the wars of roses
玫瑰之战的原因The Wars of the Roses was a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England
The Wars of the Roses was a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. They were fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet, the houses of Lancaster and York.The name Wars of the Roses refers to the Heraldic badges associated with the two royal houses, the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. The 19th century novelist sir walter scott coined the name Wars of the Roses which is based the name on a scene in William Shakespeare's play Henry VI Part 1.There are many contributing factors to the Wars of the Roses, including The state of the realm, Armies and contestants, Disputed succession, Henry VI. The greedy nobles who have large bands of soldiers , to make up their loss in the war in france, started a new contest for health and power at home, which is the basic cause of the Wars of the Roses.The wars were full of ferocities and plunder. Nearly all the noble houses were involved in the wars and more than 80 nobles of royal blood were killed, which , however, enabled English to shake off much of its feudal burden in its capitalist development, strengthen the position of royal house ,and pave the way for the development of a centralized administration.The wars of rose lasted thirty years and ended in 1485 with the accession of henry tudor as henry 7, the founding of the tudor monarchy. The ending of Wars of the Roses was seen as the ending of the middle ages in Europe history and the beginning of the modern world history.。
Wars Of The Roses玫瑰战争(课堂PPT)
Name and symbols
The White Rose of the House of York
约克家族白蔷薇
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The Red Rose of the House of Lancaster
兰开斯特家族红蔷薇
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Commanders and leaders
House of York
7
1455-1460 In the initial stage
The main stages of the armed conflict between the Wars of the Roses occurred in 1455 and 1485.
蔷薇战争的主要武装冲突阶段发生在1455年和1485年之间。
1460年7月10日的北安普敦战役（Battle of Northampton） 对于兰开斯特家族是灾难性的。沃里克伯爵理查·内维尔带 领的约克军队，在兰开斯特家族的叛军的帮助下，抓住了 亨利国王并作为俘虏带往伦敦。
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Act of Accord
调解法案
A compromise was struck in October 1460 with the Act of Accord,
1455年5月22日，约克公爵理查领一支小部队 前往伦敦，在伦敦北面的圣奥尔本斯碰到赶来 的亨利六世的部队。相对规模较小的第一次圣 奥尔本斯战役是内战的第一次公开冲突。
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Summary of events
York returned to the country and became Protector of England, but was dissuaded from claiming the throne. Margaret and the irreconcilable Lancastrian nobles gathered their forces in the north of England, and when York moved north to suppress them, he and his second son Edmund were killed at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460.
英国历史之玫瑰战争PPT演示
the video about the wars of the roses
The Wars of the Roses
Thank you for your listening!!!
The Wars of the Roses
the House of York
Henry VI's right to the crown was challenged by Richard, Duke of York, who could claim descent from Edward's third and fifth sons, Lionel of Antwerp and Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York. Richard of York, who had held several important offices of state,
the House of the Houses Lancaster
Henry of Bolingbroke had establised the House of Lancaster on the throne in 1399 when he deposed his cousin Richard II and was crowned as Henry IV. Bolingbroke's son Henry V maintained the family's hold on the crown, but when Henry V died, his heir was the infant Henry VI
Unit 6 The Wars of the Roses
2011-10-17
自考“英语国家概况”新考纲题目整理（3）
第四章 Transition to the modern Age 1 The Wars of the Roses broke out shortly after_______.A the Black DeathB the Watt Tyler's UprisingC the Hundred Year's WarD the Glorious Revolution 答案：C 2 In the reform of the Church Henry VIII dissolved all of England's monasteries and nunneries because they were much more loyal to _________then to their English kings.A. the PopeB. Jesus ChristC. Roman CatholicD. the bishops 答案：A 3 Thanks to Mary， Protestantism and _________ were now forever synonymous in Britain.A. CatholicismB. prosecutionC. the Reformation D nationalism 答案：D 4 For nearly thirty year， Elizabeth I successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers at the time，_________， and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict.A. Spain and GermanyB. France and SpainC. Spain and DenmarkD. France and Italy 答案：B 5 _________was regarded as the second Magna Carta.A. The Petition of RightB. The Provision of OxfordC. The Grand RemonstranceD. The Militia Bill 答案：A 6 The Renaissance began in north ______in the early ______century.A. France；14thB. Italy； 16thC. Italy； 14thD. England； 14th 答案：C 7 In December 1653， by an Instrument of Government， Oliver Gromwell became _______of the Commonwealth of England.A. Prime MinisterB. KingC. Lord ProtectorD. Emperor 答案：C 8.In foreign affairs. Henry VIII was aided by ________ ， Archbishop and Lord Chancellor.A. Thomas MoreB. Thomas BecketC. Thomas WolseyD. Martin Luther 答案：C 9 The Armada was defeated by England in ________.A. 1587B. 1588C. 1558D. 1540 答案：B 10 After the Glorious Revolution came the Age of ______ ， a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament.A. the CommonwealthB. the Federal RepublicC. the Constitutional MonarchyD. the special monarchy 答案：C 11 Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years， ordinary people were _______affectedand went about their business as usual.A. littleB. a littleC. muchD. greatly 答案： A 12 It was during the reign of ______， the name Great Britain came into being in 1707.A. Elizabeth IB. Henry VIII.C. Charles ID. Anne 答案：D 13 The last battle of the Wars of Roses was at ______in 1458.A. HastingsB. Bosworth FieldC. NasebyD. Oxford 答案：B ⼀句话解释： 1 What was Queen Mary know as？ 答：She was known as “ Bloody Mary”。
玫瑰战争
玫瑰战争玫瑰战争(Wars of the Roses)，又称为“蔷薇战争”或者“红白玫瑰战争”，当时英国的两大贵族家族约克家族与兰开斯特家族因为英格兰国王王位继承的问题产生了巨大的分歧，这分歧也激发了两大家族由来已久的矛盾，最终酿成多年的内战。
玫瑰战争不是当时所用的名字，它来源于约克家族与兰开斯特家族所选的家徽，兰开斯特的红玫瑰和约克的白玫瑰，故后来这断断续续的内战被称为“红白玫瑰战争”。
两个家族之间的对立始于英王理查二世，理查二世被他堂弟，兰开斯特公爵亨利·博林布鲁克(Henry Bolingbroke)在1399年推翻，兰开斯特公爵亨利·博林布鲁克即后来的亨利四世。
由于亨利四世是兰开斯特公爵，因此由他开创的这个王朝称为“兰开斯特王朝”。
1413年，亨利四世去世，其子继承其王位称为英格兰国王，即为亨利五世。
亨利五世军事才能卓越，是一个杰出的军人，在他短暂的九年统治期间，他取得了中世纪任何一位英格兰国王都未取得过的军事辉煌。
他在英法百年战争中的军事胜利为他赢得了大量的支持度，使得他得以强化兰开斯特的统治权。
1422年，亨利五世去世，其子继位，为亨利六世。
在百年战争后期，英格兰出现了实力强大的贵族集团相互纷争的情况。
年仅十个月的亨利六世继位，这使得亨利六世在政治上有非常强的依赖性及政治经验十分不足。
而与此同时，在百年战争中一些趁机扩充自身实力的贵族势力大增，拥有巨大的政治、军事实力。
这些得到既得利益的贵族集团，称为英国政局动荡不安的重要因素。
他们在亨利六世的幼主时期实力进一步提高，贵族与议会的权力大大增强，左右着英国的政局。
1453年，百年战争的最后一战，即卡斯永蒂战争以英国的惨败，而亨利六世也因此受到巨大的打击，身体与精神皆严重受创，甚至于精神病发作。
此后，在1454年至1456期间，亨利六世不能亲政，因此有两次摄政时期。
当国王亨利在1453年遭受第一轮精神病时，摄政理事会建立了，由强大的约克家族的首领约克公爵理查·金雀花(Richard Plantagenet，Duke of York)任摄政王。
Wars of the Roses&
Wars of the Roses&T he Enclosure MovementBY—陈青青叶文君陆方方Wars of the Roses▪The Wars of the Roses were a series of dynastic wars fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the houses of Lancaster and York(whose heraldic symbols were the “red” and the “white” rose, respectively) for the throne of England. They were fought in several sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1485, although there was related fighting both before and after this period.▪玫瑰战争（1455年–1487年），或称蔷薇战争，通常指英国兰开斯特王朝（House of Lancaster）和约克王朝(House of York)的支持者之间为了英格兰王位的断续内战。
两个家族都是金雀花王朝(Plantagenet)皇族的分支，是英王爱德华三世的后裔。
玫瑰战争不是当时所用的名字，它来源于两个皇族所选的家徽，兰开斯特的红玫瑰和约克的白玫瑰。
▪The final victory went to a relatively remote Lancastrian claimant, Henry Tudor, who defeated the last Yorkistking Richard III and married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York to unite the two houses. The House of Tudor subsequently ruled England and Wales for 117 years.the House of Yorkthe House of Lancaster▪该战争大部分由马上骑士和他们的封建随从组成的军队所进行。
英美国家国情名词解释简答题论述题
英美国家国情名词解释简答题论述题Ⅰ. Term explanation1. The battle of Hastings⿊斯廷斯战役：The battle took place William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated.2. The Great Charter⼤宪章：King John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Magna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.3. The Wars of Rose玫瑰战争:I t refers to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485 to claim to the throne. 4．Mayflower Compact五⽉花号公约:the 1st governing document of Plymouth Colony, drafted by the “Pilgrims”who crossed the Atlantic abroad the Mayflower, seeking religious freedom. It was signed on November 11, 1620. In this Compact they agreed to stick together, to abide by majority role, and to have a right to choose their own leader .it was the beginning of the US democracy5. the Bill of Rights, 1791: it was the 1st ten amendments to the Constitution. It guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, peaceful assembly, and the press; the right to bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search; and the right to the protection of certain legal procedures known as the due process of law.6. Domesday Book末⽇审判书：It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.7.Alfred the Great亚尔弗雷得⼤帝：He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introduced a legal sys tem. He is known as “the father of the British navy”.8.Privy Council英国枢密院：A consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch, Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.9. Thanksgiving Day感恩节：In 1620,the puritans in the Mayflower came the Rocky coast of what is now Massachusetts. They suffered the first cold winter. Later with the help and advice of the native Indians, the Pilgrim Fathers planted corn and other crops. They reaped a good harvest the following year, and in October, 1621, to celebrate this good harvest, the Pilgrims held a feast which featured wild turkey. They called this their Thanks-giving Day. It falls on the 4th Thursday of November.10. fire of Lexington来克星敦的枪声：In April of 1775,some British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord to disarm the American militiamen there. It is an incident happened before the war of Independence. The British soldiers were sent to seize the military supplies of the militia. They were stopped by the militia at Lexington.11.Heptarchy七王国：During the Anglo-Saxon's time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms, among which there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the name of Heptarchy.12.British Parliament英国议会：It includes three elements: the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It’s the Supreme law-making authority in Britain. The real center of parliamentary power lies in the House of Commons. Its other functions include: to control and criticize the executive government; to control the raising and the spending of money.13. The Cold War冷战: in the post war period the difference between USSR and the US increased and led to a new kind of war, a war without fighting, which was called the Cold War. It was ended with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.14. the Gettysburg address盖茨堡演讲：It refers to the short speech president Lincoln made when he dedicated the national cemetery at Gettysb urg. He ended the speech with “the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”.15. the Great Lakes五⼤湖：The Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ——the only one entirely in the U.S. —— Lake Huron, LakeErie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.16. The Celts凯尔特⼈：The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave was the Gales, the second wave was the Brythons and the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practiced farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was Druidism.18. Missouri Compromise密西西⽐组成:In 1820, the North and the South reached a solution, “Missouri Compromise”. Missouri was admitted as a slave state, but the balance of political power maintained by admission of Maine as a free state; in addition, slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line 36°30′parallel of latitude.19. Checks and balances权⼒制衡:The American government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial. Each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This is called “checks and balances”.20. Boston Tea Party波⼠顿倾茶事件: on the evening of Dec. 16, 1773, in Boston, when ships of tea reached Boston and the governor was determined to see that tea was legally protected in its distribution, a group of angry colonists, known as the Boston T ea Party, dressed themselves up as Indians and boarded the three company ships. Ripped open 342 chests of tea valued at ￡17000 and dumped all the tea into the harbor.21. Stonehenge巨⽯阵：It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on Salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes.22. The Hundred Years’ War百年战争：It refers to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.23. The Black Death⿊死病：It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far reaching economic consequences.25.Blood Mary ⾎腥玛丽：It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary.ⅡQuestions.1. What are the main functions of Parliament?The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.2. What is a constitutional monarchy? When did it begin in Britain?(1)A constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty’s Government —a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament.(2)The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when King William and Queen Mary jointlyaccepted the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.3. Why did so many people move to the New World in the 17th Century?The new world was a great and rich land. In the new world there were all those resources necessary for agricultural and industrial development .The new world was their best place to make their fortunes, and to worship and live according to their beliefs. Some of them might move to America to leave oppressive political institutions, to escape burden some church duties, to acquire large land holdings or merely to change their general pattern of living.4. What is the Monroe Doctrine?The essence of doctrine was America for Americans. This doctrine later became a cornerstone of American foreign policy. Asthe new world developed in the years ahead this doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a broader interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.6. What was the significance of the Great Charter?The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.7. What do you know about the English Renaissance?Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. It began in Italy in the early 14th century and spread to England in the late 15th century. The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history else where in Europe;(3) Owning to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was vigorous enough and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them; (4) English Renaissance literature is chiefly artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly; (5) the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Johnson, and William Shakespeare.8. How is the U.S. president’s power limited?In spite of his great power, the President is actually moving within the limits already drawn for him. For example, all appropriations of the government are legislated by Congress. The Supreme Court has the power to declare his policy, even if it has already been approved by Congress, unconstitutional and thus abolish it. Finally, if he abuses his power or commits crimes, he will be impeached by Congress. Impeachment simply means to bring formal charges; it does not mean conviction. In American history there have been two presidents who faced impeachment proceedings, but they were not convicted9. Why did the U.S. join the First World War so late?The United States was lack of military preparedness when the war began. Another factor for the US to join the war was the American financial and industrial commitment to the Allied cause. Finally, the factor that pushed the US into the war was Germany’s submarine campaign against merchant ships. That was to attack every ship that approached the British Isles.10. How did the Restoration take place?When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals George Monck occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as King Charles II. It was called the Restoration.11. How did the Labour Party come into being?As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. Sovarious working class organizations were formed which brought about the formation of a political party, the Labour Party.The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was formed in January, 1893 and Led by Keir Hardle, a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to be Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for 1906. The Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.12. Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs?The widespread use of automobiles and the construction of express highways made it possible for people to live farther away from their jobs. The telephone reduces the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another. Besides these economic and technological changes, important social factors were involved. Suburban areas offered more living space than cities, lower crime rates, less pollution, and superior schools. It is generally believed that they are a better place for rising children.13. What are the main contents of the Declaration of Independence?(1)On July 4th1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed by the representatives from all the colonies. Its principal author was Thomas Jefferson.(2) Five Parts: ①The Preamble which explains why Declaration was issued;②A statement of principles of government to which American people were committed.③A list of injustices suffered by the colonists.④A summary of efforts the colonies had made to avoid a break with the mother country.⑤The proclamation is that the "Colonies are Free and Independent States".14. What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government?The sovereign is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the crown and the “supreme governor” of the established church of England.15. What is the doctrine of expressed power?"The Monroe Doctrine is a U.S. doctrine which, on December 2, 1823, proclaimed that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas. The United States planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers and their colonies. However, if later on, these types of wars were to occur in the Americas, the United States would view such action as hostile. President James Monroe first stated the doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress, a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States. Most recently, during the Cold War, the doctrine was invoked as a reason to intervene militarily in Latin America to stop the spread of Soviet Communism. “Source and further information:16. What were the basic causes of the American Civil War?The slave economy in the south was an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion. The economic antagonism led to increase the conflicts between the south and the north.17. What are the functions of the Congress?The Congress has many functions, but the most central is the passage of law. One of the most important non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate. A second important power is to compel testimony from unwilling witness and to cite for contempt of Congress witness who refuse to testify and for perjury those who give false testimony.18. What are the functions of the Prime Minister in Britain?The Prime Minister's chief duty is to "form a Government"—that is to say, to create a Cabinet or Ministry which will sustain the support of the House of Commons—when commissioned by the Sovereign. The Prime Minister also has a wide range of powers of appointment.19. What was the Roman influence over Britain?The Roman occupation lasted for almost 350 years. The resulting growth of its civilization was more obvious in urban areas than among the agricultural peasants and weakest in the resistant zone. In the southeasternpart the Romans influenced life and culture radically. The English upper classes were thoroughly Romanized and transformed into Roman landlords and officials. Yet the Romans came to govern and to trade, not to settle; and they were too few in number to change the language and customs of the people as they did in France and Spain. Some of the native people became slaves of the Romans; true slave society was introduced into England. The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain's natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.20. What do you know about the Glorious Revolution?In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary wereboth Protestants and becameco-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It’s the be ginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.ⅢDiscussion1. The Norman Conquest and its influenceThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.3. What do you know ab out the Chartist Movement and the People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (a People’s Charter); The Cha rtist movement was the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problem.Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism.4.”British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture?①(1Roman Britain: Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410.The Romans referred to their province as Britannia.Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanization, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today.(2.Anglo-Saxon People：The ethnically and linguistically related peoples living in the south and east of the island of Great Britain Time: From around the early 5th century AD to the Norman Conquest of 1066. Language: closely related Germanic dialects. Ethnical groups: Identified as the descendants of three powerful Germanic tribes, the Angles and the Saxons from today’s northern Germany, and the Jutes from today’s Denmark.(3.Viking: Invasion in the late 8th century Britain experienced Viking（北欧海盗）raids from Dane or Scandinavia.(4.Norman Conquest: The Norman conquest of England began in 1066 AD with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), and his success at the Battle of Hastings resulted in Norman control of England.②The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history for several reasons:(1. This conquest linked England more closely with continental Europe through the introduction of a Norman aristocracy, thereby lessening Scandinavian influence.(2. It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe and engendered a sophisticated governmental system.(3. The conquest changed the English language and culture and set the stage for a rivalry with France that would continue intermittently until the 20th century.5. How did the Industrial Revolution exert a great influence on both British society and the world?（1. The Industrial Revolution exerts a great influence on both British society and the world.（2. The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. （3. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production.（4. Britain began to produce large quality of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner. Many new cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged. British goods almost achieved a monopoly position in the world market. The Industrial Revolution laid a good foundation for the “factory of the world”.（5. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists. Two conflicting classeswere born.6. Describe roughly the powers of the U.S. present.The functions of both the British prime minister and monarch, The White House is his official residence, The Constitution requires:limiting a president to two successive terms only,the presidential election is held every four years, he “winner-take-all” system,Salary $ 200,000,7. Why and how did the English Parliament come into being?(1)The English Parliament originated in the Great Council;(2) The main purpose of the king’s summoning parliament was to get consent for taxation;(3)Henry III extended the membership of parliament;(4)Henry hoped that with Rome’s help he could defeat the lords and their charter;(5) The barons rose up in oppositi on under the leadership of Simon de Montfort, the king’s brother-in-law, they forced him to dismiss his foreign advisers and to accept their own council of advisers instead;(6) In 1264 Montfort defeated the royal army at Lewes and took the king prisoner. In the following year, he called Parliament. The parliament of 1265 which is known as the “All Estates Parliament” is generally considered the “beginning of parliament”.8. What were the causes and consequences of the War of 1812?①The causes leading to the war were the following:(1) A war between Britain and France was going on in Europe. First the American government adopted a policy of not allowing trading with both countries. Later the U.S. government changed its policy by stating that if any of the two countries gave up its blockade against American shipping, the U.S. world lift the prohibition. In 1811, the U.S., on the condition that France would drop its blockade against American shipping, lifted the ban. This angered the British.(2) The Americans resented the British practice of impressing or forcibly removing seamen from American ships on the grounds that they were British subjects.(3) The U.S. wanted to take advantage of the War in Europe, when Britain and France had no time to look after their interests in the New World, to expand into Canada or Spanish Florida. This harmed the interests of the British.②The war had great impact on the development of the Unite States. Firstly, the war made people realize the importance of a strong national government. Secondly, the war strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism. Thirdly, for almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the development of the western part of the continent. Fourthly, it made both Britain and the United States realize their disputes should be solving through negotiation. A shaky peace in 1814 turned into lasing peace between the two countries.9. Describe the American Civil War and its significance.The Civil War lasted from 1861 until 1865. During this time, over 600,000 soldiers represented both sides were killed either by battle deaths or disease. Many, many more were wounded with estimates of more than 1/10th of all soldiers being wounded. Both the Northern States and the Southern States experienced major victories and defeats. However, by September 1864 with the taking of Atlanta the North had gained the upper hand and the war would officially end on April 9, 1865.1) The beginning of the Civil War: it was the first stage of the war (1861-1862), which characterized by an indecisive attitude of the Lincoln government. It was the Northern bourgeoisie’s vacillated attitude towards the Southern slave-owners, which reflected its tendency to solve the clash by compromised way without waging a war through the revolutionary way.a. In 1860s, some continent of the Southern States established South Alliance, and then instigated the Civil War.b. At the beginning of the war, the North troops suffered a steadily setback.2) Turning point of the Civil War: The characteristic of this stage (1863-1865) was that the change in its domestic political life and the tactics of the federal.a. Lincoln’s government had issued the “Homestead Act” and the “Emancipation Proclamation” to reverse the situation. (Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery in the South a war goal and dissuaded the British from intervening. Jan 1, 1863 - President Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in territories heldby Confederates and emphasized the enlisting of black soldiers in the Union Army. The war to preserve the Union now became a revolutionary struggle for the abolition of slavery.)b. In 1863s, the North troops won the way in the Battle of Gettysburg and grasped the initiative of the war. 3）The Consequences of the Civil WarThe Civil War officially ended with the unconditional surrender of the South at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. As a result of the war about 360.000 Union troops and civilians and perhaps 260.000 in Confederate states died. Property damage was enormous in the South whereas the Union economically profited from the conflict because of the increasing demand for iron, uniforms and military products. Many southern towns, cities, plantations and railroads lay in ruins and for a long time the South lagged behind the rest of the nation economically. The war also caused deep and long-lasting feelings of bitterness and division between the people of North and South.。
The_Wars_of_the_Roses
The backward feudal landowners in the north and west
The commercial-minded gentry in the south.
The War of the Roses began in 1455, when many barons resented the way that the Lancaster family had seized the throne in 1399 The York family, cousins of the Lancaster, were truly entitled to reign.
Henry Tudor had amassed an army of an estimated 5,000 men. Richard III, on the other hand, had an army of nearly 8,000.
Henry Tudor defeated King Richard III at the battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485.
1455 1459 1459 1460 1460 1461 1461 1461 1461
First St. Albans (22 May 1455) Blore Heath (23 Sep 1459) Ludford Bridge (12 Oct 1459) Northampton (10 Jul 1460)
Second St. Albans Lancastrian (17 Feb 1461) victory Ferrybridge (28 Mar 1461) Towton (29 Mar 1461) Yorkist victory Yorkist victory
英美概况航空答案
英语国家概况期末试题答案I.Explain the following terms:（20分）1.the British Isles2.WASPs3.the Great Lakes4.the Bill of Rights5.Queen Elizabeth II6.the Opposition7.the Roman occupation8.the Wars of Roses9.the NHS10.the Chinese Exclusion Act3. the Great Lakes The Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan —— the only one entirely in the U.S. ——Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.4. the Bill of Rights In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representations a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and became the first ten amendments to the Constitution —— the Bill of Rights.5. Queen Elizabeth II The present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.6. the Opposition In the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the offcial Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”. The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put forward its own policies in order to win the next general election.7. William the Conqueror William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christams Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.8. the Wars of Roses They referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. Afterthe wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.9. the NHS The National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Acts of Parliament. This Service provides for every resident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be full range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.1o. the Chinese Exclusion Act It was passed by the U.S. Congress in may, 1882. It stopped Chinese immigration for ten years.II.Translate the following into Chinese:（10分）1.Westminster Abby2.the Church of Englandmonwealth4.Mr. Speaker5.Judicial System6.the Great Charter7.the House of Plantagenet8.Puritans9.monopoly capitalism10.the first Pan-American ConferenceIII．Multi-choices:（20分）I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right answer from the four choices:1. The highest mountain in Britain is ____.A. ScafellB. Ben NevisC. the CotswoldsD. the Forth2. The longest river in Britain is _____.A. the ClydeB. the MerseyC. the SevernD. the Thames3. The largest lake in Britain is _____.A. the Lough NeageB. Windermere WaterC. Coniston WaterD. the Lake District4. Which part of Britain is always fighting?A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northem Ireland5. The immigrants coming to Britain are mainly from _____.A. EuropeB. the United StatesC. AfricaD. the West Indies,6. The first inhabitants in Britain were _____.A. the NormansB. the CeltsC. the IberiansD. the Anglo-Saxons7. British Recorded history began with _____.A.Roman invasionB. the Norman ConquestC. the Viking and Danish invasionD. the Anglo-Saxons invasion8. In 829, _____ actually became the overlord of all the English.A. JohnB. James IC. EgbertD. Henry I9. Christmas Day ____, Duke William was crowned in Westminster Abbey.A. 1056B. 1066C. 1006D. 106010. Henry II was the first king of the _____ dynasty.A. WindsorB. TudorC. MalcolmD. Plantagenet11. In 1265 ____ summoned the Great Council, which has been seen as the earliest parliament.A. Henry IIIB. the PopeC. BaronsD. Simon de Montfort12. The Hundred Years’ war sta rted in ____ and ended in ____, in which the English had lost all the territories of France except the French port of ____.A. 1337, 1453, FlandersB. 1337, 1453, CalaisC. 1346, 1453, ArgencourtD. 1346, 1453, Brest13. The Wars of Roses lasted for _____ years and king _____ was replaced by king _____.A.30, Richard III, Henry TudorB. 50, Richard III, Henry TudorB. C. 30, Richard I, Henry Tudor D. 50, Richard I, Henry Tudor14. The Renaissance began in ____ in the early ____ century.A. England, 14B. England, 15C. Italy, 14D. Italy, 1515. The English Civil War is also called _____.A. the Glorious RevolutionB. the Bloody RevolutionC. the Catholic RevolutionD. the Puritan Revolution16. In _____, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be the first settlers in the North America.A. 1620, LondonB. 1620, PlymouthC. 1720, LondonD. 1720, Plymouth17. In the 18th century, there appeared ____ in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines.A. the Industrial RevolutionB. the Bourgeois RevolutionC. the Wars of the RosesD. the Religious Reformation18. English colonial expansion began with the colonization of _____ in 1583.A. CanadaB. AustraliaC. IndiaD. Newfoundland19. _____ was famous for his abdication because of his marriage with a divorced American:A. Edward VIIIB. Edward VIIC. George VID. George VII20. In January _____ Britain became a member of the European Economic Community.A. 1957B. 1967C. 1973D. 1979答案I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right answer from the four choices.1. B2. C3. A4. D5. D6. C7. A8. C9. B 10. D11. D 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. D16. B 17. A 18. D 19. A 20. C1.The longest river in Britain is the _____ River. (Severn, Thames, Mersey,Humber)2.The leading anthracite coalfields in Britain are in__ (Scotland, England,Wales, North Ireland)3.The English people are descendants of____ (Celts, Roman, Anglo-Saxons,Vikings)4.The established church of Britain is___ (the Church of England, Freechurches, )5.Easter is kept, commemorating the __ (coming, birth, death, resurrection) ofJesus Christ.6.In Britain, government cannot spend any money without the permissionof___.(the Queen, the Prime Minister, the House of Commons, the House of Lords) 7.All the government ministers of Britain must be members of_____.(the House of Lords, the House of Common, the Privy Council, Parliament)8.___ is the largest state of the US in area.(Hawii, Texas, Alaska, Pennsylvania)9.The dominant ethnic group in the US today is_____.(the black people, WASPs, Asian Americans, Hispanics)10.People in the US have kept moving westward for reasons except___.(religious freedom, fertile soil in the West, good climate in the west, discovery gold)11.The Constitution of the United State was framed in ___in 1787.(Washington, Boston, New York, Philadelphia)12.The President of the US exercises the ____ power.(legislative, executive, judicial, veto)13.Congress can veto the President’s veto by a ___ vote of the full membershipofBoth houses.(two-fifths, two-thirds, three-fourths, three-fifths)14.The Constitution of US says that only___ can declare war upon other nation.(the President, Congress, Department of Defense, the National Security Council)15.In which year did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?(1939,1940,1941,1942)16.The British Empire reached the peak of its colonial expansion after____.( Anglo-Boer War, the First Opium War, World War I, World War II)17.The American Industrial Revolution began in 1807 with its___ industry.( shipbuilding, coal mining, textile, machine-making)18.In the late half of the 19th century, __ was the main objective of the USoverseas expansion.(India, China, Vietnam, the Philippines)19.The Spanish-American War strengthened the in___.(the Far East, Americas, Europe, Africa)20.The US imperialism was marked by all the following except____.(highly developed industry, high concentration of capital, overseas territorial expansion,Free business competition)III.Fill in the blanks:（30分）1.Britain is separated from the European continent by ____, _____ ,_____.2.Britain has a _temperate____, maritime climate.3.The English people tend to be __conservative_____ characteristic.4.The present Sovereign is Queen__ElizabethII_, daughter of George VI ,wascrowned in 1953. The British government is constitutional _Monarchy_____.5.The earliest settlers on the British Islands were_Iberians__ andCelts___.6.The Great Charter aimed at restricting the power of the _King___.7.The British Empire began with the founding of__Newfoundland____ in 1583,and fell after the _end_Of the World War II.8.Most of Americans _European___ origin.9.Since 1790, the US population center gravity has kept moving_West__.10.Most of the Black people in the US speak_English___,but the Hispanicsspeak_Spainish__.11.In the US, _Protestant____ outnumber other religions groups.12.The Constitution of the US follows two principles: the__fedarel__ system andthe separation__ powers.13.River__ (Hudson, wrence Colorado, Missouri) flows through New Yorkcity.14.In order to grab Cuba, the US went into war with_Spain__ in 1898. As aresult of the war, SpainCeded Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the US.V. Answer these questions:（20分）1.Why English is a global Language?1)The native speakers are great, such as…2)Some important International organizations see it as Working language,such as UN, Commonwealth, EEC,EU, Olympic Committ,3)The English has a long history and rich culture4)With America development rapidly, it influence deeply in politic ,economyin the world, so English is world-wide language.2.How did the United State involved into the World War I? P170.1)The outbreak of World War I in 1914 is inevitable.2)At first America remain neutral.3)In April 1917, German submarines were used to sink American ships onthe sea, it threatening American interests.3.Tell some American Mountains and Rivers.1)In the east part is the Appalachian Range, in the west is the RockyMountains2)The Mississippi River, the Hudson River, the Potomac River4.Why American is immigrant country?1)Favorable geographical condition2)Freedom of Religion in the New land3)Seek for the big fortune of economy4)Complete their American dream5.Why is Britain called a “welfare state”?1)The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services, pensions and other facilities.2) The system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation.3)In Britain the term applies mainly to National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security.。
英美文学练习题2
练习题2Blanks:1.The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) between the House of _Lancaster__ and the House of _York_ struggling for the Crown continued for 30 years.2.Because of the conflict between the Roman Catholic Church and the King of England, the far-reaching movement of _Religous Reformation__ took place in England, started by Henry Ⅷ.3.The introduction of _printing___ to England by William Caxton brought classical works within reach of the common multitude.4.The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relation and the foundation of ___capitalism_______.5.In Elizabethan Period, __Francis Bacon______ wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which made him one of the best essayists in English literature.6.Spenser is generally regarded as the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabeth Age. His fame is chiefly based on his masterpiece _The Faerie Queen_____.7.From the first half of the 16th century, __the English Renaissance_____ began to develop into a flowering of literature and then England became “a nest of singing birds”.8.In the Elizabethan Period, __William Shakesperare______ is the greatest playwright of England.9.__George Herbert_____ is the saint of the metaphysical school.10.In the Elizabethan Period, __Francis Bacon____ wrote many excellent essays, such as Of Studies.11.__Edmund Spenser_____ wrote his masterpiece The Faerie Queene.12.Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and __Macbeth___ are generally regarded as Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.13.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is one of __Christopher Marlowe_____’s best plays.14.Shakespearean Sonnet is made up of three quatrains with different rhymes, followed by a couplet. The rhyme scheme is _abab,cdcd,efef,gg___.15.The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama. It was _Christopher Marlowe______ who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.16.The intellectual energy of the English Renaissance showed itself in the achievement of __ Francis Bacon ______, who is the first English essayist.17.English Renaissance was an age of ___poetry and drama_____.18.“Denmark is a prison”. The hero summarizes his observation of his world into such a bitter sentence in _Hamlet_____ written byWilliam Shakespeare.19.John Milton wrote his masterpiece _The Paradise Lost____ during his blindness.20.John Donne is a poet of Peculiar _conceit_____, having his own way of reasoning and comparison.21._ John Milton ___ is the greatest writer of the 17th century, and one of the giants of English literature.22.__ John Donne ____ is the founder of the “metaphysical school”.23.Robert Herrick is a poet in English Renaissance who belongs to the school of _cavalier_____.24.__ Edmund Spenser _____ is often referred to as “the poets’poet”.25.Shakespeare’s plays are poetical dramas. A great number of important dialogues and soliloquies in his plays assume the form of __poemtry_____.26.The second period of Shakespeare’s work is mainly a period of “great comedies”and nature historical plays. The general spirit in this period is _optimism_____.27.In the 17th century, __ John Milton _____ towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabeth Age and as Chaucer towers over the Medieval Period.28.During the civil war and the commonwealth, there were two leaders in England, Cromwell, the man of action, and __ John Milton _____ the man of thought.T/F1.The Protestant Reformation was in essence a religious(political) movement in a political guise. F2.The highest glory of the English Renaissance was unquestionably its poetry(drama). F3.From Shakespeare’s history plays, it can be seen that Shakespeare took no(great) interest in the political questions of his time. F4.King Lear (macbeth)is a tragedy of ambition, which drives a brave soldier and national hero to degenerate into a bloody murderer and despot right to his doom. Fing from an old Danish legend, Othello (hamlet)is considered the summit of Shakespeare’s art. F6.Generally speaking, after Shakespeare, the English drama was undergoing a process of prosperity(decline). F7.English Renaissance Period was an age of poetry and drama, and was(not) an age of prose. F8.The greatest epic produced by Milton, Paradise Lost, is writtenin heroic couplet(blank verse). F9.Paradise Lost took its material from Greek mythology. T10.The works of the Metaphysical poets are characterized, generally speaking, by fantasticality(mysticism) in content and mysticism(fantasticality) in form. FQuestions:1.Make a brief introduction of Paradise Lost2.Summarize the main story of The Merchant of Venice.3.What features do Shakespeare’s plays possess4.How much do you know about William Shakespeare’s sonnetsExplain the following terms1.sonnet2.Spenserian stanza3.blank verse4.Renaissance。
玫瑰战争是什么时候的历史事件
玫瑰战争是什么时候的历史事件玫瑰战争英国和法国断续进行了长达百年的战争。
对于这样的历史事件，你知道爆发的时间是什么时候吗?具体的战争背景又是什么呢?下面就让店铺来告诉你玫瑰战争是什么时候的历史事件吧。
玫瑰战争的时间及起因两个家族之间的对立始于英王理查二世被他堂弟，兰开斯特公爵亨利·博林布鲁克(Henry of Bolingbroke)在1399年推翻。
根据先例，理查二世立了爱德华三世的次子莱昂纳尔的外孙罗杰·莫提梅(Roger Mortimer)之子埃德蒙为王位继承人。
作为爱德华三世的第三子约翰(John of Gaunt)的儿子，博林布鲁克对王位有不是很强的继承权。
但是，博林布鲁克加冕为亨利四世，因为理查二世的统治不得人心，所以他得到了容忍。
博林布鲁克在1413年死去。
他的儿子兼继承人，亨利五世是个杰出的军人，他在英法百年战争中的军事胜利为他赢得了大量的支持度，强化了兰开斯特的统治权。
亨利五世的统治经历了一次由埃德蒙之子剑桥伯爵所领导的政治阴谋。
剑桥因叛国罪而在1415年被处决，而剑桥的哥哥约克公爵爱德华也在战役中阵亡，没有后代，剑桥的儿子理查便继承伯父成为约克公爵。
剑桥的妻子安妮·莫提梅也对王位有一定的继承权，因为她是罗杰·莫提梅的女儿，是莱昂纳尔的后裔。
亨利五世死于1422年，而剑桥伯爵和安妮·莫提梅的儿子约克公爵理查将对懦弱的亨利六世的王位发起挑战。
兰开斯特家族的英王亨利六世被不受欢迎的摄政和谋士所包围。
最有名的是埃德蒙·博福特(Edmund Beaufort)和威廉·德拉波罗(William de la Pole)，有人指责他们管理政府无能并且在对法兰西的百年战争中指挥不利。
在亨利六世之下，几乎所有在法国的据点，包括亨利五世所赢得的，丧失殆尽。
亨利六世开始被视为无能昏庸的国王。
而且，他还受到令人尴尬的间发性精神疾病的困扰。
英语国家概况自考题-14_真题-无答案
英语国家概况自考题-14(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Ⅰ1. The War of Roses that took place from 1455 to 1485 was fought between ______.A. Britain and France B. the Parliament and the Crown C. the working people and the aristocrats D. two branches of the Plantagenet family2. The name Wars of the Roses was, in fact, coined by the great 19th century novelist ______.A. Sir Thomas Browne B. Sir Max Beerbohm C. Sir Walter Scott D. Sir Norman Angell3. The Wars of the Roses broke out shortly after ______.A. the Black Death B. the Watt Tyler's Uprising C. the Hundred Years' War D. the Glorious Revolution4. Which statement about the "Wars of Roses" is not true?A. The king's power now became supreme. B. Ordinary people were seriously affected. C. The wars were waged intermittently for 30 years. D. From these wars feudalism received its death blow.5. The ______ ruled England and Wales for just over two hundred years following the ending of the ______.A. Stuart monarchs, Civil War B. Plantagenet monarchs, Hundred Years' War C. Lancaster monarchs, 1381 Peasant Uprising D. Tudor monarchs, Wars of the Roses6. The Tudor monarchy was founded by ______.A. Henry Ⅵ B. Henry Ⅶ C. Elizabeth Ⅰ D. William7. ______ was above all responsible for the religious reform in England. A. Alfred the Great B. Edward Ⅰ C. Henry Ⅷ D. William the Conqueror8. Henry Ⅷstarted the practice of appointing ______ and gave them full power over law and administration in the provinces.A. lawyers of the provinces B. local administrators C. local policemen D. Justices of the Peace9. The religious reform in England in the 16th century ______ of Parliament because of its activeparticipation in the reform.A. reduced the size B. increased the size C. increased the importance D. reduced the importance10. Queen Mary Tudor has been known as "Bloody Mary" because under her reign ______.A. a series of bloody wars were fought B. many Protestants were persecuted and burnt as heretics C. many rebel peasants were put to death D. many protesters against her rule were killed11. ______is remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.A. Edward Ⅵ B. Mary Tudor C. Elizabeth Ⅰ D. Henry Ⅷ12. Elizabeth's relationship with Parliament was often ______.A. peaceful B. turbulent C. cooperative D. harmonious13. Elizabeth I's religious reform was ______.A. a compromise of views B. thorough and radical C. to the welcome of the Pope D. warmly welcomed by Puritans14. ______'s reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.A. Mary B. Henry Ⅷ C. Elizabeth Ⅰ D. Charles Ⅱ15. Which of the following statements about Elizabeth Ⅰ(1558—1603) is true?A. Elizabeth was 35 when she came to the throne. B. Elizabeth remained single. C. Elizabeth was not able to work with Parliament. D. Her reign was a time of diminishing English nationalism.16. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, was Elizabeth I's ______.A. sister B. daughter C. cousin D. half-sister17. Elizabeth I was succeeded by King James Ⅵ of Scotland who was also known as ______.A. King of Britain B. James Ⅰof England C. Head of the church D. Stuard Ⅰ18. England showed its superiority as a naval power by destroying the Spanish ______ in ______ time.A. Armada, Elizabeth Ⅰ's B. navy, James Ⅰ's C. king, Henry Ⅶ's D. colonist, Henry Ⅲ19. ______ was generally considered the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times, covering the years c.1350—c.1650.A. The Reformation B. The Renaissance C. The Restoration D. The Glorious Revolution20. Which is not the characteristic of the English Renaissance? ______A. England followed a course of history greatly independent of the others in Europe. B. The native literature was sufficiently subjected by foreign influences. C. English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic rather than philosophical and scholarly. D. The Renaissance coincided with the Reformation inEngland.21. The finest exponents of Elizabethan drama in the English Renaissance were ______.A. Ben Johnson, Christopher Marlowe and Charles Dickens B. Edmund Spenser, Charles Dickens and William Shakespeare C. William Shakespeare, Ben Johnson and Charles Dickens D. William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe and Ben Johnson22. Which of the following is the tragedy of Shakespeare? ______A. Henry Ⅴ. B. The Tempest. C. Hamlet. D. The Merchant of Venice.23. The English Renaissance was largely literary, and it achieved its finest expression in the so-called ______.A. Romantic poetry B. Romantic fiction C. Elizabethan poetry D. Elizabethan drama24. ______ established blank verse in plays.A. William Shakespeare B. Francis Bacon C. Edmund Spenser D. Christopher Marlowe25. During the Civil Wars Charles I's men were called ______.A. loyalists B. King's supporters C. Cavaliers D. Catholics26. The English Civil War is also called ______.A. the Revolutionary War B. the Puritan Revolution C. the Reformation D. the Renaissance27. One of Cromwell's first acts after declaring England a Commonwealth, was to crush a rebellion in ______.A. Scotland B. Ware C. England D. Ireland28. In English history the "Rump" referred to ______ who voted for Charles I's execution. A. members of the Long Parliament B. the Cavaliers who supported Charles Ⅰ C. supporters of Episcopalian belief D. Puritans and their followers29. After Charles I was executed England became known as ______.A. a country without King B. a kingless country C. the Commonwealth D. the Rump Parliament30. The Restoration in English history took place in ______.A. 1042 B. 1066 C. 1606 D. 166031. The Test Act passed after Restoration ______.A. were against the Puritans B. excluded all Catholics from public office C. increased the king's powers D. was the law for schools32. After the Restoration, Parliament passed a series of severe laws called ______ against the Puritans, now known as Nonconformists.A. Agreement of the people B. the petition of the Right C. the Clarendon Code D. the Act of Supremacy33. The Disabling Act forbade ______.A. any Catholics to sit in either House of Parliament B. any Puritans to sit in either House of Parliament C. any landowners to sell and buy land D. any tenant-in-chief to divide his land34. Constitutional monarchy is a system under which the powers of the ______ are limited by Parliament or the constitution.A. church B. king or queen C. government ministers D. bishop's court35. England and Scotland was officially united into Great Britain by ______ of 1707.A. the Act of Union B. the Bill of Right C. the Great Charter D. the Bill of Supremacy36. ______ associate 1690 with William of Orange's punishment of them by confiscating their lands.A. Puritans B. Roundheads C. Scottish Catholics D. Irish CatholicsⅡ1. Who were Justices of the Peace in Henry Ⅷ's time?2. Was the religious reform of Elizabeth I radical?3. What questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private?4. What were the two countries Elizabeth I successfully played off against each other for nearly 30 years?5. How did Elizabeth I manage to maintain a friendly relationship with France?6. What was the military significance of the destruction of the Spanish Armada for Britain?7. When did the Renaissance begin in England?8. What was Puritanism noted for?9. What was the direct result of the Glorious Revolution?10. Which war was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the King in Britain?Ⅲ1. Bloody Mary2. Elizabeth Ⅰ3. Roundheads4. Clarendon Code。
The Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses, from 1455-1487, were a series of dynastic wars fought between the houses of Lancaster and York for the throne of England .Their heraldic symbols were the red and the white rose.The dynasty started with Henry VII defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Henry Tudor then became the king of England.Henry cemented his claim for peace by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and niece of Richard III. He founded the Tudor dynasty and, after a reign of nearly 24 years, was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII.Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547 .Edward, his nine-year old son, succeeded as Edward VI of England.Edward VI died on 6 July 1553 from his battle with tuberculosis, Lady Jane was proclaimed queen, who had never wanted to accept the crown, was deposed after just nine days. Mary's supporters joined her in a triumphal procession to London.Mary died at the relatively young age of 42. Elizabeth Tudor, age 25, then succeeded to become Elizabeth I of England.Traditionally, England was a major export of wool. Because of the Hundred Years’ War, England’s wool market was reduced. Thus, emphasis had shift from the export of wool to the manufacture and export of unfinished woolen cloth. Later, Spanish invasion of the Netherlands caused the craftsmen there to flee to England. This helped the English textile industry tremendously.The development of textile industry pushed up the price of wool. English open land –had been commonly enclosed as pasture land for sheep from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century as populations declined.Foreign demand for English wool also helped encourage increased production, and the wool industry was often thought to be more profitable for landowners who had large farmlands.Thus, the conflicts between Manorial l ords and peasants led to Kett’s Rebellion.The Tudor authorities were extremely nervous about how the villagers who had lost their homes would react. So, the enclosure movement was slowed down.The merchants and lawyers acquired land and enormous wealth, got coat of arms and became landed gentries .Landed gentry is a largely historical British social class, consisting of land owners who could live entirely off rental income. Often they worked only in an administrative capacity, in the management of their own lands.The Tudors descended on Henry VII's mother's side from John Beaufort.Historically, the battle is thought to have marked the end of the Wars of the Roses, although further battles were fought in the years that followed as Yorkists unsuccessfully tried to become king again.The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France for control of the French throne.。
(完整word版)玫瑰战争简述(英文)
The period of the Wars of the Roses began in 1455 and ended in 1485,which was considered as the transition to the British modern age.The House of Lancaster and the House of York were the two branches of the Plantagenet family and they were all Edward Ⅲ’s descendents. They all wanted to get the crown. As a result, the internal war broke out, that’s Wars of the Rose. The House of Lancaster symbolized by the red rose and the House of York symbolized by the white.Firstly, I want you to meet several major figures at that times of Wars of the Roses. They are Henry Ⅵand his wife Queen Margaret of Anjou, Henry Ⅶ,Duke of York Richard and his two sons Edward Ⅳand Richard Ⅲ.Next, let’s get to know the developmental process of this war. Henry Ⅵwas the last king of England of Lancaster Dynasty. His father HenryⅤdied when he was just a nine-month baby. Therefore, he inherited the throne and became the king of England while he was not interested in policy. Because of this, he almost lost all policy enforce points of England in France,including the point that his father HenryⅤwon in the Hundred Years’War with France. Consequently, he was taken as a incompetent emperor. Even so, he was so lucky to have an awesome wife Queen Margaret of Anjou with beauty and wisdom who did her best to ensure his throne and became the real leader of the House of Lancaster. Richard, Yorkist leader, Duke of York, was appointed as Protector attempted to usurp the throne. Queen Margaret of Anjou would not like to have his way, so she fought back. She formed an alliance to counter Richard and conspired to reduced his influence with other nobles. Duke of York was not willing to reconcile this situation, so he waged war on the House of Lancaster. Hence,the Wars of the Roses broke out.Because the first war of St. Albans Duke of York Richard was predominant in military, he argued greatly with the House of Lancaster about whether he or Henry Ⅵ’s son Prince Edward could inherit the throne. Queen Margaret of Anjou wanted to ensure his son’s throne, and then she persuaded his husband Henry Ⅵto terminate Duke of York’s position.However, Henry Ⅵdidn’t anticipate that he was captured in1460. In order to save Henry Ⅵ, Queen Margaret of Anjou waged a battle to killed Duke of York, and then she suspended the head of Duke of York in the gate of York Country. But soon she was defeated by Duke of York’s son Edward Ⅳ.With “King’s Maker”1st Earl of Warwick Richard Neville’s help, Edward Ⅳtook the throne and became the first king of York Dynasty.In 1470, Earl of Warwick helped Henry Ⅵtake back his own throne as a result of conflicting with Edward Ⅳ. But in the next year, Edward Ⅳbeat Henry Ⅵand killed Henry Ⅵ. Queen Margaret of Anjou was imprisoned until her father Louis XI ransomed her in 1475. Edward Ⅳwas a excellent emperor and he held the throne until he passed away in 1483.Yet his younger brother Richard Ⅲusurped the throne as soon as Edward Ⅳdied. Richard Ⅲjust held the throne for two years because he got killed by Henry Tudor in the last war of 1485. Henry Tudor was the final winner in the Wars of the Roses. With the purpose of consolidating power, he married Edward Ⅳ’s daughter Elizabeth , holding the throne and becoming the Henry Ⅶ. That meant Wars of Roses was over, and TudorDynasty, a new dynasty, was coming.From the Wars of the Roses feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. Hence, the king’s power became supreme.。
Unit 6 The Wars of the Roses 玫瑰战争
The Wars of the Roses
The Outcome Major Kings Involved
The Hundred Years’ War
The Duration The Reason for its name The Warring Parties The Causes 1337-1453 The war stretched for more than 100 years, hence the name “the Hundred Years’ War” The England and The France Edward intended to regain the lost territory in France by claiming the French throne, because his mother was a sister of the late French king. The war ended in failure for the Normans in 1453. Edward III; Richard II; Henry IV; Henry V;
The War of the Roses (1989)
A black comedy about a wealthy couple involved in a bitter divorce. Unable to reach an agreement about who will keep the house and everything in it, the Roses become engaged in a battle to the death over the possession of their material objects.
英国玫瑰战争的故事
英国玫瑰战争的故事玫瑰战争（又称蔷薇战争；英语：Wars of the Roses；1455年─1485年）是英王爱德华三世（1327年—1377年在位）的两支后裔：兰开斯特家族和约克家族的支持者为了争夺英格兰王位而发生断续的内战。
下面是店铺带来的英国玫瑰战争的故事，希望对你有帮助。
英国玫瑰战争是在16世纪莎士比亚的历史剧演出之后才广泛出现的表达方式，在此之前人们一直是用蔷薇战争来纪念这次战争的。
英国玫瑰战争中主要涉及的有两派人，一个是兰开斯特家族派，以红蔷薇为家徽；另一个是约克家族派，以白蔷薇为家徽。
英国玫瑰战争的结果和及影响具体如下。
在玫瑰战争中，两个家族因为多次内战使得双方的贵族人员死伤过半和诸侯几乎全部牺牲，其中亨利·都铎因为远在法国，避免了内斗逃脱了牺牲的命运。
后来理查登上了王位，同他哥哥一样推行暴政统治，使得大多数人对他不满。
因此，使得两个家族的残存势力联合起来，以亨利·都铎为领导人，推翻了查理的暴政统治，从而约克家族的统治就结束了。
不久之后亨利·都铎登上了英国的皇位，结束了玫瑰战争，开启了英国历史的新片。
在这次玫瑰战争中，两个家族几乎都死伤殆尽，还有大批的封建旧贵族因为相互残杀或者卷入战争而伤亡惨重，这些就促使了更新换代的到来，即新的贵族和资产阶级取代旧的贵族和封建诸侯成为政治发展的中坚力量。
而且就英国的整个发展历史来说，玫瑰战争对英国专制政体的建立有着不可忽视的作用。
在都铎王朝的发展下，政治得到了统一，资本主义农业和经济向更高级转变，使得英国的工业、手工业迅速发展起来。
玫瑰战争的起因玫瑰战争指的是英国历史上1455年至1485年之间发生的兰开斯特王族和约克王族之间的武装冲突，这场武装冲突双方各有输赢，在这场长达三十余年的战争中英国的王族成员被大量的屠杀，使得王族开始衰落。
玫瑰战争是旷日持久的一场战争，那么玫瑰战争的起因是什么呢？玫瑰战争的起因是王位继承权归属问题的分歧。
Wars of the Roses玫瑰战争ppt课件
The death of Richard,
Duke of York 兰开斯特家族的反击
On 30 December, York’s forces left the castle and
蔷薇战争的主要武装冲突阶段发生在1455年和1485年
之间。
精选PPT课件
8
Wars of the Roses
The removal of the
old church garden of
red roses and white
roses
在老教堂的花园摘取红
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玫瑰与白玫瑰
9
Summary of events
精选PPT课件
ascended the throne as
an infant only nine
7
1455-1460 In the initial stage
The main stages of the armed conflict between the Wars of the Roses occurred in 1455 and 1485.
Bolingbroke's son Henry V maintained the family's hold on the crown.
精选PPT课件
6
Henry VI
of
England
Henry V died
unexpectedly in 1422
and his son, King
国家概况概念解释
1 The Norman Conquest 诺曼征服In 1066, William fought against the English army for the throne and successfully established feudalism in England.2 The Hundred Years' War 百年战争It refers to a series wars between England and France for trade and territory from 1337 to 1453. During this period, many new tactics and weapons have developed quickly.3 The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争It refers to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Finally, the house of Lancaster won in 1485 and the Tudors ruled England.4 The Religious Reformation 宗教改革It began in 16th Century in Europe, which established the foundations of Protestantism. It led to the collapse of the political system of the Catholic church.5 The Glorious Revolution 光荣革命In November 1688，William united with English parliamentarians to overthrew the English throne without bloodshed, which marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England.6 The British Constitution 英国宪法Britain has no written Constitution. The foundations of the British state is laid out in statutory law, the common law, and conventions.7 The shot of Lexington 列克星顿枪声It was the prelude of American War of Independence. Fought on April 19, 1775 in Lexington, it's the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.8 Independence Day 独立日Independence Day (July 4) is American's most important patriotic holiday and the birthday of the nation.9 The Civil War 南北战争The war resolved two fundamental issues. Slavery was abolished and American became a single, indivisible nation.10 Victory at Saratoga 萨拉托加胜利Americans won a great victory at Saratoga in October 1777, which was the turning point of American Independece War. It resulted in an alliance between the U.S. and France.11 Emancipation Proclamation解放宣言During the Civil War, President Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863 , which claimed that all American slaves gained the freedom.12 The Great Depression 大萧条It refers to the severe economic problems that followed the Wall Street Crash of 1929. In the early 1930s, many banks and businesses failed, and millions of people lost their jobs in the US and in the UK and the rest of Europe.13 The New Deal 新政In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal in 1933. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the developm ent of American economy.。
the war of roses英文观点
the war of roses英文观点The War of the Roses, also known as the War of the Roses, was a series of civil wars fought in England between the houses of Lancaster and York from 1455 to 1487. The conflict was named after the emblems of the two houses: the red rose for the Lancastrians and the white rose for the Yorkists. The Wars of the Roses were a complex and tumultuous period in English history, with multiple battles, betrayals, and shifts in power.The origins of the conflict can be traced back to the deposition of King Richard II in 1399 and the subsequent struggle for the throne between the Lancastrian and Yorkist factions. The main battles of the War of the Roses included the Battles of Towton, Barnet, and Bosworth Field, where the Lancastrian King Henry VI was defeated by the Yorkist King Edward IV, ultimately leading to the establishment of the Tudor dynasty.One of the key aspects of the War of the Roses was the rivalry between the two houses and their supporters. The Lancastrians were supported by the powerful Neville family, while the Yorkists were backed by the influential Beauchamp and Neville families. This rivalry fueled the conflict and led to numerous betrayals and shifts in allegiance.The War of the Roses also had a significant impact on English society, with the country torn apart by years of war and instability. The conflict resulted in widespread destruction and loss of life, as well as economic hardship for the population. The Wars of the Roses also saw the rise of powerful noble families and the centralization of power in the monarchy.In conclusion, the War of the Roses was a tumultuous and tragic period in English history, marked by fierce battles, betrayals, and shifts in power. The conflict ultimately led to the establishment of the Tudor dynasty and the end of the medieval era in England. Despite its devastating impact on the country, the Wars of the Roses have left a lasting legacy in English history and continue to be a source of fascination for historians and the public alike.。
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Edward's claim to the throne
Edward and Warwick met with a division from west to London. Due to the coincidence with the Queen's withdrawal towards Dunstable, Edward and Warwick were able to bring troops into London. They received a warm welcome, money and supplies. As his father and brother were killed in Wakefield, the war has become a battle for the throne.
Henry IV
House of York
The founder of the House of York was Edmund of Langley, the fourth son of Edward III. Richard of the House of York was not satisfied with the rule of Henry VI. In 1455, Richard finally resorted to armed hostilities .
A compromise was struck in October 1460 with the Act of Accord, which recognised York as Henry's successor, disinheriting Henry's six-year-old son, Edward. York accepted this compromise as the best offer. It gave him much of what he wanted. The act of accord was unacceptable to the Lancaster family, who organized a large army in the north.
Henry VI
Start of the war
Richard, Duke of York, led a small force toward London and was met by Henry's forces at St Albans, north of London, on 22 May 1455. It marks the beginning of “Wars of the Roses”.
Act of Accord
With the military victory, Richard of York moved to press his claim to the throne based on the illegitimacy of the Lancastrian line. After landing in north wales, he and his wife Cecily entered London with all the ceremony usually reserved for a monarch.
lancaster rose
York rose
Tudor rose
Summary of events
The course of the war
Several prominent Lancastrians died at the hands of the Yorkists.Although peace was temporarily restored, the Lancastrians were inspired by Margaret of Anjou to contest York's influence, and a deadly feud between the two branches of the royal family ensued.
Origins of the conflict
Disputed succession
The question of succession after Edward III‘s death in 1377 is said to be the cause of Wars of the Roses.
Edward‘s eldest son had died the year before. The only surviving son Richard II who was only 10 years old。 And Edward III's had three living son. There was considerable uncertainty about who was next in line for the succession
Image of <The White Queen>
The next day, York took out a detailed genealogical tree to support his claim, Congress agreed to consider and agree that York‘s inheritance was stronger. However, in the vote they decided that Henry would continue to be king.
The congress held, and when York entered, he went straight to the throne, and he might think that the nobles would encourage him to take the throne as they did with Henry IV in 1399. But people were shocked into silence. York announced his claim to the throne, but the Lords, even Warwick and Salisbury, were shocked by his arrogance. They did not attempt to overthrow king Henry at this stage.
Name and symbols
The name "Wars of the Roses" refers to the heraldic badges associated with the two royal houses, the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster.
House of Lancaster
The House of Lancaster was formed by John of Gaunt, third surviving son of Edward III, and his descendants. The king Richard II was deposed by Duke of Lancaster Henry IV. This means that the gorse dynasty was replaced by the Lancastrian dynasty. This dynasty was overthrown by descendants of the House of York after three generations of Henry IV, V, and VI.
Image of <The White Queen>
Death of Richard,Duke of York
The army of York was disastrous in the Battle of Wakefield.
Richard of York was slain in the battle, and both Salisbury and York's 17-year-old second son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, were captured and executed. Margaret ordered the heads of all three placed on the gates of York.
Edward IV
Edward IV of the House of York replaced Henry VI and established the York Dynasty.
Henry VI
Henry VI is the last king of Lancaster dynasty. He was seen as a weak and ineffectual king. In addition, he displayed several symptoms of mental illness. By 1450 many considered Henry incapable of carrying out the duties and responsibilities of a king.
The Wars
of
The Roses
Contents
Name and symbols Summary of events Origins of the conflict Start of the war Act of Accord Death of Richard,Duke of York Edward's claim to the throne Yorkist triumph Game of The Throne VS The wars of Roses Aftermath