Writing_a_Research_Paper---Lecture_6英语论文写作指导6
writing_a_research_paper
General considerations: Download Instructions for Authors. Note limitations like page number, word and/or character count, number of Figures, fonts for Figures, number of references, word length of Abstract . It is best to know the limits in advance than have to go back and change the paper later. Print out one or two examples of a high quality paper in your field in this journal. Note specific styles (Italics/bold for headings; Hours/hrs; Fig/Figure and other special features)
Next, write the INTRODUCTION, then DISCUSSION, and finally ABSTRACT. By this time you will have honed down your ideas. The TITLE is critical- it must be short and big-picture without over selling. Expect to write multiple drafts, so keep track of them carefully. Word has an Edit program. Don t waste paper! Print out the second draft on the back of the first.
Writing-the-Research-Paper
Writing-the-Research-PaperWriting the Research Paper:A Handbook This semester I read a book called Writing the Research :A Handbook Paper published Peking University Press.Generally speaking , this book is “unbooklike”. As the Author said, no one who has to write a research paper wants to waste time by studying the ins and outs of documentation or the protocols of research. Under this guideline, the book is not meant to be read, but merely consulted. This is more a dictionary, in sum, than a discursive book.1. Theme and Structure about this bookThere are 12 units in this book, they are “ Basic Information about the Research Paper, Choosing a Topic, The Library, The Thesis and the Outline, Using the Computer in Your Research, Doing the Research, Transforming the Notes into a Rough Draft, Revising Your Rough Draft, The MLA System of Documentation, The Traditional System of Documentation, Sample Student Papers”.Writing a research paper requires to seek out information about a subject, take a stand on it, and back it up with the opinions, ideas, and views of others. Every research paper must conform to a specific format, which is simply an agreed-on way of doing things. Reasons for the research paper is that writing it forces you to learn lots about your chosen subject. Usually, three drafts are the barest minimum: the first draft looks messy and scribbled over, the second is rarely smooth and seldom predictable, the third is the one you submit. Generally, there are seven distinct steps.Ideally you should choose a topic that interests you, that iscomplex enough to need several sources, and that will not bore your reader. Some topic present usually difficulties; others are simply a waste of time.The thesis is a statement that summarizes the central idea of the paper. You cannot formulate a thesis unless you know a great deal about your subject. Thesis should be clear, comprehensible and direct; predict major divisions in the structure of the paper; commit you to an unmistakable course, argument, or point of view. Most instructors prefer the thesis as the final sentence of the initial paragraph.An outline is an ordered list of the topics covered in a paper. The three main types of outlines are the topic outline, the sentence outline, and the paragraph outline.Exactly what kind of material you need to look for depends on your topic, thesis, and even the point of view you use in the paper. Nowadays, the library and internet is accessible to many writer. What writers should do is to evaluating the sources: Where was the information found Who wrote it Who publishes it What are the writer’s sources What kind of tone does the write use What do the writer’s contemporaries have to say What is the wr iter’s motive What is the context of the writer’s opinion Besides, writers can consult encyclopedia, appendix, the search engines, bibliography, etc. The bibliography is a list of sources on the research topic. Skim a source to determine it usefulness. Eve ntually the you’ve uncovered through research must be turned into notes, which are of four kinds: summary, paraphrase, quotation and comment.<Next, transform the notes into a rough draft. Prepare a checklist: formulate a thesis, organize yours notes in the order oftheir appearance in the paper, write an outline or abstract. During writing, pay attention to the principle of unity, coherence and emphasis. The abstract should meet the following criteria: reflect accurately the purpose and content of your paper, explain briefly the central issue of your paper, summarize your paper’s most important points, mention the major sources used, state your conclusions clearly, be coherent so that it is easy to read, remain objective in its point ofview.Revision is partly a psychological and partly a mechanical process. All revision is based on repeated rereading of the first draft. Many instructors recommend revising the paper from biggest to smallest elements. Check your opening paragraph to see whether your beginning is sprightly enough to draw in your reader. You may find a boost un three time-honored strategies for beginning a paper: use a quotation, ask a question, or present an illustration. The topic sentences of your paragraphs must follow the same sequence as the points of your thesis. Don’t make these paragraphs so compact and dens e as to check the reader with details. It is better that the information be organized in tidbits of shorter paragraphs. You achieve linkage by the use of transitional markers and sentences. Revise sentences for variety and style: revise sentences to use the active voice, revise to use an appropriate of view, revise sexist language. Word choice and usage comes under the heading of diction: revise diction for accuracy and exactness, revise the overuse of phrases for subjects instead of single nouns, revise redundant expressions, revise meaningless words and phrases, revise snobbish diction.No matter what documentation system you use, it is a universalrequirement that research papers be neat and clean and your instructor that compels you to submit handwritten work. Before you submit a final version of your paper, you should make sure that you have complied with all your instructor’s formatting requirements.Finally, because two pairs of eyes usually are better than one, ask another student with good writing skills to go over your paper for clarity, focus, and mechanics.2. My own concerns about the research paperWhen we graduate student write the research paper, we always have three deficiencies: informal style, weak in English express and lack of innovation. When reading this book, I try to find some solutions to overcome this shortcomings.For the research paper, we always neglect the formal style of it, often use the informal words, such as “I” ,“you”. Instead we should use “the paper”, “the author”.For the English expression, the basic standard is the accurate use of words without wrong character, concise and fluent sentence. But even for this simple request, we always fail to meet it. I think there are two reasons: the poor mastery of English and the failure of checking, which involves the altitude.As far as the point of research, innovation is the core of it. However, we often lack of it. Moreover, we always lack of the consciousness and attitude of innovation.To overcome these shortcomings, first of all, we should have a right attitude towards it. We must lay a strong foundation of the basic theory. Then we have to cooperate with the instructors, trying to meet their demand. We can try to change the way we write the research, we can cooperate with our classmate , it is not our own business. What is more, the colleges and universitiesshould make reasonable arrangements to avoid time confliction, because in the third year, many students have to leave school to search for job. Of course, universities should help students enhance their writing training, optimize the topic design, and focus the full guidance. Last but not least, in this information-bomb age, the full and proper use of internet and library should be taken into consideration. We can use the internet to help us find information, especially the search engine, but we can’t neglect the library. We can use the internet to seek for more help, but plagiarize is not accepted.To sum up, the book of writing the research paper provide me with some basic knowledge about the paper. T o read this bookis very useful and necessary. After this course, our understanding about the dissertation can be push into a higher stage.$Reference[1] Anthony Jo Ray the Research Paper:A Handbook[M]. Peking:Peking University Press, 2012(6).[2] 韦森. 英语专业毕业论文写作存在问题分析[J]. 广西师范大学学报，2009(1):105.。
8 Writing_a_Research_Paper
Research is a systematic approach to finding answers to questions.
2. What is a research Paper
Research paper is more than the sum of your sources, more than a collection of different pieces of information about a topic, and more than a review of the literature in a field. A research paper analyzes a perspective or argues a point. Your finished research paper should present your own thinking backed up by others' ideas and information.
P (questions) Pers) Purpose →Process →Product A simplified model of research
1). Having good questions Significant Original Answerable
You will be able to: 1. Closely read texts collected; 2. Become familiar with the resources of the college library; become competent in using these resources; 3. Identify a broad area of research related to the subject, focus the topic through some general background reading;
mini-lecture
3．口语化的句式特点 ．
讲座一般为独白或演讲稿， 讲座一般为独白或演讲稿，具有口语性较强的特 点。
一般在句式上会采用比较简单的结构， 一般在句式上会采用比较简单的结构，不会出现非常 复杂或冗长的句式。 复杂或冗长的句式。 在一句中， 在一句中，尤其是主语或关键点之后会出现一些解释 性或表示态度、感受等的插入语以利于听者的理解。 性或表示态度、感受等的插入语以利于听者的理解。
In reading literary works, we are concerned with the “meaning” of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature. 而听力原文中却是： Good morning. In today’s lecture, we shall discuss what meaning is in literary works. When we read novels, poems etc., we invariably ask ourselves a question, that is what does the writer mean here. In other words, we are interested in finding out the meaning. But meaning is a difficult issue in literature. How do we know what a work of literature is supposed to mean? Or what its real meaning is? I’d like to discuss three ways to explain what meaning is.
Writing a Research Paper---Lecture 4英语论文写作指导4
Outline
1. At Gateshead, Jane began to realize the importance of independence. A. Jane, a poor orphan of ten, did not evoke sympathy from other people, because she was not pretty. B. From John Reed Jane learned that dependence and incompetence invited nothing but scorn. C. In the “red room”, Jane began to realize that she needed to be saved from her blind fear of authority and be self-reliant.
Components
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Thesis Statement Outline of the Paper Literature Review Method Expected Findings References
4.1 Thesis Statement
英语论文写作
Writing A Research Paper
---Lecture 4
Zhang Yanyan （张妍岩） Mar. 2009
csuewriting@
4. Writing a Research Proposal
A research proposal is a sketch of your research. It gives the audience some sense how your paper will look. It is also a roadmap guiding your writing. It is a tool commonly adopted by the supervisors to judge a student’s research ability.
专业英语八级考题试卷及答案
专业英语八级考题试卷及答案PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Writing a Research PaperI. Research Papers and Ordinary EssayA. Similarity in (1) __________:e.g. —choosing a topic—asking questions—identifying the audienceB. Difference mainly in terms of (2) ___________1. research papers: printed sources2. ordinary essay: ideas in one's (3) ___________II. Types and Characteristics of Research PapersA. Number of basic types: twoB. Characteristics:1. survey-type paper:—to gather (4) ___________—to quote—to (5) _____________The writer should be (6) ___________.2. argumentative (research) paper:a. The writer should do more, e.g.—to interpret—to question, etc.b. (7) _________varies with the topic, e.g.—to recommend an action, etc.III. How to Choose a Topic for a Research PaperIn choosing a topic, it is important to (8) __________.Question No. 1: your familiarity with the topicQuestion No. 2: Availability of relevant information on the chosen topic Question No. 3: Narrowing the topic down to (9) _________Question No. 4: Asking questions about (10) ___________The questions help us to work out way into the topic and discover its possibilities. SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.1. What is the purpose of Professor McKay's report?A. To look into the mental health of old people.B. To explain why people have negative views on old age.C. To help correct some false beliefs about old age.D. To identify the various problems of old age2. Which of the following is NOT Professor McKay's view?A. People change in old age a lot more than at the age of 21.B. There are as many sick people in old age as in middle age.C. We should not expect more physical illness among old people.D. We should not expect to find old people unattractive as a group.3. According to Professor McKay's report,A. family love is gradually disappearing.B. it is hard to comment on family feeling.C. more children are indifferent to their parents.D. family love remains as strong as ever.4. Professor McKay is ________ towards the tendency of more parents living apart from their children.A. negativeB. positiveC. ambiguousD. neutral5. The only popular belief that Professor McKay is unable to provide evidence against isA. old-age sickness.B. loose family ties.C. poor mental abilities.D. difficulities in maths.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.6. Scientists in Brazil have used frog skin toA. eliminate bacteria.B. treat burns.C. Speed up recovery.D. reduce treatment cost.Question 7 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.7. What is NOT a feature of the new karaoke machine?A. It is featured by high technology.B. It allows you to imitate famous singers.C. It can automatically alter the tempo and tone of a song.D. It can be placed in specially designed theme rooms.Question 8 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.8. China's Internet users had reached _________ by the end of June.A. 68 millionB. 8.9 millionC. 10 millionD. 1.5 millionQuestion 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.9. According to the WTO, Chinese exports rose _________ last year.A. 21%B. 10%C. 22%D. 4.7310. According to the news, which trading nation in the top 10 has reported a 5 per cent fall in exports?A. The UK.B. The US.C. Japan.D. Germany.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)TEXT AI remember meeting him one evening with his pushcart. I had managed to sell all my papers and was coming home in the snow. It was that strange hour in downtown New York when the workers were pouring homeward in the twilight. I marched among thousands of tired men and women whom the factory whistles had unyoked. They flowed in rivers through the clothing factory districts, then down along the avenues to the East Side.I met my father near Cooper Union. I recognized him, a hunched, frozen figure in an old overcoat standing by a banana cart. He looked so lonely, the tears came to my eyes. Then he saw me, and his face lit with his sad, beautiful smile -Charlie Chaplin's smile."Arch, it's Mikey," he said. "So you have sold your papers! Come and eat a banana." He offered me one. I refused it. I felt it crucial that my father sell his bananas, not give them away. He thought I was shy, and coaxed and joked with me, and made me eat the banana. It smelled of wet straw and snow."You haven't sold many bananas today, pop," I said anxiously.He shrugged his shoulders."What can I do? No one seems to want them."It was true. The work crowds pushed home morosely over the pavements. The rusty skydarkened over New York building, the tall street lamps were lit, innumerable trucks, street cars and elevated trains clattered by. Nobody and nothing in the great city stopped for my father's bananas."I ought to yell," said my father dolefully. "I ought to make a big noise like other peddlers, but it makes my throat sore. Anyway, I'm ashamed of yelling, it makes me feel like a fool. "I had eaten one of his bananas. My sick conscience told me that I ought to pay for it somehow. I must remain here and help my father."I'll yell for you, pop," I volunteered."Arch, no," he said, "go home; you have worked enough today. Just tell momma I'll be late."But I yelled and yelled. My father, standing by, spoke occasional words of praise, and said I was a wonderful yeller. Nobody else paid attention. The workers drifted past us wearily, endlessly; a defeated army wrapped in dreams of home. Elevated trains crashed; the Cooper Union clock burned above us; the sky grew black, the wind poured, the slush burned through our shoes. There were thousands of strange, silent figures pouring over the sidewalks in snow. None of them stopped to buy bananas.I yelled and yelled, nobody listened.My father tried to stop me at last. "Nu," he said smiling to console me, "that was wonderful yelling. Mikey. But it's plain we are unlucky today! Let's go home."I was frantic, and almost in tears. I insisted on keeping up my desperate yells. But at last my father persuaded me to leave with him.11. "unyoked" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning toA. sent outB. releasedC. dispatchedD. removed12. Which of the following in the first paragraph does NOT indicated crowds of people?A.Thousands ofB. FlowedC. PouringD. Unyoked13. Which of the following is intended to be a pair of contrast in the passage?A. Huge crowds and lonely individuals.B. Weather conditions and street lamps.C. Clattering trains and peddlers' yells.D. Moving crowds and street traffic.14. Which of the following words is NOT suitable to describe the character of the son?A. CompassionateB. ResponsibleC. ShyD. Determined15. What is the theme of the story?A. The misery of the factory workers.B. How to survive in a harsh environment.C. Generation gap between the father and the son.D. Love between the father and the son.16. What is the author's attitude towards the father and the son?A. IndifferentB. SympatheticC. AppreciativeD. Difficult to tellTEXT B提示：原文出自美国时代杂志（TIME）日期Jan. 29, 2001文章标题No Fall Insurance 作者AN K. SMITH, M.D.When former President Ronald Reagan fell and broke his hip two weeks ago, he joined a group of more than 350,000 elderly Americans who fracture their hips each year. At 89 and suffering from advanced Alzheimer's disease, Reagan is in one of the highest-risk groups for this type of accident. The incidence of hip fractures not only increases after age 50 but doubles every five to six years as the risk of falling increases. Slipping and tumbling are not the only causes of hip fractures; weakened bones sometimes break spontaneously. But falling is the major cause, representing 90% of all hip fractures. These... ...17. The following are all specific measures to guard against injuries with the EXCEPTION ofA. removal of throw rugs.B. easy access to devicesC. installation of grab barsD. re-arrangement of furniture18. In which paragraph does the author state his purpose of writing?A. The third paragraphB. The first paragraphC. The last paragraphD. The last but one paragraph19. The main purpose of the passage is toA. offer advice on how to prevent hip fracturesB. emphasize the importance of health precautionsC. discuss the seriousness of hip fractures.D. identify the causes of hip fractures.TEXT C提示：原文同专八英译汉翻译试题相同In his classic novel, "The Pioneers", James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. "Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?" she asks. He's astonished she can't see them. "Where! Everywhere," he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has builtthem in his mind, and they as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, "Life for the American is always becoming, never being."... ...20. The third paragraph examines America's future-mindedness from the _________ perspective.A. futureB. realisticC. historicalD. present21. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT brought about by future-mindedness?A. Economic stagnationB. Environmental destructionC. High divorce ratesD. Neglect of history22. The word "pooh-pooh" in the sixth paragraph meansA. appreciateB. praiseC. shunD. ridicule23. According to the passage, people at present can forecast ________ of a new round of future-mindedness.A. the natureB. the locationC. the varietyD. the features24. The author predicts in the last paragraph that the study of future-mindedness will focus onA. how it comes into beingB. how it functionsC. what it brings aboutD. what it is related to.TEXT D25. The phrase "men's sureness of their sex role" in the first paragraph suggests that theyA. are confident in their ability to charm women.B. take the initiative in courtship.C. have a clear idea of what is considered "manly".D. tend to be more immoral than women are.26. The third paragraph does NOT claim that menA. prevent women from taking up certain professions.B. secretly admire women's intellect and resolution.C. doubt whether women really mean to succeed in business.D. forbid women to join certain clubs and societies.27. The third paragraphA. generally agrees with the first paragraphB. has no connection with the first paragraphC. repeats the argument of the second paragraphD. contradicts the last paragraph28. At the end of the last paragraph the author uses humorous exaggeration in order toA. show that men are stronger than womenB. carry further the ideas of the earliest paragraphsC. support the first sentence of the same paragraphD. disown the ideas he is expressing29. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraphA. is based on the study of archaeologyB. illustrates how people expect men to behaveC. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant jokeD. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer30. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the authorA. approves ofB. argues is naturalC. completely rejectsD. expects to go on changingPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)31. ______ is the capital city of Canada.A. VancouverB. OttawaC. MontrealD. York32. U.S. presidents normally serves a (an) _________term.A. two-yearB. four-yearC. six-yearD. eight-year33. Which of the following cities is NOT located in the Northeast, U.S.?A. Huston.B. Boston.C. Baltimore.D. Philadelphia.34. ________ is the state church in England.A. The Roman Catholic Church.B. The Baptist ChurchC. The Protestant ChurchD. The Church of England注：The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England and acts as the mother and senior branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion as well as a founding member of the Porvoo Communion.35. The novel Emma is written byA. Mary Shelley.B. Charlotte Brontë.C. Elizabeth C. Gaskell.D. Jane Austen.36. Which of following is NOT a romantic poet?A. William Wordsworth.B. George Elliot.C. George G. Byron.D. Percy B. Shelley.37. William Sidney Porter, known as O. Henry, is most famous forA. his poems.B. his plays.C. his short stories.D. his novels注：O. Henry was the pen name of William Sydney Porter (September 11, 1862 - June 5, 1910), He was famous for his short stories and a master of the surprise ending, O. Henry is remembered best for such enduring favorites as "The Gift of the Magi" and "The Ransom of Red Chief." The combination of humor and sentiment found in his stories is the basis of their universal appeal.38. Syntax is the study ofA. language functions.B. sentence structures.C. textual organization.D. word formation.注：Definition of Syntax:a. The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.b. A publication, such as a book, that presents such rules.c. The pattern of formation of sentences or phrases in a language.d. Such a pattern in a particular sentence or discourse.39. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness. 任意性B. Productivity. 丰富性C. Cultural transmission. 文化传播性D. Finiteness. 局限性？注：design feature: features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.相关内容请点击查看：胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案40. The speech act theory was first put forward byA. John Searle.B. John Austin.C. Noam Chomsky.D. M.A.K. Halliday.注：John Langshaw Austin (March 28, 1911 - February 8, 1960) was a philosopher of language, who developed much of the current theory of speech acts. He was born in Lancaster and educated at Balliol College, Oxford. After serving in MI6 during World War II, Austin became White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at Oxford. He occupies a place in the British philosophy of language alongside Wittgenstein in staunchly advocating the examination of the way words are used in order to elucidate meaning. 【改错】The University as BusinessA number of colleges and universities have announced steeptuition increases for next year much steeper than the current,very low, rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed becauseof a loss in value of university endowments' heavily investing in common ___1 stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizesits net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the ___2 outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of ___3 business firms. The rise in tuitions mayreflect the fact economic uncertainty ___4 increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of beingin the school is foregoing income from a job (this isprimarily a factor in ___5 graduate and professional-school tuition); the poor one' s job prospects, ___6 the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education,in order to make oneself more marketable. The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students ___7include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving studentsa governance role, and eliminate required courses. ___8Sky-high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the ___9rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purelyof need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best ___10 customer.PART V TRANSLATION （60 MIN）提示：今年专八翻译部分的选材均出自《散文佳作108篇(汉英•英汉对照)》作者：乔萍翟淑蓉宋洪玮，建议大家熟读此书。
Lecture Six How to write an Abstract for a research paper
Lecture 6How to write an Abstract for a research paper?Abstract 1:Speaking and Writing in the University: A Multidimentional Comparison(1) The dozens of studies on academic discourse carried out over the past 20 years have mostly focused on written academic prose (usually the technical research article in science or medicine) or on academic lectures. (2) Other registers that may be more important for students adjusting to university life, such as textbooks, have received surprisingly little attention, and spoken registers such as study groups or on-campus service encounters have been virtually ignored. (3) To explain more fully the nature of the tasks that incoming international students encounter, this article undertakes a comprehensive linguistic description of the range of spoken and written registers at U.S. universities. (4) Specifically, the article describes a multidimensional analysis of register variation in the TOEFL 2000 Spoken and Written Academic Language Corpus. (5) The analysis shows that spoken registers are fundamentally different from written ones in university contexts, regardless of purpose. (6) Some of the register characterizations are particularly surprising. (7) For example, classroom teaching was similar to conversational registers in many respects, and departmental brochures and Web pages were as informationally dense as textbooks. (8) The article discusses the implications of these findings for pedagogy and further research. Questions on the Abstract1. What is the subject matter/area the research paper is dealing with?2. What background information is provided by the author(s)?3. What is the purpose of the present study?4. How is the research to be done?5. What are some of the important findings?6. What are some of the implications of the study?Six elements of structureTopic Specification (TS),Background Information (BI),Purpose Statement (PS),Methodology and Data (MD),Results/Findings (RF), andImplications/Conclusions (IC).Analyzing the following abstracts, considering elements of structure, language and information content of the abstracts.Abstract 2:Analyzing Bush’s Remarks to the Nation on the Terrorists Attacks from a Critical Perspective(1) Critical discourse analysis is an important way of interpreting rather than just describing the linguistic structure of texts. (2) It aims to reveal the relationship between language and ideology. (3) One of the great events that happened in the year 2001 is [was that] the U.S.A. was attacked on September 11th. (4) Right after the attack, President George Bush delivered a speech to the nation. (5) The New York Times ported [reported] his address on Sep, 12th. (6) This paper tries to analyze Bush’s remarks from a critical perspective, focusing on revealing the hidden ideology of the American government.Abstract 3:On Textual Equivalence of English-Chinese Translation in the Light of Theme/Rheme Theory(1) Translations ‘refer to the process and result of transferring a text from the source language into the target language’. (2) One of the issues of translation is the format of equivalence. (3) This light on textual equivalence based on Halliday’s theme/rheme theory. (4) This paper consists of five parts an introduction. (5) Part I introduces Halliday’s notio n of theme and rheme, their function in a message organization and the main types of theme in English. (6) Part II, with Halliday’s theory as reference, the paper lists many examples of English-Chinese translation as far as different types of theme is concerned, and then it analyzes the choice of theme in English and the choice of topic in Chinese version. (7) Part III, based on the data analysis of theme choice in English and the topic choice in Chinese in part II, the paper tries to make clear that English and Chinese, belonging to different language systems, have different ways of organizing a message. (8) Part IV suggests some possible ways for English-Chinese translation when them in English can not be taken as topic in Chinese version. (9) Part V is the conclusion, in which the paper points out that in English-Chinese translation, in which the paper points out that in English-Chinese translation, a competent translator should decide from the receiver’s perspective what (whether the theme or not) will be placed at the topic position for Chinese audience. (10) Through the theoretical view and the empirical analysis, this paper tries to assert that in translation, at the text level, no exact equivalence can always be found. (11) A translator’s task is to tr ansfer one language into another in a more appropriate format in the target language, on condition that the information and the style of the source language are maintained and well received by the audience of the target language.。
Writing Research Papers
e
Topic: My Good Father Thesis: My father is the kindest man I have ever seen. Outline: Ⅰ.Father loves mother most kindly. A. He never hurts Mom with harsh words. B. He tries his best to help Mom with the housework.
Writing Research Papers(2)
1. The Proccess of Writing a Research Paper: Deciding on a topic
→formulating a thesis →collecting details (materials) →Setting the Outline →writing the first draft →revising the first draft →making the final copy.
II. Father reasons with us children when we do things wrong. A. He reasoned with me when I took his favorite record of music out to show off and damaged it. B. He reasoned with my classmate Hong when we quarreled.
Ⅲ
Sub Idea A Detail 1 Detail 2 Sub Idea B Detail 1 Detail 2
For More Reference
/~bioslabs/tools/report/ reportform.html /workshops/hyp ertext/ResearchW
Chapter 19 Writing a Research Paper
College Writing Skills with Readings, 9/e
Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press.
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Chapter 19
Writing a Research Paper
• Check your library’s catalog (or that of a major online library or bookseller) to be sure there are books on your topic; • Check periodicals indexes to be sure there are articles on your topic; • Do an online search to see whether reliable sites on your topic exist.
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Chapter 19
Writing a Research Paper • Write your notes on index cards or looseleaf paper, or type them into computer files.
• Notes should be in the form of
When in doubt, DOCUMENT.
WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
LESSON FOUR WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER Through this unit we have been insisting that in good writing all the elements are interrelated. There is no such thing as "good" diction apart from the context in which it occurs,or "correct"tone abstracted from a specific occasion. In good writing the principles of unity, coherence, and emphasis apply at all levels—not only to the larger blocks of the composition, but to the individual phrases and even the individual words.To write a good paper, two things are worth attending to. The first will be to review the typical methods by which one builds up a composition. The second thing will be to point out the importan c e of rewriting. Even professional writers rarely achieve an adequate unification of elements in the first draft. In this lesson we shall want to examine very carefully—and with concrete examples- what is involved in the process of writing.MATTERS OF STYLE As we read a report, we tend to suspend our awareness of the individual words on the page. We concentrate on the meaning of the words rather than on the words themselves. But an error in spelling or grammar calls us back to the words on the page and breaks our concentration on meaning. The leisurely reader of a novel may not be overly concerned with such errors,unless they seriously disrupt the meaning of a passage. Readers of technical reports, however, do not have time to cope with such breaks in communication. Stopping to translate and trying to guess the meaning leads to frustration and may cause readers to form a negative view of the value of the paper, worthy though it may be1.Careless grammar suggests careless mathematics. Papers marred by misspellings will cast doubt on your ability to devise a workable solution to the problem.If you are uncertain about matters of grammar, keep a handbook of grammar or a style guide at your elbow. Just as you must know the principles governing your discipline, so, too, must you know the principles governing acceptable writing. Following are some »of the most common trouble spots for technical writers. Watch for them as you revise your report.PUNCTUATION Punctuation is a device designed to help the reader understand meaning. Check your punctuation immediately after finishing your first draft. Watch especially for faulty use of the comma and semicolon. Again, keep a style manual or a handbook of grammar handy as you revise . When in doubt about the proper use of a mark of punctuation,look it up.SPELLING Become conscious of the words you habitually misspell. Work on ways to improve your spelling. Keep a list of troublesome words, memorize the rules for forming plurals, and keep a dictionary or a word list on your desk. Keep a record of the spelling errors your instructors notice in your papers .perhaps with technical words in one list and nontechnical words in another.FRAGMENTS A fragment is a group of words that does not contain a complete thought, with both subject and verb. In technical reports,every sentence must have a subject and a verb (even though that subject may be understood) . Fragments call attentionto themselves and break the flow of meaning. Readers of technical reports expect that material to be phrased in complete sentences, and as we know, pattern recognition is part of the process of comprehension. The use of fragments obscures meaning and makes it difficult for the reader to understand what you are trying to communicate.AGREEMENT The subject of a sentence must always be in agreement with the verb that follows. Moreover, any pronoun associated with a noun must agree with the number (singular or plural) of that noun. An associated problem is the use of this without a clear antecedent. When this occurs by itself in a sentence,the reader must return to the preceding sentence to figure out "this what? " The simplest solution is to follow "this" with the noun you are referring to.PASSIVE VOICE When you use a verb in the passive voice,the subject of the sentence is the person or the object that receives action rather than the person or the object performing the action. The passive voice has several legitimate uses:1. Used sparingly, it provides variety.2. It emphasizes the receiver of an action rather than the performer.3. It permits the writer to make complete statements even when the performer is unknown.4. It permits the writer to make complete statements without naming the performer. In short, using the passive voice does not mean that the writer is guilty of bad English. But overuse of the passive voice can create serious difficulties :1. It produces wordiness.2. It often fails to specify who is taking the action.3. It leads to ambiguity.Another reason why the passive voice is a poor choice for reports is that it slows the reader down in recognizing the pattern of a sentence. Using active verbs saves both words and time because it is more natural and because it enables readers to recognize sentence patterns swiftly.WORDINESS Wordiness slows your reader down. As we have seen, using the passive voice is one form of wordiness. Here are some others:Using three words where one would do ("in the meantime" instead of "while," for example).Using prepositional phrases when simple modifiers would do ("the adjustment screw of the machine" instead of "the machine's adjustment screw ")Overuse of forms of "to be," especially with "there" and "it".In writing a thesis we should revise the draft to eliminate unnecessary words. As you revise, watch for constructions in which you have elaborated a simple verb into a phrase.TRANSITIONS Transitions provide you with a means of moving from one point to another within sentences, between sentences, and between paragraphs. You tell your reader about the parts of your report by presenting your overall plan ,but you must also give the reader guidance in moving from one part to the next. When your transitions areeither ambiguous or missing altogether, your reader is obliged to make his or her own way through the report, guessing at the relationships between successive ideas. So it is necessary for you to provide your readers with some transitional devices, such as addition or amplification, contrast, contradiction, or antithesis, comparison, purpose, consequence or result, exemplication, time, place, summary, repetition .restatement, concession, qualification, sequence, insistence etc.Now let us observe a research paper "DESIGN-SCIENCE INTERACTIONS" by Raymond A. Willem from Mechanical Engineering Department,New Mexico State University, Las Cruces,New Mexico. We can see the format consists of generally four sections; abstract, introduction, procedure and analysis ,and, finally conclusion. DESIGN-SCIENCE INTERACTIONSRaymond A. Willem MechanicalEngineering Department New Mexico StateUniversity Las Cruces, New MexicoABSTRACTDesign and science interact in important ways for achieving both the goals of design (to create) and science (to know) .Various forms of interactions are identified and discussed. It is concluded that due to the nature of science and design, these interactions are intrinsic and vital to achieving the goals of both.INTRODUCTIONAmong man's most highly developed and potent faculties are the ability to know and the ability to create. Science is derived from man's ability to know. Merriam Webster (1987)indicates that science is," the state of knowing; knowledge as distinguished from ignorance or misunderstanding",The accumulated knowledge base of a discipline, therefore, constitutes the science of that discipline .Also, it is through the activity of science that knowledge of the natural and manmade worlds is developed,the latter of which can be called the designed world or the "artificial world"" in terms used by Simon (19 81).Design, for its part, is derived from man's ability to create. Referring to the same dictionary as above, to design is, "to conceive and plan out in the mind". Intentionally creating or bringing a concept (plan) into existence is designing. Design is not media dependent nor must it have a practical outcome. Artists,composers and engineers are among those that design. By means of design humans create novelty in their environment and produce the "artificial world" in which they for-the-most-part live. The manmade world is constantly changing and it is the activity of design that is the agent of this change.Science and design, therefore,have little in common. The goal of science is knowledge while the goal of design is to take action and create change. Though knowledge may provide a rationale for change or contribute to its implementation, producing knowledge and creating change are distinctly different activities.Science and design, however, interact in ways which achieve the ends of both farmore effectively than either could alone2. In fact, it can be questioned whether either could exist in a viable form without the other. Also, the dynamic interaction between them is different depending on whether science or design is being pursued. In either case the dynamic is pervasive and functional,and an understanding of it leads to a fuller understanding of the corresponding activity.Both forms of interaction are examined in this article. The following section will examine science interacting in and contributing to design, in particular engineering design. It is drawn in part from a more general treatment of the same topic by Willem (1990).SCIENCE IN DESIGNIt has already been noted that science can provide knowledge that gives a rationale for change. For example, identifying (through science) smoke stacks of power plants as a principal source of acid rain can provide motivation to government to design legislation that will reduce the problem. It may also provide incentive for the design of cheaper, more effective scrubbers.More commonly, however, science interacts with design by participating in its implementation. It is worth noting that things are designed in terms of media. For example, a food recipe is designed in terms of various food ingredients while a computer is designed in terms of electronic, mechanical and other types of components. But science is knowledge which does not occur in terms of media;as Ziman (1980) indicates, it does not act on the body but speaks to the mind. However, when scientific principles are used to create an electric motor, microwave oven or hair blow dryer, then, in a design context, the principles acquire some palpable form and visibility. In fact, it is only in a design context that science can exceed being a textbook principle or laboratory phenomenon and acquire form and visibility. This is a fundamental principle concerning the interaction of science in design....DESIGN IN SCIENCEAs science enters design, so also does design enter science. However, in very different ways. Three ways in which this occurs will be discussed.To begin with, design occurs in hypothesis formation. A hypothesis is a tentative solution (i.e.design concept) to the problem of determining a mechanism to explain various observations. It is a construct of the mind, and it exists, for example, in the same way that a judicial law exists. It is certainly "conceived and planned out in the mind". A hypothesis may also undergo a period of shaping in which small modifications are made to refine it and bring it into conformity with the researchers's"best guess". Charles Darvin, for example,spent years refining his thoughts on Natural Selection. A similar period of shaping and forming is often needed to bring a design concept in line with the designer's " best guess".Design also enters science through what is sometimes referred to as experiment design. Design of an experiment has many features found in the design of an artifact. As in the design of an artifact, an experiment is designed to satisfy certain constraints. Theconstraints may be ones of cost, time, available resources, ethics, etc. As in the design of an artifact, there is also a function which the experiment is intended to perform in terms of verification or providing data for some other purpose. The experiment must be designed to achieve the intended function within the given constraints.Lastly, design enters science in the form of designed eqipment which often is an essential ingredient in making experimental determinations. This equipment can be anything from a simple volt meter or oscilloscope, to a high-energy particle accelerator that may cost billions of dollars and be spread over many square miles. Without these designed things it would be impossible to engage in certain kinds of science. Much of today's research efforts in the natural sciences rely on these types of equipment.ESSENTIAL INTERACTIONSIt is evident in considering both science entering design and design entering science that these interactions are part of the essential fabric of both design and science.The purpose of design is to create change and knowledge is important for creating change. As the pool of relevant knowledge (science) increases, so does the quality of resulting change. One only needs to compare, for example, a Ford automobile from the early part of this century with one being manufactured today. If a car is to be selected for a cross-country trip, surely the modern car, designed from a considerably greater knowledge base, would be preferred. Design without science produces only the cost basic forms which result from creativity alone—the ox-cart wheel rather than the radial tire. ...REFERENCESArcher, L.B.1984, "Systematic Method for Designers", Developments in Design Methodology, Cross, N. editor,pp 57-82. Wiley, New York.Simon, H. A. ,1981, The Sciences of the Artificial, 2nd ed,. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.....Apart from the abstract, which is a concise summary of the writer's paper (usually 50 to 200 words) , the writer puts forward his question in the introduction section. He first clarifies the concepts of science and design, defining the two terms, showing their differences. Then in the next two sections procedure and analysis he argues that though science and design belong to different domains,they interact with each other and give impetus to the development of each other. Finally in the conclusion section he emphasizes that the interactions of science and design are essential to promoting our understanding of the universe and facilitating improvement of our surroundings. This illustrates how a research paper is organized to convince its readers.。
学术英语写作课后答案
学术英语写作课后答案第一篇1、Academic Writing----A Handbook for International Students (Fourth Edition) and Writing Research Papers (Fifteenth Edition)中提到，我们可以用两种形式来罗列大纲，它们是：A、The outline might be informalB、The outline might be a listC、The outline might be a mind mapD、The outline might follow up答案：B2、Academic Writing----A Handbook for International Students (Fourth Edition) and Writing Research Papers (Fifteenth Edition)中提到，大纲有两种类型，分别是：A、Informal outlineB、List outlineC、Running outlineD、Formal outline答案：C;D3、在formal outline 中，显示等级的常规做法是：A、SymbolsB、IndentationC、ParalleliD、ConsistencyE、Content-rich headings答案：B；A；C；D4、正式大纲的三种形式是：A、Sentence outlineB、Topic outlineC、Combination outlineD、Phrase outline答案：A;B;C5、我们有可能对working outline进行以下哪些修改？A、You will choose a new topic.B、You will add some topics and delete others.C、You will reevaluate topics.D、You will rearrange the order of topics and subtopics to facilitate transitions and improve coherence.答案：B C D6、Working outline不是暂定的，一旦制定下来，就不能再修改了。
Skillful writing of an awful research paper
Skillful writing of an awful research paperAs a Editor, I have from time to time in this column offered advice to authors on the desirable elements of a good research report. Like contrary children, for some authors such advice seems to vanish like smoke in a wind. So I take here a di?erent approach, based on the idea that some folks have a knack for doing the opposite of what is recommended to them (like contrary children). I present some guidelines for how to prepare a research report that is variously boring, confusing, misleading, or generally uninformative. Whether the author’s project is imaginative (or not) and the experiments are done with skill (or not) and the data are scienti?cally meaningful (or not) is irrelevant. My advice is solely based on principles of presenting the objectives, experiments, results, and conclusion in a fashion that as such no one will ?nish reading them or, if they do, readers will have little chance of understanding or remembering them. Like any form of skillful writing, following the rules below for awful writing requires practice and a lack of mental concentration.Rule 1. Never explain the objectives of the paper in a single sentence or paragraph and in particular never at the beginning of the paper.Rule 2. Similarly, never describe the experiment in a single sentence or paragraph and never at the beginning. Instead, to enhance the reader’s pleasure of discovery, treat your experiment as a mystery, in which you divulge one essential detail on this page and a hint of one on the next and complete the last details only after a few results have been presented. It’s also really fun to divulge the reason that the experiment should successfully provide the information sought only at the very end of the paper, as any good mystery writer would do.Rule 3. Diagrams are worth a thousand words, so in the interest of writing a concise paper, omit all words that explain the diagram, including labels. Let the reader use his/her fertile imagination.Rule 4. Great writers invent abbreviations for complex topics, which also saves a lot of words. Really short abbreviations should be used for very complex topics, and more complicated ones for simple ideas.Rule 5. In referring to the previous literature, be careful to cite only the papers that make claims that would support your own, especially those that contain little evidence for the claim, so that your paper shines in comparison.Rule 6. It should be anathema to use any original phrasing or humor in yourlanguage, so as to adhere to the principle that scientific writing must be stiff and formal and without personality.Rule 7. Your readers are intelligent folks, so don’t bother to explain your reason ing in the interpretation of the results. Especially don’t bother to point out their impact on or consistency with other authors’ resultsand interpretation, so that your paper can be an island of original thinking.So these are a few simple rules for poor scientific writing. If you follow them faithfully and your paper is rejected or never cited, irrespective of your native brilliance, you have nonetheless been successful as a poor writer.。
22-Writing-a-Research-PaperPPT演示课件
•1
• STEP 4: Plan your paper and take notes on your limited topic.
• STEP 5: Write the paper. • STEP 6: Use an acceptable format
that summarizes its content to organize different kinds of information. • Identify the source and page number at the bottom.
•17
A Caution about Plagiarism
• Print out articles directly from your library’s databases or the Internet.
• Then sit and work on these materials in a quiet, unhurried place.
•8
Step 4: Plan Your Paper and Take Notes on Your Limited Topic
and method of documentation. • This chapter also provides • • a model research paper
•2
Step 1: Select a Topic That You Can Readily Research
• Researching at a Local Library • First of all, do a subject search of your
Research-Paper-Writing-(5)
• 3. Statement(s) that indicate the need for more investigation. • In this part, after finishing the review of the literature, you should point out a gap, that is, an important area not investigated by other researchers. Just in there, you can make certain contribution by your research.
• • • • • • •
1. Overview of the experiment 2. Population/sample 3. Location 4. Restrictions/limiting conditions 5. Sampling technique 6. Procedures 7. Materials
• 1. Giving readers background information needed to understand your study. • 2. Assures readers that you are familiar with he important research that carried out • in your field of study. • 3. Establishes the study as one link in a chain of research that is developing and • enlarging knowledge in your field.
• 8. Variables • 9. Statistical treatment • The description of the steps you followed in conducting your study should be written clearly so that a reader in your field could accurately replicate your procedure. The best way, of course, to describe a procedure is step-by-step, or chronologically.
Writing-a-Research-Paper---Lecture-1英语论文写作1
(3) The style tends to be formal.
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Writing research papers is very crucial for graduate studies.
The ability to write good research papers is often highly valuable for one’s stions
What is research? What’s the purpose of doing research? How is research carried out?
3 Ws: What, Why, How?
1.1 Research
Research is “a detailed study of a subject or an aspect of a subject. If you do research, you collect data and analyze facts and information and try to gain new knowledge or new understanding” (p. 1231).
---from Hatch, E. and Farhady, H. (1982). Research Design and Statistics for Applied Linguistics. Rowley: Newbury House Publishers, INC.
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6.2 Example
[1] Casanave’s longitudinal study (1994) followed 16 Japanese students’ journals over a period of three semesters, with an eye to finding concrete evidence of language development. [2] She examined 11 categories, including the three widely used measures in the literature—length, complexity, and accuracy. [3] Concerning learners’ improvement from the first semester to the third semester, of 11 categories, 64.8% of 16 students showed improvement, i.e. “longer, more complex, more accurate or more numerous” (Casanave, 1994, p. 187), and 34.1% of the categories witnessed a downward movement.
6.3 Tenses
Past tense: for the review of previous research. Present perfect: for the summary of previous studies; Present tense: for the description of the present research.
英语论文写作
Writing A Research Paper
---Lecture 6
6. Writing Literature Review
Function: 1) demonstrates the writer’s understanding of the research topic; 2) displays the writer’s ability to argue for the need for the study.
Length: It often varies according to the writing situations.
6.1 Components
(1) Definitio review of previous studies;
(3) A summary of the problems remained; (4) A description of your research
[1] The studies so far, longitudinal or cross-sectional, with large or small samples, have all lent support for the development in L2 learner’s writing in fluency, syntactic complexity and lexical complexity. [2] However, not many studies have addressed the issue of linguistic accuracy and for those who do, they have different findings.