. It was established in1947 for all to receive free diagnosis, treatment and hospitalization when necessary.9.absolute povertyAbsolute poverty is defined as calculating what income is required byfamilies of different sizes to provide the minimum of food, clothing (second-hand) and shelter needed for the maintenance of merely physical health.10.mixed economy(1) Mixed economy is an economy in which there is some public ownership as well as privately owned business.(2) Britain has mixed economy.11.civil libertiesThe freedom to organise politically,The freedom to speechThe freedom to the pressThe equality of all people under the law12.the civil serviceThe civil service is non-political. It consists of Permanent officials employed by government. The functions of civil service are to advise ministers and implement policy and top officials popularly known as ‘mandarins’.13.the rule of lawEverybody is subject to the law.Laws must not be arbitrary.There is only one body of law.The rights of the individual are to be respected.14. common law(1) This is law as decided by judges, their decisions in cases being arrived at after considering the customs and practices ofthe people involved.(2) English law has a long history, much of it being derived.15. the juryThe jury represents the people and its drawn from a cross-section of the public.The jury consists of twelve lay people who are selected at random.In court the jury cannot ask questions, the role of the jury is to listen impartially to the evidence from all sides.After the judge sums up all the evidence at the end of a trial, the jury retire from the court and consider their verdict in private. When they have reached a unanimous agreement of either guilty or not guilty they return to the court and give their verdict to the judge.Answer the following essay questions1. Why is the reign of Elizabeth called Golden Age?1)She reestablished Anglicanism.2)Important legislation enacted in her reign included stabilization of labor conditions, currency reform, poor laws, and acts to encourage agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing.3)British Navy, the defeat of the Armada.2. What is the effect of The Wars of Roses?1)Henry Tudor established the Tudor House.2)marriage to Edward IV’s daughter Elizabeth united the house of Lancaster and Yoke.3)ended feudalism in England.3. What are the basic features of Britain’s economy?1)Britain has a well-developed economy,also a mixed economy.2)Lack of raw materials.3)It is heavily depend on the export and import in its trade.4)Self-sufficient in energy since 19805)Manufacturing continues to play an important role, but services count for most of GDP.4. Describe the educational changes in Britain.1)Before 1870 education was voluntary and many of the existing schools had been set up by churches.2)From 1870, in response to changes brought about by the industrial revolution and movements for social and political reform, the government started to take responsibility for education.3)It was not until the Education Act 1944 that all children were given the right to free secondary education.4)Comprehensive schools were introduced in the 1960s.5)The Education Reform Act 1988 provided for: the establishment of a National Curriculum for 5 to 6 year-olds and regular examinations, the introduction of city technology colleges, more power being given to schools to run their own affairs.第五大题1.Church took after the poor and orphans.2.A harsher system of relief was introducted.3.National insurance schemes were established. Enable some people to cove retirement and medical costs.4.Most radical and widespread reforms based on Beveridge Report.5.Benifit system tigened up private provision of pension and medical costs encouraged.6.cost to paying for poor relief considered too burdensome7.discourage people from applying for relief. Staying in workhourses. Responsible for their own condition.8.only part of people9.too expensive10.people want to be more speading on the sick and disabled and wanted to more benifts for retired people1. non-political,Formal Head of State and Commomealth, Elizabath II2.Prime Minister,Ministers Secretaries of state political heads of government department(all MPS)3.political,House of Commons(MPS). House of Lard(hereditary,life peers)4.Lord chancellor,a leading Law Lord appointed by the Prime Minister5.non-political,employed by government,mandariws6.1)No longer exercise political pocoer.a symbolic one2)presides over the state opening of partionment3)give Royal Assent of agreement of any new law4)keep in touch with government with Prime Minister7.1)Prime Minister choose the Cabinet2)minister are responsible for their particular government department3)tollevtive cabinet responsibility.Once the cabinet has decide upon a policy all plinister will speak in support.8.1)make new laws2)approve amend reject laws3)debate national and international affair4)limie and examine the government(expenditure)public interest9.1)house of lord is the highest court2)put the laws into practice3)deal with cases according to the law10.1)officials sever the elected political governments2)Top civil serionment offer advice about the possible consequences of poicy3)responsible for implementing the polities that the government,withparliament’s approval,decides to pursue。
English Bill of Rights 1689
English Bill of Rights 1689An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling theSuccession of the CrownWhereas the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster, lawfully, fully and freely representing all the estates of the people of this realm, did upon the thirteenth day of February in the year of our Lord one thousand sixhundred eighty-eight [old style date] present unto their Majesties, then called and known by the names and style of William and Mary, prince and princess of Orange, being present in their proper persons, a certain declaration in writing made by the said Lords and Commons in the words following, viz.:Whereas the late King James the Second, by the assistance of diverse evil counsellors, judges and ministers employed by him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom;By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament;By committing and prosecuting diverse worthy prelates for humbly petitioning to be excused from concurring to the said assumed power;By issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the great seal forerecting a court called the Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes;By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative forother time and in other manner than the same was granted by Parliament;By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peacewithout consent of Parliament, and quartering soldiers contrary to law;By causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the sametime when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law;By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament;By prosecutions in the Court of King's Bench for matters and causes cognizableonly in Parliament, and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses;And whereas of late years partial corrupt and unqualified persons have beenreturned and served on juries in trials, and particularly divers jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders;And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases to elude the benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subjects;And excessive fines have been imposed;And illegal and cruel punishments inflicted;And several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied;All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm;And whereas the said late King James the Second having abdicated the government and the throne being thereby vacant, his Highness the prince of Orange (whom it hath pleased Almighty God to make the glorious instrument of delivering this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power) did (by the advice of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and divers principal persons of the Commons) cause letters to be written to the Lords Spiritual and Temporal being Protestants, and other letters to the several counties, cities, universities, boroughs and cinque ports, for the choosing of such persons to represent them as were of right to be sent to Parliament, to meet and sit at Westminster upon the two and twentieth day of January in this year one thousand six hundred eighty and eight [old style date], in order to such an establishment as that their religion, laws and liberties might not again be in danger of being subverted, upon which letters elections having been accordingly made;And thereupon the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, pursuant to their respective letters and elections, being now assembled in a full and free representative of this nation, taking into their most serious consideration the best means for attaining the ends aforesaid, do in the first place (as their ancestors in like case have usually done) for the vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liberties declareThat the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal;That the commission for erecting the late Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes, and all other commissions and courts of like nature, are illegal and pernicious;That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative,without grant of Parliament, for longer time, or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal;That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal;That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law;That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitableto their conditions and as allowed by law;That election of members of Parliament ought to be free;That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament;That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted;That jurors ought to be duly impanelled and returned, and jurors which pass upon men in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders;That all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons before conviction are illegal and void;And that for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently.And they do claim, demand and insist upon all and singular the premises as their undoubted rights and liberties, and that no declarations, judgments, doings or proceedings to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequence or example; to which demand of their rights they are particularly encouraged by the declaration of his Highness theprince of Orange as being the only means for obtaining a full redress and remedy therein. Having therefore an entire confidence that his said Highness the prince of Orange will perfect the deliverance so far advanced by him, and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights which they have here asserted, and from all other attempts upon their religion, rights and liberties, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster do resolve that William and Mary, prince and princess of Orange, be and be declared king and queen of England, France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging, to hold the crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to them, the said prince and princess, during their lives and the life of the survivor to them, and that the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said prince ofOrange in the names of the said prince and princess during their joint lives, andafter their deceases the said crown and royal dignity of the same kingdoms and dominions to be to the heirs of the body of the said princess, and for default of suchissue to the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of her body, and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the said prince of Orange. And the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do pray the said prince and princess toaccept the same accordingly.And that the oaths hereafter mentioned be taken by all persons of whom the oaths have allegiance and supremacy might be required by law, instead of them; and that the said oaths of allegiance and supremacy be abrogated.I, A.B., do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear trueallegiance to their Majesties King William and Queen Mary. So help me God.I, A.B., do swear that I do from my heart abhor, detest and abjure as impious and heretical this damnable doctrine and position, that princes excommunicated or deprived by the Pope or any authority of the see of Rome may be deposed or murdered by their subjects or any other whatsoever. And I do declare that noforeign prince, person, prelate, state or potentate hath or ought to have any jurisdiction, power, superiority, pre-eminence or authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within this realm. So help me God.Upon which their said Majesties did accept the crown and royal dignity of the kingdoms of England, France and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the resolution and desire of the said Lords and Commons contained in the said declaration. And thereupon their Majesties were pleased that the saidLords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, being the two Houses of Parliament, should continue to sit, and with their Majesties' royal concurrence make effectual provision for the settlement of the religion, laws and liberties of this kingdom, sothat the same for the future might not be in danger again of being subverted, towhich the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons did agree, and proceedto act accordingly. Now in pursuance of the premises the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, for the ratifying, confirming and establishing the said declaration and the articles, clauses, matters and thingstherein contained by the force of law made in due form by authority of Parliament,do pray that it may be declared and enacted that all and singular the rights and liberties asserted and claimed in the said declaration are the true, ancient and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom, and so shall be esteemed, allowed, adjudged, deemed and taken to be; and that all and every the particulars aforesaid shall be firmly and strictly holden and observed as they are expressed in the said declaration, and all officers and ministers whatsoever shall serve their Majesties and their successors according to the same in all time to come. And the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, seriouslyconsidering how it hath pleased Almighty God in his marvellous providence and merciful goodness to this nation to provide and preserve their said Majesties' royal persons most happily to reign over us upon the throne of their ancestors, for whichthey render unto him from the bottom of their hearts their humblest thanks and praises, do truly, firmly, assuredly and in the sincerity of their hearts think, and do hereby recognize, acknowledge and declare, that King James the Second having abdicated the government, and their Majesties having accepted the crown and royal dignity as aforesaid, their said Majesties did become, were, are and of right ought to be by the laws of this realm our sovereign liege lord and lady, king and queen of England, France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging, in and towhose princely persons the royal state, crown and dignity of the said realms withall honours, styles, titles, regalities, prerogatives, powers, jurisdictions and authorities to the same belonging and appertaining are most fully, rightfully and entirely invested and incorporated, united and annexed. And for preventing all questions and divisions in this realm by reason of any pretended titles to the crown, and for preserving a certainty in the succession thereof, in and upon which the unity, peace, tranquility and safety of this nation doth under God wholly consist and depend, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do beseech their Majesties that it may be enacted, established and declared, that the crown andregal government of the said kingdoms and dominions, with all and singular the premises thereunto belonging and appertaining, shall be and continue to their said Majesties and the survivor of them during their lives and the life of the survivor of them, and that the entire, perfect and full exercise of the regal power and government be only in and executed by his Majesty in the names of both their Majesties during their joint lives; and after their deceases the said crown and premises shall be and remain to the heirs of the body of her Majesty, and for default of such issue to her Royal Highness the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of the body of his said Majesty; and thereunto the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do in the name of all the people aforesaid most humbly and faithfully submit themselves, their heirs and posterities for ever, and do faithfully promisethat they will stand to, maintain and defend their said Majesties, and also the limitation and succession of the crown herein specified and contained, to theutmost of their powers with their lives and estates against all persons whatsoever that shall attempt anything to the contrary. And whereas it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a popish prince, or by any king or queen marrying a papist, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do further pray that it may be enacted, that all and every person and persons that is, are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold communion with the see or Church of Rome, or shall profess the popish religion, or shall marry a papist, shall be excluded and be forever incapable to inherit, possess or enjoy the crown and government of this realm and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging or any part of the same, or to have, use or exercise any regal power, authority or jurisdiction within the same; and in all and every such case or cases the people of these realms shall be and are hereby absolved of their allegiance; and the said crown and government shall from time to time descend to and be enjoyed by such person or persons beingProtestants as should have inherited and enjoyed the same in case the said personor persons so reconciled, holding communion or professing or marrying as aforesaid were naturally dead; and that every king and queen of this realm who at any time hereafter shall come to and succeed in the imperial crown of this kingdom shall on the first day of the meeting of the first Parliament next after his or her coming tothe crown, sitting in his or her throne in the House of Peers in the presence of the Lords and Commons therein assembled, or at his or her coronation before such person or persons who shall administer the coronation oath to him or her at thetime of his or her taking the said oath (which shall first happen), make, subscribe and audibly repeat the declaration mentioned in the statute made in the thirtieth year of the reign of King Charles the Second entitled, _An Act for the more effectual preserving the king's person and government by disabling papists from sitting in either House of Parliament._ But if it shall happen that such king or queen upon his or her succession to the crown of this realm shall be under the age of twelve years, then every such king or queen shall make, subscribe and audibly repeat the same declaration at his or her coronation or the first day of the meeting of the first Parliament as aforesaid which shall first happen after such king or queen shall have attained the said age of twelve years. All which their Majesties are contented and pleased shall be declared, enacted and established by authority of this present Parliament, and shall stand, remain and be the law of this realm for ever; and the same are by their said Majesties, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled and by the authority of the same, declared, enacted and established accordingly.II. And be it further declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that from and after this present session of Parliament no dispensation by _non obstante_ of or to any statute or any part thereof shall be allowed, but that the same shall be heldvoid and of no effect, except a dispensation be allowed of in such statute, and except in such cases as shall be specially provided for by one or more bill or bills to be passed during this present session of Parliament.III. Provided that no charter or grant or pardon granted before the three and twentieth day of October in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred eighty-nine shall be any ways impeached or invalidated by this Act, but that the same shall be and remain of the same force and effect in law and no other than as if this Act had never been made.。
英语演讲原文：The Patient's Bill of Rights and Health Reform
The Patient's Bill of Rights and HealthReformOver the past few decades, there has been an intense struggle in Washington between the lobbyists游说者 for the insurance industry and the interests of the American people over what has been called a Patient’s Bill of Rights – a set of rules to protect Americans from some of the worst practices of the health insurance industry; rules to ensure that all Americans are getting the care they need from their doctors and the care they deserve from their insurance companies.The last time a Patient’s Bill of Rights was within reach was roughly a decade ago, and it was supported by Democrats 2 and Republicans alike, from Ted 1 Kennedy to John McCain. It included the right to an appeals process so you could challenge an unfair decision by an insurance company before a third party. It included the right to choose your own doctor. It included the right to access接入，访问 information about what your health insurance plan means for you. And it called for a new level of transparency so that patients would know if their doctors had a conflict of interest when providing services.Now, this Patient’s Bill of Rights n ever made it into law. Itfell victim – again and again – to the same special interest lobbying that has blocked passage of health insurance reform for so many decades. But today, we are being given another chance to make it a reality, because each of these rights, and many more, are incorporated in the health insurance reform bill that recently passed the House of Representatives and in the bill that is currently making its way through the Senate.Both the House and Senate bills would make it against the law for insurance companies to deny you coverage 3 on the basis of a pre-existing condition or illness. Both would stop insurers from charging exorbitant 4 过高的，过分的 premiums 赠品，保险费 on the basis of age, health, or gender 6 . Both would prevent insurance companies from dropping your coverage when you get sick. And both would put a limit on how much you have to pay out of pocket for the treatments you need in a year or lifetime.Simply put, the protections currently included in both the health insurance reform bill passed by the House and the version currently on the Senate floor would represent the toughest measures we’ve ever taken to hold the insurance industry accountable. Anyone who says otherwise simply hasn’t read the bills. Just open these pro posals at random 随意地，任意地and you’ll find on almost any page patientprotections that dwarf侏儒，矮子 any of those passed by Congress in at least a decade.These protections are just one part of a landmark 9 reform that will finally reduce the cost of health care. When it becomes law, families will save on their premiums 5 . Small businesses and Americans who don’t get any insurance today through their employers will no longer be forced to pay punishingly high rates to get coverage. This legislation will also strengthen Medicare and extend the life of the program, while saving senior citizens hundreds of dollars a year in prescription 10 costs. And reforms to target waste, inefficiency 11 , and price-gouging by the insurance industry will help make this the largest deficit 12 reduction plan in over a decade.The insurance industry knows all this. That’s why they’re at it again, using their muscle in Washington to try to block a vote they know they will lose. They’re lobbying. They’re running ads. T hey’re spending millions of dollars to kill health insurance reform, just like they’ve done so many times before. They want to preserve a system that works better for the insurance industry than it does for the American people.But now – for the first time – there is a clear majority in the Senate that’s willing to stand up to the insurance lobby and embrace lasting 13 health insurance reforms that have eluded 14 us for generations. The question is whether the minority that opposes these reforms will continue to use parliamentary maneuvers 15 to try and stop the Senate from voting on them.Whatever their position on health insurance reform, Senators ought to allow an up or down vote. Let’s bring this long and vigorous debate to an end. Let’s del iver on the promise of health insurance reforms that will make our people healthier, our economy stronger, and our future more secure. And as this difficult year comes to a close, let’s show the American people that we are equal to the task of meeting our great challenges.Thanks for listening, and on behalf of Michelle, Malia, Sasha, and Bo, happy holidays, from our family to yours.■文章重点单词注释：1tedvt.翻晒，撒，撒开参考例句：The invaders gut ted the village.侵略者把村中财物洗劫一空。
【听力原文+精校译文】THE MAKING OF A NATION #016 - Transition to Constitution
THE MAKING OF A NATION #16 - Transition to Constitution (THEME)VOICE ONE:This is Frank Oliver.VOICE TWO:And this is Tony Riggs with the Special English history program THE MAKING OF A NATION.(THEME)VOICE ONE:Change has always been part of the history of the United States. Yet there has been very little national conflict. In more than two-hundred years, only one civil war was fought.变化一直是美国历史的一部分。
然而国家冲突很少。
在二百多年的时间里，只有一场内战爆发了。
In that war, during the Eighteen-Sixties, Northern states and Southern states fought against each other. Their bitter argument involved the right of the South to leave the Union and to deal with issues -- especially the issue of slavery -- in its own way.在那次战争中，十八世纪六十年代，北方各州和南方各州相互争斗。
他们激烈的争论涉及南方脱离联邦和以自己的方式处理问题——特别是奴隶制问题的权利。
VOICE TWO:America's civil war lasted four years. Six-hundred-thousand men were killed or wounded. In the end, the slaves were freed, and the Union was saved.美国内战持续了四年。
英美国家概况名词解释重点
1.The functions of ParliamentThe functions of Parliament are: to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.2.The House of Lords上议院The House of Lords consists of the Lord Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.3.The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.1.RomanticismRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English Literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than withthe power of reason. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Words worth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.”Keats, Byron and Shelly, the three great poets, brought the Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.1.Quality paperThey belong to one of the categories of the national dailies. The quality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews, such as book reviews, and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also referred to as “the broadsheets” because they are printed on large size paper. The readers of such newspaper are generally a well-educated middle class audience.2.TabloidsA tabloid is a small format newspaper with color photos and catchy headlines. Tabloids are interested in scandals and gossip usually about famous people. They also carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest stories so as to attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinions than fact. They belong to a category of national papers different form qualities paper.1.The three traditions of Christmas in BritainThere are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British: one is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play. The main male character is played by a young woman while the main female character, often ugly woman called “the Dame,” is played by a man. Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio. A third British tradition is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas. Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants. Now that most British people do not have servants, this custom is no longer observed. However, a new Boxing Day custom has emerged, in the cities: shopping. Shops open upto sell off all their Christmas stock decoration, food, cards and gift items at low prices.1.PuritanismPuritans were those who followed the doctrine 教义 of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England. They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God’s chosen people while others were damned to hell. No church nor good works could save people. The sign of being God’s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.2.The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness,. It also explained the philosophy of government:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.3.George WashingtonGeorge Washington was one of the founding fathers of the America Republic. He was the Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.4.Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the United States of America. He participated in writing the Declaration of independence and making the US Constitution.1.The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.1.The “Lost Generation”In the aftermath of World War I, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. Some lived in Europe. They were known as the “Lost Generation”. Two of the most representative writers of the “Lost Generation”were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.1.The civil rights movementIt is one of the most important of all social movements in the 1960s in America. Rosa Parks’ spontaneous action in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like the SNCC, CORE, and SCLC struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and the people. In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self-image of the blacks. The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the US.1.Ragtime musicRagtime music refers to a type of piano music of black US origin, popular in the 1920s. originally based on tunes for marching bands ragtime music is marked by a syncopated melodic line with a regular accented bass. Ragtime music has been popularized by such composers as Scott Joplin whose “Maple Leaf Rag” published in 1896 was hailed as the first popular ragtime繁音拍子tune, till listened to with pleasure by all jazz fans.。
英美概况期末考试答案
American Beginnings1. What were the new and powerful social forces which led to the awakening of Europe and the discovery of America? P34The first force was the development of capitalism. The growth of capitalism produced two new classes-the bourgeoisie [ˌbʊrʒwɑː'ziː]and the working class with the development of commerce and trade, the bourgeoisie become increasingly powerful in politics as well as in economy, so they wanted to share more power with feudal lords.The second force was the Renaissance ['renəsɑːns], which was marked by a changing outlook on life.The third force was the Religious Reformation, a religious force movement that started from Germany.2. What was the unique American phenomenon? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exi sts in today’s American society? P36The enactment [ɪ'næktmənt of laws for the colony and the enslavement of Africans combined constituted a unique American phenomenon..on the one hand, the English and other Europeans went to North America for seeking freedom. On the other hand, these very white people who were seeking and fighting for their own freedom deprived black Africans of their freedom.On July 30, 1619, the first meeting of an elected legislature, arepresentative assembly, was held in Virginia. A month later, still in Virginia, a Dutch ship brought in over 20 Negroes as servants for a term of years to make a start toward the enslavement of Africans within what was to be the American republic.This phenomenon still exists in today’s American socie ty, such as the racial discrimination. Until now, the black people still receive the unfair prejudice. However, the society in America is full of freedom, especially to the white people. They have a lot of rights in their life.3. In what way did the pattern of founding of Maryland influence American culture?In 1648, Lord Baltimore appointed a Protestant governor, and the next year, the Maryland Toleration Act, which assured freedom of worship to all who believed in Jesus Christ, was passed.Because the protestant majority were capitalistic-minded people and refused to carry out the feudal plan, and because the wilderness of North America provided plenty of land while labor was scarce, it was impossible for Lord Baltimore to have his feudal plan executed. Not long after the founding of his colony, the feudal experimental plan was dropped, and the colony, like other colonies in North America, followed a capitalist development road.4. In what way did Puritanism influence American culture? P37-38The Puritans believed that everyone had a calling, which was given by God. Working hard and living a moral life were their ethics, and they concluded that the Bible was the authority of their doctrine, so education was essential for Puritans.The Puritans hoped t o build “a city upon hill”-an ideal community. Since that time, Americans have viewed their country as a great experiment, a worthy model for other nations. This sense of mission has been very strong in the minds of many Americans.New England also established another American tradition—a strain of often intolerant moralism. The Puritans believed that governments should enforce God's morality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath and other religious believers different from themselves. Roger Williams, one of the Puritans who protested that the state should not interfere with religion, was driven out of Massachusetts. In 1635, he set up Rhode Island colony, which guaranteed religious freedom and the separation of Church and state. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.The Political System1. What is a federal system?A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each. The Constitution specified exactly what power the central government had and which power was reserved for the states.2. How did the delegates from the early British colonies design the constitution?In the course of the Convention, the delegates designed a new form of government for the United States. The plan for the government was written in very simple language in a document called the Constitution of the United States. In writing the Constitution, the delegates had to deal with two main fears shares by most Americans.3. What were the two main fears shared by Americans while writing the constitution and how did they deal with them? P52-53One fear was that one person or group, including the majority, might became too powerful or be able to seize control of the country and create a tyranny. To guard against this possibility, the delegates set up a government consisting of three parts, or branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial. Each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by another branch.Another fear was that the new central government might weaken or taken away the power of the state governments to run their own affairs. To deal with this the Constitution specified exactly what power the central government had and which power was reserved for the states. The states were allowed to run their own governments as they wished, provided that their governments were republican.4. What is the Executive Branch? P137The chief executive is the president, who is elected to four-year term. A president can be elected only two terms according to an amendment passed in 1951. The president can propose legislation to Congress and veto any bill passed by Congress. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces. The president has other broad authorities in running the government department and handling foreign relations. Except for the right of success ion to the presidency, the vice president’s only constitutional duties are to serve as the presiding officer of the senate; the vice president may vote in the senate only in the event of a tie.5. What is the Bill of Rights? Why is it necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the US Constitution? P56It’s another basic foundation in Americans’ constitution. It consists of 10 very short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individuals by the government. Each paragraph is an amendment to the original Constitution. In the Bill ofRights, Americans are guarantee freedom of religion, of speech and of the press. They have the right to assemble in public places, to protest government actions and to demand change. They have the right to own weapons if they wish.Economy1. What is the current economic position of America in the world?◇“superpower” in world affairs;◇dominant position of the dollar “Bretton Woods system”＊the US has the largest and the most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capital GDP of $46,000. (ranked No.9 in the world)＊It is the only superpower in the world. With about 5% of the world’s population, the US produces about 27% of the total world output. (ranked No.1 in total amount in the world)＊the US firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially in computers and in medical, aerospace, nuclear energy, electronics and the military equipment.＊the US is still the largest automobile maker of the world. It is a major buyer and the seller in the world market.＊the US dollar is still used as an international currency and many other currencies are pegged to it.2. What are the five stages of industrial development? P65-67 One key development was the introduction of the factory system, which gathered many workers together in one workplace and produced goods for distribution over a wide area.A second development was the “American system” of mass production which originated in the firearms industry about 1800.A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial tasks.A forth development was the emergency of new forms of business organization, notably the bank and the corporation, which facilitated the growth of industry.Finally, the construction of railroads beginning in the 1830s, marked the start of a new era for the United States3. What are the roots of affluence in America? P691. The vast dimensions and ample natural resources of the United States proved from the first to be a major advantage for national economic development.2. A population of more than 310 million people provides both workers and consumers for American businesses.3. A mobility in the American population contributes a useful flexibility to business life.4. The entrepreneurial spirit finds its outlet in such business activities asmanufacturing, transporting, buying and selling.5. The governmental powers were limited while widening opportunities for individual initiative.4. What are the main sectors of industry in America? Name some of the important cities representing each sector.1.Manufacturing industry: Chicago2. high-tech industry: Los Angeles, California3. Heavy industry: Pittsburgh4. Service industry: New York, Seattle5. Aviation: Houston6. Car industry: DetroitEducation1. How did America change the way of education to teach the children to be world citizens? P122In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that the practice f segregation blacks into separate schools was unconstitutional.Between 1950 and 1960, more and more new knowledge was developed than in all of the world’s history before 1950.Schools were asked not only to teach this new information, but to help students ask their own questions about it.The “inquiry” method of learning, focusing on solving problems rather than memorizing facts.More science courses were added to the curriculumThe federal government began to spend millions for the development of new science curricula and for training teachers to use them.2. How do Americans apply for a university? P123Their high school records (GPA)The recommendation from their high school teachersThe scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs)The impression they make during interview at the university3. What are the categories of higher institutions in America? 1. the university, which may contain:(a)several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor’s degree and (b)one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor’s degree to obtain a master’s or a doctoral degree;2. the four-year undergraduate institution-most of which are not part of a university;3. the technical training institution, at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from six months to four years in duration and learn a wide variety of technical skills, from hair styling through business accounting to computer programming;4. the two-year, or community college, from which students may enter many professions or may transfer to four-year colleges oruniversities.4. What factors that determine the best prestige of a university? Quality of teaching faculty, quality of research facilities; amount of founding available for libraries, special programs, ect.; and the competence and number of applicants for admission, i.e., how selective the institution can be in choosing its students.5. How to select a college or a university? Name all the members of the Ivy League. P124-125What degrees does the school offer? How long does it take to earn one? What curricula does a college or university offer? What are the requirements for earning a degree?Is the college or university a public institution or a private one?If it is private, is it a religious school?How large is the school?Columbia, Cornell, Brown, Harvard, Yale, Princeton University, Dartmouth College, the University of Pennsylvania,6. Explain why Americans respect education.It was influenced by the puritan, who concluded that the Bible was the authority of their doctrine, so every puritan must read the Bible to contact with God. To be able to read the Bible and understand God’s will, education was essential for puritans. So as a tradition, American respect education.In American, education is a national concern, a state responsibility, and a local function. Americans believe that it could promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general though education.7. What degrees do undergraduate colleges and graduate schools offer?undergraduate colleges_ Bachelor’s degreegraduate schools_ master’s degree and Doctor’ s degree.8. What are the functions of the boards of education?The Board of Education in each state or district decides the spending, curriculum, teacher standard and certification, and the overall measurement of student progressAmerican Way of Life1. What are the stereotypes about the USA?1. All Americans are rich. The US has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world. Over the last 40 years the percentage officially classified as living in poverty has fluctuated between 11% and 15% of the population.2. American society is violent. About 25% of Americans own a gun. Crime rates remain notably higher than in China. About 1% of the population is in prison, the highest ratio in the world.3. American families are in disarray. High divorce rate – 50%. Less than half of American children today are raised with and by their birth-parents.4. Americans are all religious. 85% of Americans say they believe in God. The other 15% is mostly divided between those who say they are atheists or agnostics.5. Americans are optimistic. One of the American value is future orientation. An upbeat expectation of a bright future has been part of the American heritage from the colonial beginnings.2. What are the metaphors that have been used as the national self-images and why did they lose their credibility? P173-174 • Melting pot: America is a nation of immigrants. After World War II, the Anglophile W ASPs lost their privileged position.• Salad Bowl: The metaphor Salad Bowl was understood to be made up of many different components that each retained its characteristic flavor, color and texture.But salads quickly decay, making this metaphor not very satisfactory as a national self-image.• Mosaic: A mosaic is made of up small ceramic peices of different colors and shapes.But a mosaic, once it is made, never changes.• Kaleidoscope: The patterns in the kaleidoscope were not at all fixed. The different beads reflected the many different groups that have gone into making up the American population.But the ease with which the kaleidoscopic patterns changed wasproblematic – too changeable.3. Why is the Internet an up-to-date metaphor used to encapsulate the USA? P175The reasons behind this suggestion go far beyond the fact that the WWW [world wide web] originating in the USA, is a central technology for modern life that has now spread all over the world. The Internet has several characteristics that seem consonant with the USA today.1 .the www has no center.2. No one is reliably in charge.3. Each individual must take responsibility for what he or she takes seriously: all of them important features of the American way of life.4. Why is America said to be a society of violence? What is the NRA?Americans are aware that certain neighborhoods are likely to be dangerous. Crime rates in the USA, despite sharp declines in recent years, remain notably higher than in China (or in Europe). About 1% of the population is in prison, the highest ratio in the world, partly because the justice system works hard to pursue criminals. Also crimes are associated with guns, which are more freely owned and used in the USA than elsewhere. About 25% of Americans own a gun. Overall, there is more violence in American life than in other industrialized countries, and the threat of violence is often played up by the news media. Hence manyAmericans are conscious of the threat of violence and take measures to avoid it.National Rifle Association is a private organization, makes a great public display of opposing any laws that might restrict gun ownership.5. What are the reasons for the changing marriage pattern in the USA? What is its effect on USA way of life?1. World war ii, most families were patriarchal, that is, dominated by the senior male as husband and father.2. The newer, more egalitarian, kind of family has been described as “nurturing- power” family, in which parents regard themselves more as “partners” and encourage their children to become independent by making their own decision.3. The “no-fault” divorce laws are introduced in the late 1970s and now realy universal in American states.The effect of these shifting marriage patterns is to diminish the authority of parents in relation to their children. Many young people listen to their peers more than to their parents. Youth culture flourishes, encouraged by entertainment industrials that have grown up to cater young tastes: pop music, text-messaging. Keep-in-contact websites like Facebook and Twitter. As a long-term result, traditional values do not transmit readily from one generation to the next, reducing the chances for a national consensus on public issues.-- The End《英语国家社会与文化入门》模拟试题及参考答案Part oneFill in the blanks ( 10 points )1.The full name of the United Kingdom is .2.The Good Friday Agreement, known also as , emerged on 10 April 1998.3., the ancestor of the present queen, Elizabeth II, united England under his rulein 829.4.written by Geoffrey Chaucer is often studied by middle school and collegestudents today.5.The Bonfire Night, which is celebrated in November, sometimes is also called .6.Columbus discovered the New World in the year of .7.The Three Faiths in the US refer to Protestant, and Jewish.8.In 1852, a New England woman named Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a noveltitled , which intensified the political debate on slavery.9.1968 was known in US history as a violent and tragic year in which the great leader of TheCivil Rights Movement: was assassinated.10.The Grand Canyon is carved away for nearly 6 million years by the River. Part twoRead the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question four suggested answers A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statement or answers the question: ( 20 points )1.Franklin Roosevelt’s program for the depression was called .a. Progressivismb. laissez fairec. New Freedomd. New Deal2. The United States did not join the Second World War directly until in December,1941.a. Great Depressionb. Pearl Harbor incidentc. the Japanese attack on Chinad. the German attack on Poland3. From 1649 to 1658 England was called a Commonwealth. It was ruled first by OliverCromwell as .a. Lord Protectorb. Lieutenant Generalc. Commander of the New Model Armyd. President4. Ireland is in the of Great Britain.a. eastb. southc. westd. north5. WASPs referred to .a. the mainstream Americansb. Hispanicsc. Asian-Americansd. Blacks6. Lincoln's Emancipation proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitutionformally ended .a. the immigration movementb. the Civil Warc. the slave systemd. the industrialization7. About a hundred years ago, as a result of imperialist expansion, Britain ruled of theworld people and of the world’s land area.a. one thirdb. one fifthc. one fourthd. two fifths8. The Celt’s religion was.a. Teutonic religionb. Christianityc. Druidismd. Buddhism9. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of , keeping themwithin the bounds of the feudal law of the land.a. the Archbishop of Canterburyb. the baronsc. the churchd. the king10. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in the .a. the House of Lordsb. the House of Commonsc. the Privy Councild. the Shadow Cabinet11. The English Renaissance was largely .a. religiousb. ideologicalc. philosophicald. literary12. In the Industrial Revolution, changes occurred earliest and quickest in .a. hardwareb. textilec. potteryd. chemicals13. The Romans led by Julius Caesar launched their first invasion on Britain in .a. 200 B. C.b. 55 B. C.c. 55 A. D.d. 410 A. D14. The Hundred Years’ War started in.a. 1733b. 1453c. 1337d. 135715. Civil Rights Movement happened in .a. the 1960sb. the 1950sc. the 1940sd. the 1930s16. The open declaration of the containment policy was made by on March 12, 1949 ina speech to the joint session of Congress.a. President Rooseveltb. President Kennedyc. General Marshalld. President Truman17. The House of Commons consists of Members of Parliament.a. 651b. 1,200c. 1,198d. 76318. About half of the Britain’s trade is with.a. the United Statesb. South-east Asiac. the ECd. the Latin America19. The British recorded history begins with .a. the arrival and settlement of Celtsb. the Norman Conquestc. Roman invasiond. Viking and Danish invasions20. At the beginning of the First World War, the United States pursued a policy of .a. containmentb. neutralityc. pro-Germany partialityd. pro-Ally partialityPart threeRead the following statements carefully and decide if each of them is True or False: ( 20 points )( ) 1. The Bill of Rights is the term for the first twelve amendments to the Constitution.( ) 2. The stock market crash in 1929 was the beginning of a long economic depression in the U. S. ( ) 3. George Washington was the first president of the United States.( ) 4. The system of the parliamentary government of the U.K. is based on a written constitution. ( ) 5. Benjamin Franklin alone drafted the Declaration of Independence, and on July 4, 1776, the Congress adopted the declaration.( ) 6. Britain was the first country to start the Industrial Revolution which contributed to the establishment of the British Empire.( ) 7. The word English means “the language that belongs to the Angles.”( ) 8. The Pennines are known as the “Backbone of England”.( ) 9. The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh Lake in Wales which covers an area of 397 square kilometers.( ) 10. Both the First Continental Congress and the Second Continental Congress were held in Boston.( ) 11. The American Constitution founded feudalism and introduced checks and balances.( ) 12. The national church in Scotland is also the Church of England.( ) 13.Of all the English university Oxford and Cambridge are the most prestigious( ) 14. The House of Lords is now made up of two kinds of Lords: the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.( ) 15. William, Duke of Normandy, founded a strong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea and he beca me known as “Father of the British Navy.”( ) 16. Anglo-Saxons in Britain are believed to be ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh people.( ) 17. After Margaret Thatcher was elected Britain’s first ever woman prime minister in 1979, sh e adopted a new program to cure the “British disease”.( ) 18. America Vespucci proved that the land discovered by Columbus was not Indian, but a new continent. As a result, the new continent was named after him and became known as America. ( ) 19. Declaration of Independence was formally adopted by the Continental Congress on July 14, 1776, a day which has been celebrated each year as Independence Day of the United States. ( ) 20. When the news of American victory at Yorktown reached London, the Parliament voted to end the War and peace negotiation began in 1782.Part fourExplain the following terms in English: (10 points)1. The New Deal2. The commonwealth3. checks and balances4. Constitutional monarchy5. PuritanismPart fiveTell what you know about the following in your own words. ( 20 points )1. The Easter Rising2. Class system in British society3. The Bronte sisters4. Counterculture5. The containment policyPart sixWrite between 100-150 words on the following topic: ( 20 points )Cold WarKeys:Part one:1.the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.the Belfast Agreement3.King Egbert4.The Canterbury Tales5.Guy Fawkes Night6.14927.Catholic8.Uncle Tom’s Cabin9.Martin Luther King10.ColoradoPart two:1~5dbaca 6~10cccdb 11~15dbbca 16~20daccbPart three:1~5 FTTFF 6~10 TTTFF 11~15 FFTTT 16~20 FTTFTPart four:1.It refers to a series of measures taken by Franklin Roosevelt in 1932 to prevent the possiblecollapse of the American economic and political system.2.The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of formerBritish colonies. There are 50 members of the Commonwealth: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus: others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.3.Each of the three branches of the government——the legislative, the executive and thejudicial——has part of the powers but not all the power. Each branch can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This is called “checks and balances”.4. A constitutional monarchy is a county in which head of the state is a king or a queen. Inpractice, the Sovereign reigns, but does not rule. In English history, constitutional monarchy was established after Glorious Revolution in 1688.5.Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify theChurch of England. They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God’s chosen people while others were damned to hell. No church nor good works could save people. The sign of being God’s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.Part five:1.In order to gain independence, different Irish groups had been fighting against the Britishinstitutions and the British military forces. One such activity was the Easter Rising which took place in 1916. the rebels occupied Dublin’s Post Office and Forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.2.The class system does exist in British society. Most of the British population would claimthemselves to be either of middle-class or working-class, though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class. Class divisions are now simply economic, they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read, in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive. One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.3.Perhaps the most famous literary family I British history are the Bronte sisters, who wereinfluenced by the Romantic Movement. Charlotte, Emily and Ann were daughters of the vicar of a village church in Yorkshire. Although they were poor, they were educated and respectable. In their short lives, they didn’t produce much, but their works are among the best-loved novels in English: Charlotte Bronte’ s Jane Eyre and Emily’s Wuthering Heights 4.In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left, there appeared a phenomenonthat historians called “counterculture”. The counterculture rejected capitalism and other American principles. They had morals different from those taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life. Among the most famous were the hippies. They sought new experience through dropping out, and drug taking. But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicles for the counter culture assault on the traditional American society. The counterculture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social morals, marriage, career and success.5.The US put into effect the containment policy in the late 1940s. by containment, the Us meantthat it would use whatever means, including military force, to prevent the Soviet Union form breaking out of its sphere of influence. In order to contain communism, the US fought two wars in Asia: the Korean War and the Vietnam War.Part six:Some historians say that the world entered Cold War immediately after the Second World War ended. The conflicts arose basically from the separate concepts of postwar world order. The United States, relying on its large economic and military strength, tried to play the role of world。
权利法案(美国)-the Bill of Rights(中英文)
权利法案（美国）（中英文）1787年在费城起草的宪法，在各州审议批准的过程中，也有不少美国公民感到不安，因为宪法中并没有明确保障个人的权利。
因此，《宪法》补充了10条修正案，统一称为《权利法案》，英文叫The Bill of Rights。
由于补充了《权利法案》，《宪法》在13个州均获批准，并于1789年生效。
（左下图：美国威廉姆斯堡总督府的一个小会议室，就是《弗吉尼亚州权利法案》－后来成为美国宪法中《权利法案》蓝本的制定地） 第一条 Amendment II . F reedom of Speech, Press, Religion and Petition Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 译文：国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利。
第二条 Amendment IIII . Right to keep and bear arms A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. 译文：纪律严明的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需的，人民持有和携带武器的权利不可侵犯。
英国社会与文化课后练习
英国社会与文化课后练习I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right answer from the four choices:1. The Norman Conquest happened in ____A. 55BCB.1066C.700D.9662. Which of the following is not true about London?A. it’s a political, economic and cultural center of the country.B. it has a larger population than all other cities in England.C. it is not only the largest city in the country, but also the largest in the world.D. it has played a significant role in the economic construction of the country.3. British Recorded history began with _____.A. Roman invasionB. the Norman ConquestC. the Viking and Danish invasionD. the Anglo-Saxons invasion4. The English Civil War is also called _____.A. the Glorious RevolutionB. the Bloody RevolutionC. the Catholic RevolutionD. the Puritan Revolution5. The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the center of London, was built byA. King ArthurB. Robin HoodC. Oliver CromwellD. William the conqueror6. In the 18th century, there appeared ____ in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines.A. the Industrial RevolutionB. the Bourgeois RevolutionC. the Wars of the RosesD. the Religious Reformation7. _____ was famous for his abdication because of his marriage with a divorced American.A. Edward VIIIB. Edward VIIC. George VID. George VII8. The House of Lords is presided over by _____.A. the Lord ChancellorB. the QueenC. the Archbishop of CanterburyD. the Prime Minister9. The Prime Minister is appointed by _____ and he or she always sits in _____.A. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of CommonsB. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of LordsC. the Queen, the House of CommonsD. the Queen, the House of Lords10. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of British government?A. It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.B. It is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.C. It is the oldest representative democracy in the world.D. It has no written form of Constitution.11. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in _____.A. the QueenB. the CabinetC. the House of LordsD. the House of Commons12. The sources of British law include _____.A. statutes, common law, equity law and European Community lawB. statutes, common law and equity lawC. statutes, common law and European Community lawD. a complete code and statutes13. The National Health Service was established in the UK in _____ and based at first on _____.A. 1948, Acts of ParliamentB. 1958, Acts of ParliamentC. 1948, the Bill of RightsD. 1958, the Bill of Rights14. Which of the following is Not related to the Constitution?A. It is a written document which lists out the basic principles for government.B. It is the foundation of British governance todayC. Conventions and Laws passed by Parliament are part of the Constitution.D. The common laws are part of the Constitution.15. Which of the following is NOT a true description of the Queen’s role?A. The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.B. The Queen symbolizes the tradation and the Cabinet.C. The Queen acts as a cofidante to the Prime Minister.D. The Queen is the temporal head of the Church of England.16. Which of the following is Not a feature of the House of Lords?A. Lords do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament sittings.B. It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.C. The Lords are expected to present the interests of the public.D. Most of the Lords in the House of Lords are male.17. Which of the following is NOT based on the fact?A. Members of Parliament elect the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.B. MPs receive salaries and some other allowances.C. MPs are expected to represent the interests of the public.D. Most MPs belong to the major political parties.18. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can _____ by law.A. receive completely free educationB. receive partly free educationC. receive no free education if their families are richD. receive no free education at all19. In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to ___.A. private schoolsB. independent schoolsC. state schoolsD. public schools.20. Which of the following is a privately funded university in Britain?A. the University of Cambridge.B. the University of OxfordC. the University of EdinburghD. the University of Buckingham21. Which of the following is NOT true?• A. Parents send their children to public schools because they are rich.• B. Parents send their children to public schools because their children can get better jobs when they leave school.• C. Parents send their children to public schools because their children can have a better chance of getting into a good university. • D. Parents send their children to public schools because their children prefer to go to public schools.22. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of the open University?A. It’s open to everybodyB. It requires no formal education qualification.C. No university degree is awarded.D. University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, etc.23. In the examination called “the 11 plus”, students with academic potential go to ___.A. grammar schoolsB. comprehensive schoolsC. public schoolsD. technical schools24. Which of the following is NOT included in the National Curriculum?A. Children must study the subjects like English, mathematics, science and so on.B. Children must sit in A-level exams.C. Children must pass national tests.D. Teachers must teach what they are told.25. Which of the following is NOT true about British education system?A. It’s run by the state.B. It’s funded by the state.C. It’s supervised by the state.D. It’s dominated by the state.26. Which of the following schools would admit children without reference to their academic abilities?A. Comprehensive schoolsB. Secondary schoolsC. Independent schoolsD. Grammar schoolsExplain the following terms.Norman Conquest----The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.Alfred the Great----He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introdu ced a legal system. He is known as “the father of the British navy”.Geoffrey Chaucer----He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims travelling to Canterbury to vi sit Thomas Becket’s tomb. Because he was the first important English poet to write in English. He has been known as the “Father of English Poetry”.The Black Death----It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.The Wars of Roses ----the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.The Glorious Revolution of 1688 ---- (1) It refers to the event of 1688 in the English Revolution, when the Catholic king James II was forced to flee with his baby son to France. (2) The throne was offered to his Protestant daughter and her husband Dutch king William. (3) The bill of Rights was passed by Parliament to restrict the power of the Monarchy. (4) This was the beginning of the Constitutional Monarchy in Britain.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 ----(1) It refers to the most famous of a number of Catholic conspiracies in English history which occurred in the reign of James I (2) It was the plot to blow up the King and Parliament, (3) in which a man called Guy Fawkes was caught in the cellars of the House of Commons in the very act of preparing the explosives. (4) "Guy Fawkes' Night" is still celebrated on November 5th each year.the Protestant Church - (1) It refers to the Christian church whose faith and practice originated with the principles of the Reformation. (2) As the Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in the sixteenth century, (3) Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe in opposition to the established Roman Catholic Church. (4) In Britain, Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in the Elizabethan age.the Church of England - (1) Also called Anglican Church, it is one of the many "Protestant'' sects which broke away from Roman Catholic Church during the Religious Reformation. (2) It is an established Church, which means that it represents the official state religion, (3) having certain duties towards the state, and receiving certain privileges from it. (4) Its temporal head is the Queen, and twenty-six of its highest priests sit in the House of Lords.the Protestant Reformation - (1) A religious movement started in 1517, when the German monk Martin Luther posted for debate, (2) a series of theses that challenged Roman Catholic teaching. (3) Many Protestant sects broke away from the central organization of Roman Catholic Church.(4) Most of the Protestants stressed the Bible as the source and the norm of their teaching instead of the Pope as a Source of authority.Privy Council ---- (1) A consultative body of the British monarch. (2) Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. (3) Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch. (4) Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.the English Civil War - (1) One of the most important events in the whole of British history. (2) It is a bitter power struggle (1642--1648) between the monarchy and Parliament. (3) The victory of the Parliament led to the execution (1649) of Charles I and the temporary overthrow of the monarchy, and (4) the country became for more than ten years a sort of republic founded by Oliver Cromwell.the Industrial Revolution - (1) It refers to the period in British history from 1750 to 1850. (2) Great changes took place with the invention of the steam engine. (3) More factories and big towns were built. (4) It made Britain stronger and richer, and at the same time it also created entirely new social class, the industrial workers.the Victorian age - (I) It refers to the monarch of Britain under the great Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901, the longest reign in British history. (2) The Victorian age was an age of national development and national optimism. (3) The Victorians were very religious and conservative in family life.(4) It was also, in its later stages, an age of imperialism.Constitutional Monarchy - (1) The Constitutional Monarchy is one in which the Monarch respects the Constitution. (2) In law, the monarch is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature: head of the judiciary; commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and head of the Church of England. In practice, the real power of monarchy has gradually been reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. (3) In the Glorious Revolution, William and Mary became the joint rulers of Britain, and the Constitutional Monarchy began. (4) The Bill of Rights which was passed in 1689 restricted the power of the monarchy.the British Constitution - (1) It is unwritten. (2) Its components include Acts of Parliament, the Prerogative of the Crown, Conventions of the Constitution, Common Law and Parliamentary Privilege. (3) It is more flexible than the written ones in other countries.the Bill of Rights in 1689 - (1) it was the Bill passed by the Parliament in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution. (2) It laid down a number of things that future monarchs could not do. (3) It marked a sharp decline in powers of the Monarch. (4) It marked the beginning of the British Constitutional Monarchy.General Election - (1) General Election is held at least every five years. (2) The country is divided into 635 constituencies, each of which returns one Member of Parliament. (3) The one who has the most votes in a constituency becomes a Member of Parliament. (4) The leader of the party with the largest number of members returned to the House of Commons becomes Prime Minister.British Parliament - (1) It includes three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. (2) It is the supreme law-making authority in Birtain. (3) The real centre of parliamentary power is in the House of Commons. (4) Other' functions include: to control and criticize the executive government; to control the raising and the spending of money.the House of Lords - (1) It is an important part of Parliament. (2) Its members are peers, most of whom are hereditary. (3) Its powers have been severely reduced by the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949. (4)It must pass all financial legislation sent to it from the House of Commons, and can delay other Bills for only one year. (5) It has a special judicial function.the House of Commons - (1) It consists of 635 elected Members of Parliament. (2) MPs have a number of privileges, eg. the freedom of speech in Parliament. (3) It is by far the most powerful and important element in Parliament, therefore plays the key role in the activities of Parliament as a whole.English reserve - (1) English reserve is the best known quality of the British, and in particular, of the English, to other Europeans. (2) The English are on the whole reserved: they do not talk very much to strangers, (3) do not show much emotion, and seldom get excited. (4) This reluctance to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways, since it tends to give the impression of coldness.English modesty - (1) English modesty is a quality closely related to English reserve. (2) Within their heart, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, (3) but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. (4) Self-praise is felt to be ill-bred, and the English are typical of self-deprecation.English sense of humour - (1) English Sense of humour is a quality that is similar to English modesty. Its starting point is self-deprecation, and its great enemy is conceit. (2) Its ideal is to laught at oneself--at one's own faults, one's own failures and embarrassments, even at one's own ideals.(3) It is an attitude to life rather than the mere ability to laugh at jokes. This attitude is never cruel or disrespectful or malicious.English sportsmanship - (1) Sportsmanship is an English ideal that is highly valued in Britain. (2) Sportsmanship is the ability to practise a sport in obedience to its rules, while also showing generosity to one's opponent and good temper in defeat. (3) Sportsmanship as an ideal is applied to life in general. This is proved by the number of sporting terms used in ordinary speech.English class system - (1) As a social convention, the English class system is much less rigid than it was, but it still exists below the surface. (2) Broadly speaking, it means there are two classes, the "middle class" and the "working class". The middle class consists chiefly of well-to-do business men and professional people of all kinds; the working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers. (3) The most obvious difference between them is in their accent. The middle classes also tend to live a more formal life than working-class people, and are usually more cultured.The National Health Service---- (1) It is a very important part of the welfare system in Britain. (2) It is a nationwide organization based on Acts of Parliament. (3) It provides all kinds of free or nearly free medical treatment both in hospital and outside. (4) It is financed mainly by payments by the state out of general taxation. People are not obliged to use this service. The service is achieving its main objectives with outstanding success.Answer briefly the following questions.What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest?The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history. It brought about many consequences. William confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.4. What were the contents and the significance of the Great Charter?The Great Charter, or the Magna Carta, was document signed in 1215 between the barons and king John. It had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important contents were these: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; (3) the church should possess all its rights and privileges; (4) London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges; (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.What do you know about the English Renaissance?Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. It began in Italy in the early 14th century and spread toEngland in the late 15th century. The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history else where in Europe; (3) Owning to the great genius of the 14th century poet chaucer, the native literature was vigorous enough and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them; (4) English Renaissance literature is chiefly artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly; (5) the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England. The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.How did the “Glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it?In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James, who was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic, He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, no any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were both protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It’s the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.What is your comment on land enclosures in England?Agricultural enclosure became frequent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has good as well as bad results: (1) Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; (2) more vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. They were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly over crowded. It also lead to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers’ hopes of even owning his own l and. Many became wage labourers, earning low rates in spite of agriculture’s new prosperity.How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It’s characterized by a series of inventions and im provements of machines, such as John Ray’s flying shuttle, James Hargreaves’ spinning Jenny, Richard Arkwright’s waterframe and Samuel Cropton’s mule. The Scottis h inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. Improved transporation ran parallel with production. As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”; no other country could compete with her in industrial production.What do you know about the Chartist Movement and the People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?The Chartist Movement was an industrial working class movement that happened in England from 1836 to 1848. In 1836 a group of skilled workers an d small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (known as the People’s Charter) in 1838, which had six points: (1) the vote for all adult males, (2) voting by secret ballot, (3) equal ele ctoral districts, (4) abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament, (5) payment of members of Parliament, and (6) annual Parliament, with a General Election every June. Support for these six demands was loudly voiced all over the country. Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country to press Parliament to accept the 6 points. But Parliament rejected them for three times. In the end, the Chartist Movement failed. It failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class was still immature. The Chartist Movement, however, the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical.How did the Labour Party come into being?As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations were formed which brought about the formation of the Labour Party. The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was formed in January, 1893 and Led by Keir Hardie, a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to be Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for 1906. The Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.What is a constitutional monarchy? When did it begin in Britain?A constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty’s Government —a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament. The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain beganin 1689, when king William and Queen Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government?The sovereign is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the crown and the “supreme governor” of the established church of England.What are the main functions of Parliament?The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.Why do the criminal convicts like to be tried first before the magistrates’ courts?A Magistrates’ court tries summary offences and “either way” offences. It is open to the public and the media and usually con sists of three unpaid “lay” magistrates. A magistrates’ court sits without a jury. The criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt; every possible step is taken to deny to the prosecution any advantage over the defence. No accused person has to answer the questions of the police before trials; he is not compelled to give evidence or to submit to cross-examination in court.What does the civil courts system do?The civil courts system does the following jurisdiction: (1) actions founded upon contract and tort; (2) trust and mortgages cases; (3) actions for the recovery of land; (4) cases involving disputes between landlords and tenants; (5) admiralty cases and patent cases; and (7) divorce cases and other family matters.What is meant by the term “welfare state” in Britain?The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services, pensions and other facilities. The system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security.What is the most important established Church in Britain? How is it related to the Crown and linked with the State?The most important established Church in Britain is the Church of England. It is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that church and, as “Defender of the Faith”, must p romise on his or her accession to uphold it. Church of England archbishops, bishops and deans of cathedrals are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Church is also linked with the State through the House of Lords, in which the two archbishops (of Canterbury and York), the bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops have seatsWhat distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities?The Open University is non-residential university which is “open” to all to become students. It offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and other member countries of the EU. It was founded in 1969 and began its first courses in 1970. It was a combination of specially produced printed texts, correspondence tuition, television and radio broadcasts and audio/video cassettes. For some courses, there are residential schools. There is a network of study centers for contact with part-time tutors and counselors, and with fellow students.。
8 bill of rights
Fourth Amendment
• This restricts police from stopping and searching someone without a reason (―probable cause‖) • All searches must first have a ‗warrant‘
“nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor to be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation”
Fifth Amendment (DPL, double jeopardy, self incrimination)
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: You cannot be tried for the same exact crime more than one time (once a verdict is reached in court). SELF-INCRIMINATION: You do not have to answer questions (either from the police or in court) that might make you look guilty. Miranda warnings police read before questioning
小学下册F卷英语第3单元期末试卷
小学下册英语第3单元期末试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Certain plants can ______ (增强) the local economy.2.What is the name of the famous festival held in Rio de Janeiro?A. CarnivalB. OktoberfestC. DiwaliD. HoliA Carnival3.The _____ (sky/ground) is blue.4.The chemical symbol for platinum is ______.5.The __________ (历史的烙印) leaves a mark.6.The __________ (社会结构) influences behavior.7.How many players are on a baseball team?A. NineB. TenC. ElevenD. Twelve8. A crow can mimic sounds it ________________ (听到).9.How many legs does an octopus have?A. 6B. 8C. 10D. 12B10.I love to _____ (dance) at parties.11.The _______ (狼) is a wild animal.12.My uncle, ______ (我的舅舅), tells funny jokes.13.My friend is really __________ (善解人意) and listens well.14. A plant's ______ (生长势头) can vary with seasons.15.My sister enjoys __________ (参加) school events.16.The density of a substance is calculated by dividing its mass by its _______.17. A ________ (山脉) can stretch for thousands of miles.18.The ________ (农业创新技术) drives efficiency.19.The element with the symbol Rn is __________.20. A _____ (植物保护政策) can promote sustainable practices.21.How many bones are in the human skull?A. 22B. 24C. 26D. 28A22. A ____ has a hard shell and moves very slowly.23.The pencil is ___ (sharp/dull).24.What do we call a baby horse?A. CalfB. FoalC. KittenD. PupB25.Bunnies eat lots of _________. (胡萝卜)26.The ferret is a playful ______ (动物).27.What is the capital of Sweden?A. OsloB. CopenhagenC. StockholmD. Helsinki28.The study of how landscapes change over time is called ______ geography.29.The __________ of an animal can vary greatly between species.30.My ______ loves to engage in discussions.31.My friend has a pet ____ (cat) that is very playful.32.The first emperor of China was _____.33.My sister enjoys __________ (参加) art classes.34.What is the name of the famous mountain in North America?A. Mount DenaliB. Mount RushmoreC. Mount RainierD. Mount WhitneyA Mount Denali35. A ____ has bright feathers and can mimic sounds.36.What is the main ingredient in chili?A. BeansB. RiceC. MeatD. All of the aboveD37.We are going to ________ a trip.38.What is the name of the famous statue in Rio de Janeiro?A. Statue of LibertyB. Christ the RedeemerC. DavidD. MoaiB39.The Great Wall of China was built to protect against _______.40.The process of fermentation produces ______ and alcohol.41.What do we call the process of growing plants?A. CultivationB. HarvestingC. PlantingD. PruningA42.The process of sublimation involves a solid changing to a __________.43. A ________ (蛇) can be both dangerous and fascinating.44.We went to the ______ (beach) last summer.45.What do we call a scientist who studies climate change?A. ClimatologistB. MeteorologistC. EnvironmentalistD. GeologistA46.What do you call a person who studies the past?A. HistorianB. ArchaeologistC. ResearcherD. All of the aboveD47.The chemical symbol for carbon is ______.48.I think that sharing experiences can strengthen our __________.49.My _____ (外公) tells interesting stories.50.What is 7 + 3?A. 8B. 9C. 10D. 1151.The ______ teaches us how to draw well.52.The ________ is a small creature that hops around.53.The dog likes to _____ in the sand. (dig)54.I love to ______ (与家人一起) explore different cuisines.55.The capital of Mexico is _____.56. A thermos bottle reduces heat ______.57.She is ________ to music.58.Plants are essential for maintaining ______ balance on Earth. (植物对维持地球的生态平衡至关重要。
小学上册第5次英语第3单元期中试卷
小学上册英语第3单元期中试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.__________ are important for the production of biofuels.2.He is ________ his bicycle.3.小马) neighs softly. The ___4.He wants to be a _____ (doctor/teacher).5.Which holiday is celebrated with fireworks on New Year's Eve?A. ChristmasB. ThanksgivingC. DiwaliD. New Year6.__________ are used in the agriculture sector to promote plant growth.7. A crab scuttles sideways on the _______ looking for its next meal.8.The ______ helps with the sense of hearing.9. A platypus is unique because it lays ______ (蛋).10.Which animal is known for its black and white stripes?A. TigerB. ZebraC. LeopardD. PandaB11.What do we use to tell time?A. CalendarB. ClockC. CompassD. ThermometerB12.What do we call a story about someone's life?A. BiographyB. FictionC. NovelD. Article13.What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work in chemistry?A. Marie CurieB. Dmitri MendeleevC. Robert BoyleD. All of the above14.What do we call a collection of different species living together?A. EcosystemB. HabitatC. EnvironmentD. CommunityA Ecosystem15.What do you call a baby cat?A. PuppyB. KittenC. CubD. CalfB16.What is the name of the famous clock tower in London?A. Big BenB. Eiffel TowerC. Leaning TowerD. Tower of PisaA17.What is the capital of Colombia?A. BogotáB. MedellínC. CaliD. CartagenaA18.What is the name of the famous mountain range in Asia?A. RockiesB. AndesC. HimalayasD. AlpsC Himalayas19.My dad is my hero _______ because he protects me.20.Every weekend, I spend time ______ my hobbies. I often join a class where I can learn new techniques and meet other people who share the same interest. We often______ ideas and help each other improve.21.What do we call a young goose?A. GoslingB. ChickC. DucklingD. Calf22. A _______ reaction involves the rearrangement of atoms.23.I have a ________ (地球仪) in my classroom.24.My ________ (玩具名称) is a colorful addition to my life.25.The bison roams the _______ fields.26. Empire was famous for its ______ (建筑) like the Colosseum. The Roma27.The Earth's layers include the crust, mantle, outer core, and __________.28.Planting _____ (药用植物) can provide natural remedies.29.What is the name of the famous author known for his "Great Gatsby"?A. F. Scott FitzgeraldB. Ernest HemingwayC. John SteinbeckD. William FaulknerA30. A _______ is a chemical that changes color in different pH levels.31.The Earth's ______ is made up of different layers.32.Which vegetable is orange and long?A. PotatoB. CarrotC. TomatoD. CucumberB33.What kind of animal is a parrot?A. MammalB. ReptileC. BirdD. Fish34.The flowers in the garden attract many _______.35.What is the capital of Honduras?A. TegucigalpaB. San Pedro SulaC. La CeibaD. CholutecaA36. A _______ is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.37.What do we call a person who studies literature?A. Literary CriticB. AuthorC. PoetD. All of the above38.The ________ (lightning) is bright and loud.39.The ______ (小鸭) loves splashing in the water.40.The dog is ___ at the park. (running)41.I think that sharing experiences can strengthen our __________.42.What do we call the large body of freshwater that is smaller than an ocean?A. RiverB. SeaC. LakeD. PondC43. A parrot can live for many ________________ (年).44.What do we call the area of land that is covered by ice?A. GlacierB. Ice capC. Ice fieldD. All of the aboveD All of the above45.The chemical formula for -nonanol is ______.46.The giraffe has a long _______ (脖子) to reach leaves.47.The stars are ________ (璀璨).48. A __________ can live on land or in water.49.I want a ___ (bicycle).50.How many players are on a baseball team?A. 7B. 8C. 9D. 10答案:C51.The _______ of sound can vary based on the listener's distance from the source.52.The _______ (Bill of Rights) guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms.53.The ______ helps with the filtering of toxins from the body.54.The __________ (希腊神话) has many fascinating stories and characters.55.Which planet is often called Earth's twin?A. MarsB. VenusC. SaturnD. Mercury56.What is the name of the process by which plants release oxygen?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. TranspirationD. FermentationA57.What do you call the process of plants making their own food?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. DigestionD. Fermentation58.What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work on the laws of thermodynamics?A. Rudolf ClausiusB. Lord KelvinC. Albert EinsteinD. James Clerk MaxwellA59.What is the capital of Egypt?A. CairoB. AlexandriaC. LuxorD. Giza60.The __________ is a major factor in soil composition.61.He can _____ (run/jump) very high.62.Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. JupiterB. SaturnC. MarsD. Neptune63.What is the name of the first man on the moon?A. Neil ArmstrongB. Buzz AldrinC. John GlennD. Yuri GagarinA64.What is the capital of Norway?A. OsloB. BergenC. TrondheimD. Stavanger65.The grass is ______ (wet) after the rain.66.I draw _____ (图画) with crayons.67.In a chemical equation, the reactants are shown on the _______.68.Black holes are regions in space with a very strong ______.69.What do we call the act of creating something new?A. InventionB. InnovationC. CreationD. All of the aboveD70. A squirrel collects _______ for its winter storage.71.The _____ (植物) needs water to survive.72.The chemical symbol for lithium is ______.73.We are going to the ______ (amusement) park.74.My favorite pet is a ______ (狗) that loves to play fetch.75.The sun is very ________ today.76.I love traveling to experience different lifestyles and __________.77. A solar eclipse happens when the ______ passes between the Earth and the sun.78.Which is the largest land animal?A. LionB. ElephantC. GiraffeD. RhinoB79.The cake is _______ (ready) to eat.80.The ______ helps us learn about art.81.How many letters are in the English alphabet?A. 24B. 25C. 26D. 27C 2682.What color is the sky?A. BlueB. GreenC. RedD. YellowA83.I like to _____ (watch/go) movies.84. A ______ is a nocturnal animal.85.I love going to the ______ (书店) to browse new releases and find interesting reads.86.What do you call the science of studying living organisms?A. ChemistryB. BiologyC. PhysicsD. AstronomyB87.What do you call a house made of ice?A. IglooB. TentC. CottageD. Mansion88.The chemical formula for lead(II) nitrate is ______.89. A reaction that produces energy is called an ______ reaction.90.The __________ is a famous city known for its fashion and art. (米兰)91.The ______ is a talented graphic artist.92.The ________ was a significant movement advocating for equality.93.I see a rainbow after the ______ (storm).94. A physical change does not alter the ______ of a substance.95.I can ______ (进行) experiments in class.96.My brother enjoys __________ (绘画) landscapes.97.The ________ is a tiny creature with six legs.98.I like to eat ______ (fruit) salads.99.What do we call the person who plays music?A. ArtistB. MusicianC. ChefD. Author100.My cat loves to _______ (睡觉) all day.。
about the English Bill of Rights
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These ideas about rights reflected those of the political thinker John Locke and they quickly became popular in England. It also sets out—or, in the view of its drafters, restates—certain constitutional requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of the people, as represented in Parliament.Along with the Act of Settlement 1701, the Bill of Rights is still in effect. It is one of the main constitutional laws governing the succession to the throne of the United Kingdom and—following British colonialism, the resultant doctrine of reception, and independence—to the thrones of those other Commonwealth realms, by willing deference to the Act as a British statute or as a patriated part of the particular realm's constitution. Since the implementation of the Statute of Westminster 1931 in each of the Commonwealth realms (on successive dates from 1931 onwards) the Bill of Rights cannot be altered in any realm except by that realm's own parliament, and then, by convention, and as it touches on the succession to the shared throne, only with the consent of all the other realms.
BillofRights权利法案
the Bill of Rights 1688
- no standing army may be maintained during a time of peace without the consent of parliament.
- no royal interference in the freedom of the people to have arms for their own defence as suitable to their class and as allowed by law (simultaneously restoring rights previously taken from Protestants by James II) - no royal interference in the election of members of parliament the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament
Bill of Rights
the Bill of Rights 1688
An Act of the Parliament of England passed on 16 December 1689. It was a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England.
英美国家国情名词解释简答题论述题
英美国家国情名词解释简答题论述题Ⅰ. Term explanation1. The battle of Hastings黑斯廷斯战役：The battle took place William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated.2. The Great Charter大宪章：King John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Magna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.3. The Wars of Rose玫瑰战争:I t refers to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485 to claim to the throne. 4．Mayflower Compact五月花号公约:the 1st governing document of Plymouth Colony, drafted by the “Pilgrims”who crossed the Atlantic abroad the Mayflower, seeking religious freedom. It was signed on November 11, 1620. In this Compact they agreed to stick together, to abide by majority role, and to have a right to choose their own leader .it was the beginning of the US democracy5. the Bill of Rights, 1791: it was the 1st ten amendments to the Constitution. It guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, peaceful assembly, and the press; the right to bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search; and the right to the protection of certain legal procedures known as the due process of law.6. Domesday Book末日审判书：It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the Firstin 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.7.Alfred the Great亚尔弗雷得大帝：He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introduced a legal sys tem. He is known as “the father of the British navy”.8.Privy Council英国枢密院：A consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch, Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.9. Thanksgiving Day感恩节：In 1620,the puritans in the Mayflower came the Rocky coast of what is now Massachusetts. They suffered the first cold winter. Later with the help and advice of the native Indians, the Pilgrim Fathers planted corn and other crops. They reaped a good harvest the following year, and in October, 1621, to celebrate this good harvest, the Pilgrims held a feast which featured wild turkey. They called this their Thanks-giving Day. It falls on the 4th Thursday of November.10. fire of Lexington来克星敦的枪声：In April of 1775,some British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord to disarm the American militiamen there. It is an incident happened before the war of Independence. The British soldiers were sent to seize the military supplies of the militia. They were stopped by the militia at Lexington.11.Heptarchy七王国：During the Anglo-Saxon's time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms, among which there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the name of Heptarchy.12.British Parliament英国议会：It includes three elements: the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It’s the Suprem e law-making authority in Britain. The real center of parliamentary power lies in the House of Commons. Its other functions include: to control and criticize the executive government; to control the raising and the spending of money.13. The Cold War冷战: in the post war period the difference between USSR and the US increased and led to a new kind of war, a war without fighting, which was called the Cold War. It was ended with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.14. the Gettysburg address盖茨堡演讲：It refers to the short speech president Lincoln made when he dedicated the national cemetery at Gettysb urg. He ended the speech with “the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”.15. the Great Lakes五大湖：The Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ——the only one entirely in the U.S. —— Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and theUnited States except Lake Michigan.16. The Celts凯尔特人：The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave was the Gales, the second wave was the Brythons and the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practiced farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was Druidism.18. Missouri Compromise密西西比组成:In 1820, the North and the South reached a solution, “Missouri Compromise”. Missouri was admitted as a slave state, but the balance of political power maintained by admission of Maine as a free state; in addition, slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line 36°30′parallel of latitude.19. Checks and balances权力制衡:The American government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial. Each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This is called “checks and balances”.20. Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件: on the evening of Dec. 16, 1773, in Boston, when ships of tea reached Boston and the governor was determined to see that tea was legally protected in its distribution, a group of angry colonists, known as the Boston T ea Party, dressed themselves up as Indians and boarded the three company ships. Ripped open 342 chests of tea valued at ￡17000 and dumped all the tea into the harbor.21. Stonehenge巨石阵：It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on Salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes.22. The Hundred Years’ War百年战争：It refers to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.23. The Black Death黑死病：It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far reaching economic consequences.25.Blood Mary 血腥玛丽：It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary.ⅡQu estions.1. What are the main functions of Parliament?The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.2. What is a constitutional monarchy? When did it begin in Britain?(1)A constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but doesnot rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty’s Government —a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament.(2)The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when King William and Queen Mary jointlyaccepted the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.3. Why did so many people move to the New World in the 17th Century?The new world was a great and rich land. In the new world there were all those resources necessary for agricultural and industrial development .The new world was their best place to make their fortunes, and to worship and live according to their beliefs. Some of them might move to America to leave oppressive political institutions, to escape burden some church duties, to acquire large land holdings or merely to change their general pattern of living.4. What is the Monroe Doctrine?The essence of doctrine was America for Americans. This doctrine later became a cornerstone of American foreign policy. As the new world developed in the years ahead this doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a broader interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.6. What was the significance of the Great Charter?The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legalrelationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.7. What do you know about the English Renaissance?Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. It began in Italy in the early 14th century and spread to England in the late 15th century. The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history else where in Europe;(3) Owning to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was vigorous enough and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them; (4) English Renaissance literature is chiefly artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly; (5) the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Johnson, and William Shakespeare.8. How is the U.S. president’s power limited?In spite of his great power, the President is actually moving within the limits already drawn for him. For example, all appropriations of the government are legislated by Congress. The Supreme Court has the power to declare his policy, even if ithas already been approved by Congress, unconstitutional and thus abolish it. Finally, if he abuses his power or commits crimes, he will be impeached by Congress. Impeachment simply means to bring formal charges; it does not mean conviction. In American history there have been two presidents who faced impeachment proceedings, but they were not convicted9. Why did the U.S. join the First World War so late?The United States was lack of military preparedness when the war began. Another factor for the US to join the war was the American financial and industrial commitment to the Allied cause. Finally, the factor that pushed the US into the war was Germany’s submarine campaign against merchant ships. That was to attack every ship that approached the British Isles.10. How did the Restoration take place?When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals George Monck occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as King Charles II. It was called the Restoration.11. How did the Labour Party come into being?As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. Sovarious working class organizations were formed which brought about the formation of a political party, the Labour Party.The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was formed in January, 1893 and Led by Keir Hardle, a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labourdepended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to be Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for 1906. The Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.12. Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs?The widespread use of automobiles and the construction of express highways made it possible for people to live farther away from their jobs. The telephone reduces the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another. Besides these economic and technological changes, important social factors were involved. Suburban areas offered more living space than cities, lower crime rates, less pollution, and superior schools. It is generally believed that they are a better place for rising children.13. What are the main contents of the Declaration of Independence?(1)On July 4th1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed by the representatives from all the colonies. Its principal author was Thomas Jefferson.(2) Five Parts: ①The Preamble which explains why Declaration was issued;②A statement of principles of government to which American people were committed.③A list of injustices suffered by the colonists.④A summary of efforts the co lonies had made to avoid a break with the mother country.⑤The proclamation is that the "Colonies are Free and Independent States".14. What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government?The sovereign is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the crown and the “supreme governor” of the established church of England.15. What is the doctrine of expressed power?"The Monroe Doctrine is a U.S. doctrine which, on December 2, 1823, proclaimed that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas. The United States planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers and their colonies. However, if later on, these types of wars were to occur in the Americas, the United States would view such action as hostile. President James Monroe first stated the doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress, a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States. Most recently, during the Cold War, the doctrine was invoked as a reason to intervene militarily in Latin America to stop the spread of Soviet Communism. “Sourc e and further information:16. What were the basic causes of the American Civil War?The slave economy in the south was an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion. The economic antagonism led to increase the conflicts between the south and the north.17. What are the functions of the Congress?The Congress has many functions, but the most central is the passage of law. One of the most important non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate. A second important power is to compel testimony from unwilling witnessand to cite for contempt of Congress witness who refuse to testify and for perjury those who give false testimony.18. What are the functions of the Prime Minister in Britain?The Prime Minister's chief duty is to "form a Government"—that is to say, to create a Cabinet or Ministry which will sustain the support of the House of Commons—when commissioned by the Sovereign. The Prime Minister also has a wide range of powers of appointment.19. What was the Roman influence over Britain?The Roman occupation lasted for almost 350 years. The resulting growth of its civilization was more obvious in urban areas than among the agricultural peasants and weakest in the resistant zone. In the southeasternpart the Romans influenced life and culture radically. The English upper classes were thoroughly Romanized and transformed into Roman landlords and officials. Yet the Romans came to govern and to trade, not to settle; and they were too few in number to change the language and customs of the people as they did in France and Spain. Some of the native people became slaves of the Romans; true slave society was introduced into England. The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain's natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.20. What do you know about the Glorious Revolution?In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade andtake the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were both Protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It’s the be ginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.ⅢDiscussion1. The Norman Conquest and its influenceThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.3. What do you know ab out the Chartist Movement and the People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of politic al demands (a People’s Charter); The Cha rtist movement was the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problem.Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism.4.”British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How dideach of the invasions influence English culture?①(1Roman Britain: Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410.The Romans referred to their province as Britannia.Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanization, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today.(2.Anglo-Saxon People：The ethnically and linguistically related peoples living in the south and east of the island of Great Britain Time: From around the early 5th century AD to the Norman Conquest of 1066. Language: closely related Germanic dialects. Ethnical groups: Identified as the descendants of three powerful Germanic tribes, the Angles and the Saxons from today’s northern Germany, and the Jutes from today’s Denmark.(3.Viking: Invasion in the late 8th century Britain experienced Viking（北欧海盗）raids from Dane or Scandinavia.(4.Norman Conquest: The Norman conquest of England began in 1066 AD with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), and his success at the Battle of Hastings resulted in Norman control of England.②The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history for several reasons:(1. This conquest linked England more closely with continental Europe through the introduction of a Norman aristocracy, thereby lessening Scandinavian influence.(2. It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europeand engendered a sophisticated governmental system.(3. The conquest changed the English language and culture and set the stage for a rivalry with France that would continue intermittently until the 20th century.5. How did the Industrial Revolution exert a great influence on both British society and the world?（1. The Industrial Revolution exerts a great influence on both British society and the world.（2. The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. （3. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production.（4. Britain began to produce large quality of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner. Many new cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged. British goods almost achieved a monopoly position in the world market. The Industrial Revolution laid a good foundation for the “factory of the world”.（5. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists. Two conflicting classes were born.6. Describe roughly the powers of the U.S. present.The functions of both the British prime minister and monarch, The White House is his official residence, The Constitution requires:limiting a president to two successive terms only,the presidential election is held every four years, he “winner-take-all” system,Salary $ 200,000,7. Why and how did the English Parliament come into being?(1)The English Parliament originated in the Great Council;(2) The main purpose of the king’s summoning parliament was to get consent for taxation;(3)Henry III extended the membership of parliament;(4)Henry hoped that with Rome’s help he could defeat the lords and their charter;(5) The barons rose up in oppositi on under the leadership of Simon de Montfort, the king’s brother-in-law, they forced him to dismiss his foreign advisers and to accept their own council of advisers instead;(6) In 1264 Montfort defeated the royal army at Lewes and took the king prisoner. In the following year, he called Parliament. The parliament of 1265 which is known as the “All Estates Parliament” is generally considered the “beginning of parliament”.8. What were the causes and consequences of the War of 1812?①The causes leading to the war were the following:(1) A war between Britain and France was going on in Europe. First the American government adopted a policy of not allowing trading with both countries. Later the U.S. government changed its policy by stating that if any of the two countries gave up its blockade against American shipping, the U.S. world lift the prohibition. In 1811, the U.S., on the condition that France would drop its blockade against American shipping, lifted the ban. This angered the British.(2) The Americans resented the British practice of impressing or forcibly removing seamen from American ships on the grounds that they were British subjects.(3) The U.S. wanted to take advantage of the War in Europe, when Britain and France had no time to look after their interests in the New World, to expand into Canada or Spanish Florida. This harmed the interests of the British.②The war had great impact o n the development of the Unite States. Firstly, the war made people realize the importance of a strong national government. Secondly, the war strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism. Thirdly, for almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the development of the western part of the continent. Fourthly, it made both Britain and the United States realize their disputes should be solving through negotiation. A shaky peace in 1814 turned into lasing peace between the two countries.9. Describe the American Civil War and its significance.The Civil War lasted from 1861 until 1865. During this time, over 600,000 soldiers represented both sides were killed either by battle deaths or disease. Many, many more were wounded with estimates of more than 1/10th of all soldiers being wounded. Both the Northern States and the Southern States experienced major victories and defeats. However, by September 1864 with the taking of Atlanta the North had gained the upper hand and the war would officially end on April 9, 1865.1) The beginning of the Civil War: it was the first stage of the war (1861-1862), which characterized by an indecisive attitude of the Lincoln government. It was the Northern bourgeoisie’s vacillated attitude towards the Southern slave-owners, which reflected its tendency to solve the clash by compromised way without waging a war through the revolutionary way.a. In 1860s, some continent of the Southern States established South Alliance, and then instigated the Civil War.b. At the beginning of the war, the North troops suffered a steadily setback.2) Turning point of the Civil War: The characteristic of this stage (1863-1865) was that the change in its domestic politicallife and the tactics of the federal.a. Lincol n’s government had issued the “Homestead Act” and the “Emancipation Proclamation” to reverse the situation. (Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery in the South a war goal and dissuaded the British from intervening. Jan 1, 1863 - President Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in territories held by Confederates and emphasized the enlisting of black soldiers in the Union Army. The war to preserve the Union now became a revolutionary struggle for the abolition of slavery.)b. In 1863s, the North troops won the way in the Battle of Gettysburg and grasped the initiative of the war. 3）The Consequences of the Civil WarThe Civil War officially ended with the unconditional surrender of the South at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. As a result of the war about 360.000 Union troops and civilians and perhaps 260.000 in Confederate states died. Property damage was enormous in the South whereas the Union economically profited from the conflict because of the increasing demand for iron, uniforms and military products. Many southern towns, cities, plantations and railroads lay in ruins and for a long time the South lagged behind the rest of the nation economically. The war also caused deep and long-lasting feelings of bitterness and division between the people of North and South.。
英语国家概况（1）模拟试题一
英语国家概况(1)模拟试题一ⅠThere There are are are 20 20 20 questions questions questions in this in this part. part. Each Each Each question question question is is is followed followed followed by by four four choices choices choices marked marked A,B,C and D. Choose the correct answer to each of the questions and write your answer at the corresponding place on the ANSWER SHEET .(40 points) 1. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?A the Anglo-SaxonsB the NormansC the VikingsD the Romans2.Northern 2.Northern Ireland Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, but is quite well-known inthe world for:A its m A its most famous landmark, the “Giant’s Causeway”ost famous landmark, the “Giant’s Causeway”ost famous landmark, the “Giant’s Causeway”B its rich cultural lifeC its low living standardsD its endless political problems3. Where is the best agricultural land in Britain?A in the southeast of EnglandB in the northeast of EnglandC in the southeast of ScotlandD in the northeast of Scotland4.Which of the following was the most famous Scottish novelist?A D.H LawrenceB Robert L. StevensonC Charles DickensD Walter Scott5. The first European settlement on the continent Australia began in ___A 1902B 1788C 1770D 17876. Which of the following sports was NOT invented in Britain?A footballB tennisC archeryD cricket7. On which day is Halloween celebrated?A 5 NovemberB 31 OctoberC 17 MarchD 25 December8.Which of the following is NOT true about lie peers?A They are not from the aristocratic families.B They cannot sit in the House of Lords.C They earned their titles through their outstanding achievement.D The titles cannot be inherited by their children.9. Which of the following countries does NOT have nuclear weapons capabilities?A BritainB RussiaC ItalyD United Sates10. Which of the following phrases cannot be used to describe the continent ofAustralia? Australia?A The smallest continentB the largest islandC the highest continentD the driest continent11.Australia’s three most important field crops are ____.A Cotton, barley, and sugar-caneB Grain legume, wheat, and sugar-caneC wheat, barley, and sugar-caneD wheat, sugar-cane and cotton12.TAFE is a form of:A primary educationB secondary educationC post-secondary educationD private education13.____ is the oldest newspaper in Australia.A The Sydney Morning HeraldB The AustralianC The MercuryD The Australian Financial Review14.The first settlers of New Zealand were ____.A voyagers from East PolynesiaB European navigatorsC sealers and whalersD Christian missionaries15. The largest state in terms of area is:A QueenslandB New South WalesC Western AustraliaD Victoria16. The largest manufacturing sector in Australia is ____.A The ship-building industryB The secondary industryC The tertiary industryD The food-processing industry17. The aim of the National Campaign Against Drug Abuse is:A to ban the use of legal and illegal drugsB to ban the use of illegal drugsC to ban the use of illegal drugs among young peopleD to reduce the harm caused by the misuse of legal and illegal drugs18. Which of the following organizations Australia is NOT a member of?A The European CommunityB The United NationsC The General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeD The Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations trade agreement19. In its imperial prime, Britain ruled:A a fourth of the globeB a fifth of the worldC a third of the worldD two-thirds of the earth20. Which of the following is NOT one of the major exports of New Zealand?A Dairy productsB FishC WoolD OilⅡThere are altogether 15 blanks in the following sentences. Fill in the blanks and write your.(10 points)answer at the corresponding place on the ANSWER SHEET* Strictly speaking, the parliament today consists of 21____, the House of Lords and 22____. The Bill of Rights to ensure that the king would neverpassed The* In 1689, Parliament passedbe able to ignore 23 ____.be able to ignore 23 ____.* Shakespeare’s plays fall into three categories. They are 24 _____, 25 _____ and historical plays. * The early decades saw the great poets of the Romantic movement, such as 26____, Shelley and 27 _______.Shelley and 27 _______.* The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh, which is well-known for its natural 28 ____. * Pupils from the age of (29) ____ to 11 mainly attend state-run primary schools. * (30 ) ____ is regarded as one of the quality papers in Britain. ⅢDecide whether the following statements are True (T) or False( F) and write your answer at the corresponding place on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)31.What is the capital city of Northern Ireland? 32.Who is the author of Rob Roy ? 33.Where is the international tennis championships held? 34.What does MSc stands for? 35 John Le Carre wrote “ S miley’s Smiley’s People ”. 36 GCSE stand for General Certificate of Secondary Education. 37. Diplomatic relations between Australia and China established in the1970s. 38 Most advertising in Britain is carried in newspapers.39. Australia have five states. 40 BHP is The The Broken Broken Hill Hill Proprietary Proprietary Proprietary Company Company Limited, Limited, which which is is the the biggest biggest and and mostimportant iron and steel products producer in Australia.ⅣExplain each of the following 6 out of 8 in no more than five sentences. Write your answer at the appropriate place on the ANSWER SHEET.(30 points)41 The Vikings42 The House of Commons43 Australia 43 Australia’’s nuclear policies44 Concorde45 Horse racing46 The Open Polytechnic47 the House of Commons48 Henry Lawson英语国家概况(1)模拟试题二ⅠThere are 20 questions in this part. Each question is followed by four choicesmarked A,B,C and D. Choose the correct answer to each of the questions and write your answer at the corresponding place on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)1. Where do the majority of people in Scotland live?A in the HighlandsB in the LowlandsC in the UplandsD in the west of Scotland2.Northern 2.Northern Ireland Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, but is quite well-known inthe world for:A its most famous landmark, the “Giant’s Causeway”B its rich cultural lifeC its low living standardsD its endless political problems3. Where is the best agricultural land in Britain?A in the southeast of EnglandB in the northeast of EnglandC in the southeast of ScotlandD in the northeast of Scotland4.Which of the following was the most famous Scottish novelist?A D.H LawrenceB Robert L. StevensonC Charles DickensD Walter Scott5. Which of the following did NOT belong to Romanticism?A KeatsB ShelleyC WordsworthD E.M. Foster6. Which of the following sports was NOT invented in Britain?A footballB tennisC archeryD cricket7.Which of the following has nothing to do with Easter?A rabbitsB eggsC chicksD haggis8.Which of the following is NOT true about lie peers?A They are not from the aristocratic families.B They cannot sit in the House of Lords.C They earned their titles through their outstanding achievement.D The titles cannot be inherited by their children.9. Which of the following is NOT one of the major imports of New Zealand?A FruitB MachineryC VehiclesD Mineral fuels10. Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, but is quite well-knownin the world for ____.A its most famous landmark, the A its most famous landmark, the ““Giant Giant’’s Causeway s Causeway””B its rich cultural lifeC its low living standardD its endless political problem11 The Commonwealth of Australia, a federation of the six former colonies as states,came into being on:A Jan.18, 1788B Jan.26, 1788C Jan. 1,1901D April 25,191412 Which country/area is Australia’s largest export market for beef and ve al?A SingaporeB The United SatesC The Republic of KoreaD The Middle East13 Schooling in Australia between the ages of 6 and 15 is:A freeB expensiveC compulsoryD optional14 The Maori word “Marae” means ____.14 The Maori word “Marae” means ____.A Maori cultureB non- Maori or EuropeanC protocolD meeting house15 The largest state in terms of population is:A QueenslandB New South WalesC Western AustraliaD Victoria16 Which of the following is the British oldest daily newspaper?A The GuardianB The TimesC The TelegraphD The News of the World17 Australia also has external territories in:17 Australia also has external territories in:A the Arctic Ocean and the Indian OceanB the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic OceanC the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic OceanD the Indian Ocean and the Antarctic18 The sole parent pension is available to:A all single parentsB single people caring for children under 16 or recipients of the child disability allowanceC single parents divorced with children under 16.D divorced or widowed old women19 The Head of State of New Zealand is ____.A the Prime MinisterB the Governor-GeneralC the British monarchD the Ombudsman20 Which of the following is NOT one of the major imports of New Zealand?A FruitB MachineryC VehiclesD Minerals fuelsⅡThere are altogether 10 blanks in the following sentences. Fill in the blanks and write your.(10 points)answer at the corresponding place on the ANSWER SHEET＊Since the early 1960s, (21) ____ has grown to be Australia’s largest trading partner.＊Australia’s three most important field crops are (22) ______, (23)_____ and Australia’(24)______.＊(25) ____ was the first country in the world to give women the right to vote.＊Schooling in Australia between the ages of (26)____ and 15 is (27)_____.＊The media are also affected by (28)_____, a legal act which demands that all government information is kept (29)____ unless the government agrees.___ each year, Protestant “Orangemen” march through the streets,＊On (30)(30)___celebrating their victory over the Catholics.ⅢAnswer the following questions and write your answer at the corresponding place on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)31.Who built the Tower of London?32.Who is the author of the Heart of Darkness?33 What are the official languages in Australia?34 When were the first immigrants transported from Britain to Australia?35.Where were the first immigrants transported from to Australia?36 On which day is Halloween celebrated?37 What is the largest popular festival of music making and poetry writing now inEurope?38. What is BHP?39.Who were the first inhabitants of Australia?40. Where the first settlers of New Zealand from?Ⅳ Explain each of the following 6 out of 8 in no more than five sentences. Write your answer at the appropriate place on the ANSWER SHEET.(30 points)41.King Harold42 The Labor Party43 The Bronte sisters44 Life peers45 Horse racing 46 Halloween47 the Aboriginal people48 Grammar schools48 Grammar schools英语国家概况(1)模拟试题三ⅠThere are 20 questions in this part. Each question is followed by four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the correct answer to each of the questions and write your answer at the corresponding place on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)1 Where do the majority of people in Scotland live?A in the HighlandsB in the LowlandsC in the UplandsD in the west of Scotland2 2 By whom is a “vote of no confidence” decided? By whom is a “vote of no confidence” decided? By whom is a “vote of no confidence” decided?A the House of CommonsB the House of LordsC the two major partiesD the Prime Minister3 How many countries do you know there are in Northern Ireland?A 26B 6C 32D 204 Which of the following is a tragedy written by Shakespeare?A Dr. FaustusB FrankensteinC HamletD Sense and Sensibility5 Which of 5 Which of the following was NOT an activity in Shakespeare’s time? the following was NOT an activity in Shakespeare’s time?A playing footballB having a drink at the pubC working the landD attending the Grand National6 The first European settlement on the continent began inA 1901B 1788C 1770D 17877 7 Which of the following is NOT true about the “flats”? Which of the following is NOT true about the “flats”?A They are not considered as the most desirable home.B They are usually two-storey buildings.C They are often publicly owned.D All of them are of low status and are very cheap.8 Which countries are the permanent members of the UN Security Council?A France, China, Germany, Russia and BritainB the United States, France, Britain, Germany and RussiaC China, Russia, France, Britain and the United StatesD China, Britain, France, United States and Japan9 In Britain most advertising is carried _____.A in newspapersB in magazinesC on televisionD on radio10 Which of the following phrases cannot be used to describe the continent of Australia?A The smallest continentB the largest islandC the highest continentD the driest continent11 On which day is Halloween celebrated?A 5 NovemberB 31 OctoberC 17 MarchD 25 December12 Which of the following is one of the major exports of New Zealand?A Dairy productsB sheepC cottonD Oil13 Which of the following phrases cannot be used to describe the continent of Australia?A the smallest continentB the largest islandC the highest continentD the driest continent C the highest continent D the driest continent14 Which of the following organizations Australia is NOT a member of?A The European CommunityB The United NationsC The General Agreements on Tariffs and TradeD The Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations trade agreement15 Pupils who cannot go to school due to illness, disability and residential isolationA have to be taught by their parentsB have to teach themselvesC cannot receive any form of educationD can receive education by taking correspondence courses16 The aim of the National Campaign Against Drug Abuse isA to ban the use of legal and illegal drugsB to ban the use of illegal drugsC to ban the use of illegal drugs among young peopleD to reduce the harm caused by the misuse of legal drugs and illegal drugs17 Which of the following countries does NOT have nuclear weapons capabilities?A BritainB RussiaC ItalyD United Sates18 Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to New Zealand Zealand’’senvironmental achievement?A Favorable geographic featuresB Low populationC A late development of industryD The ozone hole over Antarctica D The ozone hole over Antarctica19 New Zealand New Zealand’’s three largest ethnic groups in terms of population are _____.A New Zealanders with European ancestry, Chinese and MaoriB Maori, Indian and people from the Pacific IslandsC New Zealanders Zealanders with with European ancestry, Maori and people from the Pacific IslandsD people from the Pacific Islands, Maori and Chinese20 Which of the following is NOT one of the major imports of New Zealand?A Dairy productsB FishC WoolD OilⅡThere are altogether 10 blanks in the following sentences. Fill in the blanks and write your answer at the corresponding place on the ANSWER SHEET .(10 points) The game of golf was invented by the 21 ____ and there is one ancient and famous golf course at 22 ____.There are three major parties in the UK: 23 _______, 24 _______ and the Liberal Democrats . Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s plays fall plays fall into into three three three categories. categories. categories. They They They are are 25 25 _____, _____, 26 26 _____ _____ _____ and and historical plays . 27 ____ was the first country in the world to give women the right to vote.Pupils from the age of 28 ____ to 11 mainly attend state-run 29 ___ schools. 30 ____ is regarded as one of the quality papers in Britain. ⅢThere are 10 questions. Answer each of the questions in one full sentence and write your answer at the corresponding place on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points) 31 The Scottish people all over the world celebrate their most beloved national poet by holding a Burns Supper on the evening of his death. 32 Beowulf i s one of the oldest of the early “Old English” literary worksis one of the oldest of the early “Old English” literary works33 MSc stands for Master of Science. 34 the international tennis championships held in Wimbledon 35.What does GCSE stand for? 36 How much did Britain rule the world in its imperial prime? the early “Old English” literary works? 37. What is one of the oldest of 38. Where is most advertising in Britain carried ? 39. How many states does Australia have? 40.Where were the first immigrants transported from to Australia? ⅣExplain each of the following 6 out of 8 in no more than five sentences. Writeyour answer at the appropriate place on the ANSWER SHEET.(30 points)41.King Arthur42 Captain James Cook43 Captain Arthur Phillip44 Open University45 The Canterbury Tales46 The Open Polytechnic47 Virginia Woolf48 Henry Lawson。
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my understanding of the background of the Bill of Rights
• The English Bill of Rights of 1689 was similar to the United States Constitution regarding the first eight amendments. The main purpose of this bill is to grant the people basic human rights for freedom of speech, right to bear arms for defense and be granted the right to a democratic process which would limit the Monarch rule. It made it possible for citizens to voice their opinions without fear of strict punishment for speaking out against the hierarchy. It was the first step in a long process towards democracy for England. The English Bill of Rights is important as of 5th January 2012 because they form the basis of the constitution and therefore protect the rights of people within its jurisdiction. For peace to prevail, law and order has to be maintained as well as peoples rights protected.
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no royal interference in the freedom of the people to have arms for their own defence as suitable to their class and as allowed by law (simultaneously restoring rights previously taken from Protestants by James II) no royal interference in the election of members of parliament the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament "grants and promises of fines or forfeitures" before conviction are void no excessive bail or "cruel and unusual" punishments may be imposed
About the English Bill of Rights
what is the Bill of Rights?
• The Bill of Rights is an Act of the Parliament of England passed on 16 December 1689.It was a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689 (or 1688 by Old Style dating), inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. It lays down limits on the powers of the crown and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement to regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. It reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law, and condemned James II of England for "causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law".
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the relationship between English bill of rights and the U.S.Constitution
• The 1689 English Bill of Rights -- Parliament's justification for the "Glorious Revolution" -- was a very influential document in the thinking of leading Americans, and is repeatedly echoed in the founding documents, from letters & declarations of the Congresses and state constitutions (which often INCLUDED their own "Bill of Rights"), to the Declaration of Independence, and the Bill of Rights added to the U.S. Constitution. I will list links to some of these key documents below, so you can compKingdom, the Bill of Rights is further accompanied by the Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, Habeas Corpus Act 1679 and Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 as some of the basic documents of the uncodified British constitution] A separate but similar document, the Claim of Right Act, applies in Scotland. The Bill of Rights (1688 or 1689) was one of the inspirations for the United States Bill of Rights.
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These ideas about rights reflected those of the political thinker John Locke and they quickly became popular in England. It also sets out—or, in the view of its drafters, restates—certain constitutional requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of the people, as represented in Parliament.Along with the Act of Settlement 1701, the Bill of Rights is still in effect. It is one of the main constitutional laws governing the succession to the throne of the United Kingdom and—following British colonialism, the resultant doctrine of reception, and independence—to the thrones of those other Commonwealth realms, by willing deference to the Act as a British statute or as a patriated part of the particular realm's constitution. Since the implementation of the Statute of Westminster 1931 in each of the Commonwealth realms (on successive dates from 1931 onwards) the Bill of Rights cannot be altered in any realm except by that realm's own parliament, and then, by convention, and as it touches on the succession to the shared throne, only with the consent of all the other realms.